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90,500 | The process was named "anammox," and was realized to have great significance in the removal of unwanted ammonium. The discovery of the anammox process was first publicly presented at the 5th European congress on biotechnology. By the mid-1990s, the discovery of anammox in the fluidized bed reactor was published. | Anammox | 0.78086 |
90,501 | Currently, five anammox genera have been discovered: Brocadia, Kuenenia, Anammoxoglobus, Jettenia (all fresh water species), and Scalindua (marine species). The anammox bacteria are characterized by several striking properties: They all possess one anammoxosome, a membrane bound compartment inside the cytoplasm which i... | Anammox | 0.78086 |
90,502 | One such means is by adsorbing the water from the air into a desiccant coated onto the heat exchangers, using the waste heat exhausted from the unit to desorb the water from the sorbent and thus regenerate the desiccant for repeated usage. This is accomplished by having two condenser/evaporator units through which the ... | Metal-Organic Framework | 0.780857 |
90,503 | The approach not only led to the identification of a small number of preferred topologies that could be targeted in designed synthesis, but was the central point to achieve a permanent porosity. (2) The use of the isoreticular principle where the size and the nature of a structure changes without changing its topology ... | Metal-Organic Framework | 0.780857 |
90,504 | In these cases, metal sites are exposed when the solvent is evacuated, allowing hydrogen to bind at these sites.Four developments were particularly important in advancing the chemistry of MOFs. (1) The geometric principle of construction where metal-containing units were kept in rigid shapes. Early MOFs contained singl... | Metal-Organic Framework | 0.780857 |
90,505 | The study of MOFs has roots in coordination chemistry and solid-state inorganic chemistry, but it developed into a new field. In addition, MOFs are constructed from bridging organic ligands that remain intact throughout the synthesis. Zeolite synthesis often makes use of a "template". Templates are ions that influence ... | Metal-Organic Framework | 0.780857 |
90,506 | To compare effect sizes of the interactions between the variables, odds ratios are used. Odds ratios are preferred over chi-square statistics for two main reasons:1. Odds ratios are independent of the sample size; 2. Odds ratios are not affected by unequal marginal distributions. | Log-linear analysis | 0.780856 |
90,507 | R with the loglm function of the MASS package (see tutorial) IBM SPSS Statistics with the GENLOG procedure (usage) | Log-linear analysis | 0.780856 |
90,508 | Log-linear analysis is a technique used in statistics to examine the relationship between more than two categorical variables. The technique is used for both hypothesis testing and model building. In both these uses, models are tested to find the most parsimonious (i.e., least complex) model that best accounts for the ... | Log-linear analysis | 0.780856 |
90,509 | Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission, a swarm can continue even if several robots fail. This could make them attractive for space exploration missions, where failure is normally extremely costly. In addition to ground vehicles, swarm robotics includes also research of swarms of aerial robots and heteroge... | Swarming behavior | 0.780855 |
90,510 | The largest swarms so far created is the 1024 robot Kilobot swarm. Other large swarms include the iRobot swarm, the SRI International/ActivMedia Robotics Centibots project, and the Open-source Micro-robotic Project swarm, which are being used to research collective behaviours. Swarms are also more resistant to failure. | Swarming behavior | 0.780855 |
90,511 | The application of swarm principles to robots is called swarm robotics, while swarm intelligence refers to the more general set of algorithms. Partially inspired by colonies of insects such as ants and bees, researchers are modelling the behaviour of swarms of thousands of tiny robots which together perform a useful ta... | Swarming behavior | 0.780855 |
90,512 | If there are two paths from the ant nest to a food source, then the colony usually selects the shorter path. This is because the ants that first return to the nest from the food source are more likely to be those that took the shorter path. More ants then retrace the shorter path, reinforcing the pheromone trail.Army a... | Swarming behavior | 0.780855 |
90,513 | When two models are nested, models can also be compared using a chi-square difference test. The chi-square difference test is computed by subtracting the likelihood ratio chi-square statistics for the two models being compared. This value is then compared to the chi-square critical value at their difference in degrees ... | Log-linear analysis | 0.780855 |
90,514 | Monopolistic Whether a single vendor controls the market for the method or technology being locked in to. Distinguishes between being locked to the mere technology, or specifically the vendor of it.This class of lock-in is potentially technologically hard to overcome if the monopoly is held up by barriers to market tha... | Platform lock-in | 0.780855 |
