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82,000 | The Baldwin effect in astronomy describes a relationship between continuum and emission-line fluxes observed in the electromagnetic spectra of quasars and active galactic nuclei, namely an anticorrelation between the equivalent width, Wλ, of a spectral line and the continuum luminosity, L, in broad UV optical emission ... | Baldwin effect (astronomy) | 0.784353 |
82,001 | Reaction with the hydroxyl radical – The major removal mechanism of methane from the atmosphere involves radical chemistry; it reacts with the hydroxyl radical (·OH), initially formed from water vapor broken down by oxygen atoms that come from the cleavage of ozone by ultraviolet radiation. The reaction of methane with... | Atmospheric methane | 0.784353 |
82,002 | According to a 2003 article in the journal Geology, these first, ancient bacteria added to the methane concentration by converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane and water. Oxygen did not become a major part of the atmosphere until photosynthetic organisms evolved later in Earth's history. With no oxygen, met... | Atmospheric methane | 0.784353 |
82,003 | The disadvantages include higher costs, limited contact between the referrer and the reporting Clinician, and the inability to cover for procedures requiring an onsite reporting Clinician. Laws and regulations concerning the use of teleradiology vary among the states, with some requiring a license to practice medicine ... | Radiologic test | 0.784352 |
82,004 | The American Board of Radiology (ABR) administers professional certification in Diagnostic Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics as well as subspecialty certification in neuroradiology, nuclear radiology, pediatric radiology and vascular and interventional radiology. "Board Certification" in diagnostic radi... | Radiologic test | 0.784352 |
82,005 | Orbital Marine Power is a Scottish renewable energy company focused on the development and global deployment of its pioneering floating turbine technology. The O2 is Orbital's first commercial turbine and represents the culmination of more than 15 years of world leading product development in the UK. The 74m long turbi... | Orbital O2 | 0.784352 |
82,006 | It is a client of systemd's journald service, accessing the journald records in several ways and providing a way to store new log records. Journald, as a structured logging system, stores supplemental information along each record, making it easier to find and extract information from the resulting log files.Performanc... | OpenLMI | 0.784351 |
82,007 | A 16th-century physician wrote that many laborers dozed off exhausted at the start of each night; sexual intercourse with their wives typically occurring in the watching period, after a recuperative first sleep. Anthropologists find that isolated societies without electric light sleep in a variety of patterns; seldom d... | Sleep medicine | 0.78435 |
82,008 | In the Einstein–Cartan theory, the Dirac equation becomes nonlinear. Recently, interest in Einstein–Cartan theory has been driven toward cosmological implications, most importantly, the avoidance of a gravitational singularity at the beginning of the universe. The theory is considered viable and remains an active topic... | Riemann–Cartan geometry | 0.784349 |
82,009 | The variation with respect to the torsion tensor T a b c {\displaystyle {T^{ab}}_{c}} yields the Cartan spin connection equations δ L G δ T a b c − 1 2 σ a b c = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\delta {\mathcal {L}}_{\mathrm {G} }}{\delta {T^{ab}}_{c}}}-{\frac {1}{2}}{\sigma _{ab}}^{c}=0} where σ a b c {\displaystyle {\sigma ... | Riemann–Cartan geometry | 0.784349 |
82,010 | One prospect for future analysis of AM fungi is the use of stable isotope probes. Stable isotope probing (SIP) is a technique that can be used to determine the active metabolic function of individual taxa within a complex system of microbes. This level of specificity, linking microbial function and phylogenetics, has n... | Arbuscular mycorrhiza | 0.784349 |
82,011 | Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection) is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. The method requires a controlled seismic source of energy, such as dynamite or Tovex blast, a specialized air gun ... | Seismic processing | 0.784348 |
