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93,600 | Today's factor models of intelligence typically represent cognitive abilities as a three-level hierarchy, where there are many narrow factors at the bottom of the hierarchy, a handful of broad, more general factors at the intermediate level, and at the apex a single factor, referred to as the g factor, which represents... | G factor (psychometrics) | 0.77955 |
93,601 | Paleontologist and biologist Stephen Jay Gould presented a critique in his 1981 book The Mismeasure of Man. He argued that psychometricians fallaciously reified the g factor into an ineluctable "thing" that provided a convenient explanation for human intelligence, grounded only in mathematical theory rather than the ri... | G factor (psychometrics) | 0.77955 |
93,602 | The Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), one of the largest university-operated radio observatories in the world, has its origins in the late 1940s with three individuals: Lee DuBridge, president of California Institute of Technology (Caltech); Robert Bacher, chairman of the Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astro... | Owens Valley Radio Observatory | 0.77955 |
93,603 | The Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) was a 23-antenna interferometer located at Cedar Flat in Westgard Pass, approximately 13 km (8.1 mi) east of the main OVRO site at 2,196 m (7,205 ft). It incorporated dishes from the MMA, the former Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array at Hat ... | Owens Valley Radio Observatory | 0.77955 |
93,604 | Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) is a radio astronomy observatory located near Big Pine, California (US) in Owens Valley. It lies east of the Sierra Nevada, approximately 350 kilometers (220 mi) north of Los Angeles and 20 kilometers (12 mi) southeast of Bishop. It was established in 1956, and is owned and operate... | Owens Valley Radio Observatory | 0.77955 |
93,605 | The Ontology Lookup Service (OLS) is a repository for biomedical ontologies, part of the ELIXIR infrastructure. It is supported by the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). | Ontology Lookup Service | 0.77955 |
93,606 | Miim can also respond to speech using speech recognition software, and is capable of recognizing ambient sounds. Miim can also sing, using the vocal synthesizer Vocaloid.The software that operates the robot is developed on the basis of Open Robotics Platform (OpenRTP), including OpenRTM-aist and OpenHRP3.An initial pub... | HRP-4C | 0.779549 |
93,607 | National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy and List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) were used as the primary taxonomic authority for establishing naming priorities. Also Annotree website, which uses the GTDB release 06-RS202. was consulted. Class Atribacteria Katayama et al.... | Atribacterota | 0.779549 |
93,608 | Keyword-search systems evolved into web-based search engines, and many software systems had to be re-designed, for international searching, depending on search engine optimization (SEO) . Human natural-language translation systems were needed to attempt to translate the information flow in multiple foreign languages, w... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,609 | The profession is trying to define its boundary and content. The Software Engineering Body of Knowledge SWEBOK has been tabled as an ISO standard during 2006 (ISO/IEC TR 19759).In 2006, Money Magazine and Salary.com rated software engineering as the best job in America in terms of growth, pay, stress levels, flexibilit... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,610 | When mainframes were expensive and required large support staffs, the few organizations buying them also had the resources to fund large, expensive custom software engineering projects. Computers are now much more numerous and much more powerful, which has several effects on software. The larger market can support larg... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,611 | Processes: Processes have become a big part of software engineering. They are hailed for their potential to improve software but sharply criticized for their potential to constrict programmers. Cost of hardware: The relative cost of software versus hardware has changed substantially over the last 50 years. | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,612 | The evolution of software engineering is notable in a number of areas: Emergence as a profession: By the early 1980s software engineering had already emerged as a bona fide profession., to stand beside computer science and traditional engineering. Role of women: Before 1970 men filling the more prestigious and better p... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,613 | In 1995, statistics showed that half of surveyed development projects were operational, but were not considered successful. The average software project overshoots its schedule by half. Three-quarters of all large software products delivered to the customer are failures that are either not used at all, or do not meet t... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,614 | Experimental software engineering is a branch of software engineering interested in devising experiments on software, in collecting data from the experiments, and in devising laws and theories from this data. Proponents of this method advocate that the nature of software is such that we can advance the knowledge on sof... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,615 | With the expanding demand for software in many smaller organizations, the need for inexpensive software solutions led to the growth of simpler, faster methodologies that developed running software, from requirements to deployment, quicker & easier. The use of rapid-prototyping evolved to entire lightweight methodologie... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,616 | The history of software engineering begins around the 1960s. Writing software has evolved into a profession concerned with how best to maximize the quality of software and of how to create it. Quality can refer to how maintainable software is, to its stability, speed, usability, testability, readability, size, cost, se... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,617 | It was an ongoing joke for a long time. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. Software eventually and necessarily gained the same respect as any other discipline The NATO Science Committee sponsored two conferences on software engineering in 1968 (Garmisch, Germany — see conference report) and 1969, which gave t... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,618 | Early usages for the term software engineering include a 1965 letter from ACM president Anthony Oettinger,lectures by Douglas T. Ross at MIT in the 1950s. Margaret H. Hamilton is the person who came up with the idea of naming the discipline, software engineering, as a way of giving it legitimacy during the development ... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,619 | Edsger W. Dijkstra (1930–2002) developed the framework for a form of structured programming. David Parnas (born 1941) developed the concept of information hiding in modular programming. Michael A. Jackson (born 1936) software engineering methodologist responsible for JSP method of program design; JSD method of system d... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,620 | Charles Bachman (1924–2017) is particularly known for his work in the area of databases. László Bélády (1928–2021) the editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering in the 1980s. Fred Brooks (born 1931) best known for managing the development of OS/360. Peter Chen (born 1947) known for the developmen... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,621 | A wide variety of platforms has allowed different aspects of AI to develop, ranging from expert systems such as Cyc to deep learning to robot platforms such as the Roomba with open interface. Recent advances in deep artificial neural networks and distributed computing have led to a proliferation of software libraries, ... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,622 | Software product lines, aka product family engineering, is a systematic way to produce families of software systems, instead of creating a succession of completely individual products. This method emphasizes extensive, systematic, formal code reuse, to try to industrialize the software development process. The Future o... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,623 | The software crisis has been fading from view, because it is psychologically extremely difficult to remain in crisis mode for a protracted period (more than 20 years). Nevertheless, software – especially real-time embedded software – remains risky and is pervasive, and it is crucial not to give in to complacency. Over ... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,624 | Software engineering was spurred by the so-called software crisis of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, which identified many of the problems of software development. Many projects ran over budget and schedule. Some projects caused property damage. A few projects caused loss of life. | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,625 | Software engineering is a young discipline, and is still developing. The directions in which software engineering is developing include: | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,626 | All known technologies and practices have only made incremental improvements to productivity and quality. Yet, there are no silver bullets for any other profession, either. Others interpret no silver bullet as proof that software engineering has finally matured and recognized that projects succeed due to hard work.Howe... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,627 | Eventually, almost everyone accepted that no silver bullet would ever be found. Yet, claims about silver bullets pop up now and again, even today.Some interpret no silver bullet to mean that software engineering failed. However, with further reading, Brooks goes on to say: "We will surely make substantial progress over... | History of software engineering | 0.779546 |
