id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
82,100 | By the isotopy theorem in differential topology, the homeomorphism can be adjusted to a diffeomorphism on the whole 2-sphere without changing it on the unit circle. This diffeomorphism then provides the smooth solution to the Schoenflies problem. The Jordan-Schoenflies theorem can be deduced using differential topology... | Schoenflies theorem | 0.78431 |
82,101 | Proofs in the smooth case depend on finding a diffeomorphism between the interior/exterior of the curve and the closed unit disk (or its complement in the extended plane). This can be solved for example by using the smooth Riemann mapping theorem, for which a number of direct methods are available, for example through ... | Schoenflies theorem | 0.78431 |
82,102 | When the Jordan curve is smooth (parametrized by arc length) the unit normal vectors give a non-vanishing vector field X0 in a tubular neighbourhood U0 of the curve. Take a polygonal curve in the interior of the curve close to the boundary and transverse to the curve (at the vertices the vector field should be strictly... | Schoenflies theorem | 0.78431 |
82,103 | In software engineering, the Twin pattern is a software design pattern that allows developers to model multiple inheritance in programming languages that do not support multiple inheritance. This pattern avoids many of the problems with multiple inheritance. | Twin pattern | 0.784308 |
82,104 | The evolution of tectonophysics is closely linked to the history of the continental drift and plate tectonics hypotheses. The continental drift/ Airy-Heiskanen isostasy hypothesis had many flaws and scarce data. The fixist/ Pratt-Hayford isostasy, the contracting Earth and the expanding Earth concepts had many flaws as... | Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) | 0.784308 |
82,105 | (Frankel 1987, p. 221), (Runcorn 1956) Statistics by Ronald Fisher. (Frankel 1987, p. | Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) | 0.784308 |
82,106 | Note II: W. Jason Morgan shared with Fred Vine an office in the Princeton University for two years, and a scientific paper from H. W. Menard drifted his attention to plate tectonics. It was probably the long faults on Menard (1967) (cited in Morgan 1968) and the Euler's rotation theorem that gave him the idea. End of t... | Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) | 0.784308 |
82,107 | 230) In 1967, W. Jason Morgan proposed that the Earth's surface consists of 12 rigid plates that move relative to each other (Morgan 1968). Two months later, in 1968, Xavier Le Pichon published a complete model based on 6 major plates with their relative motions (Le Pichon (1968), received 2 January 1968). The Englishm... | Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) | 0.784308 |
82,108 | Although convection would mix up the mantle and make it homogeneous. The seafloor cycle with subduction and upwelling is something between conduction and convection, it allows for its inhomogeneity in a quasi-steady state. The mantle and the continents are in a way passive, the heat sink of the earth is the seafloor. S... | Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) | 0.784308 |
82,109 | Holmes, Vening Meinesz and Umbgrove had some experience in Burma or Indonesia (Pacific Ring of Fire). The alpine geology "school of thought": Suess (1875), Argand (1916), Argand (1922), Ampferer (1920), Schwinner (1941) and Rittmann (1951). With the theory of thrusting, nappes, thrust faults and subductions. | Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) | 0.784308 |
82,110 | Thrust faults had to be accepted. The expanding Earth and the contracting Earth concept had to be given up.The shifting and evolution of knowledge and concepts, were from: Eduard Suess (alpine geology: theory of thrusting as a modification of the geosyncline hypothesis), (Suess 1875); then to Alfred Wegener (continenta... | Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) | 0.784308 |
82,111 | ISBN 978-1-4051-6250-0.Total estimated radiogenic heat release (from neutrino research): 19 Terawatts Total directly observed heat release through Earth's surface: 31 Terawatts Seismic anisotropy (Becker 2008), (Kreemer 2009), (Conrad & Behn 2010) Plate reconstruction: Torsvik, Trond Helge and Gaina, Carmen, Center for... | Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) | 0.784308 |
