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94,300 | Very few ecosystems are without some type of disturbance as a regular and recurring part of the long term system dynamic. Fire and wind disturbances are particularly common throughout many vegetation types worldwide. Fire is particularly potent because of its ability to destroy not only living plants, but also the seed... | Vegetation cover | 0.779197 |
94,301 | In theoretical physics, Pauli–Villars regularization (P–V) is a procedure that isolates divergent terms from finite parts in loop calculations in field theory in order to renormalize the theory. Wolfgang Pauli and Felix Villars published the method in 1949, based on earlier work by Richard Feynman, Ernst Stueckelberg a... | Pauli–Villars regularization | 0.779197 |
94,302 | The LHCf (Large Hadron Collider forward) is a special-purpose Large Hadron Collider experiment for astroparticle (cosmic ray) physics, and one of nine detectors in the LHC accelerator at CERN. LHCf is designed to study the particles generated in the forward region of collisions, those almost directly in line with the c... | LHCf experiment | 0.779197 |
94,303 | All Gigabit Ethernet variants use a star topology. 1000BASE-X variants use 8b/10b PCS encoding. Initially, half-duplex mode was included in the standard but has since been abandoned. Very few devices support gigabit speed in half-duplex. | Ethernet physical layer | 0.779197 |
94,304 | All Fast Ethernet variants use a star topology and generally use 4B5B line coding. | Ethernet physical layer | 0.779197 |
94,305 | Some fiber connections have minimum cable lengths due to maximum level constraints on received signals. Fiber ports designed for long-haul wavelengths may require a signal attenuator if used within a building. 10BASE2 installations, running on RG-58 coaxial cable, require a minimum of 0.5 m between stations tapped into... | Ethernet physical layer | 0.779197 |
94,306 | In astronomy, an equinox is either of two places on the celestial sphere at which the ecliptic intersects the celestial equator. Although there are two such intersections, the equinox associated with the Sun's ascending node is used as the conventional origin of celestial coordinate systems and referred to simply as "t... | Equinox (celestial coordinates) | 0.779197 |
94,307 | Should it be centered on the Earth's center of mass, or on the Earth-Moon barycenter? Also with the introduction of the International Celestial Reference Frame, all objects near and far are put fundamentally in relationship to a large frame based on very distant fixed radio sources, and the choice of the origin is arbi... | Equinox (celestial coordinates) | 0.779197 |
94,308 | In modern astronomy the ecliptic and the equinox are diminishing in importance as required, or even convenient, reference concepts. (The equinox remains important in ordinary civil use, in defining the seasons, however.) This is for several reasons. One important reason is that it is difficult to be precise what the ec... | Equinox (celestial coordinates) | 0.779197 |
94,309 | Robot Award is an annual awards event set up by Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in 2006. It aims to promote research and development for the commercialization of robots and the use of robotics. In 2008, eight winners were selected from 65 applications.Robots that have provided outstanding service... | Robot Award | 0.779196 |
94,310 | Moreover, the link between trust and acceptance is at best indirect. Instead, trust has an influence on the perception of risks and benefits.CCS is embraced by the Shallow ecology worldview, which promotes the search for solutions to the effects of climate change in lieu of/in addition to addressing the causes. This in... | Carbon Capture and Storage | 0.779194 |
94,311 | Credentialed sonographers are then required to maintain competency in their field by obtaining a certain number of Continuing Medical Education credits, or CME's. In 2009, New Mexico and Oregon became the first two states to require licensure of sonographers.The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) is a professio... | Echocardiography | 0.779193 |
94,312 | The NCCA is the accrediting arm of the National Organization for Competency Assurance (NOCA). Under both credentialing bodies, sonographers must first document completion of prerequisite requirements, which contain both didactic and hands-on experience in the field of ultrasound. Applicants must then take a comprehensi... | Echocardiography | 0.779193 |
94,313 | A depressor weight is a device used on tow lines in nautical applications. A depressor weight can be attached to a floating or otherwise stiff line to effectively produce a catenary geometry better able to mitigate shocks associated with towing and wave impacts. == References == | Depressor weight | 0.779192 |
94,314 | Mott insulators are of growing interest in advanced physics research, and are not yet fully understood. They have applications in thin-film magnetic heterostructures and the strong correlated phenomena in high-temperature superconductivity, for example.This kind of insulator can become a conductor by changing some para... | Mott Insulator | 0.77919 |