82,012 | The Bogoliubov–Parasyuk theorem states that for a wide class of quantum field theories, called renormalizable field theories, these divergent integrals can be made finite in a regular way using a finite (and small) set of certain elementary subtractions of divergencies. The theorem guarantees that computed within the p... | Bogoliubov–Parasyuk theorem | 0.784348 |
82,013 | The Bogoliubov–Parasyuk theorem in quantum field theory states that renormalized Green's functions and matrix elements of the scattering matrix (S-matrix) are free of ultraviolet divergencies. Green's functions and scattering matrix are the fundamental objects in quantum field theory which determine basic physically me... | Bogoliubov–Parasyuk theorem | 0.784348 |
82,014 | The 1/10 scale device was initially used to demonstrate the tidal test facilities at the Tees Barrage in Thornaby-on-Tees near Middlesbrough, UK by Narec (National Renewable Energy Centre). | Evopod | 0.784347 |
82,015 | SysML is a Domain-Specific Modeling language for systems engineering that is defined as a UML profile (customization). Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose modeling language that is an industry standard for specifying software-intensive systems. UML 2.0, the current version, supports thirteen different ... | List of modeling languages | 0.784346 |
82,016 | Lifecycle Modeling Language is an open-standard language for systems engineering that supports the full system lifecycle: conceptual, utilization, support and retirement stages. Object-Role Modeling (ORM) in the field of software engineering is a method for conceptual modeling, and can be used as a tool for information... | List of modeling languages | 0.784346 |
82,017 | Example of graphical modeling languages in the field of computer science, project management and systems engineering: Behavior Trees are a formal, graphical modeling language used primarily in systems and software engineering. Commonly used to unambiguously represent the hundreds or even thousands of natural language r... | List of modeling languages | 0.784346 |
82,018 | In the field of computer science recently more specific types of modeling languages have emerged. | List of modeling languages | 0.784346 |
82,019 | For some dyes, lifetimes can be prolonged 10-100 fold using oxygen scavenging systems (up to 1000 seconds with optimisation of imaging parameters and signal-to-noise). For example, a combination of Protocatechuic acid (PCA) and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (PCD) is often used as oxygen scavenging system, and that in... | Photobleaching | 0.784345 |
82,020 | To a reasonable approximation, a given molecule will be destroyed after a constant exposure (intensity of emission X emission time X number of cycles) because, in a constant environment, each absorption-emission cycle has an equal probability of causing photobleaching. Photobleaching is an important parameter to accoun... | Photobleaching | 0.784345 |
82,021 | The Neutron Star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER) is a NASA telescope on the International Space Station, designed and dedicated to the study of the extraordinary gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear physics environments embodied by neutron stars, exploring the exotic states of matter where density and pres... | Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer | 0.784342 |
82,022 | This theorem is equivalent to Urysohn's lemma (which is also equivalent to the normality of the space) and is widely applicable, since all metric spaces and all compact Hausdorff spaces are normal. It can be generalized by replacing R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } with R J {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{J}} for some index... | Tietze extension theorem | 0.784341 |
82,023 | If X {\displaystyle X} is a normal space and is a continuous map from a closed subset A {\displaystyle A} of X {\displaystyle X} into the real numbers R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } carrying the standard topology, then there exists a continuous extension of f {\displaystyle f} to X ; {\displaystyle X;} that is, there e... | Tietze extension theorem | 0.784341 |
82,024 | If f: X → R {\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {R} } is an upper semicontinuous function, g: X → R {\displaystyle g:X\to \mathbb {R} } a lower semicontinuous function, and h: A → R {\displaystyle h:A\to \mathbb {R} } a continuous function such that f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)\leq g(x)} for each x ∈ X {\displaystyl... | Tietze extension theorem | 0.784341 |
