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92,200 | (2004) Behavioral Neurobiology an Integrative Approach. Oxford University Press, New York. Carew, T.J. | Species-specific behavior | 0.780252 |
92,201 | Neuroethology owes part of its existence to the establishment of ethology as a unique discipline within zoology. Although animal behavior had been studied since the time of Aristotle (384–342 BC), it was not until the early twentieth century that ethology finally became distinguished from natural science (a strictly de... | Species-specific behavior | 0.780252 |
92,202 | Neuroethology is the evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system. It is an interdisciplinary science that combines both neuroscience (study of the nervous system) and ethology (study of animal behavior in natural conditions). A centr... | Species-specific behavior | 0.780252 |
92,203 | Critics of neuroethology might consider it a branch of neuroscience concerned with 'animal trivia'. Though neuroethological subjects tend not to be traditional neurobiological model systems (i.e. Drosophila, C. elegans, or Danio rerio), neuroethological approaches emphasizing comparative methods have uncovered many con... | Species-specific behavior | 0.780252 |
92,204 | The existing field of neural modeling may also expand into neuroethological terrain, due to its practical uses in robotics. In all this, neuroethologists must use the right level of simplicity to effectively guide research towards accomplishing the goals of neuroethology. | Species-specific behavior | 0.780252 |
92,205 | Neural approaches are necessarily very diverse, as is evident through the variety of questions asked, measuring techniques used, relationships explored, and model systems employed. Techniques utilized since 1984 include the use of intracellular dyes, which make maps of identified neurons possible, and the use of brain ... | Species-specific behavior | 0.780252 |
92,206 | How can the ontogenetic development of behavior be related to neural mechanisms?Often central to addressing questions in neuroethology are comparative methodologies, drawing upon knowledge about related organisms' nervous systems, anatomies, life histories, behaviors and environmental niches. While it is not unusual fo... | Species-specific behavior | 0.780252 |
92,207 | How is information about a stimulus acquired, stored and recalled by the nervous system? How is a behavioral pattern encoded by neural networks? How is behavior coordinated and controlled by the nervous system? | Species-specific behavior | 0.780252 |
92,208 | Emerging technologies can complement neuroethology, augmenting the feasibility of this valuable perspective of natural neurophysiology. Another challenge, and perhaps part of the beauty of neuroethology, is experimental design. The value of neuroethological criteria speak to the reliability of these experiments, becaus... | Species-specific behavior | 0.780252 |
92,209 | There are several potential difficulties associated with the analysis of spatial data, among these are boundary delineation, modifiable areal units, and the level of spatial aggregation or scale. In each of these cases, the absolute descriptive statistics of an area - the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and var... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,210 | Topology rules are particularly important within GIS, and are used for a variety of correction and analytical procedures. The primary shapes in GIS are the point, line, and polygon, each of which implies different spatial characteristics; for instance, the only shape which has a distinguishable inside and outside is th... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,211 | The motivating insight behind topology is that some geometric problems depend not on the exact shape of the objects involved, but rather on the "way they are connected together". One of the first papers in topology was the demonstration, by Leonhard Euler, that it was impossible to find a route through the town of Köni... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,212 | England and Wales also have a statistical geography designed specifically for the publication of workplace statistics. This is because Output Areas are built around residential populations and make analysing workplace statistics difficult. Workplace Zones have been released as part of the 2011 Census. | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,213 | The lowest form of statistical geography in England and Wales is the Output Area. These are small geographies of approximately 300 people and 100 households for which Census data is published. By containing roughly the same number of people and households it is possible to compare statistics for any two Output Areas in... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,214 | The location of a study area boundary and the positioning of internal boundaries affect various descriptive statistics. With respect to measures such as the mean or standard deviation, the study area size alone may have large implications; consider a study of per capita income within a city, if confined to the inner ci... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,215 | For summarizing point pattern analysis, a set of descriptive spatial statistics has been developed that are areal equivalents to nonspatial measures. Since geographers are particularly concerned with the analysis of locational data, these descriptive spatial statistics (geostatistics) are often applied to summarize poi... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,216 | Due to the devolved nature of the United Kingdom, responsibility for managing statistical geographies often falls to the National Statistical Institute with jurisdiction for that devolved administration. For England and Wales this is the Office for National Statistics, for Scotland National Records of Scotland and for ... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,217 | The weighted mean center is analogous to frequencies in the calculation of grouped statistics, such as the weighted mean. A point may represent a retail outlet, while its frequency will represent the volume of sales within the particular store. Median center or Euclidean center and in the median center of United States... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,218 | Statistical techniques and procedures are applied in all fields of academic research; wherever data are collected and summarized or wherever any numerical information is analyzed or research is conducted, statistics are needed for sound analysis and interpretation of results. Geographers use statistics in numerous ways... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,219 | Statistical geography is the study and practice of collecting, analysing and presenting data that has a geographic or areal dimension, such as census or demographics data. It uses techniques from spatial analysis, but also encompasses geographical activities such as the defining and naming of geographical regions for s... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,220 | Socio-economic data may be available at a variety of scales, for example: municipalities, regional districts, census tracts, enumeration districts, or at the provincial/state level. When this data is aggregated at different scales, the resulting descriptive statistics may exhibit variations, either in a systematic, pre... | Statistical geography | 0.780252 |
92,221 | In mathematics and theoretical physics (especially twistor theory), twistor space is the complex vector space of solutions of the twistor equation ∇ A ′ ( A Ω B ) = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla _{A'}^{(A}\Omega _{^{}}^{B)}=0} . It was described in the 1960s by Roger Penrose and Malcolm MacCallum. According to Andrew Hodges,... | Twistor space | 0.780251 |
92,222 | : 232 Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkin's lymphoma. Allen claimed in Idea Man: A Memoir by the Co-founder of Microsoft that Gates wanted to dilute his share in the company when he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease because he did not think that he was working hard enough. Allen later... | Microsoft Security Response Center | 0.780249 |
92,223 | Childhood friends Bill Gates and Paul Allen sought to make a business using their skills in computer programming. In 1972, they founded Traf-O-Data, which sold a rudimentary computer to track and analyze automobile traffic data. Gates enrolled at Harvard University while Allen pursued a degree in computer science at Wa... | Microsoft Security Response Center | 0.780249 |
92,224 | On March 9, 2021, the acquisition was finalized and ZeniMax Media became part of Microsoft's Xbox Game Studios division. The total price of the deal was $8.1 billion.On September 22, 2020, Microsoft announced that it had an exclusive license to use OpenAI's GPT-3 artificial intelligence language generator. The previous... | Microsoft Security Response Center | 0.780249 |
92,225 | On October 9, 2020, Microsoft permanently allowed remote work. In January 2021, the company announced on Twitter to join the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact, which engages the cloud infrastructure and data centers industries to reach carbon neutrality in Europe by 2030, and also disclosed an investment in Climeworks, ... | Microsoft Security Response Center | 0.780249 |
92,226 | Other semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide, can also be grown by this method, although lower defect densities in this case can be obtained using variants of the Bridgman–Stockbarger method. The method is not limited to production of metal or metalloid crystals. For example, it is used to manufacture very high-purit... | Czochralski method | 0.780249 |
92,227 | In the chemical industry, carbon dioxide is mainly consumed as an ingredient in the production of urea, with a smaller fraction being used to produce methanol and a range of other products. Some carboxylic acid derivatives such as sodium salicylate are prepared using CO2 by the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction.In addition to con... | Carbonic acid gas | 0.780248 |