94,315 | Murine polyomavirus was the first polyomavirus discovered, having been reported by Ludwik Gross in 1953 as an extract of mouse leukemias capable of inducing parotid gland tumors. The causative agent was identified as a virus by Sarah Stewart and Bernice Eddy, after whom it was once called "SE polyoma". The term "polyom... | Polyomavirus transforming antigen | 0.779182 |
94,316 | Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture is a series of software engineering books describing software design patterns. | Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture | 0.779181 |
94,317 | S. thermophilum is a bacterium that is widely distributed throughout the environment. It can be found in many different types of soil and fertilizers that contain animal feces, as well as inside animal intestines, and in the feed that is given to the animals. To determine the distribution of S. thermophilum, tests were... | Symbiobacterium thermophilum | 0.779179 |
94,318 | In mathematics, the classic Möbius inversion formula is a relation between pairs of arithmetic functions, each defined from the other by sums over divisors. It was introduced into number theory in 1832 by August Ferdinand Möbius.A large generalization of this formula applies to summation over an arbitrary locally finit... | Moebius inversion | 0.779179 |
94,319 | The company designs, manufactures and distributes scientific imaging devices equipped with scientific complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (sCMOS), complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) and charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor technology. In 2016, the company introduced the first luminescence lifetime imaging... | PCO Imaging | 0.779178 |
94,320 | Scholars rate voting methods using mathematically derived voting method criteria, which describe desirable features of a method. No ranked preference method can meet all the criteria, because some of them are mutually exclusive, as shown by results such as Arrow's impossibility theorem and the Gibbard–Satterthwaite the... | First-past-the-post voting | 0.779177 |
94,321 | Many scientific discoveries were made with the observatory. On April 7, 1964, soon after it began operating, Gordon Pettengill's team used it to determine that the rotation period of Mercury was not 88 days, as formerly thought, but only 59 days. In 1968, the discovery of the periodicity of the Crab Pulsar (33 millisec... | Arecibo radio telescope | 0.779177 |
94,322 | Therefore, SLIP on its own is not satisfactory over an error-prone dial-up connection. It is however still useful for testing operating systems' response capabilities under load (by looking at flood-ping statistics). SLIP escape characters were also required on some modem connections to escape Hayes command set, allowi... | Serial Line Internet Protocol | 0.779175 |
94,323 | For a given setup of runners, let δ {\displaystyle \delta } denote the smallest of the runners' maximum distances of loneliness, and the gap of loneliness δ n {\displaystyle \delta _{n}} denote the minimum δ {\displaystyle \delta } across all setups with n {\displaystyle n} runners. In this notation, the conjecture ass... | Lonely runner conjecture | 0.779174 |
94,324 | A much stronger result exists for randomly chosen speeds: using the stationary-runner convention, if n {\displaystyle n} and ε > 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} are fixed and n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} runners with nonzero speeds are chosen uniformly at random from { 1 , 2 , … , k } {\displaystyle \{1,2,\ldots ,k\}} , ... | Lonely runner conjecture | 0.779174 |
94,325 | ( k {\displaystyle k} is known as the regular chromatic number of D {\displaystyle D} .) Given a directed graph G {\displaystyle G} , a nowhere-zero flow on G {\displaystyle G} associates a positive value f ( e ) {\displaystyle f(e)} to each edge e {\displaystyle e} , such that the flow outward from each node is equal ... | Lonely runner conjecture | 0.779174 |
94,326 | In graph theory, a distance graph G {\displaystyle G} on the set of integers, and using some finite set D {\displaystyle D} of positive integer distances, has an edge between x , y {\displaystyle x,y} if and only if | x − y | ∈ D {\displaystyle |x-y|\in D} . For example, if D = { 2 } {\displaystyle D=\{2\}} , every con... | Lonely runner conjecture | 0.779174 |
94,327 | In number theory, specifically the study of Diophantine approximation, the lonely runner conjecture is a conjecture about the long-term behavior of runners on a circular track. It states that n {\displaystyle n} runners on a track of unit length, with constant speeds all distinct from one another, will each be lonely a... | Lonely runner conjecture | 0.779174 |