82,025 | If X {\displaystyle X} is a metric space, A {\displaystyle A} a non-empty subset of X {\displaystyle X} and f: A → R {\displaystyle f:A\to \mathbb {R} } is a Lipschitz continuous function with Lipschitz constant K , {\displaystyle K,} then f {\displaystyle f} can be extended to a Lipschitz continuous function F: X → R ... | Tietze extension theorem | 0.784341 |
82,026 | L. E. J. Brouwer and Henri Lebesgue proved a special case of the theorem, when X {\displaystyle X} is a finite-dimensional real vector space. Heinrich Tietze extended it to all metric spaces, and Pavel Urysohn proved the theorem as stated here, for normal topological spaces. | Tietze extension theorem | 0.784341 |
82,027 | In topology, the Tietze extension theorem (also known as the Tietze–Urysohn–Brouwer extension theorem or Urysohn-Brouwer lemma) states that continuous functions on a closed subset of a normal topological space can be extended to the entire space, preserving boundedness if necessary. | Tietze extension theorem | 0.784341 |
82,028 | The supercollider was formally discussed in the 1984 National Reference Designs Study, which examined the technical and economic feasibility of a machine with the design energy of 20 TeV per proton.Early in 1983, HEPAP (High-Energy Physics Advisory Panel) formed the New Facilities for the US High-Energy Physics Program... | Superconducting Super Collider | 0.784341 |
82,029 | Steven Weinberg, a Nobel laureate in Physics, placed the cancellation of the SSC in the context of a bigger national and global socio-economic crisis, including a general crisis in funding for science research and for the provision of adequate education, healthcare, transportation and communication infrastructure, and ... | Superconducting Super Collider | 0.784341 |
82,030 | Since climate regimes tend to be dominated by vegetation of one region with relatively homogenous ecology, those that project climate change remap their results in the form of climate regimes as an alternative way to explain expected changes. | Humid continental climate | 0.784341 |
82,031 | There are several generalizations of Sperner's theorem for subsets of P ( E ) , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(E),} the poset of all subsets of E. | Sperner's theorem | 0.784341 |
82,032 | Beck & Zaslavsky (2002) combined the Erdös and Meshalkin theorems by adapting Meshalkin's proof of his generalized LYM inequality. They showed that the largest size of a family of p-compositions such that the sets in the i-th position of the p-tuples, ignoring duplications, are r-chain-free, for every i = 1 , 2 , … , p... | Sperner's theorem | 0.784341 |
82,033 | For this choice, the number of sets in the family is ( n ⌊ n / 2 ⌋ ) {\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{\lfloor n/2\rfloor }}} . Sperner's theorem states that these examples are the largest possible Sperner families over an n-element set. Formally, the theorem states that, for every Sperner family S whose union has a total of... | Sperner's theorem | 0.784341 |
82,034 | A chain is a subfamily { S 0 , S 1 , … , S r } ⊆ P ( E ) {\displaystyle \{S_{0},S_{1},\dots ,S_{r}\}\subseteq {\mathcal {P}}(E)} that is totally ordered, i.e., S 0 ⊂ S 1 ⊂ ⋯ ⊂ S r {\displaystyle S_{0}\subset S_{1}\subset \dots \subset S_{r}} (possibly after renumbering). The chain has r + 1 members and length r. An r-c... | Sperner's theorem | 0.784341 |
82,035 | Sperner's theorem, in discrete mathematics, describes the largest possible families of finite sets none of which contain any other sets in the family. It is one of the central results in extremal set theory. It is named after Emanuel Sperner, who published it in 1928. This result is sometimes called Sperner's lemma, bu... | Sperner's theorem | 0.784341 |
82,036 | Thus, another way of stating Sperner's theorem is that the width of the inclusion order on a power set is ( n ⌊ n / 2 ⌋ ) {\displaystyle {\binom {n}{\lfloor n/2\rfloor }}} . A graded partially ordered set is said to have the Sperner property when one of its largest antichains is formed by a set of elements that all hav... | Sperner's theorem | 0.784341 |
82,037 | Sperner's theorem can also be stated in terms of partial order width. The family of all subsets of an n-element set (its power set) can be partially ordered by set inclusion; in this partial order, two distinct elements are said to be incomparable when neither of them contains the other. The width of a partial order is... | Sperner's theorem | 0.784341 |