82,112 | (2005). "On the relationships between slab dip, back-arc stress, upper plate absolute motion, and crustal nature in subduction zones". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. | Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952) | 0.784308 |
82,113 | The Large Volume Detector (LVD) is a particle physics experiment situated in the Gran Sasso laboratory in Italy and is operated by the Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN). It has been in operation since June 1992, and is a member of the Supernova Early Warning System. Among other work, the detector should be ab... | Large Volume Detector | 0.784307 |
82,114 | The 76 kg (168 lb) SAGE III instrument is a grating spectrometer that measures ultraviolet and visible energy. It relies upon the flight-proven designs used in the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM I) and first and second SAGE instruments. The SAGE III design incorporates charge-coupled device (CCD) array detector... | SAGE III on ISS | 0.784307 |
82,115 | In addition, SAGE III will make virtually unique measurements of nitrogen trioxide (NO3). Although it is short-lived in the presence of sunlight, NO3 plays an active role in the chemistry of other reactive nitrogen species such as NO2 and di-nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) and, thus, indirectly in ozone chemistry. Since few ... | SAGE III on ISS | 0.784307 |
82,116 | Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen trioxide (NO3), and chlorine dioxide (OClO) play crucial roles in stratospheric chemistry and the catalytic cycles that destroy stratospheric ozone. SAGE III nitrogen dioxide measurements are important because the processes that occur in the Antarctic winter and spring and give rise to ... | SAGE III on ISS | 0.784307 |
82,117 | All of the EN Eurocodes relating to materials have a Part 1-1 which covers the design of buildings and other civil engineering structures and a Part 1-2 for fire design. The codes for concrete, steel, composite steel and concrete, and timber structures and earthquake resistance have a Part 2 covering design of bridges.... | Eurocodes | 0.784306 |
82,118 | Blanchfield's formulation of Poincaré duality for X {\displaystyle X} gives a canonical isomorphism H 1 ( X ; Q ) ≃ H 2 ( X ; Q ) ¯ {\displaystyle H_{1}(X;\mathbb {Q} )\simeq {\overline {H^{2}(X;\mathbb {Q} )}}} where H 2 ( X ; Q ) {\displaystyle H^{2}(X;\mathbb {Q} )} denotes the 2nd cohomology group of X {\displaysty... | Signature of a knot | 0.784306 |
82,119 | One simple way to compare classical to quantum mechanics is to consider the time-evolution of the expected position and expected momentum, which can then be compared to the time-evolution of the ordinary position and momentum in classical mechanics. : 302 The quantum expectation values satisfy the Ehrenfest theorem. Fo... | Time-independent schrodinger equation | 0.784305 |
82,120 | Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is an official publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry and published by Springer Science+Business Media. | Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry | 0.784304 |
82,121 | Areas of research covered in the journal include: advances in the understanding of systems involving one or more metal ions set in a biological matrix - particularly metalloproteins and metal-nucleic acid complexes - in order to understand biological function at the molecular level. Synthetic analogues mimicking functi... | Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry | 0.784304 |
82,122 | In mathematics, the exponential sheaf sequence is a fundamental short exact sequence of sheaves used in complex geometry. Let M be a complex manifold, and write OM for the sheaf of holomorphic functions on M. Let OM* be the subsheaf consisting of the non-vanishing holomorphic functions. These are both sheaves of abelia... | Exponential sequence | 0.784303 |
82,123 | Given a vector space V, let g l ( V ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {gl}}(V)} denote the Lie algebra consisting of all linear endomorphisms of V, with bracket given by = X Y − Y X {\displaystyle =XY-YX} . A representation of a Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} on V is a Lie algebra homomorphism π: g → g l ( V ... | Abelian Lie algebra | 0.784302 |
82,124 | Two important subalgebras of g l n ( F ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {gl}}_{n}(F)} are: The matrices of trace zero form the special linear Lie algebra s l n ( F ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}_{n}(F)} , the Lie algebra of the special linear group S L n ( F ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} _{n}(F)} . The skew-hermitian mat... | Abelian Lie algebra | 0.784302 |
