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93,500 | In physics, the use of plus and minus signs for different electrical charges was introduced by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. In chemistry, superscripted plus and minus signs are used to indicate an ion with a positive or negative charge of 1 (e.g., NH+4 ). If the charge is greater than 1, a number indicating the charge ... | Positive sign | 0.779619 |
93,501 | The Unicode character used for the tone letter (U+02D7) is different from the mathematical minus sign. The plus sign sometimes represents /ɨ/ in the orthography of Huichol.In the algebraic notation used to record games of chess, the plus sign + is used to denote a move that puts the opponent into check, while a double ... | Positive sign | 0.779619 |
93,502 | In molecular biology, the protein domain SAND is named after a range of proteins in the protein family: Sp100, AIRE-1, NucP41/75, DEAF-1. It is localised in the cell nucleus and has an important function in chromatin-dependent transcriptional control. It is found solely in eukaryotes. | SAND DNA-binding protein domain | 0.77961 |
93,503 | Laser ablation synthesis in solution (LASiS) is a commonly used method for obtaining colloidal solution of nanoparticles in a variety of solvents. Nanoparticles (NPs,), are useful in chemistry, engineering and biochemistry due to their large surface-to-volume ratio that causes them to have unique physical properties. L... | Laser ablation synthesis in solution | 0.77961 |
93,504 | In molecular biology, the GGDEF domain is a protein domain which appears to be ubiquitous in bacteria and is often linked to a regulatory domain, such as a phosphorylation receiver or oxygen sensing domain. Its function is to act as a diguanylate cyclase and synthesize cyclic di-GMP, which is used as an intracellular s... | GGDEF domain | 0.779608 |
93,505 | Shannon's theorem can describe the maximum data rate of any single wireless link, which relates to the bandwidth in hertz and to the noise on the channel. One can greatly increase channel capacity by using MIMO techniques, where multiple aerials or multiple frequencies can exploit multiple paths to the receiver to achi... | Wireless computer network | 0.779608 |
93,506 | R's statistics base-package implements the test cor.test(x, y, method = "spearman") in its "stats" package (also cor(x, y, method = "spearman") will work. The package spearmanCI computes confidence intervals. The package hermiter computes fast batch estimates of the Spearman correlation along with sequential estimates ... | Spearman's rank correlation coefficient | 0.779607 |
93,507 | In statistics, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient or Spearman's ρ, named after Charles Spearman and often denoted by the Greek letter ρ {\displaystyle \rho } (rho) or as r s {\displaystyle r_{s}} , is a nonparametric measure of rank correlation (statistical dependence between the rankings of two variables). It ass... | Spearman's rank correlation coefficient | 0.779607 |
93,508 | In the science fiction novel Midnight at the Well of Souls, magic exists, but is explained scientifically. Some fictional worlds modify the real-world laws of physics; faster-than-light travel is a common factor in much science fiction. Worldbuilding may combine physics and magic, such as in the Dark Tower series and t... | Constructed world | 0.779606 |
93,509 | Perhaps the most basic consideration of worldbuilding is to what degree a fictional world will be based on real-world physics compared to magic. While magic is a more common element of fantasy settings, science fiction worlds can contain magic or technological equivalents of it. For example, the Biotics in the science ... | Constructed world | 0.779606 |
93,510 | Worldbuilding is the process of constructing a world, originally an imaginary one, sometimes associated with a fictional universe. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as a history, geography, and ecology is a key task for many science fiction or fantasy writers. Worldbuilding often involves the... | Constructed world | 0.779606 |
93,511 | Prefix is the basic building block of a sequential component: the process (a, r).P performs activity a at rate r before evolving to behave as component P. Choice sets up a competition between two possible alternatives: in the process (a, r).P + (b, s).Q either a wins the race (and the process subsequently behaves as P)... | PEPA | 0.779606 |
93,512 | The language is formally defined using a structured operational semantics in the style invented by Gordon Plotkin. As with most process algebras, PEPA is a parsimonious language. It has only four combinators, prefix, choice, co-operation and hiding. | PEPA | 0.779606 |
93,513 | Performance Evaluation Process Algebra (PEPA) is a stochastic process algebra designed for modelling computer and communication systems introduced by Jane Hillston in the 1990s. The language extends classical process algebras such as Milner's CCS and Hoare's CSP by introducing probabilistic branching and timing of tran... | PEPA | 0.779606 |