94,328 | It can also be applied to reaction mechanisms that go via carbocations and, to a lesser degree, via free radicals, because these intermediates, like carbon atoms involved in a double bond, prefer to have a planar geometry with 120 degree angles and sp2 hybridization. The rule also allows the rationalisation of observat... | Bredt's rule | 0.779174 |
94,329 | In organic chemistry, Bredt's rule is an empirical observation that states that a double bond cannot be placed at the bridgehead of a bridged ring system, unless the rings are large enough. The rule is named after Julius Bredt, who first discussed it in 1902 and codified it in 1924. It primarily relates to bridgeheads ... | Bredt's rule | 0.779174 |
94,330 | Most VSAT networks are configured in one of these topologies: A star topology, using a central uplink site, such as a network operations center (NOC), to transport data back and forth to each VSAT via satellite, A mesh topology, where each VSAT relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as a hub, minimizin... | Very-small-aperture terminal | 0.779174 |
94,331 | Most Arecibo observations used the Gregorian feeds, where the effective aperture was approximately 221 m (725 ft) at zenith. : 4 Fifth, Arecibo's larger secondary platform also housed several transmitters, making it one of the few instruments in the world capable of radar astronomy. | Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope | 0.779174 |
94,332 | The greatest element in this fiber is the discrete topology on X, while the least element is the indiscrete topology. Top is the model of what is called a topological category. These categories are characterized by the fact that every structured source ( X → U A i ) I {\displaystyle (X\to UA_{i})_{I}} has a unique init... | Category of topological spaces | 0.779173 |
94,333 | Jack A. Thorne (born 13 June 1987) is a British mathematician working in number theory and arithmetic aspects of the Langlands Program. He specialises in algebraic number theory. | Jack Thorne (mathematician) | 0.779173 |
94,334 | In April 2020 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 2020 he received the EMS Prize of the European Mathematical Society, in 2021 he was awarded a New Horizons in Mathematics Prize and in 2022 he was awarded the Adams Prize. For 2023 he received the Cole Prize in Number Theory of the AMS. | Jack Thorne (mathematician) | 0.779173 |
94,335 | With Gebhard Böckle, Michael Harris, and Chandrashekhar Khare, he has applied techniques from modularity lifting to the Langlands conjectures over function fields. With Kai-Wen Lan, Harris, and Richard Taylor, Thorne constructed Galois representations associated to non-self dual regular algebraic cuspidal automorphic f... | Jack Thorne (mathematician) | 0.779173 |
94,336 | Like many categories, the category Top is a concrete category, meaning its objects are sets with additional structure (i.e. topologies) and its morphisms are functions preserving this structure. There is a natural forgetful functor U: Top → Setto the category of sets which assigns to each topological space the underlyi... | Category of topological spaces | 0.779173 |
94,337 | Ecological systems theory is a broad term used to capture the theoretical contributions of developmental psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner. Bronfenbrenner developed the foundations of the theory throughout his career, published a major statement of the theory in American Psychologist, articulated it in a series of propo... | Ecological Systems Theory | 0.779172 |
94,338 | For example, he argued that laboratory studies of children provided insight into their behavior in an unfamiliar ("strange") setting that had limited generalizability to their behavior in more familiar environments, such as home or school. The Ecology of Human Development articulated a series of definitions, propositio... | Ecological Systems Theory | 0.779172 |
94,339 | Bronfenbrenner has identified Soviet developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky and German-born psychologist Kurt Lewin as important influences on his theory. Bronfenbrenner's work provides one of the foundational elements of the ecological counseling perspective, as espoused by Robert K. Conyne, Ellen Cook, and the Unive... | Ecological Systems Theory | 0.779172 |
94,340 | The inner-city family is more likely to experience environmental hardships, like crime and squalor. On the other hand, the sheltered family is more likely to lack the nurturing support of extended family.Since its publication in 1979, Bronfenbrenner's major statement of this theory, The Ecology of Human Development has... | Ecological Systems Theory | 0.779172 |
94,341 | By two years after the divorce, family interaction is less chaotic and more stable. An example of changing sociohistorical circumstances is the increase in opportunities for women to pursue a career during the last thirty years.Later work by Bronfenbrenner considered the role of biology in this model as well; thus the ... | Ecological Systems Theory | 0.779172 |