93,628 | The company traces its roots to the electronics revolution that immediately followed World War II. It was founded in December 1945 as Tekrad. The name was similar to that of a California company, Techrad, so in 1946, the four partners, Howard Vollum, Jack Murdock and Miles Tippery, who had both served in the Coast Guar... | Tektronix | 0.779545 |
93,629 | Pyrolytic chromium carbide coating (PCC) is a technology for protection and reworking of rapidly wearing parts of manufacturing equipment working in extreme environmental conditions, using vacuum deposition technology. Coating mechanical parts can help with problems of corrosion, adhering, high-temperature and mechanic... | Pyrolytic chromium carbide coating | 0.779544 |
93,630 | PRODML is a family of XML and Web Services based upstream oil and natural gas industry standards from Energistics and its PRODML Special Interest Group (PRODML SIG). PRODML Standards support automated production data acquisition, operations monitoring, optimization, reporting, and configuration management business proc... | PRODML | 0.779543 |
93,631 | Shenzhen NORCO Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd (NORCO, 华北工控), is a Chinese company with 30 branch offices, employing over 700 employees. Founded in 1991 and headquartered in Shenzhen, China, it is a manufacturer of industrial PCs and embedded computers. NORCO industrial PC products include CPU cards, embedded industria... | Shenzhen NORCO Intelligent Technology | 0.779543 |
93,632 | In organic chemistry, isodiazomethane, also known as isocyanamide, aminoisonitrile, or systematically as isocyanoamine, is the parent compound of a class of derivatives of general formula R2N–NC. It has the condensed formula H2N–N+≡C–, making it an isomer of diazomethane. It is prepared by protonating an ethereal solut... | Isodiazomethane | 0.779542 |
93,633 | This treatment, however, applied to Alexander–Spanier cohomology with compact supports, as applied to proper maps of locally compact Hausdorff spaces, as the derivation of the spectral sequence required a fine sheaf of real differential graded algebras on the total space, which was obtained by pulling back the de Rham ... | Leray spectral sequence | 0.77954 |
93,634 | In mathematics, the Leray spectral sequence was a pioneering example in homological algebra, introduced in 1946 by Jean Leray. It is usually seen nowadays as a special case of the Grothendieck spectral sequence. | Leray spectral sequence | 0.77954 |
93,635 | The sign of the weight of a tensor density, such as the weight of the determinant of the covariant metric tensor. The active and passive sign convention of current, voltage and power in electrical engineering. A sign convention used for curved mirrors assigns a positive focal length to concave mirrors and a negative fo... | Sign convention | 0.779537 |
93,636 | In fact, the second definition of the Ricci tensor is R a b = R a c b c {\displaystyle R_{ab}\,={R_{acb}}^{c}} . The sign of the Ricci tensor does not change, because the two sign conventions concern the sign of the Riemann tensor. The second definition just compensates the sign, and it works together with the second d... | Sign convention | 0.779537 |
93,637 | (−,+,+,+): Spacelike convention Relativity convention East coast convention Mostly pluses Pauli conventionCataloged below are the choices of various authors of some graduate textbooks: (+,−,−,−): Landau & Lifshitz Gravitation: an introduction to current research (L. Witten) Ray D'Inverno, Introducing Einstein's relativ... | Sign convention | 0.779537 |
93,638 | In relativity, the metric signature can be either (+,−,−,−) or (−,+,+,+). (Note that throughout this article we are displaying the signs of the eigenvalues of the metric in the order that presents the timelike component first, followed by the spacelike components). A similar convention is used in higher-dimensional rel... | Sign convention | 0.779537 |
93,639 | In physics, a sign convention is a choice of the physical significance of signs (plus or minus) for a set of quantities, in a case where the choice of sign is arbitrary. "Arbitrary" here means that the same physical system can be correctly described using different choices for the signs, as long as one set of definitio... | Sign convention | 0.779537 |
93,640 | Rédei GP (2003). "Ohno's law." Encyclopedic dictionary of genetics, genomics, and proteomics, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Liss, p. | Ohno's law | 0.779536 |
93,641 | Levetiracetam is available as regular and extended release oral formulations and as intravenous formulations.The immediate release tablet has been available as a generic in the United States since 2008, and in the UK since 2011. The patent for the extended release tablet will expire in 2028.The branded version Keppra i... | Levetiracetam | 0.779536 |
93,642 | The Data-based Online Nonlinear Extremumseeker (DONE) algorithm is a black-box optimization algorithm. DONE models the unknown cost function and attempts to find an optimum of the underlying function. The DONE algorithm is suitable for optimizing costly and noisy functions and does not require derivatives. An advantage... | DONE | 0.779535 |
