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700 | In a 2018 interview, Chalmers called quantum mechanics "a magnet for anyone who wants to find room for crazy properties of the mind," but not entirely without warrant. The relationship between observation (and, by extension, consciousness) and the wave-function collapse is known as the measurement problem. It seems tha... | Combination problem | 0.844881 |
701 | In The Conscious Mind (1996), Chalmers attempts to pinpoint why the hard problem is so hard. He concludes that consciousness is irreducible to lower-level physical facts, just as the fundamental laws of physics are irreducible to lower-level physical facts. Therefore, consciousness should be taken as fundamental in its... | Combination problem | 0.844881 |
702 | Bertrand Russell's neutral monist views tended toward panpsychism. The physicist Arthur Eddington also defended a form of panpsychism. The psychologists Gerard Heymans, James Ward and Charles Augustus Strong also endorsed variants of panpsychism. : 158 In 1990, the physicist David Bohm published "A new theory of the re... | Combination problem | 0.844881 |
703 | In the philosophy of mind, panpsychism () is the view that the mind or a mindlike aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of reality. It is also described as a theory that "the mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe." It is one of the oldest philosophical theories, and ha... | Combination problem | 0.844881 |
704 | The Coulomb potential admits continuum states (with E > 0), describing electron-proton scattering, as well as discrete bound states, representing the hydrogen atom. It can also be derived within the non-relativistic limit between two charged particles, as follows: Under Born approximation, in non-relativistic quantum m... | Electric force | 0.844834 |
705 | Intuitively, passing through five points in general linear position specifies five independent linear constraints on the (projective) linear space of conics, and hence specifies a unique conic, though this brief statement ignores subtleties. More precisely, this is seen as follows: conics correspond to points in the fi... | Five points determine a conic | 0.844728 |
706 | Instead of passing through points, a different condition on a curve is being tangent to a given line. Being tangent to five given lines also determines a conic, by projective duality, but from the algebraic point of view tangency to a line is a quadratic constraint, so naive dimension counting yields 25 = 32 conics tan... | Five points determine a conic | 0.844728 |
707 | As is well known, three non-collinear points determine a circle in Euclidean geometry and two distinct points determine a pencil of circles such as the Apollonian circles. These results seem to run counter the general result since circles are special cases of conics. However, in a pappian projective plane a conic is a ... | Five points determine a conic | 0.844728 |
708 | While five points determine a conic, sets of six or more points on a conic are not in general position, that is, they are constrained as is demonstrated in Pascal's theorem. Similarly, while nine points determine a cubic, if the nine points lie on more than one cubic—i.e., they are the intersection of two cubics—then t... | Five points determine a conic | 0.844728 |
709 | The natural generalization is to ask for what value of k a configuration of k points (in general position) in n-space determines a variety of degree d and dimension m, which is a fundamental question in enumerative geometry. A simple case of this is for a hypersurface (a codimension 1 subvariety, the zeros of a single ... | Five points determine a conic | 0.844728 |
710 | In Euclidean and projective geometry, five points determine a conic (a degree-2 plane curve), just as two (distinct) points determine a line (a degree-1 plane curve). There are additional subtleties for conics that do not exist for lines, and thus the statement and its proof for conics are both more technical than for ... | Five points determine a conic | 0.844728 |
711 | Synthetically, the conic can be constructed by the Braikenridge–Maclaurin construction, by applying the Braikenridge–Maclaurin theorem, which is the converse of Pascal's theorem. Pascal's theorem states that given 6 points on a conic (a hexagon), the lines defined by opposite sides intersect in three collinear points. ... | Five points determine a conic | 0.844728 |
712 | Now given five points X, Y, A, B, C, the three lines X A , X B , X C {\displaystyle XA,XB,XC} can be taken to the three lines Y A , Y B , Y C {\displaystyle YA,YB,YC} by a unique projective transform, since projective transforms are simply 3-transitive on lines (they are simply 3-transitive on points, hence by projecti... | Five points determine a conic | 0.844728 |
713 | That five points determine a conic can be proven by synthetic geometry—i.e., in terms of lines and points in the plane—in addition to the analytic (algebraic) proof given above. Such a proof can be given using a theorem of Jakob Steiner, which states: Given a projective transformation f, between the pencil of lines pas... | Five points determine a conic | 0.844728 |