94,342 | And over the past 40 years, NLP has produced an impressive computational infrastructure of resources, techniques, and tools for analyzing sound structure (phonology), word structure (morphology), grammatical structure (syntax) and meaning structure (semantics). As well as being important for language-based applications... | Language and Communication Technologies | 0.779171 |
94,343 | Indeed, this framework has been fruitful on a number of levels. For a start, it has given birth to a new discipline, known as natural language processing (NLP), or computational linguistics (CL). This discipline studies, from a computational perspective, all levels of language from the production of speech to the meani... | Language and Communication Technologies | 0.779171 |
94,344 | Language and communication are so fundamental to human activity that it is not at all surprising to find that Language and Communication Technologies affect all major areas of society, including health, education, finance, commerce, and travel. Modern LCT is based on a dual tradition of symbols and statistics. This mea... | Language and Communication Technologies | 0.779171 |
94,345 | Language and Communication Technologies (LCT; also known as human language technologies or language technology for short) is the scientific study of technologies that explore language and communication. It is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses the fields of computer science, linguistics and cognitive science. | Language and Communication Technologies | 0.779171 |
94,346 | The susceptibility to crevice corrosion varies widely from one material-environment system to another. In general, crevice corrosion is of greatest concern for materials which are normally passive metals, like stainless steel or aluminum. Crevice corrosion tends to be of greatest significance to components built of hig... | Crevice corrosion | 0.77917 |
94,347 | However, there are sufficient differences to warrant a separate treatment. For example, in crevice corrosion, one has to consider the geometry of the crevice and the nature of the concentration process leading to the development of the differential local chemistry. The extreme and often unexpected local chemistry condi... | Crevice corrosion | 0.77917 |
94,348 | Crevice corrosion can be viewed as a less severe form of localized corrosion when compared with pitting. The depth of penetration and the rate of propagation in pitting corrosion are significantly greater than in crevice corrosion. Crevices can develop a local chemistry which is very different from that of the bulk flu... | Crevice corrosion | 0.77917 |
94,349 | Sentient's platform combined evolutionary computation, which mimics biological evolution, and deep learning, which is based on the structure of nervous systems. Sentient's algorithms worked across as many as two million CPU cores and 5000 GPU cards across 4,000 physical sites around the world, making it one of the larg... | Sentient Technologies | 0.77917 |
94,350 | The technology was researched in association with Saint Michael's Hospital at the University of Toronto. The platform was also used to successfully automate financial services for Sentient's subsidiary, Sentient Investment Management.In 2015, Sentient launched an AI powered visual intelligence and personalization platf... | Sentient Technologies | 0.77917 |
94,351 | Sentient originally operated in stealth mode as Genetic Finance Holding Ltd. The company was founded in 2007 by Antoine Blondeau, Babak Hodjat and Adam Cheyer who created the natural language technology that led to Siri, Apple's voice recognition software. Sentient raised a $2 million Series A round of funding, and $38... | Sentient Technologies | 0.77917 |
94,352 | Sentient Technologies was an American artificial intelligence technology company based in San Francisco. Sentient was founded in 2007 and received over $143 million in funding at different points after its inception. As of 2016, Sentient was the world's most well-funded AI company. It focused on e-commerce, online cont... | Sentient Technologies | 0.77917 |
94,353 | Maxell, along with Nagasaki University, NIAIST, and Subaru Corporation (the parent company of Subaru, makers of the R1e electric car), has developed a new chemistry for lithium-ion batteries. Part of the change is dropping the expensive cobalt element and using "nano infused lithium" with manganese, with twenty times m... | Hitachi Maxell | 0.779169 |
94,354 | Umbilics can also be characterised by the pattern of the principal direction vector field around the umbilic which typically form one of three configurations: star, lemon, and lemonstar (or monstar). The index of the vector field is either −½ (star) or ½ (lemon, monstar). Elliptical and parabolic umbilics always have t... | Umbilical point | 0.779169 |
94,355 | In the differential geometry of surfaces in three dimensions, umbilics or umbilical points are points on a surface that are locally spherical. At such points the normal curvatures in all directions are equal, hence, both principal curvatures are equal, and every tangent vector is a principal direction. The name "umbili... | Umbilical point | 0.779169 |