82,125 | Rather the goal is to understand all possible representation of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , up to the natural notion of equivalence. In the semisimple case over a field of characteristic zero, Weyl's theorem says that every finite-dimensional representation is a direct sum of irreducible representations (those ... | Abelian Lie algebra | 0.784302 |
82,126 | One important aspect of the study of Lie algebras (especially semisimple Lie algebras) is the study of their representations. (Indeed, most of the books listed in the references section devote a substantial fraction of their pages to representation theory.) Although Ado's theorem is an important result, the primary goa... | Abelian Lie algebra | 0.784302 |
82,127 | The Texas Instruments Explorer is a family of Lisp machine computers. These computers were sold by Texas Instruments (TI) in the 1980s. The Explorer is based on a design from Lisp Machines Incorporated, which is based on the MIT Lisp machine. The Explorer was used to develop and deploy artificial intelligence software.... | TI Explorer | 0.784299 |
82,128 | The Explorer was used to develop and deploy artificial intelligence software. Later models were based on a special 32-bit microprocessor developed by TI, which hardware had enhanced support for executing Lisp software. | TI Explorer | 0.784299 |
82,129 | In organic chemistry, a phosphite ester or organophosphite usually refers to an organophosphorous compound with the formula P(OR)3. They can be considered as esters of an unobserved tautomer phosphorous acid, H3PO3, with the simplest example being trimethylphosphite, P(OCH3)3. Some phosphites can be considered esters o... | Phosphite ester | 0.784298 |
82,130 | Mobile automaton (plural: mobile automata) within theoretical computer science, is a class of automata similar to cellular automata but which have a single "active" cell instead of updating all cells in parallel. In a mobile automaton, the evolution rules apply only to the active cell, and also specify how the active c... | Mobile automaton | 0.784298 |
82,131 | The Grupo de Astronomía y Ciencias del Espacio (Group of Astronomy and Space Sciences, GACE-UV) is an astrophysics research group, part of the Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) in the University of Valencia. It is located in the Parc Científic in Paterna, Valencia. | Grupo de Astronomía y Ciencias del Espacio | 0.784298 |
82,132 | 1965: Mainframe computer users are able to exchange messages. 1982: Standard for (D)ARPA internet text messages (RFC822) is adopted: different email systems can communicate with each other. 1983: Development of the Internet Protocol 1991: Phil Zimmermann creates PGP in 1991, a first-generation for secure mail communica... | Secure messaging | 0.784294 |
82,133 | The coreflector is the functor sending each group to its torsion subgroup. The categories of elementary abelian groups, abelian p-groups, and p-groups are all reflective subcategories of the category of groups, and the kernels of the reflection maps are important objects of study; see focal subgroup theorem. The catego... | Reflective subcategory | 0.784294 |
82,134 | This is used in the construction of the symmetric algebra from the tensor algebra. Dually, the category of anti-commutative associative algebras is a reflective subcategory of all associative algebras, where the reflector is quotienting out by the anti-commutator ideal. This is used in the construction of the exterior ... | Reflective subcategory | 0.784294 |
82,135 | The category of abelian groups Ab is a reflective subcategory of the category of groups, Grp. The reflector is the functor that sends each group to its abelianization. In its turn, the category of groups is a reflective subcategory of the category of inverse semigroups. Similarly, the category of commutative associativ... | Reflective subcategory | 0.784294 |
82,136 | The theorem holds in particular if f ( x , y ) {\displaystyle f(x,y)} is a linear function in both of its arguments (and therefore is bilinear) since a linear function is both concave and convex. Thus, if f ( x , y ) = x T A y {\displaystyle f(x,y)=x^{\mathsf {T}}Ay} for a finite matrix A ∈ R n × m {\displaystyle A\in ... | Minimax theorem | 0.784291 |
