id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
93,400 | Today many firms have started to opt for a less structured, more interactive approach. One way of implementing this involves using self-directed cross-functional teams. Proponents hope that these teams will develop strategies that will re-define industries and create new “best practice”. They think that incremental imp... | Cross-functional teams | 0.779665 |
93,401 | Stopped-flow spectrometry allows chemical kinetics of fast reactions (with half times of the order of milliseconds) to be studied in solution. It was first used primarily to study enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Then the stopped-flow rapidly found its place in almost all biochemistry, biophysics, and chemistry laboratories... | Stopped-flow | 0.779664 |
93,402 | Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean', and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science and ocean science, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical flu... | Marine geography | 0.779663 |
93,403 | Robert FitzRoy published a four-volume report of Beagle's three voyages. In 1841–1842 Edward Forbes undertook dredging in the Aegean Sea that founded marine ecology. | Marine geography | 0.779663 |
93,404 | There he states clearly that Portuguese navigations were not an adventurous endeavour: "nam se fezeram indo a acertar: mas partiam os nossos mareantes muy ensinados e prouidos de estromentos e regras de astrologia e geometria que sam as cousas que os cosmographos ham dadar apercebidas (...) e leuaua cartas muy particul... | Marine geography | 0.779663 |
93,405 | Geosat seafloor mapping data became available in 1995. Study of the oceans is critical to understanding shifts in Earth's energy balance along with related global and regional changes in climate, the biosphere and biogeochemistry. The atmosphere and ocean are linked because of evaporation and precipitation as well as t... | Marine geography | 0.779663 |
93,406 | Biological oceanography investigates the ecology and biology of marine organisms in the context of the physical, chemical and geological characteristics of their ocean environment. | Marine geography | 0.779663 |
93,407 | The Sea (in three volumes, covering physical oceanography, seawater and geology) edited by M.N. Hill was published in 1962, while Rhodes Fairbridge's Encyclopedia of Oceanography was published in 1966. The Great Global Rift, running along the Mid Atlantic Ridge, was discovered by Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen in 1953 ... | Marine geography | 0.779663 |
93,408 | Charles Wyville Thomson and Sir John Murray launched the Challenger expedition. Challenger, leased from the Royal Navy, was modified for scientific work and equipped with separate laboratories for natural history and chemistry. Under the scientific supervision of Thomson, Challenger travelled nearly 70,000 nautical mil... | Marine geography | 0.779663 |
93,409 | List of battery types Lithium-ion battery Nanotechnology Nickel–cadmium battery Nickel–metal hydride battery | Super iron battery | 0.779662 |
93,410 | In the mathematical branch of topology, a hyperspace (or a space equipped with a hypertopology) is a topological space, which consists of the set CL(X) of all closed subsets of another topological space X, equipped with a topology so that the canonical map i: x ↦ { x } ¯ , {\displaystyle i:x\mapsto {\overline {\{x\}}},... | Hypertopology | 0.77966 |
93,411 | Some tools have much more sophisticated statistics, including predictive risk assessments based on fairly sophisticated and research-based methodologies. Some tools also include discomfort assessments and reporting tools to help in finding associative patterns between objectively collected statistics and subjectively r... | List of repetitive strain injury software | 0.779658 |
93,412 | PPO is listed as a morpheein, a protein that can form two or more different homo-oligomers (morpheein forms), but must come apart and change shape to convert between forms. It exists as a monomer, trimer, tetramer, octamer or dodecamer, creating multiple functions.In plants, PPO is a plastidic enzyme with unclear synth... | Polyphenol oxidase | 0.779657 |
93,413 | The Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) was the first iterative reconstruction technique used for computed tomography by Hounsfield. | Image reconstruction | 0.779657 |
93,414 | Blavatnik School of Government (ongoing 2013); Pell Frischmann is providing civil and structural engineering services for the new build structure. The building includes a 200 person capacity lecture theatre, teaching spaces, and seminar rooms. St Cross College (ongoing 2013), extensions to workspaces and accommodation.... | Pell Frischmann | 0.779654 |
93,415 | Pell Frischmann (PF) is a multi-disciplinary engineering consultancy based in London that provides structural and civil engineering, planning, design, and consulting services. Pell Frischmann employs over 1000 staff worldwide with 8 offices across the UK and international offices in India, the Middle East, Turkey and R... | Pell Frischmann | 0.779654 |