90,515 | For example, 8 of the 10 countries with the highest emissions saw a majority of respondents favor more renewable energy. The general impression was that the public wanted more policies to be implemented, and demanded more from policy makers. Overall, 59% of respondents who believed climate change was an emergency said ... | Public opinion on climate change | 0.780854 |
90,516 | 63% of EU residents, 59% of Britons, 50% of Americans and 60% of Chinese respondents are in favor of switching to renewable energy. 18% of Americans are in favor of natural gas as a source of energy. For Britons and EU citizens, nuclear energy is a more popular energy alternative.69% of EU respondents, 71% of UK respon... | Public opinion on climate change | 0.780854 |
90,517 | Public opinion impacts on the issue of climate change because governments need willing electorates and citizens in order to implement policies that address climate change. Further, when climate change perceptions differ between the populace and governments, the communication of risk to the public becomes problematic. F... | Public opinion on climate change | 0.780854 |
90,518 | In Uganda, 79% of people, 68% in Ghana, 45% in South Africa and 40% in Ethiopia considered climate change to be a very serious problem.In 2022, 51% of African respondents to a survey claimed climate change is one of the biggest problems they are facing. 41% saw inflation and 39% saw access to health care as the biggest... | Public opinion on climate change | 0.780854 |
90,519 | There are two main markets for renewable energy certificates in the United States – compliance markets and voluntary markets. Compliance markets are created by a policy that exists in 29 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, called Renewable Portfolio Standard. In these states, the electric companies ... | Renewable Energy Certificate (United States) | 0.780854 |
90,520 | Among colleges and universities, the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia is the largest purchaser of RECs, buying 192,727 MWh of RECs from wind power. The corporate leader is Intel, with 1,302,040 MWh purchased in 2007, and the largest purchaser among retailers is Whole Foods, which purchased 509,104 MWH, or eno... | Renewable Energy Certificate (United States) | 0.780854 |
90,521 | We can learn from EPA's SOx and NOx cap and trade program regarding how the principle of additionality with a national standard provided a benchmark for measuring and validating the commodification of pollution prevention credits that lead to market-driven initiatives with proven results in improving regional and natio... | Renewable Energy Certificate (United States) | 0.780854 |
90,522 | Critics argue "additionality" amounts to a subsidy for renewable energy, that business as usual (supply and demand) prevents unnecessary/duplicative renewable energy from being sold in some markets where overgeneration (excess supply in relation to demand) threatens grid reliability. Whereas air and water pollution tra... | Renewable Energy Certificate (United States) | 0.780854 |
90,523 | RECs can be traded directly from buyer to seller, but third party marketers, brokers, or asset managers are commonly found in the marketplace. Renewable generation facilities will often sell their credits to these entities, who then resell them on the market at a later date.Texas developed the first comprehensive RECs ... | Renewable Energy Certificate (United States) | 0.780854 |
90,524 | For example, in California the law is 33% renewable by 2020, whereas New York has a 24% requirement by 2013. Electric utilities in these states demonstrate compliance with their requirements by purchasing RECs; in the California example, the electric companies would need to hold RECs equivalent to 33% of their electric... | Renewable Energy Certificate (United States) | 0.780854 |
90,525 | "Additionality" in the context of greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations means that a purchased renewable energy certificate introduces new renewable energy onto the electricity grid beyond what would have happened without the project or "business as usual". The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) favors performance-b... | Renewable Energy Certificate (United States) | 0.780854 |
90,526 | Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as Green tags, Renewable Energy Credits, Renewable Electricity Certificates, or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), are tradable, non-tangible energy certificates in the United States that represent proof that 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from a... | Renewable Energy Certificate (United States) | 0.780854 |
90,527 | The theorem says that, for every weight w ∈ {\displaystyle w\in } , there is a subset C w {\displaystyle C_{w}} , which all people value at exactly w {\displaystyle w}: ∀ i = 1 , … , n: V i ( C w ) = w {\displaystyle \forall i=1,\ldots ,n:\,\,\,\,\,V_{i}(C_{w})=w} ,where C w {\displaystyle C_{w}} is a union of at most... | Stromquist–Woodall theorem | 0.780852 |