82,137 | Since then, several generalizations and alternative versions of von Neumann's original theorem have appeared in the literature.Formally, von Neumann's minimax theorem states: Let X ⊂ R n {\displaystyle X\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}} and Y ⊂ R m {\displaystyle Y\subset \mathbb {R} ^{m}} be compact convex sets. If f: X × Y →... | Minimax theorem | 0.784291 |
82,138 | In the mathematical area of game theory, a minimax theorem is a theorem providing conditions that guarantee that the max–min inequality is also an equality. The first theorem in this sense is von Neumann's minimax theorem about zero-sum games published in 1928, which was considered the starting point of game theory. Vo... | Minimax theorem | 0.784291 |
82,139 | The copper amine oxidase 3-dimensional structure was determined through X-ray crystallography. The copper amine oxidases occur as mushroom-shaped homodimers of 70-95 kDa, each monomer containing a copper ion and a covalently bound redox cofactor, topaquinone (TPQ). TPQ is formed by post-translational modification of a ... | Amine oxidase (copper-containing) | 0.784291 |
82,140 | {\displaystyle \mathbb {E} \left.} Thus we reduce the optimization problem to quadratic programming and the unconstrained solution is u ⋆ → = ( 1 + r ) ( Σ ^ ) − 1 ( r → ^ − r ) {\displaystyle {\vec {u^{\star }}}=(1+r)({\widehat {\Sigma }})^{-1}({\widehat {\vec {r}}}-r)} where r → ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\vec {r}}}... | Kelly criterion | 0.78429 |
82,141 | In probability theory, the Kelly criterion (or Kelly strategy or Kelly bet) is a formula for sizing a bet. The Kelly bet size is found by maximizing the expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the expected geometric growth rate. It assumes that the expected returns are known and is ... | Kelly criterion | 0.78429 |
82,142 | In physics, reentrant superconductivity is an effect observed in systems that lie close to the boundary between ferromagnetic and superconducting. By its very nature (normal) superconductivity (condensation of electrons into the BCS ground state) cannot exist together with ferromagnetism (condensation of electrons into... | Reentrant superconductivity | 0.78429 |
82,143 | In high-energy physics, jet quenching is a phenomenon that can occur in the collision of ultra-high-energy particles. In general, the collision of high-energy particles can produce jets of elementary particles that emerge from these collisions. Collisions of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion particle beams create a hot and ... | Jet quenching | 0.78429 |
82,144 | In this realm, the laws of physics that apply are those of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). High-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions make it possible to study the properties of the QGP medium through the observed changes in the jet fragmentation functions as compared to the unquenched case. According to QCD, high-momentum p... | Jet quenching | 0.78429 |
82,145 | The original non-statistical formulation of thermodynamics was asymmetrical in time: it claimed that the entropy in a closed system can only increase with time. This was derived from the Second Law (any of the two, Clausius' or Lord Kelvin's statement can be used since they are equivalent) and using the Clausius' Theor... | Asymmetry | 0.784289 |
82,146 | Isospin is the symmetry transformation of the weak interactions. The concept was first introduced by Werner Heisenberg in nuclear physics based on the observations that the masses of the neutron and the proton are almost identical and that the strength of the strong interaction between any pair of nucleons is the same,... | Asymmetry | 0.784289 |
82,147 | A consequence of parity violation in particle physics is that neutrinos have only been observed as left-handed particles (and antineutrinos as right-handed particles). In 1956–1957 Chien-Shiung Wu, E. Ambler, R. W. Hayward, D. D. Hoppes, and R. P. Hudson found a clear violation of parity conservation in the beta decay ... | Asymmetry | 0.784289 |
82,148 | Until the 1950s, it was believed that fundamental physics was left-right symmetric; i.e., that interactions were invariant under parity. Although parity is conserved in electromagnetism, strong interactions and gravity, it turns out to be violated in weak interactions. The Standard Model incorporates parity violation b... | Asymmetry | 0.784289 |