94,356 | In algebraic geometry, a cone is a generalization of a vector bundle. Specifically, given a scheme X, the relative Spec C = Spec X R {\displaystyle C=\operatorname {Spec} _{X}R} of a quasi-coherent graded OX-algebra R is called the cone or affine cone of R. Similarly, the relative Proj P ( C ) = Proj X R {\displays... | Projective completion of a cone | 0.779169 |
94,357 | The Argonaut class reactor is a design of small nuclear research reactor. Many have been built throughout the world, over a wide range of power levels. Its functions are to teach nuclear reactor theory, nuclear physics and for use in engineering laboratory experiments. | Argonaut class reactor | 0.779169 |
94,358 | Consider the complete intersection ideal ( f , g 1 , g 2 , g 3 ) ⊂ C {\displaystyle (f,g_{1},g_{2},g_{3})\subset \mathbb {C} } and let X {\displaystyle X} be the projective scheme defined by the ideal sheaf I = ( f ) ( g 1 , g 2 , g 3 ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}=(f)(g_{1},g_{2},g_{3})} . Then, we have the isomorph... | Projective completion of a cone | 0.779169 |
94,359 | Let R be a quasi-coherent graded OX-algebra such that R0 = OX and R is locally generated as OX-algebra by R1. Then, by definition, the projective cone of R is: P ( C ) = Proj X R = lim → Proj ( R ( U ) ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} (C)=\operatorname {Proj} _{X}R=\varinjlim \operatorname {Proj} (R(U))} where the co... | Projective completion of a cone | 0.779169 |
94,360 | Later in 2012 he was awarded the Worshipful Company of Armourers and Brasiers Materials Science Venture Prize for his work on new, low-cost, high-performance conducting oxide coatings for solar cells and optoelectronic materials. In the Autumn of 2013 he was elected Member of Academia Europaea, and he was elected as a ... | Peter Edwards (chemist) | 0.779168 |
94,361 | In 2009 Edwards was elected to the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, and he was elected Einstein Professor for 2011 by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2012 he was awarded the Bakerian Lecture by the Royal Society "in recognition of decisive contributions to the physics, chemistry and materials science of conde... | Peter Edwards (chemist) | 0.779168 |
94,362 | Peter Philip Edwards FRSC FRS (born 1949, Liverpool) is British Professor of Inorganic Chemistry and former Head of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford. Edwards is the recipient of the Corday-Morgan Medal (1985), the Tilden Lectureship (1993–94) and Liversidge ... | Peter Edwards (chemist) | 0.779168 |
94,363 | The visible material around the black hole rotates mostly clockwise with respect to the observer, which due to the direction of the axis of rotation causes the bottom part of the emission region to have a component of velocity toward the observer. The rotation parameter was estimated at a = 0.9 ± 0.1 {\displaystyle a=0... | Supermassive black hole M87* | 0.779168 |
94,364 | Freeman Dyson described the application of precautionary principle as "deliberately one-sided", for example when used as justification to destroy genetic engineering research plantations and threaten researchers in spite of scientific evidence demonstrating lack of harm. The Precautionary Principle says that if some co... | Precautionary Principle | 0.779168 |
94,365 | The precautionary principle (or precautionary approach) is a broad epistemological, philosophical and legal approach to innovations with potential for causing harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. It emphasizes caution, pausing and review before leaping into new innovations that may prove d... | Precautionary Principle | 0.779168 |
94,366 | In an analysis concerning application of the precautionary principle to nanotechnology, Chris Phoenix and Mike Treder posit that there are two forms of the principle, which they call the "strict form" and the "active form". The former "requires inaction when action might pose a risk", while the latter means "choosing l... | Precautionary Principle | 0.779168 |
94,367 | Fields typically concerned by the precautionary principle are the possibility of: Global warming or abrupt climate change in general Extinction of species Introduction of new products into the environment, with potential impact on biodiversity (e.g., genetically modified organisms) Threats to public health, due to new ... | Precautionary Principle | 0.779168 |
94,368 | A petition filed 17 May 2013 by environmental group Greenpeace Southeast Asia and farmer-scientist coalition Masipag (Magsasaka at Siyentipiko sa Pagpapaunlad ng Agrikultura) asked the appellate court to stop the planting of Bt eggplant in test fields, saying the impacts of such an undertaking to the environment, nativ... | Precautionary Principle | 0.779168 |
94,369 | In mathematics, the Brauer–Wall group or super Brauer group or graded Brauer group for a field F is a group BW(F) classifying finite-dimensional graded central division algebras over the field. It was first defined by Terry Wall (1964) as a generalization of the Brauer group. The Brauer group of a field F is the set of... | Clifford invariant | 0.779168 |