93,514 | In physics, Lami's theorem is an equation relating the magnitudes of three coplanar, concurrent and non-collinear vectors, which keeps an object in static equilibrium, with the angles directly opposite to the corresponding vectors. According to the theorem, A sin α = B sin β = C sin γ {\displaystyle {\frac {A}{\s... | Lami's theorem | 0.779606 |
93,515 | Drip lines are defined for protons, neutrons, and alpha particles, and these all play important roles in nuclear physics. The difference in binding energy between neighboring nuclides increases as the sides of the valley of stability are ascended, and correspondingly the nuclide half-lives decrease, as indicated in the... | Valley of stability | 0.779606 |
93,516 | In nuclear physics, the valley of stability (also called the belt of stability, nuclear valley, energy valley, or beta stability valley) is a characterization of the stability of nuclides to radioactivity based on their binding energy. Nuclides are composed of protons and neutrons. The shape of the valley refers to the... | Valley of stability | 0.779606 |
93,517 | Researchers have developed an array of operating modes and methods for Scanning probe microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. The use and application of such methods requires SPM or AFM instruments equipped with method-specific SPM or AFM probes. Nanosensors supplies SPM or AFM users worldwide with a range of such meth... | Nanosensors (company) | 0.779602 |
93,518 | Stratocladistics is a technique in phylogenetics of making phylogenetic inferences using both geological and morphobiological data. It follows many of the same rules as cladistics, using Bayesian logic to quantify how good a phylogenetic hypothesis is in terms of debt and parsimony. However, in addition to the morpholo... | Stratocladistics | 0.779601 |
93,519 | In mathematics, the Bott periodicity theorem describes a periodicity in the homotopy groups of classical groups, discovered by Raoul Bott (1957, 1959), which proved to be of foundational significance for much further research, in particular in K-theory of stable complex vector bundles, as well as the stable homotopy gr... | Bott periodicity theorem | 0.779599 |
93,520 | Marine resources are resources (physical and biological entities) that are found in oceans and are useful for humans. The term was popularized through Sustainable Development Goal 14 which is about "Life below water" and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The offic... | Marine resources | 0.779598 |
93,521 | ISO/TS 80004-5:2011 Nanotechnologies—Vocabulary—Part 5: Nano/bio interfacethe interface between nanomaterials and biology...intended to facilitate communications between scientists, engineers, technologists, designers, manufacturers, regulators, NGOs, consumer organizations, members of the public and others with an int... | ISO/TS 80004 | 0.779598 |
93,522 | The ISO/TS 80004 series of standards, from the International Organization for Standardization, describe vocabulary for nanotechnology and its applications. These were largely motivated by health, safety and environment concerns, many of them originally elaborated by Eric Drexler in his 1985 Engines of Creation and echo... | ISO/TS 80004 | 0.779598 |
93,523 | In the late 2000s, as DNA sequencing became more accessible, so did the error rate in public DNA databases. As late as 2010, the US General Accounting Office reported, "Public databases seldom use validated fish standards and thus are likely to contain incomplete and/or inaccurate DNA sequences." The authors of "What c... | Seafood mislabelling | 0.779597 |
93,524 | Both pyroxene and olivine, common asteroid minerals, can hydrate in this manner. This, too, is considered water within the geochemistry and geophysics fields.Solar System science and asteroid mining ascribe hydrated minerals as containing water, in a similar sense as ice giant.On a macroscopic scale, some thickness of ... | Asteroidal water | 0.779593 |
93,525 | When freed from the crystal structure, hydroxide reverts to water and oxygen. These are considered water, in the usage of geochemistry and Solar System science.Short of this binding, a surface may retain a monolayer or bilayer of water molecules or hydroxide. Phyllosilicate minerals assemble into microscopic plates, sh... | Asteroidal water | 0.779593 |
93,526 | The Institute encourages industries to share the technological problems faced them, such that efforts could be made in developing a viable solution. Confidentiality is strictly maintained. Work on plant adaptation studies and high altitude medicinal plants are further strengthened by the field lab ”Centre for High Alti... | Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology | 0.779592 |
93,527 | C.S.I.R - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology or CSIR-IHBT established in 1983 is a constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. This institute located in Palampur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India is engaged in various advanced research aspects of Himalayan Bio-resources and modern... | Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology | 0.779592 |