714 | SolveSpace is shipped with the following basic features: 2D Sketch Modeling SolveSpace supports parametric 2D drawing of lines, circles, arcs, Cubic bézier curves etc; datum points and lines are also supported for general, reference based modeling.3D Solid Modeling Drawing, extrusion, rotation and revolution along a he... | SolveSpace | 0.844719 |
715 | SolveSpace is a free and open-source 2D/3D constraint-based parametric computer-aided design (CAD) software that supports basic 2D and 3D constructive solid geometry modeling. It is a constraint-based parametric modeler with simple mechanical simulation capabilities. Version 2.1 and onward runs on Windows, Linux and ma... | SolveSpace | 0.844719 |
716 | In 2017 Tran et al. proposed DeepNovo, the first deep learning based de novo sequencing software. The benchmark analysis in the original publication demonstrated that DeepNovo outperformed previous methods, including PEAKS, Novor and PepNovo, by a significant margin. DeepNovo is implemented in python with the Tensorflo... | De novo peptide sequencing | 0.844551 |
717 | PEAKS and NovoHMM had the best sensitivity in both QSTAR and LCQ data as well. However, no evaluated algorithms exceeded a 50% of exact identification for both data sets.Recent progress in mass spectrometers made it possible to generate mass spectra of ultra-high resolution . The improved accuracy, together with the in... | De novo peptide sequencing | 0.844551 |
718 | This method could be helpful for manual de novo peptide sequencing, but doesn't work for high-throughput condition.The fourth method, which is considered to be successful, is the graph theory. Applying graph theory in de novo peptide sequencing was first mentioned by Bartels. | De novo peptide sequencing | 0.844551 |
719 | More recently, deep learning techniques have been applied to solve the de novo peptide sequencing problem. The first breakthrough was DeepNovo, which adopted the convolutional neural network structure, achieved major improvements in sequence accuracy, and enabled complete protein sequence assembly without assisting dat... | De novo peptide sequencing | 0.844551 |
720 | Given previously predicted partial peptide sequence, neural-network-based de novo peptide sequencing models will repeatedly generate the most probable next amino acid until the predicted peptide's mass matches the precursor mass. At inference time, search strategies such as beam search can be adopted to explore a large... | De novo peptide sequencing | 0.844551 |
721 | Once an interactome has been created, there are numerous ways to analyze its properties. However, there are two important goals of such analyses. First, scientists try to elucidate the systems properties of interactomes, e.g. the topology of its interactions. Second, studies may focus on individual proteins and their r... | Molecular interaction | 0.844526 |
722 | Interactomics is a discipline at the intersection of bioinformatics and biology that deals with studying both the interactions and the consequences of those interactions between and among proteins, and other molecules within a cell. Interactomics thus aims to compare such networks of interactions (i.e., interactomes) b... | Molecular interaction | 0.844526 |
723 | Interaction networks can be analyzed using the tools of graph theory. Network properties include the degree distribution, clustering coefficients, betweenness centrality, and many others. The distribution of properties among the proteins of an interactome has revealed that the interactome networks often have scale-free... | Molecular interaction | 0.844526 |
724 | Some efforts have been made to extract systematically interaction networks directly from the scientific literature. Such approaches range in terms of complexity from simple co-occurrence statistics of entities that are mentioned together in the same context (e.g. sentence) to sophisticated natural language processing a... | Molecular interaction | 0.844526 |
725 | Using these definitions and conventions, colloquially "in Gaussian units", the Maxwell equations become: The equations simplify slightly when a system of quantities is chosen in the speed of light, c, is used for nondimensionalization, so that, for example, seconds and lightseconds are interchangeable, and c = 1. Furth... | Maxwell's differential equations | 0.844521 |
726 | The definitions of charge, electric field, and magnetic field can be altered to simplify theoretical calculation, by absorbing dimensioned factors of ε0 and μ0 into the units of calculation, by convention. With a corresponding change in convention for the Lorentz force law this yields the same physics, i.e. trajectorie... | Maxwell's differential equations | 0.844521 |
727 | In organic chemistry, a peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.It can also be called a eupeptide bond to distinguish it from an isopept... | Protein backbone | 0.844517 |
