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96,300 | The amount of protection provided by any one antioxidant will also depend on its concentration, its reactivity towards the particular reactive oxygen species being considered, and the status of the antioxidants with which it interacts.Some compounds contribute to antioxidant defense by chelating transition metals and p... | Antioxidant | 0.778336 |
96,301 | While the technological singularity is usually seen as a sudden event, some scholars argue the current speed of change already fits this description.In addition, some argue that we are already in the midst of a major evolutionary transition that merges technology, biology, and society. Digital technology has infiltrate... | Intelligence explosion | 0.778335 |
96,302 | In 2000, Bill Joy, a prominent technologist and a co-founder of Sun Microsystems, voiced concern over the potential dangers of robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.In 2005, Kurzweil published The Singularity Is Near. Kurzweil's publicity campaign included an appearance on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.Fr... | Intelligence explosion | 0.778335 |
96,303 | The feature of the singularity present in Minsky is the development of superhuman artificial intelligence ("million times faster"), but there is no talk of sudden intelligence explosion, self-improving thinking machines or unpredictability beyond any specific event and the word "singularity" is not used.Tipler's 1994 b... | Intelligence explosion | 0.778335 |
96,304 | This article contains the statement, "Within thirty years, we will have the technological means to create superhuman intelligence. Shortly after, the human era will be ended." Vinge argues that science-fiction authors cannot write realistic post-singularity characters who surpass the human intellect, as the thoughts of... | Intelligence explosion | 0.778335 |
96,305 | He did not mention "singularity", though, and he did not speak of a rapid explosion of intelligence immediately after the human level is achieved. Nonetheless, the overall singularity tenor is there in predicting both human-level artificial intelligence and further artificial intelligence far surpassing humans later. V... | Intelligence explosion | 0.778335 |
96,306 | It makes realistic extrapolation to an interstellar future impossible. To write a story set more than a century hence, one needs a nuclear war in between ... so that the world remains intelligible. In 1985, in "The Time Scale of Artificial Intelligence", artificial intelligence researcher Ray Solomonoff articulated mat... | Intelligence explosion | 0.778335 |
96,307 | The Ordovician was a time of calcite sea geochemistry in which low-magnesium calcite was the primary inorganic marine precipitate of calcium carbonate. Carbonate hardgrounds were thus very common, along with calcitic ooids, calcitic cements, and invertebrate faunas with dominantly calcitic skeletons. Biogenic aragonite... | Late Ordovician | 0.778332 |
96,308 | Most of the terranes of central Asia were part of an equatorial archipelago whose geometry is poorly constrained by the available evidence.The period was one of extensive, widespread tectonism and volcanism. However, orogenesis (mountain-building) was not primarily due to continent-continent collisions. | Late Ordovician | 0.778332 |
96,309 | The term social cognition has been used in multiple areas in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, most often to refer to various social abilities disrupted in autism, schizophrenia and psychopathy. In cognitive neuroscience the biological basis of social cognition is investigated. Developmental psychologists study th... | Social cognition | 0.778331 |
96,310 | The Software Engineering Institute has its own process assessment and improvement methods, called CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) and IDEAL respectively. Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is a process improvement training and appraisal program and service administered and marketed by Carnegie Me... | Quality Management | 0.778331 |
96,311 | The RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine (IAM) was opened on 30 April 1945 by the Princess Royal. It was located on land to the south side of the Farnborough Airfield in Hampshire, and was successor to the wartime RAF Physiological Laboratory. Initially having separate sections for acceleration, altitude, biochemistry, b... | RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine | 0.778331 |
96,312 | Eniram Oy, founded in 2005, is a Finnish clean-tech software engineering company which specializes in marine energy management products and services for ship-owners and operators of commercial vessels, ranging from cruise ships, bulk carriers, container ships, LNG carriers and tankers. The company’s onboard and on-shor... | Eniram | 0.778331 |
96,313 | 2011: Singapore office is established, Eniram #1 on the Deloitte Fast 50 Awards list. 2012: first speed and engine optimization customers. 2013: German offices open, expansion to Japan and Middle East 2014: Eniram named European Cleantech Company of the Decade 2016: Eniram bought by Wärtsilä. | Eniram | 0.778331 |