82,038 | There are many proofs of Sperner's theorem, each leading to different generalizations (see Anderson (1987)). The following proof is due to Lubell (1966). Let sk denote the number of k-sets in S. For all 0 ≤ k ≤ n, ( n ⌊ n / 2 ⌋ ) ≥ ( n k ) {\displaystyle {n \choose \lfloor {n/2}\rfloor }\geq {n \choose k}} and, thus, s... | Sperner's theorem | 0.78434 |
82,039 | In the set P ( E ) p {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(E)^{p}} of p-tuples of subsets of E, we say a p-tuple ( S 1 , … , S p ) {\displaystyle (S_{1},\dots ,S_{p})} is ≤ another one, ( T 1 , … , T p ) , {\displaystyle (T_{1},\dots ,T_{p}),} if S i ⊆ T i {\displaystyle S_{i}\subseteq T_{i}} for each i = 1,2,...,p. We call ( ... | Sperner's theorem | 0.78434 |
82,040 | In the finite projective geometry PG(d, Fq) of dimension d over a finite field of order q, let L ( p , F q ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(p,F_{q})} be the family of all subspaces. When partially ordered by set inclusion, this family is a lattice. Rota & Harper (1971) proved that the largest size of an antichain in L (... | Sperner's theorem | 0.78434 |
82,041 | In 1937 Vinogradov gave an unconditional upper bound for | S ( α ) | {\displaystyle |S(\alpha )|} . His argument began with a simple sieve identity, the resulting terms were then rearranged in a complicated way to obtain some cancellation. In 1977 R. C. Vaughan found a much simpler argument, based on what later became ... | Vinogradov's theorem | 0.78434 |
82,042 | The set of real numbers close to such rational points is usually referred to as the major arcs, the complement forms the minor arcs. It turns out that these intervals dominate the integral, hence to prove the theorem one has to give an upper bound for S ( α ) {\displaystyle S(\alpha )} for α {\displaystyle \alpha } con... | Vinogradov's theorem | 0.78434 |
82,043 | The proof of the theorem follows the Hardy–Littlewood circle method. Define the exponential sum S ( α ) = ∑ n = 1 N Λ ( n ) e ( α n ) {\displaystyle S(\alpha )=\sum _{n=1}^{N}\Lambda (n)e(\alpha n)} .Then we have S ( α ) 3 = ∑ n 1 , n 2 , n 3 ≤ N Λ ( n 1 ) Λ ( n 2 ) Λ ( n 3 ) e ( α ( n 1 + n 2 + n 3 ) ) = ∑ n ≤ 3 N r ~... | Vinogradov's theorem | 0.78434 |
82,044 | The full statement of Vinogradov's theorem gives asymptotic bounds on the number of representations of an odd integer as a sum of three primes. The notion of "sufficiently large" was ill-defined in Vinogradov's original work, but in 2002 it was shown that 101346 is sufficiently large. Additionally numbers up to 1020 ha... | Vinogradov's theorem | 0.78434 |
82,045 | In number theory, Vinogradov's theorem is a result which implies that any sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three prime numbers. It is a weaker form of Goldbach's weak conjecture, which would imply the existence of such a representation for all odd integers greater than five. It is named after I... | Vinogradov's theorem | 0.78434 |
82,046 | By assumption the continuous functions f x , y ( g ) = ( T g − 1 x , T g − 1 y ) , {\displaystyle \displaystyle {f_{x,y}(g)=(T_{g}^{-1}x,T_{g}^{-1}y),}} generate a separable unital C* subalgebra A of the uniformly bounded continuous functions on G. By construction the algebra is invariant under left translation. By ame... | Uniformly bounded representation | 0.78434 |
82,047 | In mathematics, a uniformly bounded representation T {\displaystyle T} of a locally compact group G {\displaystyle G} on a Hilbert space H {\displaystyle H} is a homomorphism into the bounded invertible operators which is continuous for the strong operator topology, and such that sup g ∈ G ‖ T g ‖ B ( H ) {\displaystyl... | Uniformly bounded representation | 0.78434 |
82,048 | The first generation uses linking technologies that conjugate drugs non-selectively to cysteine or lysine residues in the antibody, resulting in a heterogeneous mixture. This approach leads to suboptimal safety and efficacy and complicates optimization of the biological, physical and pharmacological properties. Site-sp... | Antibody-drug conjugates | 0.784339 |
82,049 | Many of the payloads for oncology ADCs (oADC) are natural product based with some making covalent interactions with their target. Payloads include the microtubulin inhibitors monomethyl auristatin A MMAE, monomethyl auristatin F MMAF and mertansine, DNA binder calicheamicin and topoisomerase 1 inhibitors SN-38 and exat... | Antibody-drug conjugates | 0.784339 |
82,050 | : 290 Similar tools which do not rely on a database for storage include DRed (Design Rationale editor) and designVUE.Since the mid-2000s, there has been a renewed interest in IBIS-type systems, particularly in the context of sensemaking and collaborative problem solving in a variety of social and technical contexts. Of... | Issue-Based Information System | 0.784337 |