90,528 | The Stromquist–Woodall theorem is a theorem in fair division and measure theory. Informally, it says that, for any cake, for any n people with different tastes, and for any fraction w, there exists a subset of the cake that all people value at exactly a fraction w of the total cake value, and it can be cut using at mos... | Stromquist–Woodall theorem | 0.780852 |
90,529 | This is easy to prove, since the space of unions of n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} intervals is a compact set under a suitable topology. If w ∈ W {\displaystyle w\in W} , then also w / 2 ∈ W {\displaystyle w/2\in W} . This is the most interesting part of the proof; see below.From 1-4, it follows that W = {\displaystyle W=}... | Stromquist–Woodall theorem | 0.780852 |
90,530 | Let W ⊆ {\displaystyle W\subseteq } be the subset of all weights for which the theorem is true. Then: 1 ∈ W {\displaystyle 1\in W} . Proof: take C 1 := C {\displaystyle C_{1}:=C} (recall that the value measures are normalized such that all partners value the entire cake as 1). If w ∈ W {\displaystyle w\in W} , then al... | Stromquist–Woodall theorem | 0.780852 |
90,531 | In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually refers to data that is transmitted or stored unencrypted. | Plaintext | 0.780851 |
90,532 | Insecure handling of plaintext can introduce weaknesses into a cryptosystem by letting an attacker bypass the cryptography altogether. Plaintext is vulnerable in use and in storage, whether in electronic or paper format. Physical security means the securing of information and its storage media from physical, attack—for... | Plaintext | 0.780851 |
90,533 | Following is a representative (non-exhaustive) list of models and methods employed to produce SD predictions (in no particular order). These, or a mixture thereof, may be found in the sample of representative references below: Linear regression (LR); Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS); Random forests (RF);... | Predictive methods for surgery duration | 0.78085 |
90,534 | Accounting for these factors (via stratification or covariates) would diminish SD variability and enhance the accuracy of the predictive method. Incorporating expert estimates (like those of surgeons) in the predictive model may also contribute to diminish the uncertainty of data-based SD prediction. Often, statistical... | Predictive methods for surgery duration | 0.78085 |
90,535 | Therefore, SD predictive methods attempt, on the one hand, to reduce variability (via stratification and covariates, as detailed later), and on the other employ best available methods to produce SD predictions. The more accurate the predictions, the better the scheduling of surgeries (in terms of the required OR utiliz... | Predictive methods for surgery duration | 0.78085 |
90,536 | This approach to reduce variability incorporates covariates in the prediction model. The same predictive method may then be more generally applied, with covariates assuming different values for different levels of the factors shown to affect SD distribution (usually by affecting a location parameter, like the mean, and... | Predictive methods for surgery duration | 0.78085 |
90,537 | In number theory, a sphenic number (from Greek: σφήνα, 'wedge') is a positive integer that is the product of three distinct prime numbers. Because there are infinitely many prime numbers, there are also infinitely many sphenic numbers. | Sphenic number | 0.78085 |
90,538 | Let G {\displaystyle G} be a p {\displaystyle p} group and V = F p n {\displaystyle V=\mathbb {F} _{p}^{n}} be a finite dimensional irreducible representation of G over F p {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{p}} . By Orbit-stabilizer theorem, the orbit of every V {\displaystyle V} element acted by the p {\displaystyle p} gro... | Irreducible representations | 0.780849 |
90,539 | In quantum physics and quantum chemistry, each set of degenerate eigenstates of the Hamiltonian operator comprises a vector space V for a representation of the symmetry group of the Hamiltonian, a "multiplet", best studied through reduction to its irreducible parts. Identifying the irreducible representations therefore... | Irreducible representations | 0.780849 |
90,540 | The CSF contains scientific capabilities in information analytics, high-performance computing, cyber security and bioinformatics. The BSF focuses on bioenergy, environmental and soil remediation and includes systems biology, microbial and cellular biology and analytical interfacial chemistry.The Electricity Infrastruct... | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory | 0.780849 |
90,541 | Three research facilities were constructed on PNNL's Richland, Washington campus to partially replace laboratory and office space PNNL had been using on the south end of the nearby Hanford Site. The Physical Sciences Facility, a federally funded research complex that was designed by Flad Architects, opened in 2010 hous... | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory | 0.780849 |