93,416 | No X-rays above background were observed from the Magellanic Clouds during the September 20, 1966, Nike-Tomahawk flight. Balloon observation from Mildura, Australia, on October 24, 1967, of the SMC set an upper limit of X-ray detection. An X-ray astronomy instrument was carried aboard a Thor missile launched from Johns... | Small Magellanic Cloud | 0.779654 |
93,417 | As of 2013 there are 5 active laser laboratories at the CLF: Vulcan, Astra Gemini, Artemis, ULTRA, and OCTOPUS. The facility provides both high-power and high-sensitivity lasers for study across broad fields of science from atomic and plasma physics to medical diagnostics, biochemistry and environmental science. Also t... | Central Laser Facility | 0.779653 |
93,418 | Astra Gemini is a dual-beam Titanium:Sapphire laser system. Most Ti:Sapphire lasers are single beam. The Astra Gemini has 2 amplifiers that emit 0.5 petawatt beams. The two-beam system is geared towards plasma physics experiments. | Central Laser Facility | 0.779653 |
93,419 | The Artemis produces XUV light. The project was started in collaboration with the Diamond Light Source to study atomic/molecular physics, surface science, and material science. Artemis can also be used to study autoionisation dynamics and ultrafast demagnetisation. | Central Laser Facility | 0.779653 |
93,420 | 8 June: a study published in PLOS Climate studied defensive and secure forms of national identity—respectively called "national narcissism" and "secure national identification"—for their correlation to support for policies to mitigate climate change and to transition to renewable energy. The researchers concluded that ... | 2023 in climate change | 0.779651 |
93,421 | On 25 May, observational evidence for problematic fast slowdown of the Antarctic bottom water current is presented in Nature Climate Change. 5 June: a study published in Current Biology estimated that fungi can fix (remove from the atmosphere) the equivalent of ~36% of global fossil fuel Greenhouse gas emissions. 8 Jun... | 2023 in climate change | 0.779651 |
93,422 | 7 April: citing reduced air density caused by global warming, a study published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society estimated global warming has enabled more than 500 excess home runs in Major League Baseball since 2010, and projected hundreds more in this century, explaining that "even the elite bil... | 2023 in climate change | 0.779651 |
93,423 | 15 June: the Copernicus Climate Change Service said that for 11 days, global surface air temperatures had risen to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels for the first time—the limit aspired to in the 2015 Paris Agreement—the rise occurring near the beginning of an El Niño warming phase. 24 July: the National Data... | 2023 in climate change | 0.779651 |
93,424 | 2 January: a study published in Earth's Future (American Geophysical Union) concluded that the greatest increase in the amount of coastal area below mean sea level will occur in the early stages of sea level rise (SLR), contrary to earlier assessments, shortening time for adaptation efforts. Latest projections indicate... | 2023 in climate change | 0.779651 |
93,425 | The Railway Technical Centre (RTC) in London Road, Derby, England, was the technical headquarters of the British Railways Board, and was built in the early 1960s. British Rail described it as the largest railway research complex in the world. The RTC centralised most of the technical services provided by the regional C... | Railway Technical Centre | 0.779651 |
93,426 | The Research Division was the first to move into the purpose-built accommodation on London Road. This was formed initially with personnel from other departments around the country, including the Electrical Research Division from Rugby, the Mechanical Engineers Research Section, the Civil Engineering Research Unit (Trac... | Railway Technical Centre | 0.779651 |
93,427 | One view, similar to Reid's, is that we do have images of various sorts in our minds when we perceive, dream, hallucinate and imagine but when we actually perceive things, our sensations cannot be considered objects of perception or attention. The only objects of perception are external objects. Even if perception is a... | Indirect realism | 0.77965 |
93,428 | Descartes held that there is a "homunculus" in the form of the soul, belonging to a form of natural substance known as res cogitans that obeyed different laws from those obeyed by solid matter (res extensa). Although Descartes' duality of natural substances may have echoes in modern physics (Bose and Fermi statistics) ... | Indirect realism | 0.77965 |
93,429 | In ecology, the term productivity refers to the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem, usually expressed in units of mass per volume (unit surface) per unit of time, such as grams per square metre per day (g m−2 d−1). The unit of mass can relate to dry matter or to the mass of generated carbon. The productivity... | Ecological productivity | 0.779647 |