728 | Often the more easily accessible atmospheric parameter is the mixing ratio w {\displaystyle w} . Through expansion upon the definition of vapor pressure in the law of partial pressures as presented above and the definition of mixing ratio: e p = w w + ϵ , {\displaystyle {\frac {e}{p}}={\frac {w}{w+\epsilon }},} which a... | Virtual temperature | 0.844475 |
729 | The elements that make up biological molecules (C, H, N, O, P, S) are too light (low atomic number, Z) to be clearly visualized as individual atoms by transmission electron microscopy. To circumvent this problem, the DNA bases can be labeled with heavier atoms (higher Z). Each nucleotide is tagged with a characteristic... | Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing | 0.844445 |
730 | Sequencing technologies that generate long reads, including transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing, can capture entire haploblocks in a single read. That is, haplotypes are not broken up among multiple reads, and the genetically linked alleles remain together in the sequencing data. Therefore, long reads make ... | Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing | 0.844445 |
731 | In 2010 Krivanek and colleagues reported several technical improvements to the HAADF method, including a combination of aberration corrected electron optics and low accelerating voltage. The latter is crucial for imaging biological objects, as it allows to reduce damage by the beam and increase the image contrast for l... | Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing | 0.844445 |
732 | Longer read lengths: ZS Genetics has estimated potential read lengths of transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing to be 10,000 to 20,000 base pairs with a rate of 1.7 billion base pairs per day. Such long read lengths would allow easier de novo genome assembly and direct detection of haplotypes, among other appl... | Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing | 0.844445 |
733 | It satisfies the Poisson equation in the sense of distributions. Moreover, when the measure is positive, the Newtonian potential is subharmonic on Rd. If f is a compactly supported continuous function (or, more generally, a finite measure) that is rotationally invariant, then the convolution of f with Γ satisfies for x... | Single layer potential | 0.844427 |
734 | In mathematics, the Newtonian potential or Newton potential is an operator in vector calculus that acts as the inverse to the negative Laplacian, on functions that are smooth and decay rapidly enough at infinity. As such, it is a fundamental object of study in potential theory. In its general nature, it is a singular i... | Single layer potential | 0.844427 |
735 | Systems approach is a method used to study myogenesis, which manipulates a number of different techniques like high-throughput screening technologies, genome wide cell-based assays, and bioinformatics, to identify different factors of a system. This has been specifically used in the investigation of skeletal muscle dev... | Myogenesis | 0.844404 |
736 | A Bayesian Nash equilibrium (BNE) is defined as a strategy profile that maximizes the expected payoff for each player given their beliefs and given the strategies played by the other players. That is, a strategy profile σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is a Bayesian Nash equilibrium if and only if for every player i , {\displ... | Bayesian game | 0.844399 |
737 | Asymmetric (public key) encryption: ElGamal Elliptic curve cryptography MAE1 NTRUEncrypt RSA Digital signatures (asymmetric authentication): DSA, and its variants: ECDSA and Deterministic ECDSA EdDSA (Ed25519) RSA Cryptographic hash functions (see also the section on message authentication codes): BLAKE MD5 – Note that... | Graph algorithms | 0.844393 |
738 | Linear search: locates an item in an unsorted sequence Selection algorithm: finds the kth largest item in a sequence Ternary search: a technique for finding the minimum or maximum of a function that is either strictly increasing and then strictly decreasing or vice versa Sorted lists Binary search algorithm: locates an... | Graph algorithms | 0.844393 |
739 | Clipping Line clipping Cohen–Sutherland Cyrus–Beck Fast-clipping Liang–Barsky Nicholl–Lee–Nicholl Polygon clipping Sutherland–Hodgman Vatti Weiler–Atherton Contour lines and Isosurfaces Marching cubes: extract a polygonal mesh of an isosurface from a three-dimensional scalar field (sometimes called voxels) Marching squ... | Graph algorithms | 0.844393 |
740 | The charge of an isolated system should be a multiple of the elementary charge e, even if at large scales charge seems to behave as a continuous quantity. In some contexts it is meaningful to speak of fractions of an elementary charge; for example, in the fractional quantum Hall effect. The unit faraday is sometimes us... | Electric charge | 0.844239 |
741 | This science comprises three main sub-disciplines: Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is concerned with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers. Polymer physics is concerned with the physical properties of polymer materials and engineering applications. Specifically, it seeks to present th... | Macromolecular science | 0.844238 |