90,542 | The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) is a U.S. Department of Energy national scientific user facility. EMSL provides researchers around the world with integrated capabilities in oxide and mineral interface chemistry, high-performance computing and computational chemistry software, mass spectrometry, h... | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory | 0.780849 |
90,543 | This can be revealed by placing topological insulators in magnetic field. The effect can be described in language similar to that of the hypothetical axion particle of particle physics. The effect was reported by researchers at Johns Hopkins University and Rutgers University using THz spectroscopy who showed that the F... | Topological insulators | 0.780849 |
90,544 | 5,400+ staff members (scientists, engineers and business professionals) Business volume of $955 million for FY15 (research and development expenditures) 107 R&D 100 Awards for significant innovations since 1969 81 Federal Laboratory Consortium awards for technology transfer since 1984 2,410 U.S. and foreign patents sin... | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory | 0.780849 |
90,545 | In software engineering, a distributed design pattern is a design pattern focused on distributed computing problems. | Distributed design patterns | 0.780847 |
90,546 | The Hodges–Lehmann univariate statistics have several generalizations in multivariate statistics: Multivariate ranks and signs Spatial sign tests and spatial medians Spatial signed-rank tests Comparisons of tests and estimates Several-sample location problems | Hodges–Lehmann estimator | 0.780846 |
90,547 | It is based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank statistic. In statistical theory, it was an early example of a rank-based estimator, an important class of estimators both in nonparametric statistics and in robust statistics. The Hodges–Lehmann estimator was proposed in 1963 independently by Pranab Kumar Sen and by Joseph Hodge... | Hodges–Lehmann estimator | 0.780846 |
90,548 | In statistics, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator is a robust and nonparametric estimator of a population's location parameter. For populations that are symmetric about one median, such as the Gaussian or normal distribution or the Student t-distribution, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator is a consistent and median-unbiased estim... | Hodges–Lehmann estimator | 0.780846 |
90,549 | In triangle geometry, the Steiner point is a particular point associated with a triangle. It is a triangle center and it is designated as the center X(99) in Clark Kimberling's Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers. Jakob Steiner (1796–1863), Swiss mathematician, described this point in 1826. The point was given Steiner's n... | Steiner point (triangle) | 0.780845 |
90,550 | The basic reproduction number can be estimated through examining detailed transmission chains or through genomic sequencing. However, it is most frequently calculated using epidemiological models. During an epidemic, typically the number of diagnosed infections N ( t ) {\displaystyle N(t)} over time t {\displaystyle t}... | R naught | 0.780845 |
90,551 | The Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry is abstracted and indexed in: | Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry | 0.780845 |
90,552 | The Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry is a peer-reviewed open access medical journal published by Taylor & Francis that covers research on enzyme inhibitors and inhibitory processes as well as agonist/antagonist receptor interactions in the development of medicinal and anti-cancer agents. The editor-... | Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry | 0.780845 |
90,553 | The center is partnered with nearly 20 market-leading IT companies, which contribute hardware, software and expertise.The NCCoE asks industry sector members about their cybersecurity problems, and then selects issues that affect an entire sector or reach across sectors. The center forms a team of people from cybersecur... | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780845 |
90,554 | President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13636, "Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity", in February 2013 tasking NIST to create a cybersecurity framework that helps organizations mitigate risks to the nation's essential systems such as power generation and distribution, the financial services sector, an... | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780845 |
90,555 | Other users, such as businesses working to improve their cybersecurity, have the opportunity to test the NCCoE's example solutions, evaluate their effectiveness, and provide feedback. | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780845 |
90,556 | National Cybersecurity Excellence Partners (NCEPs) offer technology companies the opportunity to develop long-term relationships with the NCCoE and NIST. As core partners, NCEPs can provide hardware, software, or personnel who collaborate with the NCCoE on current projects. | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780845 |