93,528 | NonStop SQL is a commercial relational database management system that is designed for fault tolerance and scalability, currently offered by Hewlett Packard Enterprise. The latest version is SQL/MX 3.4. The product was originally developed by Tandem Computers. Tandem was acquired by Compaq in 1997. | NonStop SQL | 0.779592 |
93,529 | The conjecture is true for the two-dimensional case. However, counterexamples have been constructed in higher dimensions. Hence, in the two-dimensional case only, it can also be referred to as the Markus–Yamabe theorem. Related mathematical results concerning global asymptotic stability, which are applicable in dimensi... | Markus–Yamabe conjecture | 0.779591 |
93,530 | Following the detailed design, the first modules of the detector array were delivered in the summer of 2002. During the following year all modules were assembled and tested by undergraduate students at their school, and finally added to form the complete array at the NSCL. The MoNA collaboration continued after the ini... | Modular Neutron Array | 0.77959 |
93,531 | The Modular Neutron Array (MoNA) is a large-area, high-efficiency neutron detector that is used in basic research of rare isotopes at Michigan State University's National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL), a nuclear physics research facility. It is specifically designed for detecting neutrons stemming from br... | Modular Neutron Array | 0.77959 |
93,532 | In quantum and theoretical chemistry, an intruder state is a particular situation arising in perturbative evaluations, where the energy of the perturbers is comparable in magnitude to the energy associated to the zero order wavefunction. In this case, a divergent behavior occurs, due to the nearly zero denominator in t... | Intruder state | 0.779588 |
93,533 | The Cleveland open-cup method is one of three main methods in chemistry for determining the flash point of a petroleum product using a Cleveland open-cup apparatus, also known as a Cleveland open-cup tester. First, the test cup of the apparatus (usually brass) is filled to a certain level with a portion of the product.... | Cleveland open cup method | 0.779587 |
93,534 | Common questions include: design of experiments and research studies plotting data measurement instruments (choosing, constructing and analysing) determination of adequate sample size to detect a hypothesised effect determination of an adequate sampling procedure for a study, survey or experiment supervision of data co... | Statistical consultant | 0.779586 |
93,535 | Although statisticians were traditionally trained largely on a technical skill set, modern training focuses on more than methodological questions. It also emphasizes advisors to be proficient in communication, teamwork, and problem-solving skills. They have to be able to elicit explanations from clients and give clear ... | Statistical consultant | 0.779586 |
93,536 | Project statisticians, in particular, are embedded with research groups and often developed a deep understanding not just of statistics, but also of the research topics themselves. In contrast, independent advisors are often only consulted on specific questions, and may be less involved with the project as a whole. Dis... | Statistical consultant | 0.779586 |
93,537 | Methodological advisors generally have post-graduate training in statistics and relevant practical experience. Advisors may also have significant education and experience in the particular field they work in. Some universities offer specific graduate programmes in fields such as biostatistics, psychological methods, or... | Statistical consultant | 0.779586 |
93,538 | John Robinson created a sculpture Eternity based on the shape in 1989, this had a triangular cross-section rather than a deltoid of a true Umbilic bracelet. This appeared on the cover of Geometric Differentiation by Ian R. Porteous. Helaman Ferguson has created a 27-inch (69 centimeters) bronze sculpture, Umbilic Torus... | Umbilic torus | 0.779585 |
93,539 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4-5 square honeycomb is a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) with Schläfli symbol {4,4,5}. It has five square tiling {4,4} around each edge. All vertices are ultra-ideal (existing beyond the ideal boundary) with infinitely many square tiling existing aroun... | Order-6 square tiling honeycomb | 0.779585 |
93,540 | Given the existence of a Godlike object in one world, proven above, we may conclude that there is a Godlike object in every possible world, as required (theorem 4). Besides axiom 1-5 and definition 1-3, a few other axioms from modal logic were tacitly used in the proof. From these hypotheses, it is also possible to pro... | Gödel's ontological proof | 0.779585 |
93,541 | To this end, he defines essences: if x is an object in some world, then a property φ is said to be an essence of x if φ(x) is true in that world and if φ necessarily entails all other properties that x has in that world (definition 2). Requiring positive properties being positive in every possible world (axiom 4), Göde... | Gödel's ontological proof | 0.779585 |
93,542 | Gödel then argues that each positive property is "possibly exemplified", i.e. applies at least to some object in some world (theorem 1). Defining an object to be Godlike if it has all positive properties (definition 1), and requiring that property to be positive itself (axiom 3), Gödel shows that in some possible world... | Gödel's ontological proof | 0.779585 |