742 | 2005 (Chemistry) Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, Yves Chauvin for olefin metathesis.2002 (Chemistry) John Bennett Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, and Kurt Wüthrich for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules.2000 (Chemistry) Alan G. MacDiarmid, Alan J. Heeger, and Hideki S... | Macromolecular science | 0.844238 |
743 | Polymer science or macromolecular science is a subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics and elastomers. The field of polymer science includes researchers in multiple disciplines including chemistry, physics, and engineering. | Macromolecular science | 0.844238 |
744 | Mark is also recognized as a pioneer in establishing curriculum and pedagogy for the field of polymer science. In 1950, the POLY division of the American Chemical Society was formed, and has since grown to the second-largest division in this association with nearly 8,000 members. Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., a Professor of ... | Macromolecular science | 0.844238 |
745 | Multicellularity has evolved independently at least 25 times in eukaryotes, and also in some prokaryotes, like cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, actinomycetes, Magnetoglobus multicellularis or Methanosarcina. However, complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups: animals, symbiomycotan fungi, brown ... | Multicellular organism | 0.844223 |
746 | In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge. It may be an ion, such as a molecule or atom with a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to protons. It can also be an electron or a proton, or another elementary particle, which are all believed to have the same charge (except antimatter). Anoth... | Charged Particle | 0.844179 |
747 | Cell biology Metabolism Genetics Microbiology/immunology | GRE Biology Test | 0.844116 |
748 | Since many students who apply to graduate programs in biology do so during the first half of their fourth year, the scope of most questions is largely that of the first three years of a standard American undergraduate biology curriculum. A sampling of test item content is given below: | GRE Biology Test | 0.844116 |
749 | Ecosystems Behavioral ecology Evolutionary processes History of life | GRE Biology Test | 0.844116 |
750 | The GRE subject test in biology was a standardized test in the United States created by the Educational Testing Service, and is designed to assess a candidate's potential for graduate or post-graduate study in the field of biology. The test is comprehensive and covers—in equal proportions—molecular biology, organismal ... | GRE Biology Test | 0.844116 |
751 | While DNA, RNA and proteins are all encoded at the genetic level, glycans (sugar polymers) are not encoded directly from the genome and fewer tools are available for their study. Glycobiology is therefore an area of active research for chemical biologists. For example, cells can be supplied with synthetic variants of n... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
752 | Native chemical ligation involves the coupling of a C-terminal thioester and an N-terminal cysteine residue, ultimately resulting in formation of a "native" amide bond. Other strategies that have been used for the ligation of peptide fragments using the acyl transfer chemistry first introduced with native chemical liga... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
753 | Chemical synthesis of proteins is a valuable tool in chemical biology as it allows for the introduction of non-natural amino acids as well as residue specific incorporation of "posttranslational modifications" such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and even ubiquitination. These capabilities are valuable ... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
754 | Chemical biology is a scientific discipline between the fields of chemistry and biology. The discipline involves the application of chemical techniques, analysis, and often small molecules produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems. In contrast to biochemistry, which invol... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
755 | Chemical biologists work to improve proteomics through the development of enrichment strategies, chemical affinity tags, and new probes. Samples for proteomics often contain many peptide sequences and the sequence of interest may be highly represented or of low abundance, which creates a barrier for their detection. Ch... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
756 | Chemical biologists used automated synthesis of diverse small molecule libraries in order to perform high-throughput analysis of biological processes. Such experiments may lead to discovery of small molecules with antibiotic or chemotherapeutic properties. These combinatorial chemistry approaches are identical to those... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