82,051 | Another IBIS computer program developed in the late 1980s was called HyperIBIS. Jeff Conklin and co-workers adapted the IBIS structure for use in software engineering, creating the gIBIS (graphical IBIS) hypertext system in the late 1980s. Around 1990, a program called Author's Argumentation Assistant (AAA) combined th... | Issue-Based Information System | 0.784337 |
82,052 | There were at least two other chapters. The society was originally organized for women in chemistry, but later widened its scope to include girls interested in the fields of bacteriology, zoology, pre-medicine, and physical therapy. The first two editions of the Missouri Savitar yearbook showing the group actually list... | Pi Delta Nu | 0.784335 |
82,053 | Pi Delta Nu was originally created as the Women's Chemistry Club, established at the University of Missouri in 1919. In 1920 the name of the group was changed to The Retort, and on April 12, 1921 the club was reorganized as Pi Delta Nu, a professional fraternity for women in chemistry.Charter members were Margaret Baxt... | Pi Delta Nu | 0.784335 |
82,054 | Pi Delta Nu (ΠΔΝ) was a small national professional fraternity for women in chemistry. It was founded in 1921 at the University of Missouri. Eventually chartering at least five chapters, it survived into the 1950s. | Pi Delta Nu | 0.784335 |
82,055 | Both undergraduate and graduate women taking Chemistry either as principal or secondary subject of specialization are eligible for membership.Its motto, as cited soon after WWII, was: "Victory Through Foresight. "The sorority had three purposes: "To bring together women interested in science, to help fit women for scie... | Pi Delta Nu | 0.784335 |
82,056 | Much research has been done on the genetics of Pyrodictium in order to understand its ability to survive and even thrive in such extreme temperatures. The thermal stability of Pyrodictum occultum's isolate tRNA has been analyzed, indicating that modifications in the nucleosides allow the organism to withstand temperatu... | Pyrodictium | 0.784334 |
82,057 | Prior to the 1960s and until the late 1990s, gas and argon-ion lasers were common; suffering from poor efficiencies(0.01%) and large sizes.In the 1960s, advancements in sapphire creation allowed researchers to deposit GaN on a sapphire base to create blue lasers, but a lattice mismatch between the structures of gallium... | Blue laser | 0.784333 |
82,058 | Early Cowles Commission work on simultaneous equations estimation centered on Koopman and Hood's (1953) algorithms from transport economics and optimal routing, with maximum likelihood estimation, and closed form algebraic calculations, as iterative solution search techniques were limited in the days before computers. ... | Structural equation modelling | 0.784331 |
82,059 | Each latent variable, whether exogenous or endogenous, is thought of as containing the cases' true-scores on that variable, and these true-scores causally contribute valid/genuine variations into one or more of the observed/reported indicator variables.The LISREL program assigned Greek names to the elements in a set of... | Structural equation modelling | 0.784331 |
82,060 | Assessing the risks of radiation exposure requires knowledge of the dose of radiation received. There are no direct measurements of dose for individual survivors. This program is concerned with providing survivor dose estimates. Basic information on radiation exposures are based on modern understanding of the physics o... | Radiation Effects Research Foundation | 0.78433 |
82,061 | The cytogenetics evaluations provide one means of assessing radiation exposure (through what is termed "biological dosimetry") by evaluating the types and amounts of structural damage in chromosomes due to radiation. | Radiation Effects Research Foundation | 0.78433 |
82,062 | The genetics study is largely carried out by the Department of Molecular Biosciences. Individual radiation doses are assessed by evaluation of chromosome aberration frequency in the blood cells of A-bomb survivors. Radiation doses can also be estimated with special techniques that measure trace amounts of radicals that... | Radiation Effects Research Foundation | 0.78433 |