93,643 | 3D triangulation and triangle mesh optimization In order to enable the possibility of model texturing, the edited point cloud is transformed into a triangulated irregular network (triangle mesh). Correct 3D data triangulation is a non-trivial task due to potential scan shadows, vegetation, sharp topography changes and ... | Digital outcrop model | 0.779534 |
93,644 | A photo panel is a mosaic of several images, commonly used in geology for outcrop documentation and reference to geometric object properties. Scale of such photo panels is approximately established to assess size of different geological features. However, these measures normally contain errors associated with the disto... | Digital outcrop model | 0.779534 |
93,645 | The growth process of city sizes is proportionate and invariant with respect to size. From the central limit theorem therefore, the log of city size is normally distributed. The number of sexual partners appears to be best described by a log-normal distribution. | Log normal | 0.779532 |
93,646 | The fat tailed distribution of changes during stock market crashes invalidate the assumptions of the central limit theorem. In scientometrics, the number of citations to journal articles and patents follows a discrete log-normal distribution. City sizes (population) satisfy Gibrat's Law. | Log normal | 0.779532 |
93,647 | It is a convenient and useful model for measurements in exact and engineering sciences, as well as medicine, economics and other topics (e.g., energies, concentrations, lengths, prices of financial instruments, and other metrics). The distribution is occasionally referred to as the Galton distribution or Galton's distr... | Log normal | 0.779532 |
93,648 | In probability theory, a log-normal (or lognormal) distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if the random variable X is log-normally distributed, then Y = ln(X) has a normal distribution. Equivalently, if Y has a normal distribution, then ... | Log normal | 0.779532 |
93,649 | LD values for humans are best estimated by extrapolating results from human cell cultures. One form of measuring LD is to use model organisms, particularly animals like mice or rats, converting to dosage per kilogram of biomass, and extrapolating to human norms. The degree of error from animal-extrapolated LD values is... | Lethal dose | 0.779531 |
93,650 | Examples of the phenomenon exist among robotics, 3D computer animations and lifelike dolls. The rising prevalence of technologies e.g., virtual reality, augmented reality, and photorealistic computer animation has propagated discussions and citations of the "valley"; such conversation has enhanced the construct's veris... | Uncanny valley | 0.77953 |
93,651 | The experience of the very humanlike "living" robot can be so rich and compelling that it challenges humans' notions of "specialness" and existential defenses, eliciting existential anxiety. In folklore, the creation of human-like, but soulless, beings is often shown to be unwise, as with the golem in Judaism, whose ab... | Uncanny valley | 0.77953 |
93,652 | Examples of virtual actors that have received such criticism include replicas of Arnold Schwarzenegger in Terminator Salvation (2009) and Terminator Genisys (2015), Jeff Bridges in Tron: Legacy (2010), Peter Cushing and Carrie Fisher in Rogue One (2016), and Will Smith in Gemini Man (2019).The use of virtual actors is ... | Uncanny valley | 0.77953 |
93,653 | Robotics professor Masahiro Mori first introduced the concept in 1970 from his book titled Bukimi No Tani (不気味の谷), phrasing it as bukimi no tani genshō (不気味の谷現象, lit. 'uncanny valley phenomenon'). Bukimi no tani was literally translated as uncanny valley in the 1978 book Robots: Fact, Fiction, and Prediction written by... | Uncanny valley | 0.77953 |
93,654 | 1884: Herman Hollerith files a patent application titled "Art of Compiling Statistics"; granted U.S. Patent 395,782 on January 8, 1889. 1886: First use of tabulating machine in Baltimore's Department of Health. 1887: Hollerith files a patent application for an integrating tabulator (granted in 1890). | Unit record equipment | 0.779529 |
93,655 | This is the situation in p-n junctions, for instance. A semiconductor diode is thus commonly used as a noise source by passing a particular DC current through it. In other situations interactions can lead to an enhancement of shot noise, which is the result of a super-poissonian statistics. | Poisson noise | 0.779528 |
93,656 | The correct result takes into account the quantum statistics of electrons and reads (at zero temperature) S = 2 e 3 π ℏ | V | ∑ n T n ( 1 − T n ) . {\displaystyle S={\frac {2e^{3}}{\pi \hbar }}\vert V\vert \sum _{n}T_{n}(1-T_{n})\ .} | Poisson noise | 0.779528 |
93,657 | In the simplest case, these transmission eigenvalues can be taken to be energy independent and so the Landauer formula is I = e 2 π ℏ V ∑ n T n , {\displaystyle I={\frac {e^{2}}{\pi \hbar }}V\sum _{n}T_{n}\ ,} where V {\displaystyle V} is the applied voltage. This provides for S = 2 e 3 π ℏ | V | ∑ n T n , {\displaysty... | Poisson noise | 0.779528 |