93,543 | Christoph Benzmüller and Bruno Woltzenlogel-Paleo formalized Gödel's proof to a level that is suitable for automated theorem proving or at least computer verification via proof assistants. The effort made headlines in German newspapers. According to the authors of this effort, they were inspired by Melvin Fitting's boo... | Gödel's ontological proof | 0.779585 |
93,544 | "There are, however, many more criticisms, most focusing on the question of whether these axioms must be rejected to avoid odd conclusions. The broader criticism is that even if the axioms cannot be shown to be false, that does not mean that they are true. Hilbert's famous remark about interchangeability of the primiti... | Gödel's ontological proof | 0.779585 |
93,545 | Another is changing our energy use. One aspect of this is to adopt renewable energy sources. At the same time it is necessary to end subsidies to energy production through fossil fuels. | Ecological sustainability | 0.77958 |
93,546 | These include maintaining ecosystem services, reducing food waste, and promoting dietary shifts towards plant-based foods. Another is reducing population growth by cutting fertility rates. Others are promoting new green technologies, and adopting renewable energy sources while phasing out subsidies to fossil fuels. | Ecological sustainability | 0.77958 |
93,547 | Search engine technology Search algorithm Search engine image protection Search engine indexing Search engine optimization Search engine results page Search engine software Search engine submission Search engine optimization copywriting Web crawler | Outline of search engines | 0.779579 |
93,548 | The compound is colourless, but most samples appear yellow. This is most likely due to the presence of the impurity OsO2, which is yellow-brown in colour. In biology, its property of binding to lipids has made it a widely-used stain in electron microscopy. | Osmic acid | 0.779578 |
93,549 | It has been proposed that Alexander the Great was poisoned by drinking the water of the river Mavroneri (identified with the mythological River Styx) which is postulated to have been contaminated by this compound. However, toxicologists believe an extensive knowledge of biological chemistry would have been requisite fo... | Calicheamicin | 0.779577 |
93,550 | In cryptography, CMAC is a block cipher-based message authentication code algorithm. It may be used to provide assurance of the authenticity and, hence, the integrity of data. This mode of operation fixes security deficiencies of CBC-MAC (CBC-MAC is secure only for fixed-length messages).The core of the CMAC algorithm ... | One-key MAC | 0.779575 |
93,551 | Some results toward proving the Kakeya conjecture are the following: The Kakeya conjecture is true for n = 1 (trivially) and n = 2 (Davies). In any n-dimensional space, Wolff showed that the dimension of a Kakeya set must be at least (n+2)/2. In 2002, Katz and Tao improved Wolff's bound to ( 2 − 2 ) ( n − 4 ) + 3 {\dis... | Kakeya conjecture | 0.779575 |
93,552 | Therefore, there is at least one non-trivial polynomial of degree less than |F| that vanishes on any given set with less than this number of points. Combining these two observations shows that Kakeya sets must have at least |F|n/n! points. It is not clear whether the techniques will extend to proving the original Kakey... | Kakeya conjecture | 0.779575 |
93,553 | It is known that there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line. Littlewood showed that if the sequence (γn) contains the imaginary parts of all zeros in the upper half-plane in ascending order, then lim n → ∞ ( γ n + 1 − γ n ) = 0. {\displaystyle \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }\left(\gamma _{n+1}-\gamma _{n}\right)... | Riemann Zeta Function | 0.779574 |
93,554 | Recent advancements in deep representation learning have been extended to survival estimation. The DeepSurv model proposes to replace the log-linear parameterization of the CoxPH model with a multi-layer perceptron. Further extensions like Deep Survival Machines and Deep Cox Mixtures involve the use of latent variable ... | Event history analysis | 0.779574 |
93,555 | The concept of ancilla bit can be extended for quantum computing in terms of ancilla qubits, that can be used for example in quantum error correction.Quantum catalysis uses ancilla qubits to store entangled states that enable tasks that would not normally be possible with local operations and classical communication (L... | Ancilla (quantum computing) | 0.779573 |
93,556 | Although the weaker exported browsers would only include weaker ciphers in its initial SSL handshake, the browser also contained stronger cryptography algorithms. There are two protocols involved to activate them. Netscape Communicator 4 used International Step-Up, which used the now obsolete insecure renegotiation to ... | Server gated cryptography | 0.779573 |