96,314 | 2005: Eniram Oy is established in Helsinki; first employees come on board. 2007: trim optimization trials with Royal Caribbean International, Norwegian Cruise Line and Carnival Cruise Lines, three of the world’s largest cruise ship companies 2008: first trim optimization deal; first container ship customer; Eniram US o... | Eniram | 0.778331 |
96,315 | The compound is exclusively a monomer in the gas phase. In the gas phase it adopts D3h symmetric trigonal bipyramidal geometry as indicated by electron diffraction. As a solid, VF5 forms a polymeric structure with fluoride-bridged octahedral vanadium centers.The formation enthalpy of VF5 is -1429.4 ± 0.8 kJ/mol.It is t... | Vanadium pentafluoride | 0.778329 |
96,316 | The Graphics Interface (GI) conference is the oldest continuously scheduled conference devoted to computer graphics, and human–computer interaction. GI was held biannually between 1969 and 1981, and has been held annually since then. Prior to 1982, the conference was called Canadian Man-Computer Communications Conferen... | Graphics Interface | 0.778325 |
96,317 | Robert (Rob) Morris is a mathematician who works in combinatorics, probability, graph theory and Ramsey theory. He is a researcher at IMPA.In 2015, Morris was awarded the European Prize in Combinatorics for "his profound results in extremal and probabilistic combinatorics particularly for his result on independent sets... | Robert Morris (mathematician) | 0.778318 |
96,318 | The Bowler Communications System is an open protocol developed by Neuron Robotics for simplified communications between components in cyber-physical systems. | Bowler Communications System | 0.778317 |
96,319 | For a change from reactants to products at constant temperature and pressure the equation becomes Δ G = Δ H − T Δ S {\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S} . In the limit of T = 0 the equation reduces to just ΔG = ΔH, as illustrated in the figure shown here, which is supported by experimental data. However, it is k... | Nernst heat theorem | 0.778317 |
96,320 | The Nernst heat theorem says that as absolute zero is approached, the entropy change ΔS for a chemical or physical transformation approaches 0. This can be expressed mathematically as follows: lim T → 0 Δ S = 0 {\displaystyle \lim _{T\to 0}\Delta S=0} The above equation is a modern statement of the theorem. Nernst ofte... | Nernst heat theorem | 0.778317 |
96,321 | The Nernst heat theorem was formulated by Walther Nernst early in the twentieth century and was used in the development of the third law of thermodynamics. | Nernst heat theorem | 0.778317 |
96,322 | The L-arabinose operon has been a focus for research in molecular biology since 1970, and has been investigated extensively at its genetic, biochemical, physiological and biotechnical levels. The L-arabinose operon has been commonly used in protein expression system, as the araBAD promoter can be used for producing tar... | L-arabinose operon | 0.778317 |
96,323 | It combines sophisticated routing algorithms with the open and free road network data of the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project. Shortest path computation on a continental sized network can take up to several seconds if it is done without a so-called speedup-technique. OSRM uses an implementation of contraction hierarchies an... | Open Source Routing Machine | 0.778316 |
96,324 | Markov renewal processes are a class of random processes in probability and statistics that generalize the class of Markov jump processes. Other classes of random processes, such as Markov chains and Poisson processes, can be derived as special cases among the class of Markov renewal processes, while Markov renewal pro... | Semi-Markov process | 0.778313 |
96,325 | In 1906, noting that chairs in astronomy had been endowed in 1858 (Phillips) and in 1887 (Paine), the Corporation voted ...that the title of the Perkins Professorship of Astronomy and Mathematics ... be amended so that it shall read Perkins Professorship in Mathematics. : 406 Starting with the most recent appointment i... | Perkins Professorship of Astronomy and Mathematics | 0.778313 |
96,326 | James Perkins, Jr., was a Boston philanthropist, benefactor of the Boston Athenæum, and co-founder with his younger brother Thomas Handasyd Perkins of the Perkins School for the Blind. In his will, Perkins left $20,000 to Harvard College to establish a chair in "whatever field the President and Fellows should find the ... | Perkins Professorship of Astronomy and Mathematics | 0.778313 |
96,327 | The holders of the Perkins Professorship of Astronomy and Mathematics have been: Benjamin Peirce (1842–1880) James Mills Peirce (1885–1906) William Elwood Byerly (1906–1913) William Fogg Osgood (1914–1933) George David Birkhoff (1933–1944) Joseph Leonard Walsh (1946–1966) Richard Dagobert Brauer (1966–1971) John Torren... | Perkins Professorship of Astronomy and Mathematics | 0.778313 |