93,430 | The connection between plant productivity and biodiversity is a significant topic in ecology, although it has been controversial for decades. Both productivity and species diversity are constricted by other variables such as climate, ecosystem type, and land use intensity. According to some research on the correlation ... | Ecological productivity | 0.779647 |
93,431 | Then the topology induced by these seminorms (as explained above) turns X {\displaystyle X} into a Fréchet space; the first property ensures that it is Hausdorff, and the second property ensures that it is complete. A translation-invariant complete metric inducing the same topology on X {\displaystyle X} can then be de... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,432 | In contrast to Banach spaces, the complete translation-invariant metric need not arise from a norm. The topology of a Fréchet space does, however, arise from both a total paranorm and an F-norm (the F stands for Fréchet). Even though the topological structure of Fréchet spaces is more complicated than that of Banach sp... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,433 | The open mapping theorem implies that if τ and τ 2 {\displaystyle \tau {\text{ and }}\tau _{2}} are topologies on X {\displaystyle X} that make both ( X , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\tau )} and ( X , τ 2 ) {\displaystyle \left(X,\tau _{2}\right)} into complete metrizable TVSs (such as Fréchet spaces) and if one topology is ... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,434 | Consequently, a product of uncountably many non-trivial Fréchet spaces can not be a Fréchet space (indeed, such a product is not even metrizable because its origin can not have a countable neighborhood basis). So for example, if I ≠ ∅ {\displaystyle I\neq \varnothing } is any set and X {\displaystyle X} is any non-triv... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,435 | In particular, if a locally convex metrizable space X {\displaystyle X} (such as a Fréchet space) is not normable (which can only happen if X {\displaystyle X} is infinite dimensional) then its strong dual space X b ′ {\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }} is not a Fréchet–Urysohn space and consequently, this complete Hausdor... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,436 | {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} ^{\mathbb {N} }.} In fact, as the following theorem shows, whenever X {\displaystyle X} is a Fréchet space on which there does not exist any continuous norm, then this is due entirely to the presence of K N {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} ^{\mathbb {N} }} as a subspace. If X {\displaystyle X} is a... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,437 | There does not exist any Hausdorff locally convex topology on K N {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} ^{\mathbb {N} }} that is strictly coarser than this product topology. The space K N {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} ^{\mathbb {N} }} is not normable, which means that its topology can not be defined by any norm. Also, there does not... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,438 | If X {\displaystyle X} is a locally convex space then the topology of X {\displaystyle X} can be a defined by a family of continuous norms on X {\displaystyle X} (a norm is a positive-definite seminorm) if and only if there exists at least one continuous norm on X . {\displaystyle X.} Even if a Fréchet space has a topo... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,439 | {\displaystyle k.} If P: U → Y {\displaystyle P:U\to Y} is a continuously differentiable function, then the differential equation need not have any solutions, and even if does, the solutions need not be unique. This is in stark contrast to the situation in Banach spaces. In general, the inverse function theorem is not ... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,440 | A topological vector space X {\displaystyle X} is a Fréchet space if and only if it satisfies the following three properties: It is locally convex. Its topology can be induced by a translation-invariant metric, that is, a metric d: X × X → R {\displaystyle d:X\times X\to \mathbb {R} } such that d ( x , y ) = d ( x + z ... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,441 | The alternative and somewhat more practical definition is the following: a topological vector space X {\displaystyle X} is a Fréchet space if and only if it satisfies the following three properties: It is a Hausdorff space, Its topology may be induced by a countable family of seminorms | | ⋅ | | k {\displaystyle ||\cdo... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,442 | One may define Fréchet manifolds as spaces that "locally look like" Fréchet spaces (just like ordinary manifolds are defined as spaces that locally look like Euclidean space R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} ), and one can then extend the concept of Lie group to these manifolds. This is useful because for a given (o... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,443 | Note that the homeomorphism described in the Anderson–Kadec theorem is not necessarily linear. | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,444 | A Fréchet space X {\displaystyle X} is defined to be a locally convex metrizable topological vector space (TVS) that is complete as a TVS, meaning that every Cauchy sequence in X {\displaystyle X} converges to some point in X {\displaystyle X} (see footnote for more details). Important note: Not all authors require tha... | Fréchet space | 0.779644 |