757 | Some forms of chemical biology attempt to answer biological questions by studying biological systems at the chemical level. In contrast to research using biochemistry, genetics, or molecular biology, where mutagenesis can provide a new version of the organism, cell, or biomolecule of interest, chemical biology probes s... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
758 | Expressed protein ligation, has proven to be successful techniques for synthetically producing proteins that contain phosphomimetic molecules at either terminus. In addition, researchers have used unnatural amino acid mutagenesis at targeted sites within a peptide sequence.Advances in chemical biology have also improve... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
759 | Many research programs are also focused on employing natural biomolecules to perform biological tasks or to support a new chemical method. In this regard, chemical biology researchers have shown that DNA can serve as a template for synthetic chemistry, self-assembling proteins can serve as a structural scaffold for new... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
760 | link Journal of the Royal Society Interface – A cross-disciplinary publication promoting research at the interface between the physical and life sciences Molecular BioSystems – Chemical biology journal with a particular focus on the interface between chemistry and the -omic sciences and systems biology. Nature Chemical... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
761 | ACS Chemical Biology – The new Chemical Biology journal from the American Chemical Society. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry – The Tetrahedron Journal for Research at the Interface of Chemistry and Biology ChemBioChem – A European Journal of Chemical Biology Chemical Biology – A point of access to chemical biology news... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
762 | Among the most widely used are subjecting DNA to UV radiation or chemical mutagens, error-prone PCR, degenerate codons, or recombination. Once a large library of variants is created, selection or screening techniques are used to find mutants with a desired attribute. Common selection/screening techniques include FACS, ... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
763 | Click chemistry is well suited to fill this niche, since click reactions are rapid, spontaneous, selective, and high-yielding. Unfortunately, the most famous "click reaction," a cycloaddition between an azide and an acyclic alkyne, is copper-catalyzed, posing a serious problem for use in vivo due to copper's toxicity. | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
764 | Water- and redox- sensitive reactions would not proceed, reagents prone to nucleophilic attack would offer no chemospecificity, and any reactions with large kinetic barriers would not find enough energy in the relatively low-heat environment of a living cell. Thus, chemists have recently developed a panel of bioorthogo... | Chemical Biology | 0.844071 |
765 | This definition of codimension in terms of the number of functions needed to cut out a subspace extends to situations in which both the ambient space and subspace are infinite dimensional. In other language, which is basic for any kind of intersection theory, we are taking the union of a certain number of constraints. ... | Counting the constants | 0.844048 |
766 | Height functions allow mathematicians to count objects, such as rational points, that are otherwise infinite in quantity. For instance, the set of rational numbers of naive height (the maximum of the numerator and denominator when expressed in lowest terms) below any given constant is finite despite the set of rational... | Height function | 0.844012 |
767 | Classical or naive height is defined in terms of ordinary absolute value on homogeneous coordinates. It is typically a logarithmic scale and therefore can be viewed as being proportional to the "algebraic complexity" or number of bits needed to store a point. It is typically defined to be the logarithm of the maximum a... | Height function | 0.844012 |
768 | In other cases, height functions can distinguish some objects based on their complexity. For instance, the subspace theorem proved by Wolfgang M. Schmidt (1972) demonstrates that points of small height (i.e. small complexity) in projective space lie in a finite number of hyperplanes and generalizes Siegel's theorem on ... | Height function | 0.844012 |
769 | A height function is a function that quantifies the complexity of mathematical objects. In Diophantine geometry, height functions quantify the size of solutions to Diophantine equations and are typically functions from a set of points on algebraic varieties (or a set of algebraic varieties) to the real numbers.For inst... | Height function | 0.844012 |
770 | Scores are scaled and then reported as a number between 200 and 990; however, in recent versions of the test, the maximum and minimum reported scores have been 760 (corresponding to the 99 percentile) and 320 (1 percentile) respectively. The mean score for all test takers from July, 2009, to July, 2012, was 526 with a ... | GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test | 0.843967 |
