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900 | De Morgan's theorem states that if one does the following, in the given order, to any Boolean function: Complement every variable; Swap '+' and '∙' operators (taking care to add brackets to ensure the order of operations remains the same); Complement the result,the result is logically equivalent to what you started wit... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
901 | Hence concatenation and overbar suffice to notate 2. This notation is also that of Quine's Boolean term schemata. Letting (X) denote the complement of X and "()" denote either 0 or 1 yields the syntax of the primary algebra of G. Spencer-Brown's Laws of Form. | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
902 | . ¯ , 1 , 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle ,{\overline {..}},1,0\rangle } algebra of type ⟨ 2 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle 2,2,1,0,0\rangle } . Either one-to-one correspondence between {0,1} and {True,False} yields classical bivalent logic in equational form, with complementation read as NOT. If 1 is read as True, '+' is... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
903 | Hence A ∙ B + C is parsed as (A ∙ B) + C and not as A ∙ (B + C). Complementation is denoted by writing an overbar over its argument. The numerical analog of the complement of X is 1 − X. In the language of universal algebra, a Boolean algebra is a ⟨ B , + , {\displaystyle \langle B,+,} ∙ , . | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
904 | Sum and product commute and associate, as in the usual algebra of real numbers. As for the order of operations, brackets are decisive if present. Otherwise '∙' precedes '+'. | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
905 | B is a partially ordered set and the elements of B are also its bounds. An operation of arity n is a mapping from Bn to B. Boolean algebra consists of two binary operations and unary complementation. The binary operations have been named and notated in various ways. Here they are called 'sum' and 'product', and notated... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
906 | A basis for 2 is a set of equations, called axioms, from which all of the above equations (and more) can be derived. There are many known bases for all Boolean algebras and hence for 2. An elegant basis notated using only concatenation and overbar is: A B C = B C A {\displaystyle \ ABC=BCA} (Concatenation commutes, ass... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
907 | {\displaystyle \ A+(B\cdot C)=(A+B)\cdot (A+C).} That '∙' distributes over '+' agrees with elementary algebra, but not '+' over '∙'. For this and other reasons, a sum of products (leading to a NAND synthesis) is more commonly employed than a product of sums (leading to a NOR synthesis). | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
908 | 2 can be seen as grounded in the following trivial "Boolean" arithmetic: 1 + 1 = 1 + 0 = 0 + 1 = 1 0 + 0 = 0 0 ⋅ 0 = 0 ⋅ 1 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 1 ¯ = 0 0 ¯ = 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&1+1=1+0=0+1=1\\&0+0=0\\&0\cdot 0=0\cdot 1=1\cdot 0=0\\&1\cdot 1=1\\&{\overline {1}}=0\\&{\overline {0}}=1\end{aligned}}} Note t... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
909 | In mathematics and abstract algebra, the two-element Boolean algebra is the Boolean algebra whose underlying set (or universe or carrier) B is the Boolean domain. The elements of the Boolean domain are 1 and 0 by convention, so that B = {0, 1}. Paul Halmos's name for this algebra "2" has some following in the literatur... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.842631 |
910 | Much of the field and public attention was focused on the race between the publicly funded Human Genome Project (HGP) and the private company Celera to generate the complete sequence of a single whole genome to use as a reference for future research. This was a technical challenge to generate and assemble raw data. By ... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
911 | These were early examples of what would today be called 'precision medicine' programs: using genetics for target discovery and to select trial participants by testing them for disease susceptibility through the same pathway targeted by the drug.In the mid-2000s, deCODE launched a new kind of risk diagnostic focused lar... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
912 | deCODE's scientific leadership over more than twenty years has enabled it repeatedly to pioneer new types of partnerships, products and applications for many aspects of precision medicine. Between 1998 and 2004, the company signed high-profile and innovative partnerships with pharmaceutical companies Roche, Merck, Baye... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
913 | deCODE genetics (Icelandic: Íslensk erfðagreining) is a biopharmaceutical company based in Reykjavík, Iceland. The company was founded in 1996 by Kári Stefánsson with the aim of using population genetics studies to identify variations in the human genome associated with common diseases, and to apply these discoveries "... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
914 | In the era of microsatellites, it was possible to establish that participants shared certain markers and segments of the genome not by chance but by descent. With the advent in the mid-2000s of genotyping chips, which could measure hundreds of thousands of single-letter variations (SNPs) across the genome, deCODE stati... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
915 | The power of the genetics was on full view by 2002, when deCODE published a genetic map of the genome consisting of 5000 microsatellite markers, which the genealogies made it possible to order correctly across all the chromosomes. The map was critical to correcting and completing the public reference genome sequence in... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