93,445 | Experimental algae farms are attempting to make algae an economically feasible energy source.There are also several physico-chemical methods for producing hydrogen; most of these methods require electrolysis of water. When this process draws its power from renewable energy sources like wind turbines or photovoltaic cel... | Renewable fuel | 0.779644 |
93,446 | Renewable fuels can include fuels that are synthesized from renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar. Renewable fuels have gained in popularity due to their sustainability, low contributions to the carbon cycle, and in some cases lower amounts of greenhouse gases. The geo-political ramifications of these fuels ... | Renewable fuel | 0.779644 |
93,447 | The IPS was introduced as part of the Dubins–Spanier theorems and used in the proof of Weller's theorem. The term "Individual Pieces set" was coined by Julius Barbanel. | Individual pieces set | 0.779643 |
93,448 | The IPS is a convex set and a compact set. This follows from the Dubins–Spanier theorems. With two agents, the IPS is symmetric across the middle point (in this case it is the point (15,15)). Take some int ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} on the IPS. | Individual pieces set | 0.779643 |
93,449 | The most interesting physics topics treated at H1 include Cross section measurements of reactions with charged and neutral electroweak currents Studies of proton structure and determination of quark and gluon parton distribution functions Tests of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in jet and particle production Production o... | H1 (particle detector) | 0.77964 |
93,450 | It was one of four detectors along the HERA accelerator. The main physics goals of the H1 experiment were the investigation of the internal structure of the proton through measurements of deep inelastic scattering, the measurements of further cross sections to study fundamental interactions between particles in order t... | H1 (particle detector) | 0.77964 |
93,451 | The construction of a lepton–proton collider was recommended strongly by the European Committee for Future Accelerators (ECFA) on May 9, 1980. The first proposals for the H1 detector were made in 1981, and the letter of intent for the H1 experiment was published on June 28, 1985. The technical proposal for the H1 detec... | H1 (particle detector) | 0.77964 |
93,452 | This in turn allowed the classification of the reaction. From the center outwards, H1's most important systems were: Silicon trackers for the determination of primary and secondary vertices Jet chambers for the measurement of charged particle tracks Liquid argon (LAr) calorimeter for the measurement of electromagnetic ... | H1 (particle detector) | 0.77964 |
93,453 | Robotics/automation research studies focus heavily on integrated, "intelligent" automation systems. These systems offer major opportunities to further enhance productivity in the poultry and food processing industries. They incorporate advanced sensors, robotics, and computer simulation and control technologies in an i... | GTRI Agricultural Technology Research Program | 0.77964 |
93,454 | Researchers focus efforts on both immediate and long-term industrial needs, including advanced robotic systems for materials handling, machine-vision developments for grading and control, improved wastewater treatment technologies, and biosensors for rapid microbial detection. With guidance from the Georgia Poultry Fed... | GTRI Agricultural Technology Research Program | 0.77964 |
93,455 | Machine improvisation uses computer algorithms to create improvisation on existing music materials. This is usually done by sophisticated recombination of musical phrases extracted from existing music, either live or pre-recorded. In order to achieve credible improvisation in particular style, machine improvisation use... | Machine improvisation | 0.77964 |
93,456 | Bäcklund transforms have their origins in differential geometry: the first nontrivial example is the transformation of pseudospherical surfaces introduced by L. Bianchi and A.V. Bäcklund in the 1880s. This is a geometrical construction of a new pseudospherical surface from an initial such surface using a solution of a ... | Bäcklund transform | 0.77964 |