93,658 | The result by Schottky, based on the assumption that the statistics of electrons passage is Poissonian, reads for the spectral noise density at the frequency f {\displaystyle f} , S ( f ) = 2 e | I | , {\displaystyle S(f)=2e\vert I\vert \ ,} where e {\displaystyle e} is the electron charge, and I {\displaystyle I} is t... | Poisson noise | 0.779528 |
93,659 | For instance, a microwave circuit operates on time scales of less than a nanosecond and if we were to have a current of 16 nanoamperes that would amount to only 100 electrons passing every nanosecond. According to Poisson statistics the actual number of electrons in any nanosecond would vary by 10 electrons rms, so tha... | Poisson noise | 0.779528 |
93,660 | The flux signal that is incident on a detector is calculated as follows, in units of photons: where c is the speed of light, and h is the Planck constant. Following Poisson statistics, the photon noise is calculated as the square root of the signal: The SNR for a CCD camera can be calculated from the following equation... | Poisson noise | 0.779527 |
93,661 | The SAICE Journal is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all aspects of civil engineering relevant to Africa. The journal is indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded. | SAICE Journal | 0.779527 |
93,662 | SNMP's powerful write capabilities, which would allow the configuration of network devices, are not being fully utilized by many vendors, partly because of a lack of security in SNMP versions before SNMPv3, and partly because many devices simply are not capable of being configured via individual MIB object changes. Som... | Simple Network Management Protocol | 0.779526 |
93,663 | SNMP version 2 introduces the option for 64-bit data counters. Version 1 was designed only with 32-bit counters which can store integer values from zero to 4.29 billion (precisely 4,294,967,295). A 32-bit version 1 counter cannot store the maximum speed of a 10 gigabit or larger interface, expressed in bits per second.... | Simple Network Management Protocol | 0.779526 |
93,664 | Oxygen balance applies to traditional explosives mechanics with the assumption that carbon is oxidized to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide during detonation. In what seems like a paradox to an explosives expert, Cold Detonation Physics uses carbon in its most highly oxidized state as the source of oxygen in the form ... | High explosives | 0.779526 |
93,665 | One committee member insisted there was no need to travel to Saskatoon in the dead of winter before deciding, as he had visited UWO and was convinced it should be the place. However, in 1996 the committee, which did in fact visit Saskatoon, recommended that the CLS be built in Saskatchewan. The reluctant member had bee... | Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory | 0.779525 |
93,666 | Around 1947 members of the Department of Physics at the University of Saskatchewan decided to obtain a 25 MeV Betatron. The principal interest was in nuclear physics, but they were also interested In the possible therapeutic uses for the treatment of cancer, and they obtained support from then-Saskatchewan Premier Tomm... | Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory | 0.779525 |
93,667 | For radiation protection purposes the accelerator and research facilities were housed in an underground building with 10 feet of compacted gravel above it and considerably thicker shielding over the regions where the full beam intensity was diverted into the experimental areas. Part of the ancillary equipment included ... | Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory | 0.779525 |
93,668 | The first experiment was performed by a group from MIT in 1965.The accelerator was designed and constructed by Varian Associates. It was a four-section 140 MeV machine operating, with the first section designed for higher current (and thus lower energy) for radiation chemistry. A 270" magnetic system at the end of the ... | Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory | 0.779525 |
93,669 | The construction of the Linear Accelerator (LINAC) was announced in September 1961, and was portrayed as the next logical step on the University's research path. The 80-foot electron accelerator tube was to create energy six times that of the betatron. The cost of the $1,750,000 facility was split between NRC and the U... | Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory | 0.779525 |
93,670 | The Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL) was a linear accelerator facility on the University of Saskatchewan campus in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The facility was constructed in 1962 at a cost of $1.7M under the direction of Leon Katz. SAL was identified by the OECD as a National Large-Scale Facility. SAL pr... | Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory | 0.779525 |
93,671 | As an economical solution, the ring was squeezed into the existing building by the "ingenious expedient" of hanging it from the ceiling. An energy compression system was also installed in the late 1980s, and by 1990, with EROS operational, SAL was once more at the forefront of medium energy nuclear physics. In 1991 the... | Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory | 0.779525 |