90,557 | Members of government agencies and academic institutions can discuss their cybersecurity challenges with the NCCoE, provide insight and feedback on existing center projects, or collaborate with technology companies in the center's labs. | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780845 |
90,558 | The partners that founded the NCCoE are the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the state of Maryland and Montgomery County. This partnership was instrumental in establishing the center as a nationally recognized cybersecurity resource that has the potential to increase the number of local cybersecur... | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780844 |
90,559 | In September 2014, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) awarded a contract to the MITRE Corporation to operate the Department of Commerce's first Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC), the National Cybersecurity FFRDC, which supports the NCCoE. According to the press release on t... | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780844 |
90,560 | The National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (NCCoE) is a US government organization that builds and publicly shares solutions to cybersecurity problems faced by U.S. businesses. The center, located in Rockville, Maryland, was established in 2012 through a partnership with the National Institute of Standards and Tec... | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780844 |
90,561 | The NCCoE is part of NIST, a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce that develops measurement standards and conducts research in measurement science. According to the NIST website, the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA) "reaffirmed NIST's role of developing informa... | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780844 |
90,562 | Sector representatives approach the NCCoE on behalf of their industry to share business problems that can be solved through a cybersecurity solution. These representatives can also provide insight during the project build process and help validate the center's approach to developing an example solution. | National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence | 0.780844 |
90,563 | Corporations combine tools, services and processes with their own organizations to implement a Corporate Software Ecology. Reich Technologies worked with Alistair Cockburn (special advisor to the Central Bank of Norway) and Ralph Hodgson (founder of TopQuadrant) to flesh out the concept of Use Case and integrate it in ... | Reich Technologies | 0.780844 |
90,564 | Several monoclonal antibody technologies have been developed recently, such as phage display, single B cell culture, single cell amplification from various B cell populations and single plasma cell interrogation technologies. Different from traditional hybridoma technology, the newer technologies use molecular biology ... | Human monoclonal antibody | 0.780844 |
90,565 | Product heterogeneity is common in monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant biological products and is typically introduced either upstream during expression or downstream during manufacturing.These variants are typically aggregates, deamidation products, glycosylation variants, oxidized amino acid side chains, as w... | Human monoclonal antibody | 0.780844 |
90,566 | A US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored study stated that driver inattention comes in many forms, including distraction, daydreaming/competing thoughts, fatigue/drowsiness, and alcohol/drug impairment. Early evening low alcohol intake also worsens sleepiness-related driving impairment.In a 2008 survey in t... | Rumble strip | 0.780843 |
90,567 | Research has found that on rural freeways, rumble strips are much more effective when placed at or near the edgeline than when placed closer to the shoulder edge. Edgeline rumble strips can be expected to reduce crashes by 28.8%, and non-edgeline rumble strips only reduce crashes by 8.9%. On two-lane roads, there is li... | Rumble strip | 0.780843 |
90,568 | Subspecialty areas of organometallic chemistry include: Period 2 elements: organolithium chemistry, organoberyllium chemistry, organoborane chemistry Period 3 elements: organosodium chemistry, organomagnesium chemistry, organoaluminium chemistry, organosilicon chemistry Period 4 elements: organocalcium chemistry, organ... | Organometallic reaction | 0.780842 |
90,569 | The world's polyethylene and polypropylene are produced via both heterogeneously via Ziegler–Natta catalysis and homogeneously, e.g., via constrained geometry catalysts.Most processes involving hydrogen rely on metal-based catalysts. Whereas bulk hydrogenations (e.g., margarine production) rely on heterogeneous catalys... | Organometallic reaction | 0.780842 |
90,570 | Neuroprosthetics is an area of neuroscience concerned with neural prostheses, that is, using artificial devices to replace the function of impaired nervous systems and brain-related problems, or of sensory organs or organs itself (bladder, diaphragm, etc.). As of December 2010, cochlear implants had been implanted as n... | Brain Machine Interface | 0.780841 |