771 | GRE Subject Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology was a standardized exam provided by ETS (Educational Testing Service) that was discontinued in December 2016. It is a paper-based exam and there are no computer-based versions of it. ETS places this exam three times per year: once in April, once in October and once i... | GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test | 0.843967 |
772 | A. Genetic Foundations Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance Transformation, transduction and conjugation Recombination and complementation Mutational analysis Genetic mapping and linkage analysis B. Chromatin and Chromosomes Karyotypes Translocations, inversions, deletions and duplications Aneuploidy and polyploidy ... | GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test | 0.843967 |
773 | Since many students who apply to graduate programs in biochemistry do so during the first half of their fourth year, the scope of most questions is largely that of the first three years of a standard American undergraduate biochemistry curriculum. A sampling of test item content is given below: | GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test | 0.843967 |
774 | Some graduate programs in the United States recommend taking this exam, while others require this exam score as a part of the application to their graduate programs. ETS sends a bulletin with a sample practice test to each candidate after registration for the exam. There are 180 questions within the biochemistry subjec... | GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test | 0.843967 |
775 | A Chemical and Physical Foundations Thermodynamics and kinetics Redox states Water, pH, acid-base reactions and buffers Solutions and equilibria Solute-solvent interactions Chemical interactions and bonding Chemical reaction mechanisms B Structural Biology: Structure, Assembly, Organization and Dynamics Small molecules... | GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test | 0.843967 |
776 | Methods of importance to cellular biology, such as fluorescence probes (e.g., FRAP, FRET and GFP) and imaging, will be covered as appropriate within the context of the content below. A. Cellular Compartments of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Organization, Dynamics and Functions Cellular membrane systems (e.g., structure a... | GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test | 0.843967 |
777 | According to the (purely mathematical) Gauss divergence theorem, the electric flux through the boundary surface ∂Ω can be rewritten as ∂ Ω {\displaystyle {\scriptstyle \partial \Omega }} E ⋅ d S = ∭ Ω ∇ ⋅ E d V {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {S} =\iiint _{\Omega }\nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} \,\mathrm... | Maxwells equations | 0.843913 |
778 | Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime, commonly used in high-energy and gravitational physics, are compatible with general relativity. In fact, Albert Einstein developed special and general relativity to accommodate the invariant speed of light, a consequence of Maxwell's equations, with the principle that only relat... | Maxwells equations | 0.843913 |
779 | The term "Maxwell's equations" is often also used for equivalent alternative formulations. Versions of Maxwell's equations based on the electric and magnetic scalar potentials are preferred for explicitly solving the equations as a boundary value problem, analytical mechanics, or for use in quantum mechanics. The covar... | Maxwells equations | 0.843913 |
780 | Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio tech... | Maxwells equations | 0.843913 |
781 | The equivalence of the differential and integral formulations are a consequence of the Gauss divergence theorem and the Kelvin–Stokes theorem. | Maxwells equations | 0.843913 |
782 | "Secondary" is a general term used in chemistry that can be applied to many molecules, even more than the ones listed here; the principles seen in these examples can be further applied to other functional group containing molecules. The ones shown above are common molecules seen in many organic reactions. By classifyin... | Secondary (chemistry) | 0.843851 |
783 | Secondary is a term used in organic chemistry to classify various types of compounds (e. g. alcohols, alkyl halides, amines) or reactive intermediates (e. g. alkyl radicals, carbocations). An atom is considered secondary if it has two 'R' Groups attached to it. An 'R' group is a carbon containing group such as a methyl... | Secondary (chemistry) | 0.843851 |
784 | It is standard practice in physics to perform blinded data analysis. After data analysis is complete, one is allowed to unblind the data. A prior agreement to publish the data regardless of the results of the analysis may be made to prevent publication bias. | Blinded study | 0.843695 |
785 | The unit is most effective in accelerating particle systems, with only a small performance improvement measured for rigid body physics. The Ageia PPU is documented in depth in their US patent application #20050075849. Nvidia/Ageia no longer produces PPUs and hardware acceleration for physics processing, although it is ... | Physics card | 0.843695 |
