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96,500 | The driving force for titanium foam's replacement of existing materials in the aerospace sector results from the following five factors: Weight reduction: as a substitute for steels and nickel-based superalloys; Application temperature: as a substitute for aluminum and nickel-based alloys and steels Corrosion resistanc... | Titanium foam | 0.778235 |
96,501 | Software product lines (SPLs), or software product line development, refers to software engineering methods, tools and techniques for creating a collection of similar software systems from a shared set of software assets using a common means of production.The Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute defines a sof... | Software product line | 0.778234 |
96,502 | Manufacturers have long employed analogous engineering techniques to create a product line of similar products using a common factory that assembles and configures parts designed to be reused across the product line. For example, automotive manufacturers can create unique variations of one car model using a single pool... | Software product line | 0.778234 |
96,503 | Meteorologists study the Earth's atmosphere and its interactions with the Earth's surface, the oceans and the biosphere. Their knowledge of applied mathematics and physics allows them to understand the full range of atmospheric phenomena, from snowflake formation to the Earth's general climate. Research meteorologists ... | Weather forecaster | 0.778232 |
96,504 | In molecular biology, the heat-labile enterotoxin family includes Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (Elt or LT) and cholera toxin (Ctx) secreted by Vibrio cholerae. lt is so named because it is inactivated at high temperatures. | Heat-labile enterotoxin | 0.778232 |
96,505 | Error correction can be used in quantum repeaters. Due to technological limitations, however, the applicability is limited to very short distances as quantum error correction schemes capable of protecting qubits over long distances would require an extremely large amount of qubits and hence extremely large quantum comp... | Quantum network | 0.778231 |
96,506 | Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum processors. A quantum processor is a small quantum computer being able to p... | Quantum network | 0.778231 |
96,507 | Long-distance communication is hindered by the effects of signal loss and decoherence inherent to most transport mediums such as optical fiber. In classical communication, amplifiers can be used to boost the signal during transmission, but in a quantum network amplifiers cannot be used since qubits cannot be copied – k... | Quantum network | 0.778231 |
96,508 | A logarithmic transformation (of order m with center p) of an elliptic surface or fibration turns a fiber of multiplicity 1 over a point p of the base space into a fiber of multiplicity m. It can be reversed, so fibers of high multiplicity can all be turned into fibers of multiplicity 1, and this can be used to elimina... | Logarithmic transformation | 0.778231 |
96,509 | Reiterates argument for irreducible complexity, calculating improbability on 2 or more beneficial mutations happening simultaneously, rather than one by one as evolutionary theory requires. 2007, A new biology textbook intended to replace Of Pandas and People, entitled Explore Evolution is published by Hill House Publi... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,510 | It claims Edwards v. Aguillard mandated "teaching a variety of scientific theories about the origins of humankind" subject to a "clear secular intent of enhancing.. science instruction." 1999 Skagit County's Burlington-Edison School District finds that for almost 10 years the high-school science teacher Roger DeHart ha... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,511 | 1995 John Buell FTE fund raising letter "Production of supplemental textbook for biology is already complete. The teachers are now using it in all 50 states. This book Of Pandas and People is favorably influencing the way origins is taught in thousands of public school classrooms." "Our commitment is to see the monopol... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,512 | Charles Thaxton's A Word to the Teacher at the end of the book was supplanted by Notes to teachers written by M. D. Hartwig, and S. C. Meyer. December 1993, Johnson's Darwin on Trial revised, with minor changes to footnotes, a new section on embryology and an epilogue. December 1993 Bruce Chapman, president and founder... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,513 | 1989 survey found that more than 30% of a national sample of high school biology teachers wanted to teach "creation science". August 1989 Of Pandas and People was published, printed by "Haughton Publishing Co." (Horticultural Printers, Inc. of Dallas, with no other books in print). It included all of the basic argument... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,514 | Its content will be fully sterilized: it will avoid explicit supernaturalism, and it will speak not of any god but of a nebulous 'intelligence' or 'intelligent cause.' " Work already done by the done by the Foundation for Thought and Ethics, outlines TMoLO, "The Foundation recently has been seeking a publisher for anot... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,515 | The conference also gained the attention of Denton and Plantinga. There was now a question of finding a suitable umbrella term for the emerging movement: Thaxton had avoided the word "design" as this aroused opposition in biology, he reviewed historic wording such as "creative intelligence". August 1988 Johnson's draft... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,516 | June 23–26, 1988, Charles Thaxton held a conference titled Sources of Information Content in DNA in Tacoma, Washington, and presented the conference with a paper titled "In Pursuit of Intelligent Causes: Some Historical Background", arguing "that intelligent causes are a viable option today for science". Stephen C. Me... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,517 | 1987 FTE copyrighted draft entitled Biology and Origins by Kenyon & Davis. 1987 FTE's founder Jon Buell sought a publisher for the book, telling a Boston firm "A new independent scientific poll (report enclosed) shows almost half of the nation's biology teachers include some creation in their view of biological origins... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,518 | Prominent figures in ID credit his critical examination of Darwinism with their change of view (Behe, Johnson). 1986 FTE copyrighted draft entitled Biology and Creation by Kenyon & Davis. (note Charles Thaxton academic editor, not clear from when) Autumn 1986 FTE, under the name of "Austin Analytic Consulting", carried... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,519 | (In this case Scripture or even religious doctrine would violate the separation of church and state.)" The first was The Mystery of Life's Origin (published in 1984), the second eventually became Of Pandas and People. 1981 state of Arkansas passed a law, Act 590, mandating that "creation science" be given equal time in... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,520 | 1980 Foundation for Thought and Ethics (FTE) formed by ordained minister Jon Buell as a "Christian think-tank", its first activity to be the editing of a book "showing the scientific evidence for creation.". 1981 FTE filed IRS declaration that it had been "established to introduce biblical perspective into the mainstre... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,521 | States may not alter the curriculum to conform to the beliefs of particular religious sects. 1975 Daniel v. Waters rules that a state law requiring biology textbooks discussing "origins or creation of man and his world" to give equal treatment to creation as per Genesis is unconstitutional, creationists change to Creat... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,522 | 1920s: Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy – in an upsurge of fundamentalist religious fervor, anti-evolutionary sentiment stopped U.S. public schools from teaching evolution, through state laws such as Tennessee's 1925 Butler Act, and by getting evolution removed from biology textbooks nationwide. 1959 National Defen... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,523 | It included an 18-minute video with the endorsements of a number of scientists, educators, and an authority on First Amendment law, and a Suggested Plan of Action for volunteers suggesting: finding a sympathetic biology teacher (perhaps a fellow church member) who then convinces the curriculum committee and/or administ... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,524 | 1990 Haughton admitted sales of Pandas so far had been single-copy. Instead of attempts to get state textbook approval, the FTE was now directing efforts "outside the schools" to the grass-roots level, targeting local school boards, teacher's groups, and parents. May 1990 a FTE letter by Jon Buell announced a new sales... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,525 | ... Just teach evolution with a recognition that it's controversial ..." December 14, 2004, 11 parents, ACLU, Americans United and Pepper Hamilton LLP file lawsuit Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, lead plaintiff Tammy Kitzmiller, the mother of a ninth grader in the biology class. On December 20, the District v... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,526 | June 7, 2004, at Dover, Pennsylvania, the Dover Area School District School Board considered a new biology textbook. William Buckingham objected, wanting a textbook that gave a balanced view between creationism and evolution. He subsequently proposed Of Pandas and People, after acrimonious debate it was left off the li... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,527 | July 1992 in the Scientific American, Gould reviewed Johnson's book Darwin on Trial, making no mention of ID. 1992 Johnson wrote an anti-naturalistic response, which Scientific American refused to print: Dembski, Behe, Meyer and 36 other anti-evolutionists responded by mass-mailing a copy of it to scientists and biolog... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,528 | Thus two states had passed these "equal time" laws. 1983 Percival Davis and Dean H. Kenyon produce Creation Biology Textbook Supplements, an early draft of the work later retitled Of Pandas and People. Charles Thaxton was the project chairman and academic editor. | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,529 | He states "My colleagues and I speak of 'theistic realism' -- or sometimes, 'mere creation"—as the defining concept of our movement. This means that we affirm that God is objectively real as Creator, and that the reality of God is tangibly recorded in evidence accessible to science, particularly in biology. We avoid th... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.778225 |
96,530 | In mathematics, Carmichael's totient function conjecture concerns the multiplicity of values of Euler's totient function φ(n), which counts the number of integers less than and coprime to n. It states that, for every n there is at least one other integer m ≠ n such that φ(m) = φ(n). Robert Carmichael first stated this ... | Carmichael's totient function conjecture | 0.778225 |
96,531 | In theoretical physics, a Nielsen–Olesen vortex is a point-like object localized in two spatial dimensions or, equivalently, a classical solution of field theory with the same property. This particular solution occurs if the configuration space of scalar fields contains non-contractible circles. A circle surrounding th... | Nielsen–Olesen vortex | 0.778225 |
96,532 | In physics, the gravitomagnetic clock effect is a deviation from Kepler's third law that, according to the weak-field and slow-motion approximation of general relativity, will be suffered by a particle in orbit around a (slowly) spinning body, such as a typical planet or star. | Gravitomagnetic clock effect | 0.778224 |
96,533 | The mission of the OAD is to help further the use of astronomy as a tool for development by mobilizing the human and financial resources necessary in order to realize the field's scientific, technological and cultural benefits to society. As of 2017 the OAD had administered a total of €515,364 in IAU grant funds. These... | Office of Astronomy for Development | 0.77822 |
96,534 | The Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) is an office of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) established in 2011 to further the use of astronomy as a tool for development. The OAD is jointly funded by the International Astronomical Union and the National Research Foundation of South Africa. The office consi... | Office of Astronomy for Development | 0.77822 |
96,535 | The OAD was established on the 16th of April 2011 at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in Cape Town. It was launched by the South African Minister of Science and Technology Naledi Pandor. In 2016 the IAU together with the OAD director Kevin Govender was awarded the Edinburgh Medal for "furthering educat... | Office of Astronomy for Development | 0.77822 |
96,536 | It has been shown in some cases that color can be an efficient method for identifying objects of known location and appearance. Further research into the relationship between color histogram data to the physical properties of the objects in an image has shown they can represent not only object color and illumination bu... | Color histogram | 0.77822 |
96,537 | A color histogram focuses only on the proportion of the number of different types of colors, regardless of the spatial location of the colors. The values of a color histogram are from statistics. They show the statistical distribution of colors and the essential tone of an image. In general, as the color distributions ... | Color histogram | 0.77822 |
96,538 | Determinants are mainly used as a theoretical tool. They are rarely calculated explicitly in numerical linear algebra, where for applications such as checking invertibility and finding eigenvalues the determinant has largely been supplanted by other techniques. Computational geometry, however, does frequently use calcu... | Matrix determinant | 0.778218 |
96,539 | {\displaystyle \int _{f(U)}\phi (\mathbf {v} )\,d\mathbf {v} =\int _{U}\phi (f(\mathbf {u} ))\left|\det(\operatorname {D} f)(\mathbf {u} )\right|\,d\mathbf {u} .} The Jacobian also occurs in the inverse function theorem. When applied to the field of Cartography, the determinant can be used to measure the rate of expans... | Matrix determinant | 0.778218 |