93,672 | In differential calculus, the domain-straightening theorem states that, given a vector field X {\displaystyle X} on a manifold, there exist local coordinates y 1 , … , y n {\displaystyle y_{1},\dots ,y_{n}} such that X = ∂ / ∂ y 1 {\displaystyle X=\partial /\partial y_{1}} in a neighborhood of a point where X {\display... | Straightening theorem for vector fields | 0.779524 |
93,673 | Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } (and thus ψ {\displaystyle \psi } ) is smooth by smooth dependence on initial conditions in ordinary differential equations. It follows that ∂ ∂ x 1 ψ ( x ) = f ( ψ ( x ) ) {\displaystyle {\partial \over \partial x_{1}}\psi (x)=f(\psi (x))} ,and, since ψ ( 0 , x 2 , … , x n ) = Φ ( 0 , ( 0 , x 2... | Straightening theorem for vector fields | 0.779524 |
93,674 | In microbiology, a cell spreader or plate spreader is a tool used to smoothly spread cells and bacteria on a culture plate, such as a petri dish. Cell spreaders can be made from glass, plastic, or metal, and come in various shapes. A Drigalski spatula is a cell spreader consisting of a cylindrical rod or wire bent in t... | Cell spreader | 0.779523 |
93,675 | The unstructured problem with fit measured by the Frobenius norm, i.e., minimize over D ^ ‖ D − D ^ ‖ F subject to rank ( D ^ ) ≤ r {\displaystyle {\text{minimize}}\quad {\text{over }}{\widehat {D}}\quad \|D-{\widehat {D}}\|_{\text{F}}\quad {\text{subject to}}\quad \operatorname {rank} {\big (}{\widehat {D}}{\big )}\... | Low rank approximation | 0.779522 |
93,676 | The image representation of the rank constraint suggests a parameter optimization method in which the cost function is minimized alternatively over one of the variables ( P {\displaystyle P} or L {\displaystyle L} ) with the other one fixed. Although simultaneous minimization over both P {\displaystyle P} and L {\displ... | Low rank approximation | 0.779522 |
93,677 | The method is effective when the number of eliminated variables is much larger than the number of optimization variables left at the stage of the nonlinear least squares minimization. Such problems occur in system identification, parameterized in the kernel form, where the eliminated variables are the approximating tra... | Low rank approximation | 0.779522 |
93,678 | The original problem is therefore equivalent to the nonlinear least squares problem of minimizing f ( P ) {\displaystyle f(P)} with respect to P {\displaystyle P} . For this purpose standard optimization methods, e.g. the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm can be used. Matlab implementation of the variable projections algor... | Low rank approximation | 0.779522 |
93,679 | The Frobenius norm weights uniformly all elements of the approximation error D − D ^ {\displaystyle D-{\widehat {D}}} . Prior knowledge about distribution of the errors can be taken into account by considering the weighted low-rank approximation problem minimize over D ^ vec ( D − D ^ ) ⊤ W vec ( D − D ^ ) subject ... | Low rank approximation | 0.779522 |
93,680 | However, in spite of their effectiveness in classifying short-time units such as individual phonemes and isolated words, early neural networks were rarely successful for continuous recognition tasks because of their limited ability to model temporal dependencies. One approach to this limitation was to use neural networ... | Speech to Text | 0.779521 |
93,681 | Neural networks emerged as an attractive acoustic modeling approach in ASR in the late 1980s. Since then, neural networks have been used in many aspects of speech recognition such as phoneme classification, phoneme classification through multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, isolated word recognition, audiovisual sp... | Speech to Text | 0.779521 |
93,682 | Zhang and colleagues prepared a series of robust and crosslinked poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)s (PPO) AEMs with chemically stable imidazolium cations through quaternization of C1, C3, C4-substituted imidazole and crosslinking them via "thiol-ene" chemistry. These crosslinked AEMs showed excellent film forming ... | Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells | 0.779521 |
93,683 | There are many types of acoustician, but they usually have a Bachelor's degree or higher qualification. Some possess a degree in acoustics, while others enter the discipline via studies in fields such as physics or engineering. Much work in acoustics requires a good grounding in Mathematics and science. Many acoustic s... | Acoustics | 0.779521 |
93,684 | Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an... | Acoustics | 0.779521 |
93,685 | Substantial progress in acoustics, resting on firmer mathematical and physical concepts, was made during the eighteenth century by Euler (1707–1783), Lagrange (1736–1813), and d'Alembert (1717–1783). During this era, continuum physics, or field theory, began to receive a definite mathematical structure. The wave equati... | Acoustics | 0.779521 |