82,149 | Asymmetry arises in physics in a number of different realms. | Asymmetry | 0.784289 |
82,150 | Symmetry is one of the most powerful tools in particle physics, because it has become evident that practically all laws of nature originate in symmetries. Violations of symmetry therefore present theoretical and experimental puzzles that lead to a deeper understanding of nature. Asymmetries in experimental measurements... | Asymmetry | 0.784289 |
82,151 | In mathematics, asymmetry can arise in various ways. Examples include asymmetric relations, asymmetry of shapes in geometry, asymmetric graphs et cetera. | Asymmetry | 0.784289 |
82,152 | Glaxo and Wellcome merged in 1995, to form Glaxo Wellcome plc. The merger was then considered the biggest in the UK corporate history. Glaxo Wellcome restructured its R&D operation that year, cutting 10,000 jobs worldwide, closing its R&D facility in Beckenham, Kent, and opening a Medicines Research Centre in Stevenage... | GSK plc | 0.784288 |
82,153 | GSK plc, (an acronym from its former name GlaxoSmithKline plc,) is a British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with global headquarters in London. Established in 2000 by a merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, GSK is the tenth largest pharmaceutical company and #294 on the 2022 Fortune G... | GSK plc | 0.784288 |
82,154 | Four GlaxoSmithKline scientists have been recognized by the Nobel Committee for their contributions to basic medical science and/or therapeutics development. Henry Dale, a former student of Paul Ehrlich, received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the chemical transmission of neural impulses. Dale served ... | GSK plc | 0.784288 |
82,155 | The licenses include countries in which 93 per cent of adults and 99 per cent of children with HIV live. Also in 2013 GSK joined AllTrials, a British campaign to ensure that all clinical trials are registered and the results reported. The company said it would make its past clinical-trial reports available and future o... | GSK plc | 0.784288 |
82,156 | The Planetary Science Journal is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal of astrophysics and astronomy, established in 2020. It is published by IOP Publishing on behalf of the American Astronomical Society. The founding editor-in-chief is Faith Vilas (Planetary Science Institute) | The Planetary Science Journal | 0.784288 |
82,157 | In several technical fields such as computer science, mathematics, engineering and physics, TeX has become a de facto standard. Many thousands of books have been published using TeX, including books published by Addison-Wesley, Cambridge University Press, Elsevier, Oxford University Press, and Springer. Numerous journa... | TeX | 0.784288 |
82,158 | SR One was established in 1985, by SmithKline Beecham to invest in new biotechnology companies and continued operating after GSK was formed; by 2003, GSK had formed another subsidiary, GSK Ventures, to out-license or start new companies around drug candidates that it did not intend to develop further. As of 2003, SR On... | GSK plc | 0.784287 |
82,159 | In the work of Lenhard Ng, relative SFT is used to obtain invariants of smooth knots: a knot or link inside a topological three-manifold gives rise to a Legendrian torus inside a contact five-manifold, consisisting of the unit conormal bundle to the knot inside the unit cotangent bundle of the ambient three-manifold. T... | Relative contact homology | 0.784286 |
82,160 | In mathematics, in the area of symplectic topology, relative contact homology is an invariant of spaces together with a chosen subspace. Namely, it is associated to a contact manifold and one of its Legendrian submanifolds. It is a part of a more general invariant known as symplectic field theory, and is defined using ... | Relative contact homology | 0.784286 |
82,161 | Shading languages are used to program the GPU's rendering pipeline, which has mostly superseded the fixed-function pipeline of the past that only allowed for common geometry transforming and pixel-shading functions; with shaders, customized effects can be used. The position and color (hue, saturation, brightness, and c... | Pixel Shader | 0.784283 |
82,162 | In 3D graphics, a pixel shader alone cannot produce some kinds of complex effects because it operates only on a single fragment, without knowledge of a scene's geometry (i.e. vertex data). However, pixel shaders do have knowledge of the screen coordinate being drawn, and can sample the screen and nearby pixels if the c... | Pixel Shader | 0.784283 |