92,228 | In probability theory and directional statistics, a wrapped normal distribution is a wrapped probability distribution that results from the "wrapping" of the normal distribution around the unit circle. It finds application in the theory of Brownian motion and is a solution to the heat equation for periodic boundary con... | Wrapped normal distribution | 0.780246 |
92,229 | The need to describe or reconstruct a neuron's morphology probably began in early days of neuroscience when neurons were labeled or visualized using Golgi's methods. Many of the known neuron types, such as pyramidal neurons and Chandelier cells, were described based on their morphological characterization. The first co... | Neuronal tracing | 0.780245 |
92,230 | Digital reconstruction or tracing of neuron morphology is a fundamental task in computational neuroscience. It is also critical for mapping neuronal circuits based on advanced microscope images, usually based on light microscopy (e.g. laser scanning microscopy, bright field imaging) or electron microscopy or other meth... | Neuronal tracing | 0.780245 |
92,231 | Neuronal tracing, or neuron reconstruction is a technique used in neuroscience to determine the pathway of the neurites or neuronal processes, the axons and dendrites, of a neuron. From a sample preparation point of view, it may refer to some of the following as well as other genetic neuron labeling techniques, Anterog... | Neuronal tracing | 0.780245 |
92,232 | In 1972 Mike Bancroft, a chemistry professor at the University of Western Ontario (UWO) took part in a workshop organised by Bill McGowan on the uses of synchrotron radiation. At the time there were no synchrotron users in Canada, but as a result of contact established with then-director Ed Rowe at the meeting, he bega... | Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility | 0.780243 |
92,233 | The X-ray intensity from Aladdin was much higher than on Tantalus, especially in the photon energy range up to 4000eV. These higher energies were potentially available using higher energy monochromators than the Grasshopper. In 1987, with Bancroft now chair of the Chemistry department at UWO he planned for a new beamli... | Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility | 0.780243 |
92,234 | However Yasuo Akizuki is sometimes included since he proved the result for commutative rings a few years earlier, in 1935. Since it is known that right Artinian rings are semiprimary, a direct corollary of the theorem is: a right Artinian ring is also right Noetherian. The analogous statement for left Artinian rings ho... | Semiprimary ring | 0.780241 |
92,235 | The theorem takes its current form from a paper by Charles Hopkins and a paper by Jacob Levitzki, both in 1939. For this reason it is often cited as the Hopkins–Levitzki theorem. | Semiprimary ring | 0.780241 |
92,236 | In abstract algebra, in particular ring theory, the Akizuki–Hopkins–Levitzki theorem connects the descending chain condition and ascending chain condition in modules over semiprimary rings. A ring R (with 1) is called semiprimary if R/J(R) is semisimple and J(R) is a nilpotent ideal, where J(R) denotes the Jacobson rad... | Semiprimary ring | 0.780241 |
92,237 | Several generalizations and extensions of the theorem exist. One concerns Grothendieck categories: if G is a Grothendieck category with an Artinian generator, then every Artinian object in G is Noetherian. | Semiprimary ring | 0.780241 |
92,238 | Organoiridium compounds share many characteristics with those of rhodium, but less so with cobalt. Iridium can exist in oxidation states of -III to +V, but iridium(I) and iridium(III) are the more common. iridium(I) compounds (d8 configuration) usually occur with square planar or trigonal bipyramidal geometries, wherea... | Organoiridium chemistry | 0.78024 |
92,239 | Organoiridium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing an iridium-carbon chemical bond. Organoiridium compounds are relevant to many important processes including olefin hydrogenation and the industrial synthesis of acetic acid. They are also of great academic interest because of the diversity ... | Organoiridium chemistry | 0.78024 |
92,240 | Ecology can also play a role in the observed patterns—called ecological character displacement. Natural selection may drive the reduction of an overlap of niches between species instead of acting to reduce hybridization: 377 Though one experiment in stickleback fish that explicitly tested this hypotheses found no evide... | Reinforcement (speciation) | 0.780239 |
92,241 | Since the 1990s, data from theory, experiments, and nature have overcome many of the past objections, rendering reinforcement widely accepted,: 354 though its prevalence in nature remains unknown.Numerous models have been developed to understand its operation in nature, most relying on several facets: genetics, populat... | Reinforcement (speciation) | 0.780239 |
92,242 | He envisioned a species separated allopatrically, where during secondary contact the two populations mate, producing hybrids with lower fitness. Natural selection results from the hybrid's inability to produce viable offspring; thus members of one species who do not mate with members of the other have greater reproduct... | Reinforcement (speciation) | 0.780239 |