96,328 | The Perkins Professorship of Astronomy and Mathematics is an endowed professorship established at Harvard College in 1842 by James Perkins, Jr., (1761–1822). | Perkins Professorship of Astronomy and Mathematics | 0.778313 |
96,329 | Some trajectories of w(t;s) are shown in the Figure 1. Stoer and Bulirsch state that there are two solutions, which can be found by algebraic methods. These correspond to the initial conditions w′(0) = −8 and w′(0) = −35.9 (approximately). | Shooting method | 0.778313 |
96,330 | The shooting method can also be used to solve eigenvalue problems. Consider the time-independent Schrödinger equation for the quantum harmonic oscillator In quantum mechanics, one seeks normalizable wavefunctions ψ n ( x ) {\displaystyle \psi _{n}(x)} and their corresponding energies subject to the boundary conditions ... | Shooting method | 0.778313 |
96,331 | The Education wing is a center supporting science, technology and space studies for school students and other audiences. The education wing includes classrooms and laboratories and runs a wide variety of educational programs in different subjects such as: physics and astronomy, chemistry, quality of the environment, ma... | Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space | 0.778311 |
96,332 | Green Energy – since 2007 My Green Home (the "Green Energy" gallery floor) Acoustics Hall Puzzle Games Between Mount Carmel and the Sea – Taxidermy exhibition borrowed from the Shimon Angerss Nature House A Matter of Chemistry Imagine (Ilan Ramon) The secrets of life – DNA – since 2005 Smile! It's Science – (teeth exhi... | Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space | 0.778311 |
96,333 | In summer 2010, the Robotics World exhibition was opened. The exhibition displayed animal designed robots such as a giraffe, a platypus, a cuttlefish, a bat, and a variety of exhibits from the animal world. The displays arrived to Israel from the international exhibition "Robot Zoo". In addition, the exhibition present... | Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space | 0.778311 |
96,334 | The Kepler-80 system has 6 known exoplanets. The discovery of the five inner planets was announced in October 2012, marking Kepler-80 as the first star identified with five orbiting planets. In 2017, an additional planet, Kepler-80g, was discovered by use of artificial Intelligence and deep Learning to analyse data fro... | Kepler-80b | 0.778309 |
96,335 | Marketing Development and production: PEPTOGEN (Russian Federation) Joint-Stock Company «Innovative Research-and-Production Center «Peptogen» (JSC «Peptogen»), Russian Federation was founded in 2005 with the participation of the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences | Semax | 0.778309 |
96,336 | See Figure 2. The asymptotic gain model is a special case of the extra element theorem. As follows directly from limiting cases of the gain expression, the asymptotic gain G∞ is simply the gain of the system when the return ratio approaches infinity: G ∞ = G | T → ∞ , {\displaystyle G_{\infty }=G\ {\Big |}_{T\rightarro... | Rosenstark method | 0.778308 |
96,337 | L. D. Landau's phenomenological and semi-microscopic theory of superfluidity of helium-4 earned him the Nobel Prize in physics, in 1962. Assuming that sound waves are the most important excitations in helium-4 at low temperatures, he showed that helium-4 flowing past a wall would not spontaneously create excitations if... | Superfluid helium-4 | 0.778308 |
96,338 | Other microscopical models have been proposed by different authors. Their main objective is to derive the form of the inter-particle potential between helium atoms in superfluid state from first principles of quantum mechanics. To date, a number of models of this kind have been proposed, including: models with vortex r... | Superfluid helium-4 | 0.778307 |
96,339 | In mathematical physics, the quantum KZ equations or quantum Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations or qKZ equations are the analogue for quantum affine algebras of the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations for affine Kac–Moody algebras. They are a consistent system of difference equations satisfied by the N-point functions, the ... | Quantum KZ equations | 0.778306 |
96,340 | In statistics and econometrics, a distributed lag model is a model for time series data in which a regression equation is used to predict current values of a dependent variable based on both the current values of an explanatory variable and the lagged (past period) values of this explanatory variable.The starting point... | Distributed lag | 0.778306 |
96,341 | The RCSA delivers certification exams, manufacturer hands-on training programs, and products and services to provide members with the ability to keep current by updating their knowledge and / or certifying them with new skills. Recently the RCSA has crossed over from industrial to the robotics fields of Embedded, Unman... | Robotics Certification Standards Alliance | 0.778306 |