82,163 | In early versions many simplifications were necessary in order to get real-time performance with reasonable graphics. However, improvements in computer speed have combined with interest in realistic physics, leading to driving simulators that are used for vehicle engineering using detailed models such as CarSim. It is ... | Vehicle system dynamics | 0.784281 |
82,164 | Some attributes relate to the geometry of the suspension, steering and chassis. These include: Ackermann steering geometry Axle track Camber angle Caster angle Ride height Roll center Scrub radius Steering ratio Toe Wheel alignment Wheelbase | Vehicle system dynamics | 0.784281 |
82,165 | The University of Calgary Solar Car Team's 3rd generation car, Schulich Axiom, was first raced in the 2010 ASC. The race spanned 1770 km from Tulsa, Oklahoma to Chicago, Illinois. The team finished in 6th place (of 18 teams) and received both the Sportsmanship and Mechanical Engineering awards for the race. With regula... | University of Calgary Solar Car Team | 0.784279 |
82,166 | Cosmic strings are hypothetical 1-dimensional topological defects which may have formed during a symmetry-breaking phase transition in the early universe when the topology of the vacuum manifold associated to this symmetry breaking was not simply connected. Their existence was first contemplated by the theoretical phys... | Cosmic String | 0.784279 |
82,167 | However, a team of astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics led by Rudolph Schild studied the quasar and found that during the period between September 1994 and July 1995 the two images appeared to have no time delay; changes in the brightness of the two images occurred simultaneously on four sepa... | Cosmic String | 0.784279 |
82,168 | For even larger, "super-critical" values, δ exceeds 2π and the (two-dimensional) exterior geometry closes up (it becomes compact), ending in a conical singularity. However, this static geometry is unstable in the super-critical case (unlike for sub-critical tensions): Small perturbations lead to a dynamical spacetime w... | Cosmic String | 0.784279 |
82,169 | The exterior geometry of a (straight) cosmic string can be visualized in an embedding diagram as follows: Focusing on the two-dimensional surface perpendicular to the string, its geometry is that of a cone which is obtained by cutting out a wedge of angle δ and gluing together the edges. The angular deficit δ is linear... | Cosmic String | 0.784279 |
82,170 | A string is a geometrical deviation from Euclidean geometry in spacetime characterized by an angular deficit: a circle around the outside of a string would comprise a total angle less than 360°. From the general theory of relativity such a geometrical defect must be in tension, and would be manifested by mass. Even tho... | Cosmic String | 0.784279 |
82,171 | Prenyltransferases (PTs) are a class of enzymes that transfer allylic prenyl groups to acceptor molecules. Prenyl transferases commonly refer to isoprenyl diphosphate syntheses (IPPSs). Prenyltransferases are a functional category and include several enzyme groups that are evolutionarily independent. Prenyltransferases... | Prenyltransferase | 0.784278 |
82,172 | The Quantum Leap is the main point of a 'Geo-Garden', converted from Mardol Quay Gardens on the town centre bank of the Severn. In addition to Darwin himself, it celebrates Shropshire's geological diversity due to the county containing 10 of the 12 geological periods. Darwin interested himself in geology during his Shr... | The Quantum Leap | 0.784277 |
82,173 | To put it algebraically, 2n + 1 = p + 2q always has a solution in primes p and q (not necessarily distinct) for n > 2. The Lemoine conjecture is similar to but stronger than Goldbach's weak conjecture. | Lemoine's conjecture | 0.784277 |
82,174 | In number theory, Lemoine's conjecture, named after Émile Lemoine, also known as Levy's conjecture, after Hyman Levy, states that all odd integers greater than 5 can be represented as the sum of an odd prime number and an even semiprime. | Lemoine's conjecture | 0.784277 |
82,175 | Quantum weirdness encompasses the aspects of quantum mechanics that challenge and defy human physical intuition based on the Newtonian mechanics of classical physics. These aspects include: quantum entanglement; quantum nonlocality, referred to by Einstein as "spooky action at a distance"; see also EPR paradox; quantum... | Quantum weirdness | 0.784276 |