92,243 | : 354 Further, computer simulations of the genetics and migration patterns of populations found, "something looking like reinforcement". : 372 The most recent theoretical work on speciation has come from several studies (notably from Liou and Price, Kelly and Noor, and Kirkpatrick and Servedio) using highly complex com... | Reinforcement (speciation) | 0.780239 |
92,244 | After the development of electrochemistry by Humphry Davy five years later, the earths soon yielded the metals they contained. Ceria, as isolated in 1803, contained all of the lanthanides present in the cerite ore from Bastnäs, Sweden, and thus only contained about 45% of what is now known to be pure ceria. It was not ... | Cerium | 0.780239 |
92,245 | Cerium exists in two main oxidation states, Ce(III) and Ce(IV). This pair of adjacent oxidation states dominates several aspects of the chemistry of this element. Cerium(IV) aqueous solutions may be prepared by reacting cerium(III) solutions with the strong oxidizing agents peroxodisulfate or bismuthate. The value of E... | Cerium | 0.780239 |
92,246 | Organocerium chemistry is similar to that of the other lanthanides, often involving complexes of cyclopentadienyl and cyclooctatetraenyl ligands. Cerocene (Ce(C8H8)2) adopts the uranocene molecular structure. The 4f electron in cerocene, Ce(C8H8)2, is poised ambiguously between being localized and delocalized and this ... | Cerium | 0.780239 |
92,247 | A superalgebra over K {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} } can be described as a super vector space A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} with a multiplication map μ: A ⊗ A → A , {\displaystyle \mu :{\mathcal {A}}\otimes {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {A}},} that is a super vector space homomorphism. This is equivalent to demanding | ... | Supervector space | 0.780239 |
92,248 | In mathematics, a super vector space is a Z 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}} -graded vector space, that is, a vector space over a field K {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} } with a given decomposition of subspaces of grade 0 {\displaystyle 0} and grade 1 {\displaystyle 1} . The study of super vector spaces and their general... | Supervector space | 0.780239 |
92,249 | Aristotle incorporated these elements, but his substance pluralism was not material in essence. His hylomorphic theory allowed him to maintain a reduced set of basic material elements as per the Milesians, while answering for the ever-changing flux of Heraclitus and the unchanging unity of Parmenides. In his Physics, d... | Ontological pluralism | 0.780239 |
92,250 | Pluralism is a term used in philosophy, referring to a worldview of multiplicity, oft used in opposition to monism (the view that all is one) or dualism (the view that all is two). The term has different meanings in metaphysics, ontology, epistemology and logic. In metaphysics, it is the view that there are in fact man... | Ontological pluralism | 0.780239 |
92,251 | Metaphysical pluralism in philosophy is the multiplicity of metaphysical models of the structure and content of reality, both as it appears and as logic dictates that it might be, as is exhibited by the four related models in Plato's Republic and as developed in the contrast between phenomenalism and physicalism. Plura... | Ontological pluralism | 0.780239 |
92,252 | After all, there are and have been a multitude of theories in physics, but that hasn't been taken to mean that all of them are correct. Pluralists of the instrumentalist sort hold if a logic can be correct at all, it based on its ability to answer the logical questions under consideration. If one wants to understand va... | Ontological pluralism | 0.780239 |
92,253 | Based on this rule-based notation of grammars, Chomsky grouped logically possible phrase-structure grammar types into a series of four nested subsets and increasingly complex types, together known as the Chomsky hierarchy. This classification remains relevant to formal language theory and theoretical computer science, ... | Noam Chomsky | 0.780237 |
92,254 | Chomsky has been a defining Western intellectual figure, central to the field of linguistics and definitive in cognitive science, computer science, philosophy, and psychology. In addition to being known as one of the most important intellectuals of his time, Chomsky has a dual legacy as a leader and luminary in both li... | Noam Chomsky | 0.780237 |
92,255 | The librarian who conducted the research said that the statistics show that "he is very widely read across disciplines and that his work is used by researchers across disciplines ... it seems that you can't write a paper without citing Noam Chomsky." As a result of his influence, there are dueling camps of Chomskyan an... | Noam Chomsky | 0.780237 |