96,342 | Organization founded in 1996 by Dan Thompson Certified Industrial Robotics Programmer (CIRP) course was established in 1999 Industrial Partnerships with Motoman and Panasonic were formed in 1999 Industrial Partnerships with ABB formed in 2006 Assisted in the design and delivery of the Certified Robotic Arc Welder (CRAW... | Robotics Certification Standards Alliance | 0.778306 |
96,343 | RCSA accepted this challenge and worked alongside Lincoln Electric Automation, ABB and Wolf Robotics to develop the details and procedures of the CRAW which was launched in June 2008. In 2009 the RCSA redesigned the AWS CRAW course to fit the needs of a global market. This International Robotic Welding Certification (C... | Robotics Certification Standards Alliance | 0.778306 |
96,344 | The Robotics Certification Standards Alliance (RCSA) is a global company that has been actively providing robotics curricula, training, online testing systems and certification since 1998. RCSA first started with partnerships with Motoman and Private Career Colleges in Canada. The partnerships grew to have included ABB... | Robotics Certification Standards Alliance | 0.778306 |
96,345 | When the discovery of a new element is claimed, the Joint Working Party (JWP) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) assembles to examine the claims according to their criteria for the discovery of a new element, and decides scien... | Nihonium | 0.778305 |
96,346 | Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, nihonium would be known as eka-thallium. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ununtrium (with the corresponding symbol of Uut), a systematic element name as a placeholder, until the discovery of the... | Nihonium | 0.778305 |
96,347 | It seems likely that this formation is not kinetically favoured, so the longer-lived isotopes 285Nh and 286Nh were considered more desirable for future experiments.A 2017 experiment at the JINR, producing 284Nh and 285Nh via the 243Am+48Ca reaction as the daughters of 288Mc and 289Mc, avoided this problem by removing t... | Nihonium | 0.778305 |
96,348 | In June 2004 and again in December 2005, the JINR–LLNL collaboration strengthened their claim for the discovery of element 113 by conducting chemical experiments on 268Db, the final decay product of 288115. This was valuable as none of the nuclides in this decay chain were previously known, so that their claim was not ... | Nihonium | 0.778305 |
96,349 | These compounds are all expected to be highly unstable towards the loss of an X2 molecule and reduction to nihonium(I): NhX3 → NhX + X2Nihonium thus continues the trend down group 13 of reduced stability of the +3 oxidation state, as all five of these compounds have lower reaction energies than the unknown thallium(III... | Nihonium | 0.778305 |
96,350 | The chemistry of nihonium is expected to be very different from that of thallium. This difference stems from the spin–orbit splitting of the 7p shell, which results in nihonium being between two relatively inert closed-shell elements (copernicium and flerovium), an unprecedented situation in the periodic table. Nihoniu... | Nihonium | 0.778305 |
96,351 | All but boron are post-transition metals, and nihonium is expected to be a post-transition metal as well. It should also show several major differences from them; for example, nihonium should be more stable in the +1 oxidation state than the +3 state, like thallium, but in the +1 state nihonium should behave more like ... | Nihonium | 0.778305 |
96,352 | Phosgene oxime, or CX, is an organic compound with the formula Cl2CNOH. It is a potent chemical weapon, specifically a nettle agent, which is a type of blister agent. The compound itself is a colorless solid, but impure samples are often yellowish liquids. It has a strong, disagreeable and irritating odor. It is used a... | Phosgene oxime | 0.778304 |
96,353 | The designation of M1 and M2 polarization states over-simplify macrophage biology, since at least six different TAM subpopulations are known. Therefore, TME TAM phenotype descriptors are likely important.The TME may also directly impair intratumoral T cell proliferation. | Tumor microenvironment | 0.778304 |
96,354 | In cancer biology, the stroma is defined as the nonmalignant cells which are present in the tumor microenvironment. The stroma comprises a variable portion of the entire tumor; up to 90% of a tumor may be stroma, with the remaining 10% as cancer cells. Many types of cells are present in the stroma, but four abundant ty... | Tumor microenvironment | 0.778303 |
96,355 | In organic chemistry, an alkene is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond. The double bond may be internal or in the terminal position. Terminal alkenes are also known as α-olefins. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends using the name "alkene" only for acyclic hydrocarbo... | Alkene oxidation | 0.778303 |
96,356 | Research into the kinds of tolerances needed for critical systems involves a large amount of interdisciplinary work. The more complex the system, the more carefully all possible interactions have to be considered and prepared for. Considering the importance of high-value systems in transport, public utilities and the m... | Fail soft | 0.778303 |