916 | This public-private partnership model may explain the passage of legislation in Finland in 2019 authorizing the near wholesale use of anonymized medical records, social welfare data and biobank samples for biomedical research, which goes well beyond the ambitions of the 1998 IHD legislation that caused so much controve... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
917 | Introducing Stefansson for the organizations at the American Society of Human Genetics annual meeting in 2017, the Broad Institute's Mark Daly observed that the meeting and the field were dominated by "a pervasive paradigm involving biobanks recruited with full population engagement, historical medical registry data, i... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
918 | In total, by the beginning of June more than 60,000 tests had been conducted in Iceland, equivalent to 18 percent of the population. Powered by this combined testing strategy and tracing and isolation follow up, the number of infections in Iceland peaked in the first week of April and dropped steeply off by the end of ... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
919 | In this "all-hands-on-deck" moment, and with the know-how, people and equipment to rapidly turn the company's genetics research lab into a PCR diagnostic testing facility, he offered to put the company's capabilities to work to screen the general population under the auspices of the Directorate of Health. deCODE staff ... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
920 | By definition, the common SNPs on standard genotyping chips yielded reliable risk markers but not a determinant foothold in the biology of complex diseases. Yet by running the company's growing number of directly sequenced whole genomes through the genotyping data and genealogies as a scaffold, the company's statistici... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
921 | Unlike common variants, mutations causing rare diseases tend to be in the regions of genes that encode proteins, providing both a direct window on disease biology and so more direct utility as drug targets. In December 2012, the American pharmaceutical company Amgen acquired deCODE for $415 million. A key rationale for... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
922 | During the following period Stefansson mused publicly that deCODE had been founded between six and ten years too early. The technology for accurately reading DNA with sufficient detail, he reasoned, had not arrived until the mid-2000s, leaving deCODE in debt for years of R&D but based on findings that didn't provide a ... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
923 | Although its scientists kept publishing breakthroughs at a remarkable rate, in late 2009, the company's listed US holding company, deCODE genetics, Inc., declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Its key assets - the heart of which was the Iceland genetics operation - were bought and kept running by a consortium of the company's... | DeCODE genetics | 0.842529 |
924 | NP-hard problems are often tackled with rules-based languages in areas including: Approximate computing Configuration Cryptography Data mining Decision support Phylogenetics Planning Process monitoring and control Rosters or schedules Routing/vehicle routing Scheduling | NP-Hard Problem | 0.842524 |
925 | When G {\displaystyle G} is a Lie group one can define an arithmetic lattice in G {\displaystyle G} as follows: for any algebraic group G {\displaystyle \mathrm {G} } defined over Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } such that there is a morphism G ( R ) → G {\displaystyle \mathrm {G} (\mathbb {R} )\to G} with compact kernel... | Arithmetic group | 0.842503 |
926 | An arithmetic Fuchsian group is constructed from the following data: a totally real number field F {\displaystyle F} , a quaternion algebra A {\displaystyle A} over F {\displaystyle F} and an order O {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} in A {\displaystyle A} . It is asked that for one embedding σ: F → R {\displaystyle \sigm... | Arithmetic group | 0.842503 |
927 | In mathematics, an arithmetic group is a group obtained as the integer points of an algebraic group, for example S L 2 ( Z ) . {\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} _{2}(\mathbb {Z} ).} They arise naturally in the study of arithmetic properties of quadratic forms and other classical topics in number theory. They also give rise t... | Arithmetic group | 0.842503 |
928 | Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell (the outer-most electron shell) in an atom. The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus, and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction. The process o... | Ionic charge | 0.8425 |
929 | The third problem is the clinical utility of personal genome kits and associated risks, and the benefits of introducing them into clinical practices.People need to be educated on interpreting their results and what they should be rationally taking from the experience. Concerns about customers misinterpreting health inf... | Genome analysis | 0.842486 |
930 | Personal genomics or consumer genetics is the branch of genomics concerned with the sequencing, analysis and interpretation of the genome of an individual. The genotyping stage employs different techniques, including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis chips (typically 0.02% of the genome), or partial or full... | Genome analysis | 0.842486 |
931 | Another set of 59 genes vetted by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG-59) are considered actionable in adults.At the same time, full sequencing of the genome can identify polymorphisms that are so rare and/or mild sequence change that conclusions about their impact are challenging, reinforcing t... | Genome analysis | 0.842485 |
932 | This setting stops the compiler from reassociating beyond the boundaries of parentheses. Intel Fortran Compiler is a notable outlier.A common problem in "fast" math is that subexpressions may not be optimized identically from place to place, leading to unexpected differences. One interpretation of the issue is that "fa... | Floating-point math | 0.842421 |