82,063 | The Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) is a joint U.S.-Japan research organization responsible for studying the medical effects of radiation and associated diseases in humans for the welfare of the survivors and all humankind. The organization's scientific laboratories are located in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, J... | Radiation Effects Research Foundation | 0.78433 |
82,064 | Two millennia later, Leonhard Euler proved that all even perfect numbers are of this form. This is known as the Euclid–Euler theorem. It is not known whether there are any odd perfect numbers, nor whether infinitely many perfect numbers exist. The first few perfect numbers are 6, 28, 496 and 8128 (sequence A000396 in t... | Odd perfect number | 0.78433 |
82,065 | In number theory, a perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its positive divisors, excluding the number itself. For instance, 6 has divisors 1, 2 and 3 (excluding itself), and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, so 6 is a perfect number. The sum of divisors of a number, excluding the number itself, is called its al... | Odd perfect number | 0.78433 |
82,066 | It was not until the 18th century that Leonhard Euler proved that the formula 2p−1(2p − 1) will yield all the even perfect numbers. Thus, there is a one-to-one correspondence between even perfect numbers and Mersenne primes; each Mersenne prime generates one even perfect number, and vice versa. This result is often ref... | Odd perfect number | 0.78433 |
82,067 | Euclid proved that 2p−1(2p − 1) is an even perfect number whenever 2p − 1 is prime (Elements, Prop. IX.36). For example, the first four perfect numbers are generated by the formula 2p−1(2p − 1), with p a prime number, as follows: for p = 2: 21(22 − 1) = 2 × 3 = 6 for p = 3: 22(23 − 1) = 4 × 7 = 28 for p = 5: 24(25 − 1)... | Odd perfect number | 0.78433 |
82,068 | In mathematics, a finite subdivision rule is a recursive way of dividing a polygon or other two-dimensional shape into smaller and smaller pieces. Subdivision rules in a sense are generalizations of regular geometric fractals. Instead of repeating exactly the same design over and over, they have slight variations in ea... | Combinatorial Riemann mapping theorem | 0.784328 |
82,069 | In materials science, radiation-absorbent material (RAM) is a material which has been specially designed and shaped to absorb incident RF radiation (also known as non-ionising radiation), as effectively as possible, from as many incident directions as possible. The more effective the RAM, the lower the resulting level ... | Radar absorbent material | 0.784327 |
82,070 | Here, the derivation of the Kirchhoff's integral theorem is introduced. First, the Green's second identity as the following is used. where the integral surface normal unit vector n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}} here is toward the volume V {\displaystyle V} closed by an integral surface ∂ V {\displaystyle \par... | Kirchhoff integral theorem | 0.784326 |
82,071 | A more general form can be derived for non-monochromatic waves. The complex amplitude of the wave can be represented by a Fourier integral of the form V ( r , t ) = 1 2 π ∫ U ω ( r ) e − i ω t d ω , {\displaystyle V(r,t)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int U_{\omega }(r)e^{-i\omega t}\,d\omega ,} where, by Fourier inversion... | Kirchhoff integral theorem | 0.784326 |
82,072 | Kirchhoff's integral theorem (sometimes referred to as the Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral theorem) is a surface integral to obtain the value of the solution of the homogeneous scalar wave equation at an arbitrary point P in terms of the values of the solution and the solution's first-order derivative at all points on an ar... | Kirchhoff integral theorem | 0.784326 |
82,073 | By floating them parallel to the seafloor, they can measure the changes in magnetic fields over the seabed. Another common type is the newer proton precession magnetometer. This utilizes a container full of hydrogen-rich liquids (commonly kerosene or methanol) that, when agitated by a direct current (DC) or Radio Frequ... | Magnetic surveys | 0.784325 |
82,074 | Magnetic surveying is one of a number of methods used in archaeological geophysics. Magnetic surveys record spatial variation in the Earth's magnetic field. In archaeology, magnetic surveys are used to detect and map archaeological artefacts and features. Magnetic surveys are used in both terrestrial and marine archaeo... | Magnetic surveys | 0.784325 |