93,557 | Server-Gated Cryptography (SGC), also known as International Step-Up by Netscape, is a defunct mechanism that was used to step up from 40-bit or 56-bit to 128-bit cipher suites with SSL. It was created in response to United States federal legislation on the export of strong cryptography in the 1990s. The legislation ha... | Server gated cryptography | 0.779573 |
93,558 | Edges on the graph are named streams and direct data from one node to another. Together, the topology acts as a data transformation pipeline. At a superficial level the general topology structure is similar to a MapReduce job, with the main difference being that data is processed in real time as opposed to in individua... | Apache Storm | 0.779571 |
93,559 | Apache Storm is a distributed stream processing computation framework written predominantly in the Clojure programming language. Originally created by Nathan Marz and team at BackType, the project was open sourced after being acquired by Twitter. It uses custom created "spouts" and "bolts" to define information sources... | Apache Storm | 0.779571 |
93,560 | As Storm cannot monitor the state and health of cluster, it deploys ZooKeeper to solve this issue which connects Nimbus with the Supervisors. Components- Storm has three critical components: Topology, Stream, and Spout. Topology is a network made of Stream and Spout. Stream is an unbounded pipeline of tuples and Spout ... | Apache Storm | 0.779571 |
93,561 | The original upgrade to A6M has been extended in coordination with Canada and includes a crew-compartment cooling-system from the Leopard 2 A6M-HEL series, a new 20 kW auxiliary power unit based on the Steyr Motors M12 TCA UI engine, the Saab Barracuda Mobile Camouflage System (MCS) with Heat-Transfer Reduction (HTR Co... | Leguan bridge layer | 0.779571 |
93,562 | The Leela Chess Zero project was first announced on TalkChess.com on January 9, 2018. This revealed Leela Chess Zero as the open-source, self-learning chess engine it would come to be known as, with a goal of creating a strong chess engine. Within the first few months of training, Leela Chess Zero had already reached t... | Leela Chess Zero | 0.779568 |
93,563 | Leela Chess Zero (abbreviated as LCZero, lc0) is a free, open-source, and deep neural network–based chess engine and volunteer computing project. Development has been spearheaded by programmer Gary Linscott, who is also a developer for the Stockfish chess engine. Leela Chess Zero was adapted from the Leela Zero Go engi... | Leela Chess Zero | 0.779568 |
93,564 | In season 15 of the Top Chess Engine Championship, the engine AllieStein competed alongside Leela. AllieStein is a combination of two different spinoffs from Leela: Allie, which uses the same evaluation network as Leela, but has a unique search algorithm for exploring different lines of play, and Stein, an evaluation n... | Leela Chess Zero | 0.779568 |
93,565 | In the TCEC Cup 6 final, Leela lost to AllieStein, finishing second.Season 19 of TCEC saw Leela qualify for the superfinal again. This time it played against a new Stockfish version with support for NNUE, a shallow neural network–based evaluation function used primarily for the leaf nodes of the search tree. Stockfish ... | Leela Chess Zero | 0.779568 |
93,566 | In April 2019, Leela won the Chess.com Computer Chess Championship 7: Blitz Bonanza, becoming the first neural-network project to take the title.In the season 15 of the Top Chess Engine Championship (May 2019), Leela defended its TCEC cup title, this time defeating Stockfish in the final 5.5–4.5 (+2 =7 −1) after Stockf... | Leela Chess Zero | 0.779568 |
93,567 | In April 2018, Leela Chess Zero became the first engine using a deep neural network to enter the Top Chess Engine Championship (TCEC), during season 12 in the lowest division, division 4. Leela did not perform well: in 28 games, it won one, drew two, and lost the remainder; its sole victory came from a position in whic... | Leela Chess Zero | 0.779568 |
93,568 | During 2019 and 2020, cybersecurity firm Volexity discovered an attacker making suspicious usage of Microsoft products within the network of a think tank whose identity has not publicly been revealed. The attacker exploited a vulnerability in the organization's Microsoft Exchange Control Panel, and used a novel method ... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,569 | The Senate Armed Services Committee's cybersecurity subcommittee was briefed by Defense Department officials. The House Committee on Homeland Security and House Committee on Oversight and Reform announced an investigation. Marco Rubio, acting chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee, said the U.S. must retaliate, but... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,570 | "Cybersecurity author Bruce Schneier advocated against retaliation or increases in offensive capabilities, proposing instead the adoption of a defense-dominant strategy and ratification of the Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace or the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace.In the New York Times, ... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,571 | Once these additional footholds had been obtained, disabling the compromised Orion software would no longer be sufficient to sever the attackers' access to the target network. Having accessed data of interest, they encrypted and exfiltrated it.The attackers hosted their command-and-control servers on commercial cloud s... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,572 | SolarWinds, a Texas-based provider of network monitoring software to the U.S. federal government, had shown several security shortcomings prior to the attack. SolarWinds did not employ a chief information security officer or senior director of cybersecurity. | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,573 | Cyberconflict professor Thomas Rid said the stolen data would have myriad uses. He added that the amount of data taken was likely to be many times greater than during Moonlight Maze, and if printed would form a stack far taller than the Washington Monument.Even where data was not exfiltrated, the impact was significant... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,574 | FireEye gave the suspects the placeholder name "UNC2452"; incident response firm Volexity called them "Dark Halo". On December 23, 2020, the CEO of FireEye said Russia was the most likely culprit and the attacks were "very consistent" with the SVR. One security researcher offers the likely operational date, February 27... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,575 | FireEye named the malware SUNBURST. Microsoft called it Solorigate. The tool that the attackers used to insert SUNBURST into Orion updates was later isolated by cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike, who called it SUNSPOT.Subsequent analysis of the SolarWinds compromise using DNS data and reverse engineering of Orion binaries... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,576 | On December 8, 2020, the cybersecurity firm FireEye announced that red team tools had been stolen from it by what it believed to be a state-sponsored attacker. FireEye was believed to be a target of the SVR, Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service. FireEye says that it discovered the SolarWinds supply chain attack in the... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,577 | On December 8, 2020, before other organizations were known to have been breached, FireEye published countermeasures against the red team tools that had been stolen from FireEye.On December 15, 2020, Microsoft announced that SUNBURST, which only affects Windows platforms, had been added to Microsoft's malware database a... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,578 | NATO said that it was "currently assessing the situation, with a view to identifying and mitigating any potential risks to our networks." On December 18, the United Kingdom National Cyber Security Centre said that it was still establishing the attacks' impact on the UK. The UK and Irish cybersecurity agencies published... | SolarWinds hack | 0.779566 |
93,579 | In mathematics and especially in algebraic combinatorics, the Stanley symmetric functions are a family of symmetric functions introduced by Richard Stanley (1984) in his study of the symmetric group of permutations. Formally, the Stanley symmetric function Fw(x1, x2, ...) indexed by a permutation w is defined as a sum ... | Stanley symmetric function | 0.779565 |
93,580 | Often a multi-disciplinary approach is taken in compiling all the components of a Phase I study, since skills in chemistry, atmospheric physics, geology, microbiology and even botany are frequently required. Many of the preparers are environmental scientists who have been trained to integrate these diverse disciplines.... | Environmental Site Assessment | 0.779561 |
93,581 | The theoretical and practical basis for the harnessing of electric power was laid by the scientist and experimentalist Michael Faraday. Through his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current, Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. His inve... | Second Industrial Revolution | 0.77956 |
93,582 | Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell was particularly influential—his discoveries ushered in the era of modern physics. His most prominent achievement was to formulate a set of equations that described electricity, magnetism, and optics as manifestations of the same phenomenon, namely the electromagnetic field. The u... | Second Industrial Revolution | 0.77956 |
93,583 | The work of Justus von Liebig and August Wilhelm von Hofmann laid the groundwork for modern industrial chemistry. Liebig is considered the "father of the fertilizer industry" for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient and went on to establish Liebig's Extract of Meat Company which produced the Oxo mea... | Second Industrial Revolution | 0.77956 |
93,584 | Applied science opened many opportunities. By the middle of the 19th century there was a scientific understanding of chemistry and a fundamental understanding of thermodynamics and by the last quarter of the century both of these sciences were near their present-day basic form. Thermodynamic principles were used in the... | Second Industrial Revolution | 0.77956 |
93,585 | In 1913 these eight firms produced almost 90 percent of the world supply of dyestuffs, and sold about 80 percent of their production abroad. The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals, p... | Second Industrial Revolution | 0.77956 |