93,457 | The prototypical example of a Bäcklund transform is the Cauchy–Riemann system u x = v y , u y = − v x , {\displaystyle u_{x}=v_{y},\quad u_{y}=-v_{x},\,} which relates the real and imaginary parts u {\displaystyle u} and v {\displaystyle v} of a holomorphic function. This first order system of partial differential equa... | Bäcklund transform | 0.77964 |
93,458 | In mathematics, Bäcklund transforms or Bäcklund transformations (named after the Swedish mathematician Albert Victor Bäcklund) relate partial differential equations and their solutions. They are an important tool in soliton theory and integrable systems. A Bäcklund transform is typically a system of first order partial... | Bäcklund transform | 0.77964 |
93,459 | In particle physics, a pion (or a pi meson, denoted with the Greek letter pi: π) is any of three subatomic particles: π0, π+, and π−. Each pion consists of a quark and an antiquark and is therefore a meson. Pions are the lightest mesons and, more generally, the lightest hadrons. They are unstable, with the charged pion... | Neutral pion | 0.779638 |
93,460 | Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, gen... | Human chromosome | 0.779637 |
93,461 | The Radeon Instinct product line directly competes with Nvidia's Ampere and Intel Xeon Phi and incoming Intel Xe lines of machine learning and GPGPU cards. Before MI100 introduction in November 2020, the Instinct family was known as AMD Radeon Instinct, AMD dropped the Radeon brand from its name. Supercomputers based o... | Radeon Instinct | 0.779637 |
93,462 | AMD Instinct is AMD's brand of professional GPUs. It replaced AMD's FirePro S brand in 2016. Compared to the Radeon brand of mainstream consumer/gamer products, the Instinct product line is intended to accelerate deep learning, artificial neural network, and high-performance computing/GPGPU applications. | Radeon Instinct | 0.779637 |
93,463 | MIOpen is AMD's deep learning library to enable GPU acceleration of deep learning. Much of this extends the GPUOpen's Boltzmann Initiative software. This is intended to compete with the deep learning portions of Nvidia's CUDA library. It supports the deep learning frameworks: Theano, Caffe, TensorFlow, MXNet, Microsoft... | Radeon Instinct | 0.779637 |
93,464 | Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku, in his book Physics of the Future, published in 2011, stated that, assuming sustained economic growth, humanity may attain planetary civilization status in 100 years. But where is all this technological change leading? Where is the final destination in this long voyage into science an... | Planetary civilization | 0.779637 |
93,465 | A planetary civilization or global civilization is a civilization of Type I on the Kardashev scale. This type of civilization is likely to be reliant on renewable energy sources such as stellar power, as well as powerful non-renewable sources such as nuclear fusion. A Type I civilization's energy consumption level is r... | Planetary civilization | 0.779637 |
93,466 | On the Kardashev scale, the next status (Type II) is a stellar civilization, a civilization that consumes all the energy that its parent star emits, or about 1027 watts. Michio Kaku suggests in the book "Physics of the Future" that humanity may attain stellar civilization status in a few thousand years. | Planetary civilization | 0.779637 |
93,467 | EPUB Media Overlays 3.0, which defines a format and a processing model for synchronization of text and audioThe EPUB 3.0 format was intended to address the following criticisms: While good for text-centric books, EPUB was rather unsuitable for publications that require precise layout or specialized formatting, such as ... | EPUB | 0.779636 |
93,468 | Acoustics | An Open Access Journal from MDPI Acta Acustica united with Acustica Advances in Acoustics and Vibration Applied Acoustics Building Acoustics IEEE Transacions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA) Journal of the Acoustical Society of America... | Acoustic sensor | 0.779634 |
93,469 | Musical acoustics is the study of the physics of acoustic instruments; the audio signal processing used in electronic music; the computer analysis of music and composition, and the perception and cognitive neuroscience of music. | Acoustic sensor | 0.779634 |
93,470 | Ultrasonics deals with sounds at frequencies too high to be heard by humans. Specialisms include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography), sonochemistry, ultrasonic testing, material characterisation and underwater acoustics (sonar). | Acoustic sensor | 0.779634 |
93,471 | Acousticians study the production, processing and perception of speech. Speech recognition and Speech synthesis are two important areas of speech processing using computers. The subject also overlaps with the disciplines of physics, physiology, psychology, and linguistics. | Acoustic sensor | 0.779634 |