92,256 | In addition, his work in automata theory and the Chomsky hierarchy have become well known in computer science, and he is much cited in computational linguistics.Chomsky's criticisms of behaviorism contributed substantially to the decline of behaviorist psychology; in addition, he is generally regarded as one of the pri... | Noam Chomsky | 0.780237 |
92,257 | UKDA StatServe was a service provided by the UK Data Archive (2008-2010) for creating tailor-made figures and tables from the data from the UK Data Archive’s catalogue. This service produced statistics (including frequency counts and cross tabulations using either single datasets or more complex time series) for custom... | UK Data Archive | 0.780237 |
92,258 | The UK Data Archive is a partner in delivering the UK Data Service, established and funded by the ESRC in October, 2012. Other host organizations include Mimas (data centre) and the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research (CCSR) at the University of Manchester; School of Geography at the University of Leeds;... | UK Data Archive | 0.780237 |
92,259 | Interdisciplinary research data of Relu projects are archived at the UK Data Archive, in addition to the Environmental Information Data Centre. The Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Data Support Service (Relu-DSS) provided data support for Relu projects. Relu projects investigate the social, economic, environmental ... | UK Data Archive | 0.780237 |
92,260 | The Secure Data Service was established and funded by the ESRC in 2009 to help approved members of the research community access data that were previously considered too sensitive, detailed, confidential or potentially disclosive to be made available under standard licensing and dissemination arrangements. The service ... | UK Data Archive | 0.780237 |
92,261 | Depending on the properties of this vector field, the mechanical system is called autonomous, when v(t, x) = v(x) homogeneous when v(t, 0) = 0 for all tThe solution can be found using standard ODE techniques and is denoted as the evolution function already introduced above x ( t ) = Φ ( t , x 0 ) {\displaystyle {\bolds... | Dynamical system (definition) | 0.780237 |
92,262 | The concept of evolution in time is central to the theory of dynamical systems as seen in the previous sections: the basic reason for this fact is that the starting motivation of the theory was the study of time behavior of classical mechanical systems. But a system of ordinary differential equations must be solved bef... | Dynamical system (definition) | 0.780237 |
92,263 | The early problems of vertical scale-up have largely been addressed by improving Internet reliability and performance.When data is replicated between database servers, so that the information remains consistent throughout the database system and users cannot tell or even know which server in the DBMS they are using, th... | Database replication | 0.780236 |
92,264 | Database replication can be used on many database management systems (DBMS), usually with a primary/replica relationship between the original and the copies. The primary logs the updates, which then ripple through to the replicas. Each replica outputs a message stating that it has received the update successfully, thus... | Database replication | 0.780236 |
92,265 | Many distributed filesystems use replication to ensure fault tolerance and avoid a single point of failure. Many commercial synchronous replication systems do not freeze when the remote replica fails or loses connection – behaviour which guarantees zero data loss – but proceed to operate locally, losing the desired zer... | Database replication | 0.780236 |
92,266 | Additional hazards include burns from hot surfaces such as lamps and print head blocks, exposure to laser or ultraviolet radiation, electrical shock, mechanical injury from being struck by moving parts, and noise and ergonomic hazards. Other concerns involve gas and material exposures, in particular nanomaterials, mate... | Health and safety hazards of 3D printing | 0.780233 |
92,267 | Research on the health and safety hazards of 3D printing is new and in development due to the recent proliferation of 3D printing devices. In 2017, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work has published a discussion paper on the processes and materials involved in 3D printing, potential implications of this te... | Health and safety hazards of 3D printing | 0.780233 |
92,268 | Although no occupational exposure limits specific to 3D printer emissions exist, certain source materials used in 3D printing, such as carbon nanofiber and carbon nanotubes, have established occupational exposure limits at the nanoparticle size.As of March 2018, the US Government has set 3D printer emission standards f... | Health and safety hazards of 3D printing | 0.780233 |
92,269 | Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and their material. Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, where the beams are horizontal and carry vertical loads. However, any structure may contain... | Beam (structure) | 0.78023 |