93,686 | The Tevatron confirmed the existence of several subatomic particles that were predicted by theoretical particle physics, or gave suggestions to their existence. In 1995, the CDF experiment and DØ experiment collaborations announced the discovery of the top quark, and by 2007 they measured its mass (172 GeV) to a precis... | Tevatron | 0.77952 |
93,687 | Alternatively, for any point on the surface, there is a line on the surface passing through it. Indeed, Catalan proved in 1842 that the helicoid and the plane were the only ruled minimal surfaces.A helicoid is also a translation surface in the sense of differential geometry. The helicoid and the catenoid are parts of a... | Helicoid | 0.779519 |
93,688 | In an N-atomic polyatomic molecule there are 3N-6 vibrational coordinates (3N-5 for a linear molecule) that enter into the electronic Hamiltonian as parameters. For a diatomic molecule there is only one such coordinate, the bond length r. Thus, due to the avoided crossing theorem, in a diatomic molecule we cannot have ... | Avoided crossing | 0.779518 |
93,689 | Study of a two-level system is of vital importance in quantum mechanics because it embodies simplification of many of physically realizable systems. The effect of perturbation on a two-state system Hamiltonian is manifested through avoided crossings in the plot of individual energy vs energy difference curve of the eig... | Avoided crossing | 0.779518 |
93,690 | This is particularly important in quantum chemistry. In the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, the electronic molecular Hamiltonian is diagonalized on a set of distinct molecular geometries (the obtained eigenvalues are the values of the adiabatic potential energy surfaces). The geometries for which the potential energy s... | Avoided crossing | 0.779518 |
93,691 | In quantum physics and quantum chemistry, an avoided crossing (sometimes called intended crossing, non-crossing or anticrossing) is the phenomenon where two eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix representing a quantum observable and depending on N continuous real parameters cannot become equal in value ("cross") except on ... | Avoided crossing | 0.779518 |
93,692 | 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl azide (trisyl azide) is an organic chemical used as a reagent to supply azide for electrophilic amination reactions, such as for the asymmetric synthesis of unnatural amino acids. Introduction of an azide on the α carbon of carboxylic acid derivative using trisyl azide is an efficient ... | 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl azide | 0.779517 |
93,693 | He argued that rigid molecules with a slight mismatch to the transition state cannot be an efficient catalyst. Rather than investing so much synthesis effort on one rigid molecule that we cannot determine its precise geometry to the sub-angstrom level which is required for good stabilization, Sanders suggested the use ... | Supramolecular catalysis | 0.779514 |
93,694 | Supramolecular catalysis is not a well-defined field but it generally refers to an application of supramolecular chemistry, especially molecular recognition and guest binding, toward catalysis. This field was originally inspired by enzymatic system which, unlike classical organic chemistry reactions, utilizes non-coval... | Supramolecular catalysis | 0.779514 |
93,695 | The term supramolecular chemistry is defined by Jean-Marie Lehn as "the chemistry of intermolecular bond, covering structures and functions of the entities formed by association of two or more chemical species" in his Nobel lecture in 1987, but the concept of supramolecular catalysis was started way earlier in 1946 by ... | Supramolecular catalysis | 0.779514 |
93,696 | After many decades since its inception, supramolecular chemistry's application in practical catalysis remains elusive. Supramolecular catalysis has not yet made significant contribution in the area of industrial chemistry or synthetic methodology. Here are few problems associated with this field. | Supramolecular catalysis | 0.779514 |
93,697 | This interpretation relies upon an interactionist form of dualism that is inconsistent with the materialism that is commonly used to understand the brain, and accepted by most scientists. (Materialism assumes that consciousness has no special role in relation to quantum mechanics.) The measurement problem notwithstandi... | Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation | 0.779512 |
93,698 | In his 1932 book The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, John von Neumann argued that the mathematics of quantum mechanics allows the collapse of the wave function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the "subjective perception" of the human observer. In 1939, Fritz... | Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation | 0.779512 |
93,699 | In the Presence of Dinosaurs focuses predominantly on the dinosaurs of North America over the course of five different time periods and details the flora, fauna, geology and geography of each time period in a manner akin to a naturalist's viewpoint. The book is divided into seven chapters, each supplemented with illust... | In the Presence of Dinosaurs | 0.779512 |
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