93,472 | The chamber is then allowed to cool slowly or by passive heat dissipation; it is rare for forced cooling to be applied, or for pressure to be vented deliberately. Pressure sterilization is the prevailing method used for medical sterilization of heat-resistant tools, and for sterilization of materials for microbiology a... | Moist heat sterilization | 0.779632 |
93,473 | Ralph E. Johnson is a Research Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is a co-author of the influential computer science textbook Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, for which he won the 2010 ACM SIGSOFT Outstanding Res... | Ralph Johnson (computer scientist) | 0.77963 |
93,474 | In mathematics, the local trace formula (Arthur 1991) is a local analogue of the Arthur–Selberg trace formula that describes the character of the representation of G(F) on the discrete part of L2(G(F)), for G a reductive algebraic group over a local field F. | Local trace formula | 0.779628 |
93,475 | A 3-simplex is usually called a tetrahedron, and the 4-simplex, which is the basic building block in this theory, is also known as the pentatope, or pentachoron. Each simplex is geometrically flat, but simplices can be "glued" together in a variety of ways to create curved spacetimes. Where previous attempts at triangu... | Causality principle | 0.779628 |
93,476 | Physical causality is a physical relationship between causes and effects. It is considered to be fundamental to all natural sciences and behavioural sciences, especially physics. Causality is also a topic studied from the perspectives of philosophy, statistics and logic. Causality means that an effect can not occur fro... | Causality principle | 0.779628 |
93,477 | In classical (Newtonian) physics, in general, only those conditions are (explicitly) taken into account, that are both necessary and sufficient. For instance, when a massive sphere is caused to roll down a slope starting from a point of unstable equilibrium, then its velocity is assumed to be caused by the force of gra... | Causality principle | 0.779628 |
93,478 | Theories in physics like the butterfly effect from chaos theory open up the possibility of a type of distributed parameter systems in causality. The butterfly effect theory proposes: "Small variations of the initial condition of a nonlinear dynamical system may produce large variations in the long term behavior of the ... | Causality principle | 0.779628 |
93,479 | Such 'explanation by determinism' is sometimes referred to as causal determinism. A disadvantage of the D-N view is that causality and determinism are more or less identified. Thus, in classical physics, it was assumed that all events are caused by earlier ones according to the known laws of nature, culminating in Pier... | Causality principle | 0.779628 |
93,480 | The empiricists' aversion to metaphysical explanations (like Descartes' vortex theory) meant that scholastic arguments about what caused phenomena were either rejected for being untestable or were just ignored. The complaint that physics does not explain the cause of phenomena has accordingly been dismissed as a proble... | Causality principle | 0.779628 |
93,481 | In causal set theory, causality takes an even more prominent place. The basis for this approach to quantum gravity is in a theorem by David Malament. This theorem states that the causal structure of a spacetime suffices to reconstruct its conformal class, so knowing the conformal factor and the causal structure is enou... | Causality principle | 0.779628 |
93,482 | During this time, doctors rotate into different subspecialities, such as paediatrics, musculoskeletal or neuroradiology, and breast imaging. During the first year of training, radiology trainees are expected to pass the first part of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR) exam. This comprises a medi... | Radiology | 0.779624 |
93,483 | Radiographs (originally called roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of X-rays, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen) are produced by transmitting X-rays through a patient. The X-rays are projected through the body onto a detector; an image is formed based on which rays pass through (and are detected) versus those that are abs... | Radiology | 0.779624 |
93,484 | The Harari–Shupe preon model (also known as rishon model, RM) is the earliest effort to develop a preon model to explain the phenomena appearing in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. It was first developed independently by Haim Harari and by Michael A. Shupe and later expanded by Harari and his then-student N... | Rishon model | 0.779623 |
93,485 | Currently, there is no scientific evidence for the existence of substructure within quarks and leptons, but there is no profound reason why such a substructure may not be revealed at shorter distances. In 2008, Piotr Zenczykowski has derived the RM by starting from a non-relativistic O(6) phase space. Such model is bas... | Rishon model | 0.779622 |