933 | The aforementioned lack of associativity of floating-point operations in general means that compilers cannot as effectively reorder arithmetic expressions as they could with integer and fixed-point arithmetic, presenting a roadblock in optimizations such as common subexpression elimination and auto-vectorization. The "... | Floating-point math | 0.842421 |
934 | The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word Zahl 'number', which, before the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order was then approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weigh... | Atomic numbers | 0.84239 |
935 | The concepts invoked in Newton's laws of motion — mass, velocity, momentum, force — have predecessors in earlier work, and the content of Newtonian physics was further developed after Newton's time. Newton combined knowledge of celestial motions with the study of events on Earth and showed that one theory of mechanics ... | Newtons second law | 0.842354 |
936 | Physicists developed the concept of energy after Newton's time, but it has become an inseparable part of what is considered "Newtonian" physics. Energy can broadly be classified into kinetic, due to a body's motion, and potential, due to a body's position relative to others. Thermal energy, the energy carried by heat f... | Newtons second law | 0.842354 |
937 | If a third mass is added, the Kepler problem becomes the three-body problem, which in general has no exact solution in closed form. That is, there is no way to start from the differential equations implied by Newton's laws and, after a finite sequence of standard mathematical operations, obtain equations that express t... | Newtons second law | 0.842354 |
938 | In statistical physics, the kinetic theory of gases applies Newton's laws of motion to large numbers (typically on the order of the Avogadro number) of particles. Kinetic theory can explain, for example, the pressure that a gas exerts upon the container holding it as the aggregate of many impacts of atoms, each imparti... | Newtons second law | 0.842354 |
939 | By the equipartition theorem, internal energy per mole of gas equals cv T, where T is absolute temperature and the specific heat at constant volume is cv = (f)(R/2). R = 8.314 J/(K mol) is the universal gas constant, and "f" is the number of thermodynamic (quadratic) degrees of freedom, counting the number of ways in w... | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | 0.842336 |
940 | The description of a system's state as a point in its phase space, although mathematically convenient, is thought to be fundamentally inaccurate. In quantum mechanics, the motion degrees of freedom are superseded with the concept of wave function, and operators which correspond to other degrees of freedom have discrete... | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | 0.842336 |
941 | In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential (ECP), μ, is a thermodynamic measure of chemical potential that does not omit the energy contribution of electrostatics. Electrochemical potential is expressed in the unit of J/mol. | Electrochemical potential | 0.842218 |
942 | In generic terms, electrochemical potential is the mechanical work done in bringing 1 mole of an ion from a standard state to a specified concentration and electrical potential. According to the IUPAC definition, it is the partial molar Gibbs energy of the substance at the specified electric potential, where the substa... | Electrochemical potential | 0.842218 |
943 | It is common in electrochemistry and solid-state physics to discuss both the chemical potential and the electrochemical potential of the electrons. However, in the two fields, the definitions of these two terms are sometimes swapped. In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential of electrons (or any other species)... | Electrochemical potential | 0.842218 |
944 | The workplaces of engineers are just as varied as the types of work they do. Electrical engineers may be found in the pristine lab environment of a fabrication plant, on board a Naval ship, the offices of a consulting firm or on site at a mine. During their working life, electrical engineers may find themselves supervi... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
945 | For instance, medical electronics designers must take into account that much lower voltages than normal can be dangerous when electrodes are directly in contact with internal body fluids. Power transmission engineering also has great safety concerns due to the high voltages used; although voltmeters may in principle be... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
946 | For example, quantum mechanics and solid state physics might be relevant to an engineer working on VLSI (the design of integrated circuits), but are largely irrelevant to engineers working with macroscopic electrical systems. Even circuit theory may not be relevant to a person designing telecommunication systems that u... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
947 | From the Global Positioning System to electric power generation, electrical engineers have contributed to the development of a wide range of technologies. They design, develop, test, and supervise the deployment of electrical systems and electronic devices. For example, they may work on the design of telecommunication ... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
948 | Initially such topics cover most, if not all, of the subdisciplines of electrical engineering. At some schools, the students can then choose to emphasize one or more subdisciplines towards the end of their courses of study. At many schools, electronic engineering is included as part of an electrical award, sometimes ex... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