82,176 | OpenFHE includes the following features: Post-quantum public-key encryption Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) Brakerski/Fan-Vercauteren (BFV) scheme for integer arithmetic with approximate bootstrapping and RNS optimizations Brakerski-Gentry-Vaikuntanathan (BGV) scheme for integer arithmetic with RNS optimizations Che... | OpenFHE | 0.784275 |
82,177 | Recall that the Eilenberg–MacLane spectrum can be embed ring objects in the derived category of the integers D ( Z ) {\displaystyle D(\mathbb {Z} )} into ring spectrum over the ring spectrum of the stable homotopy group of spheres. This makes it possible to take a commutative ring A {\displaystyle A} and constructing a... | Topological Hochschild homology | 0.784274 |
82,178 | Most examples of MOF-based catalysis make use of metal ions or atoms as active sites. Among the few exceptions are two nickel- and two copper-containing MOFs synthesized by Rosseinsky and co-workers. These compounds employ amino acids (L- or D-aspartate) together with dipyridyls as struts. The coordination chemistry is... | Metal–organic framework | 0.784274 |
82,179 | Because of this property, MOFs are of interest for the storage of gases such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Other possible applications of MOFs are in gas purification, in gas separation, in water remediation, in catalysis, as conducting solids and as supercapacitors.The synthesis and properties of MOFs constitute the... | Metal–organic framework | 0.784274 |
82,180 | The use of unsaturated metal centers was demonstrated in the cyanosilylation of aldehydes and imines by Fujita and coworkers in 2004. They reported MOF of composition { • (NO3)2 • 4H2O} which was obtained by treating linear bridging ligand 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy) with Cd(NO3)2. The Cd(II) centers in this MOF possess a di... | Metal–organic framework | 0.784274 |
82,181 | The X-43A craft were designed to crash into the ocean without recovery. Duct geometry and performance of the X-43 are classified. The NASA Langley, Marshall, and Glenn Centers are now all heavily engaged in hypersonic propulsion studies. | Scramjet programs | 0.784273 |
82,182 | From 1962–1978, the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) undertook a classified program (declassified in 1993) to develop a family of missiles called SCRAM8 (Supersonic Combustion RAmjet Missile). They were intended to fit on to the Talos MK12 launcher system or the Terrier MK10 launcher. Testing of engine mo... | Scramjet programs | 0.784273 |
82,183 | The 14-X is a Brazilian hypersonic aircraft, named in tribute to the 14-bis of Alberto Santos-Dumont. This aircraft is equipped with a scramjet engine, which is integrated into the fuselage and has no moving parts. The operating principle is that, during flight, the air is compressed by the geometry and speed of the ve... | Scramjet programs | 0.784273 |
82,184 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. (ATK) GASL Division led the contractor team for the FASTT project, developed and integrated the scramjet vehicle, and acted as mission managers for the three flights. Launch vehicle integration and processing was performed by Rocket Support Services (formerly DTI Associates), Glen Burnie, MD; t... | Scramjet programs | 0.784273 |
82,185 | Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement involves the application of artificial intelligence to the enhancement of moral reasoning and the acceleration of moral progress. | Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement | 0.784273 |
82,186 | With respect to moral reasoning, some consider humans to be suboptimal information processors, moral judges, and moral agents. Due to stress or time constraints, people often fail to consider all the relevant factors and information necessary to make well-reasoned moral judgments, people lack consistency, and they are ... | Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement | 0.784273 |
82,187 | Artificial intelligence assistants would be tools to help people to clarify and keep track of their moral commitments and contexts while providing accompanying explanations, arguments, and justifications for conclusions. The ultimate decision-making, however, would rest with the human users.Some proponents of auxiliary... | Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement | 0.784273 |