82,075 | The more parts per sheet the lower the unit labor cost per part. Material thickness affects costs as a function of the length of time to etch through. Most alloys etch at rates between 0.0005–0.001 in (0.013–0.025 mm) of depth per minute per side. In general, steel, copper or aluminium workpieces with a thicknesses up ... | Photochemical etching | 0.784325 |
82,076 | The New Engineering Contract (NEC), or NEC Engineering and Construction Contract, is a formalised system created by the UK Institution of Civil Engineers that guides the drafting of documents on civil engineering, construction and maintenance projects for the purpose of obtaining tenders, awarding and administering con... | New Engineering Contract | 0.784324 |
82,077 | Originally contracts in the civil engineering and construction industries were bespoke and drafted by Chancery pleaders using their knowledge of leases rather than building processes. In 1879, Royal Institute of British Architects for construction projects created RIBA forms which lead to the Joint Contracts Tribunal, ... | New Engineering Contract | 0.784324 |
82,078 | By the strong approximation theorem this space is unitary isomorphic to L 2 ( G Q Z R ∖ G A / G Z ^ ) ≅ L 2 ( G Q Z R ∖ G A ) G Z ^ {\displaystyle L^{2}(G_{\mathbb {Q} }Z_{\mathbb {R} }\backslash G_{\mathbb {A} }/G_{\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }})\cong L^{2}(G_{\mathbb {Q} }Z_{\mathbb {R} }\backslash G_{\mathbb {A} })^{G_{\w... | Maass wave forms | 0.784319 |
82,079 | Let f {\displaystyle f} be a weight 0 Maass cusp form. Its normalized Fourier coefficient at a prime p is bounded by p7/64 + p−7/64. This theorem is due to Henry Kim and Peter Sarnak. It is an approximation toward Ramanujan-Petersson conjecture. | Maass wave forms | 0.784319 |
82,080 | We now want to embed the classical Maass cusp forms of weight 0 for the modular group into Z R G Q ∖ G A {\displaystyle Z_{\mathbb {R} }G_{\mathbb {Q} }\backslash G_{\mathbb {A} }} . This can be achieved with the "strong approximation theorem", which states that the map ψ: G Z x ∞ ↦ G Q ( 1 , x ∞ ) G Z ^ {\displaystyle... | Maass wave forms | 0.784319 |
82,081 | A large portion of the properties of these systems are due to the surface chemistry of particles in dispersion, known as colloids. This can readily be seen with a mixture of cornstarch and water (sometimes called oobleck), which acts in counterintuitive ways when struck or thrown against a surface. Sand that is complet... | Dilatant | 0.784319 |
82,082 | Detailed planning for the centre began late in 2000, following funding from the Wolfson Foundation, Cancer Research UK, the Christie Hospital Trust Charitable Fund and the University of Manchester. The centre began its programme of clinical research work in June 2006 when it performed its first clinical PET body scan o... | Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre | 0.784318 |
82,083 | The University of Manchester Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (WMIC) is a purpose-built molecular imaging research facility. Based on the site of the Christie Hospital in Manchester, the Centre aims to develop clinical research and development in medical imaging in areas of oncology, neuroscience and psychiatry researc... | Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre | 0.784318 |
82,084 | The centre is equipped with cyclotron and radiochemistry facilities including: a hot cell laboratory, 2 advanced high-resolution PET scanners, supporting chemical analysis laboratories and data analysis facilities. There is also a 1.5T MRI scanner in the centre.The Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre is part of the Imagin... | Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre | 0.784318 |
82,085 | A generation of cryptanalysts has cut its teeth analyzing (that is, trying to "crack") the DES algorithm. In the words of cryptographer Bruce Schneier, "DES did more to galvanize the field of cryptanalysis than anything else. Now there was an algorithm to study." An astonishing share of the open literature in cryptogra... | Data Encryption Standard | 0.784317 |
82,086 | According to a NIST retrospective about DES, The DES can be said to have "jump-started" the nonmilitary study and development of encryption algorithms. In the 1970s there were very few cryptographers, except for those in military or intelligence organizations, and little academic study of cryptography. There are now ma... | Data Encryption Standard | 0.784317 |
82,087 | Another theoretical attack, linear cryptanalysis, was published in 1994, but it was the Electronic Frontier Foundation's DES cracker in 1998 that demonstrated that DES could be attacked very practically, and highlighted the need for a replacement algorithm. These and other methods of cryptanalysis are discussed in more... | Data Encryption Standard | 0.784317 |