949 | Electrical engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electrical engineering, electronics engineering, electrical engineering technology, or electrical and electronic engineering. The same fundamental principles are taught in all programs, though emphasis may vary according to title. The length of s... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
950 | Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, and systems which use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after the commercialization of the electric t... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
951 | During the development of radio, many scientists and inventors contributed to radio technology and electronics. The mathematical work of James Clerk Maxwell during the 1850s had shown the relationship of different forms of electromagnetic radiation including the possibility of invisible airborne waves (later called "ra... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
952 | It also plays an important role in industrial automation. Control engineers often use feedback when designing control systems. For example, in an automobile with cruise control the vehicle's speed is continuously monitored and fed back to the system which adjusts the motor's power output accordingly. Where there is reg... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
953 | However, the design of complex software systems is often the domain of software engineering, which is usually considered a separate discipline. Desktop computers represent a tiny fraction of the devices a computer engineer might work on, as computer-like architectures are now found in a range of embedded devices includ... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
954 | For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error detection and error correction of digitally sampled signals.Signal processing is a very mathematically oriented and intensive area forming the core of digital signal processing and it is rapidly expanding with new applications in every field of e... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
955 | One of the properties of electricity is that it is very useful for energy transmission as well as for information transmission. These were also the first areas in which electrical engineering was developed. Today electrical engineering has many subdisciplines, the most common of which are listed below. Although there a... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
956 | Microelectronics engineering deals with the design and microfabrication of very small electronic circuit components for use in an integrated circuit or sometimes for use on their own as a general electronic component. The most common microelectronic components are semiconductor transistors, although all main electronic... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
957 | Mechatronics is an engineering discipline which deals with the convergence of electrical and mechanical systems. Such combined systems are known as electromechanical systems and have widespread adoption. Examples include automated manufacturing systems, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, and various sub... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
958 | Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of devices to measure physical quantities such as pressure, flow, and temperature. The design of such instruments requires a good understanding of physics that often extends beyond electromagnetic theory. For example, flight instruments measure variables such as wind sp... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
959 | Afterwards, universities and institutes of technology gradually started to offer electrical engineering programs to their students all over the world. During these decades the use of electrical engineering increased dramatically. | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
960 | The first course in electrical engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell's Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanic Arts.In about 1885 Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States. In the same year, University College London founded ... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
961 | The publication of these standards formed the basis of future advances in standardization in various industries, and in many countries, the definitions were immediately recognized in relevant legislation.During these years, the study of electricity was largely considered to be a subfield of physics since early electric... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
962 | Electrical telegraphy may be considered the first example of electrical engineering. Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created a global electric telegraph network, and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK and the US to su... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
963 | Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). The IEEE claims to produce 30% of the world's literature in electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over 3,000 c... | Electrical engineering | 0.8422 |
964 | In molecular biology, protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and ultimately into amino acids. Protein catabolism is a key function of digestion process. Protein catabolism often begins with pepsin, which converts proteins into polypeptides. | Protein breakdown | 0.842184 |
965 | This branch is also known as geometric modelling and computer-aided geometric design (CAGD). Core problems are curve and surface modelling and representation. The most important instruments here are parametric curves and parametric surfaces, such as Bézier curves, spline curves and surfaces. An important non-parametric... | Computational Geometry | 0.842169 |
966 | The primary goal of research in combinatorial computational geometry is to develop efficient algorithms and data structures for solving problems stated in terms of basic geometrical objects: points, line segments, polygons, polyhedra, etc. Some of these problems seem so simple that they were not regarded as problems at... | Computational Geometry | 0.842169 |