96,540 | In the language of category theory, the determinant is a natural transformation between the two functors GL n {\displaystyle \operatorname {GL} _{n}} and ( − ) × {\displaystyle (-)^{\times }} . Adding yet another layer of abstraction, this is captured by saying that the determinant is a morphism of algebraic groups, fr... | Matrix determinant | 0.778218 |
96,541 | {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\det(A)&={\frac {1}{2}}\left(\left(\operatorname {tr} (A)\right)^{2}-\operatorname {tr} \left(A^{2}\right)\right),\\\det(A)&={\frac {1}{6}}\left(\left(\operatorname {tr} (A)\right)^{3}-3\operatorname {tr} (A)~\operatorname {tr} \left(A^{2}\right)+2\operatorname {tr} \left(A^{3}\right)\rig... | Matrix determinant | 0.778218 |
96,542 | Also then q ( x ) = x n {\displaystyle q(x)=x_{n}} with q ( t ) = t − p ( t ) {\displaystyle q(t)=t-p(t)} . The condition p ( t ) ≡ 0 mod t {\displaystyle p(t)\equiv 0{\bmod {t}}} ensures that p ( t ) {\displaystyle p(t)} and q ( t ) {\displaystyle q(t)} have no constant terms. This completes the proof of the algebraic... | Jordan-Chevalley decomposition | 0.778215 |
96,543 | {\displaystyle d_{i}=\dim V_{i}.} Also, d i ≥ m i {\displaystyle d_{i}\geq m_{i}} (because, in general, a nilpotent matrix is killed when raised to the size of the matrix). Now, the Chinese remainder theorem applied to the polynomial ring k {\displaystyle k} gives a polynomial p ( t ) {\displaystyle p(t)} satisfying t... | Jordan-Chevalley decomposition | 0.778215 |
96,544 | But this is not needed here.) The fact that x s , x n {\displaystyle x_{s},x_{n}} are polynomials in x follows from the Chinese remainder theorem. Indeed, let f ( t ) = det ( t I − x ) {\displaystyle f(t)=\operatorname {det} (tI-x)} be the characteristic polynomial of x. Then it is the product of the characteristic p... | Jordan-Chevalley decomposition | 0.778215 |
96,545 | First assume the base field k is algebraically closed. Then the vector space V has the direct sum decomposition V = ⨁ i = 1 r V i {\textstyle V=\bigoplus _{i=1}^{r}V_{i}} where each V i {\displaystyle V_{i}} is the kernel of ( x − λ i I ) m i {\displaystyle (x-\lambda _{i}I)^{m_{i}}} , the generalized eigenspace and x ... | Jordan-Chevalley decomposition | 0.778215 |
96,546 | The multiplicative version of the Jordan-Chevalley decomposition generalizes to a decomposition in a linear algebraic group, and the additive version of the decomposition generalizes to a decomposition in a Lie algebra. | Jordan-Chevalley decomposition | 0.778215 |
96,547 | In the setup here, A / J {\displaystyle A/J} is separable since the base field is perfect (so the theorem is applicable) and J is also the nilradical of A. There is then the vector-space decomposition A = B ⊕ J {\displaystyle A=B\oplus J} . In particular, the endomorphism x can be written as x = x s + x n {\displaystyl... | Jordan-Chevalley decomposition | 0.778215 |
96,548 | (Jacobson 1979) proves the existence of a decomposition as a consequence of the Wedderburn principal theorem. (This approach is not only short but also makes the role of the assumption that the base field be perfect clearer.) Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over a perfect field k, x: V → V {\displaystyle x:V... | Jordan-Chevalley decomposition | 0.778215 |
96,549 | Let G {\displaystyle G} be a linear algebraic group over a perfect field. Then, essentially by definition, there is a closed embedding G ↪ G L n {\displaystyle G\hookrightarrow \mathbf {GL} _{n}} . Now, to each element g ∈ G {\displaystyle g\in G} , by the multiplicative Jordan decomposition, there are a pair of a semi... | Jordan-Chevalley decomposition | 0.778215 |
96,550 | The Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) was one of a number of research councils in the United Kingdom. It directed, coordinated and funded research in particle physics and astronomy for the people of the UK. Its head office was at Polaris House in Swindon, Wiltshire, but it also operated three scie... | Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council | 0.778213 |
96,551 | Poorly designed walkways increase risks for the vision-impaired, because it is more difficult than at a signalised intersection to audibly detect whether there is a sufficient gap in traffic to cross safely. At a signalised intersection, traffic comes to a stop, and an audible sound can be generated to indicate that it... | Traffic circles | 0.778212 |
96,552 | Babylonians later devised a sign to represent this empty place. They lacked a symbol to serve the function of radix point, so the place of the units had to be inferred from context: could have represented 23 or 23×60 or 23×60×60 or 23/60, etc. Their system clearly used internal decimal to represent digits, but it was n... | Babylonian Numerals | 0.77821 |
96,553 | In organic chemistry, the propargyl group is a functional group of 2-propynyl with the structure CH≡C−CH2−. It is an alkyl group derived from propyne (HC≡C−CH3). The term propargylic refers to a saturated position (sp3-hybridized) on a molecular framework next to an alkynyl group. | Propargyl group | 0.778209 |