93,586 | The German Empire came to rival Britain as Europe's primary industrial nation during this period. Since Germany industrialized later, it was able to model its factories after those of Britain, thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology. Germany in... | Second Industrial Revolution | 0.77956 |
93,587 | Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1856. At the time, chemistry was still in a quite primitive state; it was still a difficult proposition to determine the arrangement of the elements in compounds and chemical industry was still in its infancy. Perkin's accidental discovery was that... | Second Industrial Revolution | 0.77956 |
93,588 | At a given point of time, degree distribution u ( n ) {\displaystyle u(n)} , is the probability that a randomly chosen monomer has n {\displaystyle n} connected neighbours. The central idea of the random graph theory of gelation is that a cross-linked or branched polymer can be studied separately at two levels: 1) mono... | Random graph theory of gelation | 0.779558 |
93,589 | Random graph theory of gelation is a mathematical theory for sol–gel processes. The theory is a collection of results that generalise the Flory–Stockmayer theory, and allow identification of the gel point, gel fraction, size distribution of polymers, molar mass distribution and other characteristics for a set of many p... | Random graph theory of gelation | 0.779558 |
93,590 | A lead (, rhymes with "reed") is a large fracture within an expanse of sea ice, defining a linear area of open water that can be used for navigation purposes. Leads vary in width from meters to hundreds of meters. As is the case for polynyas (another sea ice feature involving open water), leads allow the direct interac... | Lead (sea ice) | 0.779558 |
93,591 | In probability theory and statistics, the beta prime distribution (also known as inverted beta distribution or beta distribution of the second kind) is an absolutely continuous probability distribution. If p ∈ {\displaystyle p\in } has a beta distribution, then the odds p 1 − p {\displaystyle {\frac {p}{1-p}}} has a b... | Compound gamma distribution | 0.779556 |
93,592 | The j {\displaystyle j} -invariant is only sensitive to isomorphism classes of elliptic curves over the complex numbers, or more generally, an algebraically closed field. Over other fields there exist examples of elliptic curves whose j {\displaystyle j} -invariant is the same, but are non-isomorphic. For example, let ... | Elliptic modular function | 0.779551 |
93,593 | So far we have been considering j as a function of a complex variable. However, as an invariant for isomorphism classes of elliptic curves, it can be defined purely algebraically. Let y 2 + a 1 x y + a 3 y = x 3 + a 2 x 2 + a 4 x + a 6 {\displaystyle y^{2}+a_{1}xy+a_{3}y=x^{3}+a_{2}x^{2}+a_{4}x+a_{6}} be a plane ellipt... | Elliptic modular function | 0.779551 |
93,594 | Baruch Spinoza and David Hume provided accounts of reality that may be interpreted as neutral monism. Spinoza's metaphysics in Ethics argues for a monistic worldview, as well as a neutral one where body and mind are the same. H.H. Price argues that Hume's empiricism introduces a "neutral monist theory of sensation" as ... | Neutral monism | 0.779551 |
93,595 | Extrinsic properties are properties that exist by virtue of how they interact the world and are outwardly observable, such as structures and form. Intrinsic properties are properties exist by virtue of the way they are and are not necessarily outwardly observable. Astrophysicist Arthur Eddington notes that physics can ... | Neutral monism | 0.779551 |
93,596 | Russell was attracted to neutral monism due to its parsimony. In his view, neutral monism offered an "immense simplification" for metaphysics. The upshot of this is that neutral monism provides a solution to the hard problem of consciousness. Annaka Harris formulated the hard problem as "how experience arises out of no... | Neutral monism | 0.779551 |
93,597 | For example, a birthday cake is not fundamental because it can be reduced to its ingredients; a lego-house is not fundamental because it can be reduced to its constituent lego pieces; and a corporation is not fundamental because it can be reduced to its various buildings, employees, and so forth. In contrast, the funda... | Neutral monism | 0.779551 |
93,598 | The form of the population distribution of g is unknown, because g cannot be measured on a ratio scale. (The distributions of scores on typical IQ tests are roughly normal, but this is achieved by construction, i.e., by normalizing the raw scores.) It has been argued that there are nevertheless good reasons for supposi... | G factor (psychometrics) | 0.77955 |
93,599 | Scientists consider g to be a statistical regularity and uncontroversial, and a general cognitive factor appears in data collected from people in nearly every human culture. Yet, there is no consensus as to what causes the positive correlations between tests. Research in the field of behavioral genetics has shown that ... | G factor (psychometrics) | 0.77955 |
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