96,357 | OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb (known sometimes as Hoth by NASA) is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting OGLE-2005-BLG-390L, a star 21,500 ± 3,300 light-years (6,600 ± 1,000 parsecs) from Earth near the center of the Milky Way, making it one of the most distant planets known. On January 25, 2006, Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork/Rob... | OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb | 0.778302 |
96,358 | The EMH is a holographic computer program designed to treat patients during emergency situations, or when the regular medical staff is unavailable or incapacitated. EMHs are a standard feature onboard all Starfleet ships, but they are there only to supplement the living medical crew during emergencies, not replace it. ... | Emergency Medical Hologram | 0.778301 |
96,359 | The Doctor, an Emergency Medical Hologram (or EMH for short), is a fictional character portrayed by actor Robert Picardo on the television series Star Trek: Voyager, which aired on UPN between 1995 and 2001. He is an artificial intelligence manifesting as a holographic projection, designed to act as a short-term supple... | Emergency Medical Hologram | 0.778301 |
96,360 | A heat pump might use 1 J for every 4 J it delivers giving a COP of 4. A system that only uses a 30 W fan to more-evenly distribute 10 kW of solar heat through an entire house would have a COP of 300. Passive solar building design is often a foundational element of a cost-effective zero energy building. Although a ZEB ... | Passive solar design | 0.778299 |
96,361 | In molecular biology, cia-dependent small RNAs (csRNAs) are small RNAs produced by Streptococci. These RNAs are part of the regulon of the CiaRH two-component regulatory system. Two of these RNAs, csRNA4 and csRNA5, have been shown to affect stationary-phase autolysis. | Cia-dependent small RNAs | 0.778294 |
96,362 | The Australian Stem Cell Centre is an Australian medical research and development centre which focuses on regenerative medicine through the use of stem cells. Founded in 2003, the Centre is the National Biotechnology Centre of Excellence and has received over $100 million in funding in recent years. It is Australia's p... | Australian Stem Cell Centre | 0.778293 |
96,363 | The produced hydrogen and more oxygen is fed to the fuel cells.China has been researching fuel cell engines for AIP submarines. The Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics reportedly developed 100-kW and 1000-kW fuel cell engines.The Naval Materials Research Laboratory of Indian Defence Research and Development Organisati... | Air-independent power | 0.778291 |
96,364 | It includes many other capabilities including Density functional theory, the semiempirical methods, MINDO/3, MNDO, AM1 and PM3, Molecular mechanics using the SYBYL 5.0 Force Field, the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics mixed method using the ONIOM method, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and COSMO solvation mode... | PQS (software) | 0.77829 |
96,365 | PQS is a general purpose quantum chemistry program. Its roots go back to the first ab initio gradient program developed in Professor Peter Pulay's group but now it is developed and distributed commercially by Parallel Quantum Solutions. There is a reduction in cost for academic users and a site license. Its strong poin... | PQS (software) | 0.77829 |
96,366 | Gerhard Martin Julius Schmidt (21 August 1919 in Berlin – 12 July 1971, in Zurich, buried in Rehovot), was an organic chemist and chemical crystallographer, dean of the chemistry faculty of the Weizmann Institute of Science, and its scientific director in 1969. Schmidt was the founder of X-ray crystallography at the We... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,367 | After the breakout of World War II, Schmidt was forced to interrupt his studies. Being an emigrant from Germany, he was deported in July 1940, together with 200 other “enemy aliens,” to a detention camp in Australia. In August 1941, he was finally cleared and returned to England. Later in life, Schmidt liked to date so... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,368 | Both of his supervisors were later awarded Nobel Prizes in chemistry. During his doctoral studies, Schmidt took part in structural studies of biologically important molecules, focusing on the structure of the antibacterial natural peptide Gramicidin S using the method of X-ray crystallography. During this period he sup... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,369 | Schmidt was born in Berlin in 1919 and went to high school in Munich, where his father was a professor of chemistry. Being the son of a Jewish mother, Gerhard was forced to leave Germany at the age of 16, after the Nazis came to power; he spent a year in Switzerland, then moved to England, where he finished high school... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,370 | In 1967, he became a member of the executive committee of the new Center for Industrial Research in Haifa. In addition, from 1967 to 1969, he chaired two committees established by Israel's National Council for Research and Development – on technical applications of photochemistry and on bromine chemistry. He founded th... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,371 | In 1970 this position was absorbed into the President position, and Schmidt became a Dean of the Chemistry Faculty.In the late 1950s, while serving as Weizmann's Administrative Director, Schmidt was among the pioneers of the German-Israeli scientific collaboration, which began with ties between the Weizmann Institute a... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,372 | From 1959 to 1961, he served as chairman of the Institute's Scientific Committee and its administrative director. He was appointed head of the Department of Chemistry in 1967 and, with the establishment of the chemistry faculty in 1970, became its first dean. In 1969 he served as the Scientific Director of the Weizmann... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,373 | Schmidt arrived in Israel and joined the soon-to-be-dedicated Weizmann Institute in late 1948. He had been invited by Ernst Bergmann, then the Institute's scientific director, to set up a research group in chemical crystallography. He later gradually broadened his activities to include solid-state chemistry and crystal... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,374 | This approach was implemented successfully in the first “absolute” asymmetric synthesis in crystals. Schmidt's achievements stemmed from his earlier ideas recognizing the importance of combining chemistry with molecular geometry. He also suggested that an ordered arrangement of reactive units in space was the key to un... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,375 | This finding helped in understanding chemical reactions in organized systems. He then coined the term “topochemistry” for this kind of reaction. In his research, Schmidt sought to clarify the way by which the structure of molecules affects their packing mode in the crystal. | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,376 | Professor Schmidt is recognized as one of the founders of modern organic solid-state chemistry. At the Weizmann Institute, the work of his group centered around the development of X-ray crystallographic methods for the determination of molecular structures in order to understand the properties and reactivity of organic... | Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer) | 0.77829 |
96,377 | The company used Sparkfactor Design for the Product Design (Industrial Design and Mechanical Engineering). Dash Express was released to the general public in March 2008. | Dash Navigation | 0.778288 |
96,378 | ACL2 ("A Computational Logic for Applicative Common Lisp") is a software system consisting of a programming language, an extensible theory in a first-order logic, and an automated theorem prover. ACL2 is designed to support automated reasoning in inductive logical theories, mostly for software and hardware verification... | ACL2 | 0.778288 |
96,379 | ACL2 is intended to be an "industrial strength" version of the Boyer–Moore theorem prover, NQTHM. Toward this goal, ACL2 has many features to support clean engineering of interesting mathematical and computational theories. ACL2 also derives efficiency from being built on Common Lisp; for example, the same specificatio... | ACL2 | 0.778288 |
96,380 | User definitions in the programming language that satisfy a definitional principle extend the theory in a way that maintains the theory's logical consistency. The core of ACL2's theorem prover is based on term rewriting, and this core is extensible in that user-discovered theorems can be used as ad hoc proof techniques... | ACL2 | 0.778288 |
96,381 | Keisler, H. Jerome, Elementary Calculus: An Approach Using Infinitesimals, University of Wisconsin Stroyan, K. D., A Brief Introduction to Infinitesimal Calculus, University of Iowa Mauch, Sean, Sean's Applied Math Book, CIT, an online textbook that includes a complete introduction to calculus Crowell, Benjamin, Calcul... | Linearity of integration | 0.778286 |
96,382 | It is often of interest, both in theory and applications, to be able to pass to the limit under the integral. For instance, a sequence of functions can frequently be constructed that approximate, in a suitable sense, the solution to a problem. Then the integral of the solution function should be the limit of the integr... | Linearity of integration | 0.778286 |
96,383 | The volume of a three-dimensional object such as a disc or washer can be computed by disc integration using the equation for the volume of a cylinder, π r 2 h {\displaystyle \pi r^{2}h} , where r {\displaystyle r} is the radius. In the case of a simple disc created by rotating a curve about the x-axis, the radius is gi... | Linearity of integration | 0.778286 |
96,384 | Integrals are used extensively in many areas. For example, in probability theory, integrals are used to determine the probability of some random variable falling within a certain range. Moreover, the integral under an entire probability density function must equal 1, which provides a test of whether a function with no ... | Linearity of integration | 0.778286 |