92,270 | Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross sections, but a more efficient cross section for a beam is an I or H section which is typically seen in steel construction. Because of the parallel axis theorem and the fact that most of the material is away from the neutral axis, the second moment of a... | Beam (structure) | 0.78023 |
92,271 | In contrast to the style for academic qualifications, medical qualifications are listed in descending order, i.e.: doctorates, master's degrees, bachelor's degrees, postgraduate diplomas, and qualifying diplomas. Letters indicating doctorates, master's degrees and fellowships of royal colleges are always given, while b... | Post nominal letters | 0.78023 |
92,272 | For professional bodies it is usual to list those most relevant to a person's profession first, or those most relevant to the particular circumstances. It is common to omit fellowships (except honorific fellowships) and memberships that are not relevant in a given situation.Debrett's notes that although Royal Academici... | Post nominal letters | 0.78023 |
92,273 | : 8 In 1965, the Federal Aviation Agency of the United States issued Advisory Circular AC 60-4, warning pilots about the hazards of spatial disorientation, which may result from operation under visual flight rules in conditions of marginal visibility. A new version of the advisory was issued in 1983 as AC 60-4A, defini... | Spatial disorientation | 0.780229 |
92,274 | In quality management, a nonconformity (sometimes referred to as a non conformance or nonconformance or defect) is a deviation from a specification, a standard, or an expectation. Nonconformities or nonconformance can be classified in seriousness multiple ways, though a typical classification scheme may have three to f... | Nonconformity (quality) | 0.780228 |
92,275 | In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis focuses on the tasks that determine the needs or conditions to meet the new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software ... | Requirements analysis | 0.780227 |
92,276 | The success of the Sakata model is due to the fact that there is a correspondence between the proton, neutron, and Lambda baryon, and the up, down, and strange quarks. The proton contains two up quarks and a down quark, the neutron contains one up quark and two down quarks, while the Lambda baryon contains one up quark... | Sakata model | 0.780227 |
92,277 | In particle physics, the Sakata model of hadrons was a precursor to the quark model. It proposed that the proton, neutron, and Lambda baryon were elementary particles (sometimes referred to as sakatons), and that all other known hadrons were made of them. The model was proposed by Shoichi Sakata in 1956. The model was ... | Sakata model | 0.780227 |
92,278 | The Mainz Microtron (German name: Mainzer Mikrotron), abbreviated MAMI, is a microtron (particle accelerator) which provides a continuous wave, high intensity, polarized electron beam with an energy up to 1.6 GeV. MAMI is the core of an experimental facility for particle, nuclear and X-ray radiation physics at the Joha... | Mainz Microtron | 0.780225 |
92,279 | After only a few weeks of beam tests, the first nuclear physics experiment was conducted in February 2007. About 50% of the MAMI beam time in 2007 (7180 h) was used for 1.5 GeV operation. All design parameters of the HDSM, including the max. | Mainz Microtron | 0.780225 |
92,280 | Homepage of the Nuclear Physics Institute at the Mainz University. == References == | Mainz Microtron | 0.780225 |
92,281 | A fourth spectrometer (KAOS/A1), covering high momenta with a moderate path length for the detection of kaons, is currently in the commissioning phase. The main physics goals are: Form factors in elastic electron scattering belong to the most fundamental observables characteristic for nuclear and sub-nuclear systems. T... | Mainz Microtron | 0.780225 |
92,282 | Using input from the Standard Model of Particle Physics, the contribution of strange sea-quarks to the electric and magnetic form factors of the nucleon are determined. Using a transversely polarized electron beam, the observed asymmetries arise at leading order from the interference of the one- and the two-photon-exch... | Mainz Microtron | 0.780225 |
92,283 | The scattered electrons are measured by a total absorbing, segmented lead fluoride calorimeter, which deals with event rates of about 100 MHz. The degree of polarization of the electron beam is measured by a laser Compton backscatter polarimeter simultaneously with to the main experiment. There are two main physics goa... | Mainz Microtron | 0.780225 |
92,284 | Electric and magnetic polarizabilities are well known concepts in classical physics, which describe the influence of static electric and magnetic fields on composite systems. In case of protons and neutrons scalar and spin-dependent polarizabilities can be measured in low energy Compton scattering. At MAMI η {\displays... | Mainz Microtron | 0.780225 |
92,285 | The main physics goals are: Protons and neutrons are excited when they absorb a photon. If the photon energy is sufficiently high, mesons are emitted. The probabilities for such meson production reactions as well as their angular and spin dependence incorporate indispensable information about nucleon excited states and... | Mainz Microtron | 0.780225 |