93,486 | In the theory of dynamical systems, Peixoto theorem, proved by Maurício Peixoto, states that among all smooth flows on surfaces, i.e. compact two-dimensional manifolds, structurally stable systems may be characterized by the following properties: The set of non-wandering points consists only of periodic orbits and fixe... | Peixoto's theorem | 0.779622 |
93,487 | Unlike reductions on decision problems, an approximation-preserving reduction must preserve more than the truth of the problem instances when reducing from one problem to another. It must also maintain some guarantee on the relationship between the cost of the solution to the cost of the optimum in both problems. To fo... | Approximation-preserving reduction | 0.779621 |
93,488 | There are many different types of approximation-preserving reductions, all of which have a different guarantee (the third point in the definition above). However, unlike with other reductions, approximation-preserving reductions often overlap in what properties they demonstrate on optimization problems (e.g. complexity... | Approximation-preserving reduction | 0.77962 |
93,489 | In computability theory and computational complexity theory, especially the study of approximation algorithms, an approximation-preserving reduction is an algorithm for transforming one optimization problem into another problem, such that the distance of solutions from optimal is preserved to some degree. Approximation... | Approximation-preserving reduction | 0.77962 |
93,490 | A gap reduction is a type of reduction that, while useful in proving some inapproximability results, does not resemble the other reductions shown here. Gap reductions deal with optimization problems within a decision problem container, generated by changing the problem goal to distinguishing between the optimal solutio... | Approximation-preserving reduction | 0.77962 |
93,491 | Like Transmodel, on which it is closely based (using model driven design concepts), NeTEx provides reusable abstractions to represent data elements of public transport. Part 1 - Network Topology (CEN/TS 16614-1:2014) describes the Public Transport Network topology and timing concepts; and includes common framework conc... | NeTEx | 0.77962 |
93,492 | NeTEx provides a modular XML schema for public transport information data including passenger information systems, with coverage of a number of different subdomains of PT information, including transport network infrastructure and topology, public transport schedules, journey planning, fares, fare validation. It includ... | NeTEx | 0.77962 |
93,493 | There are three types of shaders in common use (pixel, vertex, and geometry shaders), with several more recently added. While older graphics cards utilize separate processing units for each shader type, newer cards feature unified shaders which are capable of executing any type of shader. This allows graphics cards to ... | Vertex and pixel shaders | 0.779619 |
93,494 | The shader can then emit zero or more primitives, which are rasterized and their fragments ultimately passed to a pixel shader. Typical uses of a geometry shader include point sprite generation, geometry tessellation, shadow volume extrusion, and single pass rendering to a cube map. A typical real-world example of the ... | Vertex and pixel shaders | 0.779619 |
93,495 | Geometry shaders were introduced in Direct3D 10 and OpenGL 3.2; formerly available in OpenGL 2.0+ with the use of extensions. This type of shader can generate new graphics primitives, such as points, lines, and triangles, from those primitives that were sent to the beginning of the graphics pipeline.Geometry shader pro... | Vertex and pixel shaders | 0.779619 |
93,496 | The calculated geometry is triangulated (subdivided into triangles). Triangles are broken down into fragment quads (one fragment quad is a 2 × 2 fragment primitive). Fragment quads are modified according to the fragment shader. The depth test is performed; fragments that pass will get written to the screen and might ge... | Vertex and pixel shaders | 0.779619 |
93,497 | Within the vertex shader, the geometry is transformed. If a geometry shader is in the graphic processing unit and active, some changes of the geometries in the scene are performed. If a tessellation shader is in the graphic processing unit and active, the geometries in the scene can be subdivided. | Vertex and pixel shaders | 0.779619 |
93,498 | Each vertex is then rendered as a series of pixels onto a surface (block of memory) that will eventually be sent to the screen. Shaders replace a section of the graphics hardware typically called the Fixed Function Pipeline (FFP), so-called because it performs lighting and texture mapping in a hard-coded manner. Shader... | Vertex and pixel shaders | 0.779619 |
93,499 | In mathematics, Toda–Smith complexes are spectra characterized by having a particularly simple BP-homology, and are useful objects in stable homotopy theory. Toda–Smith complexes provide examples of periodic self maps. These self maps were originally exploited in order to construct infinite families of elements in the ... | Toda–Smith complex | 0.779619 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.