96,385 | (−)-Cytisine extracted from Laburnum anagyroides seeds was used as a starting material for the preparation of "(+)-sparteine surrogate," for the preparation of enantiomerically enriched lithium anions of opposite stereochemistry to those anions obtained from sparteine. | Cytisine | 0.778284 |
96,386 | Apart from the Earth's magnetic field, some other bodies such as Jupiter and Saturn, and the Sun have significant magnetic fields whose major component is a dipole, an axisymmetric magnetic field. These magnetic fields are self-sustained through fluid motion in the Sun or planets, with the necessary non-symmetry for th... | Antidynamo theorem | 0.778284 |
96,387 | In physics and in particular in the theory of magnetism, an antidynamo theorem is one of several results that restrict the type of magnetic fields that may be produced by dynamo action. One notable example is Thomas Cowling's antidynamo theorem which states that no axisymmetric magnetic field can be maintained through ... | Antidynamo theorem | 0.778284 |
96,388 | Lewis Carroll published "The Alphabet-Cipher" in 1868, possibly in a children's magazine. It describes what is known as a Vigenère cipher, a well-known scheme in cryptography. While Carroll calls this cipher "unbreakable", Friedrich Kasiski had already published in 1863 a volume describing how to break such ciphers and... | The Alphabet Cipher | 0.778284 |
96,389 | The tensor algebra of a Lie algebra has a Poisson algebra structure. A very explicit construction of this is given in the article on universal enveloping algebras. The construction proceeds by first building the tensor algebra of the underlying vector space of the Lie algebra. The tensor algebra is simply the disjoint ... | Poisson algebra | 0.778283 |
96,390 | Poisson algebras occur in various settings. | Poisson algebra | 0.778283 |
96,391 | In mathematics, a Poisson algebra is an associative algebra together with a Lie bracket that also satisfies Leibniz's law; that is, the bracket is also a derivation. Poisson algebras appear naturally in Hamiltonian mechanics, and are also central in the study of quantum groups. Manifolds with a Poisson algebra structur... | Poisson algebra | 0.778283 |
96,392 | The space of real-valued smooth functions over a symplectic manifold forms a Poisson algebra. On a symplectic manifold, every real-valued function H on the manifold induces a vector field XH, the Hamiltonian vector field. Then, given any two smooth functions F and G over the symplectic manifold, the Poisson bracket may... | Poisson algebra | 0.778283 |
96,393 | For a vertex operator algebra (V,Y, ω, 1), the space V/C2(V) is a Poisson algebra with {a, b} = a0b and a ⋅ b = a−1b. For certain vertex operator algebras, these Poisson algebras are finite-dimensional. | Poisson algebra | 0.778283 |
96,394 | One can then show that the Lie bracket can be consistently lifted to the entire tensor algebra: it obeys both the product rule, and the Jacobi identity of the Poisson bracket, and thus is the Poisson bracket, when lifted. The pair of products {,} and ⊗ then form a Poisson algebra. Observe that ⊗ is neither commutative ... | Poisson algebra | 0.778283 |
96,395 | If A is an associative algebra, then imposing the commutator =xy−yx turns it into a Poisson algebra (and thus, also a Lie algebra) AL. Note that the resulting AL should not be confused with the tensor algebra construction described in the previous section. If one wished, one could also apply that construction as well, ... | Poisson algebra | 0.778283 |
96,396 | A Poisson algebra is a vector space over a field K equipped with two bilinear products, ⋅ and {, }, having the following properties: The product ⋅ forms an associative K-algebra. The product {, }, called the Poisson bracket, forms a Lie algebra, and so it is anti-symmetric, and obeys the Jacobi identity. The Poisson br... | Poisson algebra | 0.778283 |
96,397 | Iodosobenzene or iodosylbenzene is an organoiodine compound with the empirical formula C6H5IO. This colourless solid compound is used as an oxo transfer reagent in research laboratories examining organic and coordination chemistry. | Iodosobenzene | 0.778282 |
96,398 | Related derivatives are also oligomeric. Its low solubility in most solvents and vibrational spectroscopy indicate that it is not molecular, but is polymeric, consisting of –I–O–I–O– chains. The related diacetate, C6H5I(O2CCH3)2, illustrates the ability of iodine(III) to adopt a T-shaped geometry without multiple bonds... | Iodosobenzene | 0.778282 |
96,399 | Building, tuning and managing taxonomies and ontologies are costly since a lot of manual operations are required. A number of studies proposed the automated building of taxonomies based on linguistic resources and/or statistical machine learning. A number of tools using SKOS standard (including Unilexicon, PoolParty an... | Taxonomy for search engines | 0.778281 |
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