94,370 | BW(C) is isomorphic to Z/2Z. This is an algebraic aspect of Bott periodicity of period 2 for the unitary group. The 2 super division algebras are C, C where γ is an odd element of square 1 commuting with C. BW(R) is isomorphic to Z/8Z. This is an algebraic aspect of Bott periodicity of period 8 for the orthogonal group... | Clifford invariant | 0.779168 |
94,371 | Cat states can also be used to encode quantum information in the framework of bosonic codes. The idea of using cat qubits as a bosonic code for quantum information processing traces back to Cochrane et al. Quantum teleportation using cat states was suggested by Enk and Hirota and Jeong et al. in view of traveling light... | Cat qubit | 0.779167 |
94,372 | In quantum mechanics, the cat state, named after Schrödinger's cat, is a quantum state composed of two diametrically opposed conditions at the same time, such as the possibilities that a cat is alive and dead at the same time. Generalizing Schrödinger's thought experiment, any other quantum superposition of two macrosc... | Cat qubit | 0.779167 |
94,373 | FACSS presents several awards to both students and professionals. These awards honor scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of Analytical Chemistry. FACSS Student Award and Tomas A. Hirshfeld Award SAS Student Poster Awards and FACSS Student Poster Awards FACSS Distinguished Service Award FA... | Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies | 0.779167 |
94,374 | American Chemical Society Analytical Division AES Electrophoresis Society American Society for Mass Spectrometry Anachem Coblentz Society Council for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Infrared Raman and Discussion Group International Society of Automation Analysis Division The North American Society for Laser-Induced Breakdow... | Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies | 0.779167 |
94,375 | The Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies or FACSS is a scientific society incorporated on June 28, 1972, with the goal of promoting research and education in analytical chemistry. The organization combined the many smaller meetings of the individual societies into an annual meeting that include... | Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies | 0.779167 |
94,376 | In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser. This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be c... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,377 | From 1922 until 1932, with the exception of a few months in 1923 and 1924, Einstein was a member of the Geneva-based International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, a group set up by the League to encourage scientists, artists, scholars, teachers and other people engaged in the life of the... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,378 | Encouraged by his success with general relativity, Einstein sought an even more ambitious geometrical theory that would treat gravitation and electromagnetism as aspects of a single entity. In 1950, he described his unified field theory in a Scientific American article titled "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation".... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,379 | Einstein was a figurehead leader in the establishment of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which opened in 1925. Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann, to help raise funds for the planned university. He made suggestions for the creation of an ... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,380 | Over the next few years, the pair spent many hours discussing their shared interests and learning about topics in physics that the polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. In his letters to Marić, Einstein confessed that exploring science with her by his side was much more enjoyable than reading a textbook in solit... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,381 | In 1895, at the age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examination for the Federal polytechnic school (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland. He failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the test, but performed with distinction in physics and mathematics. On t... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,382 | His love of algebra and geometry was so great that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could be understood as a "mathematical structure". At thirteen, when his range of enthusiasms had broadened to include music and philosophy, Einstein was introduced to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Kant became his favor... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,383 | At the end of December 1894, a letter from a doctor persuaded the Luitpold's authorities to release him from its care, and he joined his family in Pavia. While in Italy as a teenager, he wrote an essay entitled "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field".Einstein excelled at physics and mathema... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,384 | Einstein, then fifteen, stayed behind in Munich in order to finish his schooling. His father wanted him to study electrical engineering, but he was a fractious pupil who found the Gymnasium's regimen and teaching methods far from congenial. He later wrote that the school's policy of strict rote learning was harmful to ... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,385 | In 1914, he moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1933, while he was visiting the United... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,386 | As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream of modern physics. Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg) the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the mathematics and phy... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,387 | The middle part of his career also saw him making important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called photons. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked ... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,388 | His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, Einstein was ranked the greatest physicist of all time. His intellectual achievements and originality have made Einstein synonymous with genius.In 1905, a year ... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,389 | Albert Einstein ( EYEN-styne; German: ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely held to be one of the greatest and most influential scientists of all time. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, he also made important contributions to quantum mechanics, and was thus ... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,390 | The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and Niels Bohr, who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science. Their debates would influence later interpretations of quantum mechanics. | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,391 | He was one of the four first selected (along with John von Neumann, Kurt Gödel, and Hermann Weyl) at the new Institute. He soon developed a close friendship with Gödel; the two would take long walks together discussing their work. Bruria Kaufman, his assistant, later became a physicist. During this period, Einstein tri... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,392 | In 1924, Einstein received a description of a statistical model from Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particle... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,393 | One thing is certain, however: men like him are the guardians and renewers of mankind's conscience." Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics. He strongly advocated the idea of a democratic global government that would check the p... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,394 | In 1907, Einstein reached a milestone on his long journey from his special theory of relativity to a new idea of gravitation with the formulation of his equivalence principle, which asserts that an observer in an infinitesimally small box falling freely in a gravitational field would be unable to find any evidence that... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,395 | In 1907, Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently—a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations w... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,396 | At this point some physicists still regarded the general theory of relativity sceptically, and the Nobel citation displayed a degree of doubt even about the work on photoelectricity that it acknowledged: it did not assent to Einstein's notion of the particulate nature of light, which only won over the entire scientific... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,397 | But this expression of his doubts about German policy did not prevent him from being elected to a two-year term as president of the German Physical Society in 1916. And when the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics opened its doors the following year—its foundation delayed because of the war—Einstein was appointed its ... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,398 | In his work on the latter topic, he was assisted by his friend, Marcel Grossmann, whose knowledge of the kind of mathematics required was greater than his own.In the spring of 1913, two German visitors, Max Planck and Walther Nernst, called upon Einstein in Zürich in the hope of persuading him to relocate to Berlin. Th... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
94,399 | His brief time in Prague saw him producing eleven research papers, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of solids. In July 1912, he returned to his alma mater, the ETH Zurich, to take up a chair in theoretical physics. His teaching activities there centred on thermodynamics and analytical mec... | Albert Einstein | 0.779166 |
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