90,571 | Increasingly large heat stores are being used with district heating networks to maximise efficiency and financial returns. This allows cogeneration units to be run at times of maximum electrical tariff, the electrical production having much higher rates of return than heat production, whilst storing the excess heat pro... | Steam system | 0.780841 |
90,572 | "Corporate and Governmental Responsibilities for Preventing Chemical Disasters: Lessons from Bhopal". Ethics of chemistry. From poison gas to climate engineering. | International Medical Commission on Bhopal | 0.780841 |
90,573 | Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry. 24: 29–53. Eckerman, I; Boersen, Tom (2021). | International Medical Commission on Bhopal | 0.780841 |
90,574 | Its observed frequency is therefore zero, apparently implying a probability of zero. This oversimplification is inaccurate and often unhelpful, particularly in probability-based machine learning techniques such as artificial neural networks and hidden Markov models. By artificially adjusting the probability of rare (bu... | Laplace smoothing | 0.780837 |
90,575 | In statistics, additive smoothing, also called Laplace smoothing or Lidstone smoothing, is a technique used to smooth categorical data. Given a set of observation counts x = ⟨ x 1 , x 2 , … , x d ⟩ {\textstyle \textstyle {\mathbf {x} \ =\ \left\langle x_{1},\,x_{2},\,\ldots ,\,x_{d}\right\rangle }} from a d {\textstyle... | Laplace smoothing | 0.780837 |
90,576 | The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) was launched on July 25, 1990, into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) for a nominal three-year mission to investigate fields, plasmas, and energetic particles inside the Earth's magnetosphere. As part of the CRRES program, the SPACERAD (Space Radiation Ef... | CRRES | 0.780837 |
90,577 | FTP operates a broad range of educational programmes, with a strong emphasis on teacher training and engaging students with “real science”. A variety of research projects are currently being run on the FTs, with schools often participating in the role of data gatherers, particularly in long-term monitoring or short-ter... | Faulkes Telescope Project | 0.780836 |
90,578 | FTP specialises in providing physics and maths education and outreach via astronomy and space science, utilising the unique access it can provide to research-grade facilities. The basic philosophy is to engage learners in “real science”, making them active participants in a range of astronomical research projects, rang... | Faulkes Telescope Project | 0.780836 |
90,579 | Matrix population models are a specific type of population model that uses matrix algebra. Population models are used in population ecology to model the dynamics of wildlife or human populations. Matrix algebra, in turn, is simply a form of algebraic shorthand for summarizing a larger number of often repetitious and te... | Matrix population models | 0.780836 |
90,580 | Gnotobiosis (from Greek roots gnostos "known" and bios "life") refers to an engineered state of an organism in which all forms of life (i.e., microorganisms) in or on it, including its microbiota, have been identified. The term gnotobiotic organism, or gnotobiote, can refer to a model organism that is colonized with a ... | Gnotobiotic animal | 0.780835 |
90,581 | The concept and field of gnotobiology was born of a debate between Louis Pasteur and Marceli Nencki in the late 19th century, in which Pasteur argued that animal life needed bacteria to succeed while Nencki argued that animals would be healthier without bacteria, but it wasn't until 1960 that the Association for Gnotob... | Gnotobiotic animal | 0.780835 |
90,582 | The early focus of the field of gnotobiology was on proving that an organism could live in the absence of microorganisms, which ultimately resulted in the development of gnotobiotic organisms as a tool for research. Between the 1950s and 1970s, germ-free models were used to study the effects of the absence of bacteria ... | Gnotobiotic animal | 0.780835 |
90,583 | High local stresses can cause objects to fail more quickly, so engineers typically design the geometry to minimize stress concentrations. Material discontinuities, such as inclusions in metals, may also concentrate the stress. Inclusions on the surface of a component may be broken from machining during manufacture lead... | Stress riser | 0.780835 |
90,584 | Stress concentrations occur when there are irregularities in the geometry or material of a structural component that cause an interruption to the flow of stress. Geometric discontinuities cause an object to experience a localised increase in stress. Examples of shapes that cause stress concentrations are sharp internal... | Stress riser | 0.780835 |
90,585 | The Actino-ugpB RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. Actino-ugpB motifs are found in strains of the species Gardnerella vaginalis, within the phylum Actinomycetota. It is ambiguous whether Actino-ugpB RNAs function as cis-regulatory elements or whether they operate in trans. Man... | Actino-ugpB RNA motif | 0.780834 |