82,188 | Exhaustive enhancement involves scenarios where human moral decision-making is supplanted, left entirely to machines. Some proponents consider machines as being morally superior to humans and that just doing as the machines say would constitute moral improvement.Opponents of exhaustive enhancement list five main concer... | Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement | 0.784273 |
82,189 | An analogous idea in law is the reasonable person criterion. Today, artificial intelligence systems are capable of providing or assisting in moral decisions, stating what we ought to morally do if we want to comply with certain moral principles. Artificial intelligence systems can gather information from environments, ... | Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement | 0.784273 |
82,190 | In particular, the only simple rings that are a finite-dimensional vector space over the real numbers are rings of matrices over either the real numbers, the complex numbers, or the quaternions. Any quotient of a ring by a maximal ideal is a simple ring. In particular, a field is a simple ring. A ring R is simple if an... | Non-commutative localization | 0.784273 |
82,191 | A simple ring is a non-zero ring that has no two-sided ideal besides the zero ideal and itself. A simple ring can always be considered as a simple algebra. Rings which are simple as rings but not as modules do exist: the full matrix ring over a field does not have any nontrivial ideals (since any ideal of M(n,R) is of ... | Non-commutative localization | 0.784273 |
82,192 | A semiprimitive ring or Jacobson semisimple ring or J-semisimple ring is a ring whose Jacobson radical is zero. This is a type of ring more general than a semisimple ring, but where simple modules still provide enough information about the ring. Rings such as the ring of integers are semiprimitive, and an artinian semi... | Non-commutative localization | 0.784273 |
82,193 | The Brauer group of a field K is an abelian group whose elements are Morita equivalence classes of central simple algebras of finite rank over K and addition is induced by the tensor product of algebras. It arose out of attempts to classify division algebras over a field and is named after the algebraist Richard Brauer... | Non-commutative localization | 0.784273 |
82,194 | The fourth chapter describes symmetric polyhedra, including the five Platonic solids, the 13 Archimedean solids, and the five parallelohedra also enumerated by Federov, which come from the discrete translational symmetries of Euclidean space. The fifth and final chapter of this section of the book extends this investig... | Regular Figures | 0.784271 |
82,195 | Regular Figures is divided into two parts, "Systematology of the Regular Figures" and "Genetics of the Regular Figures", each in five chapters. Although the first part represents older and standard material, much of the second part is based on a large collection of research works by Fejes Tóth, published over the cours... | Regular Figures | 0.784271 |
82,196 | Circuits are required to be balanced or unbalanced depending on the geometry of the transmission lines they are to be used with. For radio frequency applications, the format is often unbalanced, such as coaxial. For audio and telecommunications, balanced circuits are usually required, such as with the twisted pair form... | T pad | 0.784269 |
82,197 | The attenuator has the opposite task of an amplifier. The topology of an attenuator circuit will usually follow one of the simple filter sections. However, there is no need for more complex circuitry, as there is with filters, due to the simplicity of the frequency response required. | T pad | 0.784269 |
82,198 | The T pad is a specific type of attenuator circuit in electronics whereby the topology of the circuit is formed in the shape of the letter "T". Attenuators are used in electronics to reduce the level of a signal. They are also referred to as pads due to their effect of padding down a signal by analogy with acoustics. A... | T pad | 0.784269 |
82,199 | The limit was initially ignored by the community of scientists because such a limit would logically require the existence of black holes, which were considered a scientific impossibility at the time. The fact that the roles of Stoner and Anderson are often overlooked in the astronomy community has been noted.The priori... | Chandrasekhar mass | 0.784268 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.