967 | The main branches of computational geometry are: Combinatorial computational geometry, also called algorithmic geometry, which deals with geometric objects as discrete entities. A groundlaying book in the subject by Preparata and Shamos dates the first use of the term "computational geometry" in this sense by 1975. Num... | Computational Geometry | 0.842169 |
968 | For such sets, the difference between O(n2) and O(n log n) may be the difference between days and seconds of computation. The main impetus for the development of computational geometry as a discipline was progress in computer graphics and computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), but many problems in computati... | Computational Geometry | 0.842169 |
969 | Computational geometry is a branch of computer science devoted to the study of algorithms which can be stated in terms of geometry. Some purely geometrical problems arise out of the study of computational geometric algorithms, and such problems are also considered to be part of computational geometry. While modern comp... | Computational Geometry | 0.842169 |
970 | Below is the list of the major journals that have been publishing research in geometric algorithms. Please notice with the appearance of journals specifically dedicated to computational geometry, the share of geometric publications in general-purpose computer science and computer graphics journals decreased. ACM Comput... | Computational Geometry | 0.842169 |
971 | The core problems in computational geometry may be classified in different ways, according to various criteria. The following general classes may be distinguished. | Computational Geometry | 0.842169 |
972 | Finding the integer solutions of an equation or of a system of equations. These problems are now called Diophantine equations, which are considered a part of number theory (see also integer programming). Systems of polynomial equations: Because of their difficulty, these systems, with few exceptions, have been studied ... | Theory of equations | 0.842164 |
973 | Gerolamo Cardano published them in his 1545 book Ars Magna, together with a solution for the quartic equations, discovered by his student Lodovico Ferrari. In 1572 Rafael Bombelli published his L'Algebra in which he showed how to deal with the imaginary quantities that could appear in Cardano's formula for solving cubi... | Theory of equations | 0.842163 |
974 | Until the end of the 19th century, "theory of equations" was almost synonymous with "algebra". For a long time, the main problem was to find the solutions of a single non-linear polynomial equation in a single unknown. The fact that a complex solution always exists is the fundamental theorem of algebra, which was prove... | Theory of equations | 0.842163 |
975 | Before Galois, there was no clear distinction between the "theory of equations" and "algebra". Since then algebra has been dramatically enlarged to include many new subareas, and the theory of algebraic equations receives much less attention. Thus, the term "theory of equations" is mainly used in the context of the his... | Theory of equations | 0.842163 |
976 | In algebra, the theory of equations is the study of algebraic equations (also called "polynomial equations"), which are equations defined by a polynomial. The main problem of the theory of equations was to know when an algebraic equation has an algebraic solution. This problem was completely solved in 1830 by Évariste ... | Theory of equations | 0.842163 |
977 | Other classical problems of the theory of equations are the following: Linear equations: this problem was solved during antiquity. Simultaneous linear equations: The general theoretical solution was provided by Gabriel Cramer in 1750. However devising efficient methods (algorithms) to solve these systems remains an act... | Theory of equations | 0.842163 |
978 | The linear rigid rotor model can be used in quantum mechanics to predict the rotational energy of a diatomic molecule. The rotational energy depends on the moment of inertia for the system, I {\displaystyle I} . In the center of mass reference frame, the moment of inertia is equal to: where μ {\displaystyle \mu } is th... | Rotational constant | 0.842151 |
979 | The classical linear rotor consists of two point masses m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} and m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} (with reduced mass μ = m 1 m 2 m 1 + m 2 {\textstyle \mu ={\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}} ) at a distance R {\displaystyle R} of each other. The rotor is rigid if R {\displaystyle R} is independent of time... | Rotational constant | 0.842151 |
980 | Given a set of n {\displaystyle n} numbers, the 3SUM problem asks whether there is a triplet of numbers whose sum is zero. There is an quadratic-time algorithm for 3SUM, and it has been conjectured that no algorithm can solve 3SUM in "truly sub-quadratic time": the 3SUM Conjecture is the computational hardness assumpti... | Computational hardness assumptions | 0.842139 |
981 | An average-case assumption says that a specific problem is hard on most instances from some explicit distribution, whereas a worst-case assumption only says that the problem is hard on some instances. For a given problem, average-case hardness implies worst-case hardness, so an average-case hardness assumption is stron... | Computational hardness assumptions | 0.842139 |
982 | Some computational problems are assumed to be hard on average over a particular distribution of instances. For example, in the planted clique problem, the input is a random graph sampled, by sampling an Erdős–Rényi random graph and then "planting" a random k {\displaystyle k} -clique, i.e. connecting k {\displaystyle k... | Computational hardness assumptions | 0.842139 |