82,088 | The Data Encryption Standard (DES ) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography. Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier desi... | Data Encryption Standard | 0.784317 |
82,089 | On 17 March 1975, the proposed DES was published in the Federal Register. Public comments were requested, and in the following year two open workshops were held to discuss the proposed standard. There was criticism received from public-key cryptography pioneers Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie, citing a shortened ke... | Data Encryption Standard | 0.784317 |
82,090 | Other familiar deformations in physics involve: The deformation of classical Newtonian into relativistic mechanics (special relativity), with deformation parameter v/c; the classical limit involves small speeds, so v/c → 0, and the systems appear to obey Newtonian mechanics. Similarly for the deformation of Newtonian g... | Classical limit of quantum mechanics | 0.784317 |
82,091 | In cryptography, a security parameter is a way of measuring of how "hard" it is for an adversary to break a cryptographic scheme. There are two main types of security parameter: computational and statistical, often denoted by κ {\displaystyle \kappa } and λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , respectively. Roughly speaking, the... | Security parameter | 0.784316 |
82,092 | Security in cryptography often relies on the fact that statistical distance between a distribution predicated on a secret, and a simulated distribution produced by an entity that does not know the secretis small. We formalise this using the statistical security parameter by saying that the distributions are statistical... | Security parameter | 0.784316 |
82,093 | 3D printing is a form of manufacturing technology where physical objects are created from three-dimensional digital models using 3D printers. The objects are created by laying down or building up many thin layers of material in succession. The technique is also known as additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, or fab... | Printing machine | 0.784316 |
82,094 | Polymeric membranes lead the membrane separation industry market because they are very competitive in performance and economics. Many polymers are available, but the choice of membrane polymer is not a trivial task. A polymer has to have appropriate characteristics for the intended application. The polymer sometimes ha... | Synthetic membrane | 0.784314 |
82,095 | On the other hand, if a feedback solution is implemented by way of a Caratheodory-π technique, then a larger sampling rate can be accommodated. This implies that the computational burden on generating feedback solutions is significantly less than the standard implementations. These concepts have been used to generate c... | Ross' π lemma | 0.784313 |
82,096 | The Kurchatov Center for Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology (KCSRN) is a Russian interdisciplinary institute for synchrotron-based research. The source is used for research in fields such as biology, chemistry, physics and palaeontology.As with all synchrotron sources, the Kurchatov source is a user facility. | Kurchatov Center for Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology | 0.784311 |
82,097 | In mathematics, a Bost–Connes system is a quantum statistical dynamical system related to an algebraic number field, whose partition function is related to the Dedekind zeta function of the number field. Bost & Connes (1995) introduced Bost–Connes systems by constructing one for the rational numbers. Connes, Marcolli &... | Bost–Connes system | 0.784311 |
82,098 | By the Alexander trick, such a diffeomorphism extends to the disk itself. Thus there is a diffeomorphism of the 2-sphere carrying the smooth curve onto the unit circle. On the other hand, the diffeomorphism can also be constructed directly using the Jordan-Schoenflies theorem for polygons and elementary methods from di... | Schoenflies theorem | 0.78431 |
82,099 | In fact it is an immediate consequence of the classification up to diffeomorphism of smooth oriented 2-manifolds with boundary, as described in Hirsch (1994). Indeed, the smooth curve divides the 2-sphere into two parts. By the classification each is diffeomorphic to the unit disk and—taking into account the isotopy th... | Schoenflies theorem | 0.78431 |
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