90,586 | Over time, the space that makes up the universe is expanding. The words 'space' and 'universe', sometimes used interchangeably, have distinct meanings in this context. Here 'space' is a mathematical concept that stands for the three-dimensional manifold into which our respective positions are embedded while 'universe' ... | Universe expansion | 0.780834 |
90,587 | Though certain cosmological models such as Gödel's universe even permit bizarre worldlines that intersect with themselves, ultimately the question as to whether we are in something like a "Pac-Man universe" where if traveling far enough in one direction would allow one to simply end up back in the same place like going... | Universe expansion | 0.780834 |
90,588 | In 2012, Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan and Lego Group owners KIRKBI Invest A/S make EUR 500 million investment in ISS. ISS was listed on the OMX Nasdaq Copenhagen Stock Exchange in 2014 in Denmark’s largest IPO in two decades. ISS entered a commercial agreement with IBM in 2016 to use IBM Watson's Internet of Things p... | ISS A/S | 0.780833 |
90,589 | In order to study gas phase interstellar chemistry, it is convenient to distinguish two types of interstellar clouds: diffuse clouds, with T = 30–100 K and n = 10–1000 cm−3, and dense clouds, with T = 10–30 K and density n = 104–103 cm−3. | Hydroxyl radical | 0.780833 |
90,590 | Pressurized water exits a hypodermic needle into an electric field (3–5 kV) to produce a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily hydroxyl (OH•) and superoxide (O•−2) radicals. However, compared to Hydroxyl Diffuser technology, only a circa log 0.5 reduction in airborne bacteria was recorded. However, h... | Hydroxyl radical | 0.780832 |
90,591 | To overcome these inherent limitations, Hydroxyl Diffuser technology has recently been developed which, while based on NASA’s approach, goes a step further by recreating outdoor air chemistry indoors, continuously propagating a Hydroxyl Radical cascade throughout an indoor space in seconds by molecular diffusion withou... | Hydroxyl radical | 0.780832 |
90,592 | R• + O2 → RO•2The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of sunlight, pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it.The atmospheric chemistry leading to hydroxyl radical creation is generally absent indoors. However technologies pioneered by N... | Hydroxyl radical | 0.780832 |
90,593 | A Crawford burner is a device used to test burn rate (chemistry) of solid propellants. It is also known as a strand burner. A Crawford burner consists of a small pressure vessel in which a thin bar of propellant to be tested is mounted on a stand. The bar is coated with an external coating so that burning cross-section... | Strand burner | 0.780832 |
90,594 | As Westfall describes, “Galileo was sure he had found what he wanted, a ticket to Florence.” Westfall describes that “n a word, Galileo had raised himself with one inspired blow from the level of an obscure professor of mathematics at the University of Padua to the status of the most desirable client in Italy.” Followi... | Patronage in astronomy | 0.780831 |
90,595 | The system of patronage in 16th- and early 17th-century astronomy was different from the modern definition of patronage. The system of patronage, in the context of Astronomers such as Galileo, Kepler, and Copernicus, was a complex system of relations held between such astronomers and other individuals of high social st... | Patronage in astronomy | 0.780831 |
90,596 | In his book, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism, Mario Biagioli looks to shed light on the ways in which a society characterized by patronage relationships affected one of astronomy's, and modern science's, greatest heroes: Galileo Galilei. Biagioli looks to uncover aspects of Galile... | Patronage in astronomy | 0.780831 |
90,597 | “It is wonderful to relate”, declare Treutler, “what pleasure this gave our Prince.” In return, the Emperor sent a personal thank-you letter, received just before the Landgraf’s death. Jardine notes that this “honourable exchange of tokens figures in the oration as the culmination of the Landgraf’s life. Jardine also h... | Patronage in astronomy | 0.780831 |
90,598 | An often overlooked dimension in the history of science, the patronage system and the realities that existed within such a system played an important role in the lives of many of science's icons and heroes. The history of astronomy in particular is filled with examples demonstrating the relationship between patron and ... | Patronage in astronomy | 0.780831 |
90,599 | Patronage in astronomy is an approach which one can use to examine the history of astronomy from a cultural standpoint. Rather than simply focusing on the findings and discoveries of individual astronomers, this approach emphasizes the importance of patronage in shaping the field of astronomy. | Patronage in astronomy | 0.780831 |
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