983 | Here, however, the alkene is electron-rich, so it reacts well with the immonium diene in an Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction. Researchers have extended the Grieco three-component reaction to reactants or catalysts immobilized on solid support, which greatly expands the application of this reaction to variou... | Grieco three-component condensation | 0.842064 |
984 | The Grieco three-component condensation is an organic chemistry reaction that produces nitrogen-containing six-member heterocycles via a multi-component reaction of an aldehyde, a nitrogen component, such as aniline, and an electron-rich alkene. The reaction is catalyzed by trifluoroacetic acid or Lewis acids such as y... | Grieco three-component condensation | 0.842064 |
985 | In this zero-tension case, according to the rotating observer, the spheres now are moving, and the Coriolis force (which depends upon velocity) is activated. According to the article fictitious force, the Coriolis force is: F f i c t = − 2 m Ω × v B {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{\mathrm {fict} }=-2m{\boldsymbol {\Omega ... | Rotating spheres | 0.842046 |
986 | It is one of five arguments from the "properties, causes, and effects" of true motion and rest that support his contention that, in general, true motion and rest cannot be defined as special instances of motion or rest relative to other bodies, but instead can be defined only by reference to absolute space. Alternative... | Rotating spheres | 0.842046 |
987 | Lazy evaluation was introduced for lambda calculus by Christopher Wadsworth and employed by the Plessey System 250 as a critical part of a Lambda-Calculus Meta-Machine, reducing the resolution overhead for access to objects in a capability-limited address space. For programming languages, it was independently introduce... | Lazy allocation | 0.842002 |
988 | Having initially been defined at a symposium of the American Mathematical Society in the later 1950s, the term "applied probability" was popularized by Maurice Bartlett through the name of a Methuen monograph series he edited, Applied Probability and Statistics. The area did not have an established outlet until 1964, w... | Applied probability | 0.841975 |
989 | Much research involving probability is done under the auspices of applied probability. However, while such research is motivated (to some degree) by applied problems, it is usually the mathematical aspects of the problems that are of most interest to researchers (as is typical of applied mathematics in general). Applie... | Applied probability | 0.841975 |
990 | Applied probability is the application of probability theory to statistical problems and other scientific and engineering domains. | Applied probability | 0.841975 |
991 | Einstein, a German-Swiss-Jew pacifist, was appointed to a research professorship by the German Government in the early days of the War; his predictions were verified by an English expedition which observed the eclipse of 1919, very soon after the Armistice. His theory upsets the whole theoretical framework of tradition... | Scientific temper | 0.841965 |
992 | Protein function prediction methods are techniques that bioinformatics researchers use to assign biological or biochemical roles to proteins. These proteins are usually ones that are poorly studied or predicted based on genomic sequence data. These predictions are often driven by data-intensive computational procedures... | Protein function prediction | 0.8419 |
993 | For example, because many proteins are multifunctional, the genes encoding them may belong to several target groups. It is argued that such genes are more likely to be identified in guilt by association studies, and thus predictions are not specific.With the accumulation of RNA-seq data that are capable of estimating e... | Protein function prediction | 0.8419 |
994 | Some people confuse win probability added with win shares, since both are baseball statistics that attempt to measure a player's win contribution. However, they are quite different. In win shares, a player with 0 win shares has contributed nothing to his team; in win probability added, a player with 0 win probability a... | Win probability added | 0.841877 |
995 | A Molecular spring is a device or part of a biological system based on molecular mechanics and is associated with molecular vibration. Any molecule can be deformed in several ways - A-A bond length, A-A-A angle, A-A-A-A torsion angle. Deformed molecules store energy, which can be released and cause mechanical work as t... | Molecular spring | 0.841871 |
996 | One of the more reasonable responses to "New Mathematics" was a collective statement by Lipman Bers, Morris Kline, George Pólya, and Max Schiffer, cosigned by 61 others, that was published in "The Mathematics Teacher" and The American Mathematical Monthly in 1962. In this letter, the undersigned called for the use of t... | Genetic method | 0.841869 |
997 | Otto Toeplitz, a research mathematician in the area of functional analysis, introduced the method in his manuscript "The problem of calculus courses at universities and their demarcation against calculus courses at high schools" in 1927. A part of this manuscript was published in a book in 1949, after Toeplitz's death.... | Genetic method | 0.841869 |
998 | In thermal equilibrium, each phase (i.e. liquid, solid etc.) of physical matter comes to an end at a transitional point, or spatial interface, called a phase boundary, due to the immiscibility of the matter with the matter on the other side of the boundary. This immiscibility is due to at least one difference between t... | Phase boundaries | 0.841867 |
999 | The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium; they account for 74.9% and 23.8%, respectively, of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere. All heavier elements, called metals in astronomy, account for less than 2% of the mass, with oxygen (roughly 1% of the Sun's mass), carbon (0.3%), neon (... | Sun's surface | 0.841862 |
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