786 | An early academic PPU research project named SPARTA (Simulation of Physics on A Real-Time Architecture) was carried out at Penn State and University of Georgia. This was a simple FPGA based PPU that was limited to two dimensions. This project was extended into a considerably more advanced ASIC-based system named HELLAS... | Physics card | 0.843695 |
787 | Being a DSP however, it is much more dependent on the CPU to do useful work in a game engine, and would not be capable of implementing a full physics API, so it cannot be classed as a PPU. Also VU0 is capable of providing additional vertex processing power, though this is more a property of the pathways in the system r... | Physics card | 0.843695 |
788 | Although very different from the PhysX, one could argue the PlayStation 2's VU0 is an early, limited implementation of a PPU. Conversely, one could describe a PPU to a PS2 programmer as an evolved replacement for VU0. Its feature-set and placement within the system is geared toward accelerating game update tasks includ... | Physics card | 0.843695 |
789 | The drive toward GPGPU has made GPUs more suitable for the job of a PPU; DX10 added integer data types, unified shader architecture, and a geometry shader stage which allows a broader range of algorithms to be implemented; Modern GPUs support compute shaders, which run across an indexed space and don't require any grap... | Physics card | 0.843695 |
790 | PCs with the cards already installed were available from system builders such as Alienware, Dell, and Falcon Northwest.In February 2008, after Nvidia bought Ageia Technologies and eventually cut off the ability to process PhysX on the AGEIA PPU and NVIDIA GPUs in systems with active ATi/AMD GPUs, it seemed that PhysX w... | Physics card | 0.843694 |
791 | ASUS and BFG Technologies bought licenses to manufacture alternate versions of AGEIA's PPU, the PhysX P1 with 128 MB GDDR3: Multi-core device based on the MIPS architecture with integrated physics acceleration hardware and memory subsystem with "tons of cores"125 million transistors 182 mm2 die size Fabrication process... | Physics card | 0.843694 |
792 | In vector calculus, a vector potential is a vector field whose curl is a given vector field. This is analogous to a scalar potential, which is a scalar field whose gradient is a given vector field. Formally, given a vector field v, a vector potential is a C 2 {\displaystyle C^{2}} vector field A such that | Vector potential | 0.843667 |
793 | 200 BC – the Sieve of Eratosthenes 263 AD – Gaussian elimination described by Liu Hui 628 – Chakravala method described by Brahmagupta c. 820 – Al-Khawarizmi described algorithms for solving linear equations and quadratic equations in his Algebra; the word algorithm comes from his name 825 – Al-Khawarizmi described the... | Timeline of algorithms | 0.843641 |
794 | 1540 – Lodovico Ferrari discovered a method to find the roots of a quartic polynomial 1545 – Gerolamo Cardano published Cardano's method for finding the roots of a cubic polynomial 1614 – John Napier develops method for performing calculations using logarithms 1671 – Newton–Raphson method developed by Isaac Newton 1690... | Timeline of algorithms | 0.843641 |
795 | 1970 – Dinic's algorithm for computing maximum flow in a flow network by Yefim (Chaim) A. Dinitz 1970 – Knuth–Bendix completion algorithm developed by Donald Knuth and Peter B. Bendix 1970 – BFGS method of the quasi-Newton class 1970 – Needleman–Wunsch algorithm published by Saul B. Needleman and Christian D. Wunsch 19... | Timeline of algorithms | 0.843641 |
796 | The constructive dilemma rule may be written in sequent notation: ( P → Q ) , ( R → S ) , ( P ∨ R ) ⊢ ( Q ∨ S ) {\displaystyle (P\to Q),(R\to S),(P\lor R)\vdash (Q\lor S)} where ⊢ {\displaystyle \vdash } is a metalogical symbol meaning that Q ∨ S {\displaystyle Q\lor S} is a syntactic consequence of P → Q {\displaystyl... | Constructive dilemma | 0.843625 |
797 | In 3D rendering, access patterns for texture mapping and rasterization of small primitives (with arbitrary distortions of complex surfaces) are far from linear, but can still exhibit spatial locality (e.g., in screen space or texture space). This can be turned into good memory locality via some combination of morton or... | Memory access pattern | 0.84361 |
798 | Strided or simple 2D, 3D access patterns (e.g., stepping through multi-dimensional arrays) are similarly easy to predict, and are found in implementations of linear algebra algorithms and image processing. Loop tiling is an effective approach. Some systems with DMA provided a strided mode for transferring data between ... | Memory access pattern | 0.84361 |
799 | Nearest neighbor memory access patterns appear in simulation, and are related to sequential or strided patterns. An algorithm may traverse a data structure using information from the nearest neighbors of a data element (in one or more dimensions) to perform a calculation. These are common in physics simulations operati... | Memory access pattern | 0.84361 |
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