92,286 | In statistics, a unit is one member of a set of entities being studied. It is the main source for the mathematical abstraction of a "random variable". Common examples of a unit would be a single person, animal, plant, manufactured item, or country that belongs to a larger collection of such entities being studied. | Statistical unit | 0.780223 |
92,287 | Robert V. Duncan is a physicist at Texas Tech University, Texas and previously served as vice chancellor for research at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. Prior to his current posting he held various assignments while serving as a professor of physics at UNM, including associate dean for research in the... | Robert Duncan (physicist) | 0.780223 |
92,288 | Sliding window based part-of-speech tagging is used to part-of-speech tag a text. A high percentage of words in a natural language are words which out of context can be assigned more than one part of speech. The percentage of these ambiguous words is typically around 30%, although it depends greatly on the language. So... | Sliding window based part-of-speech tagging | 0.780222 |
92,289 | Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) are, on seismic reflection profiles, shallow seismic reflection events, characterized by their reflection geometry similar to seafloor bathymetry. . They have, however, the opposite reflection polarity to the seabed reflection, and frequently intersect the primary reflections. | Bottom simulating reflector | 0.780222 |
92,290 | Seismic reflection is a sound wave bounced back from subsurface at the interface between media with different acoustic properties (density and wave velocity). In geology, the reflections normally occur at the contacts between different rocks, for example, between layers of sedimentary rocks (stratification). The acoust... | Bottom simulating reflector | 0.780222 |
92,291 | Suppose that G is an algebraic group defined over a field K, and choose a separably closed field K containing K. For a finite extension L of K in K let ΓL be the absolute Galois group of L. The first cohomology H1(L, G) = H1(ΓL, G) is a set classifying the ``G-torsors over L, and is a functor of L. A cohomological inva... | Cohomological invariant | 0.780221 |
92,292 | In mathematics, a cohomological invariant of an algebraic group G over a field is an invariant of forms of G taking values in a Galois cohomology group. | Cohomological invariant | 0.780221 |
92,293 | If u is in H1(K, Spin(q)) and p is the quadratic form corresponding to the image of u in H1(K, O(q)), then e3(p−q) is the value of the dimension 3 cohomological invariant on u. The Merkurjev−Suslin invariant is a dimension 3 invariant of a special linear group of a central simple algebra of rank n taking values in the ... | Cohomological invariant | 0.780221 |
92,294 | Suppose A is the functor taking a field to the isomorphism classes of dimension n etale algebras over it. The cohomological invariants with coefficients in Z/2Z is a free module over the cohomology of k with a basis of elements of degrees 0, 1, 2, ..., m where m is the integer part of n/2. The Hasse−Witt invariant of a... | Cohomological invariant | 0.780221 |
92,295 | The first example of a K3 surface with Picard number 22 was given by Tate (1965), who observed that the Fermat quartic w4 + x4 + y4 + z4 = 0has Picard number 22 over algebraically closed fields of characteristic 3 mod 4. Then Shioda showed that the elliptic modular surface of level 4 (the universal generalized elliptic... | Supersingular K3 surface | 0.780221 |
92,296 | In algebraic geometry, a supersingular K3 surface is a K3 surface over a field k of characteristic p > 0 such that the slopes of Frobenius on the crystalline cohomology H2(X,W(k)) are all equal to 1. These have also been called Artin supersingular K3 surfaces. Supersingular K3 surfaces can be considered the most specia... | Supersingular K3 surface | 0.780221 |
92,297 | Another phenomenon which can only occur in positive characteristic is that a K3 surface may be unirational. Michael Artin observed that every unirational K3 surface over an algebraically closed field must have Picard number 22. (In particular, a unirational K3 surface must be supersingular.) | Supersingular K3 surface | 0.780221 |
92,298 | In other words, h2,0 and h0,2 both take the value 1, with h1,1 = 20. Therefore, the dimension of the space spanned by the algebraic cycles is at most 20 in characteristic zero; surfaces with this maximum value are sometimes called singular K3 surfaces. | Supersingular K3 surface | 0.780221 |
92,299 | Since the second Betti number of a K3 surface is always 22, this property means that the surface has 22 independent elements in its Picard group (ρ = 22). From what we have said, a K3 surface with Picard number 22 must be supersingular. Conversely, the Tate conjecture would imply that every supersingular K3 surface ove... | Supersingular K3 surface | 0.780221 |
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