96,554 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snR52 (homologous to Z13) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known ... | Small nucleolar RNA Z13/snr52 | 0.778208 |
96,555 | A previously popular description of special relativity's predictions, in which an observer sees a passing object to be contracted (for instance, from a sphere to a flattened ellipsoid), was wrong. A sphere maintains its circular outline since, as the sphere moves, light from further points of the Lorentz-contracted ell... | Terrell effect | 0.778208 |
96,556 | Terrell's and Penrose's papers pointed out that although special relativity appeared to describe an "observed contraction" in moving objects, these interpreted "observations" were not to be confused with the theory's literal predictions for the visible appearance of a moving object. Thanks to the differential timelag e... | Terrell effect | 0.778208 |
96,557 | Terrell rotation or Terrell effect is the visual distortion that a passing object would appear to undergo, according to the special theory of relativity if it were travelling at a significant fraction of the speed of light. This behaviour was described independently by both Roger Penrose and James Terrell. Penrose's ar... | Terrell effect | 0.778208 |
96,558 | For instance, the convolution theorem holds: { L ∗ ( g ∗ h ) } ( s ) = { L ∗ g } ( s ) { L ∗ h } ( s ) . {\displaystyle \{{\mathcal {L}}^{*}(g*h)\}(s)=\{{\mathcal {L}}^{*}g\}(s)\{{\mathcal {L}}^{*}h\}(s).} Often only real values of the variable s are considered, although if the integral exists as a proper Lebesgue inte... | Laplace–Stieltjes transform | 0.778206 |
96,559 | Porcelain lithophanes are still made in limited numbers, by both studio potters and large manufacturers such as Bernardaud and Wedgwood.Similar effects can be achieved in moulded coloured glass, but these should probably not be called lithophanes. The term has revived in use for images created by digitally-controlled c... | Lithophane | 0.778205 |
96,560 | The largest producer was the Prussian Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur (KPM) in Berlin, leading to "Berlin transparencies" becoming a common term for them in English. The Plauesche Porzellanmanufaktur in Plaue, Thuringia, Germany, was another large manufacturer, who continued to make them into the second half of the 20t... | Lithophane | 0.778205 |
96,561 | LLL is implemented in Arageli as the function lll_reduction_int fpLLL as a stand-alone implementation FLINT as the function fmpz_lll GAP as the function LLLReducedBasis Macaulay2 as the function LLL in the package LLLBases Magma as the functions LLL and LLLGram (taking a gram matrix) Maple as the function IntegerRelati... | Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász lattice basis reduction algorithm | 0.778204 |
96,562 | Photo-induced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) was developed following REMPI experiments on electronic autoionization of low-lying Rydberg states of carbon dioxide. In REMPI photoelectron experiments, it was determined that a two-photon ionic core photoabsorption process (followed by prompt electronic autoionization) could do... | Rydberg ionization spectroscopy | 0.778202 |
96,563 | Using low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) motor and driver: PMSM motors have some efficiency problems with THD. Low-THD motors and drivers are available on the market (Kolmorgen)but their prices are considerably higher than lower efficiency motors. Only high-tech Thrusters on the market using this type of motor and dri... | Underwater thruster | 0.778201 |
96,564 | Many parameters affect underwater thrusters considerably. Under the sea, energy become more valuable as it is difficult to transfer it (ROVs) or to store it (AUV, UUV, Submarine), Then its very important to have the maximum efficiency. Motor driver, electric motor, shafting, sealing, propeller, nozzle and thruster oute... | Underwater thruster | 0.778201 |
96,565 | The proof of this theorem by Vladimir Voevodsky uses several ideas developed by Voevodsky, Alexander Merkurjev, Andrei Suslin, Markus Rost, Fabien Morel, Eric Friedlander, and others, including the newly minted theory of motivic cohomology (a kind of substitute for singular cohomology for algebraic varieties) and the m... | Milnor conjecture | 0.778198 |
96,566 | The analogue of this result for primes other than 2 was known as the Bloch–Kato conjecture. Work of Voevodsky and Markus Rost yielded a complete proof of this conjecture in 2009; the result is now called the norm residue isomorphism theorem. | Milnor conjecture | 0.778198 |
96,567 | The first version of PCLake (by then called PCLoos) was built in the early 1990s at the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), within the framework of a research and restoration project on Lake Loosdrecht. It has been extended and improved since then. Parallel to PCLake, PCDitch wa... | PCLake | 0.778196 |
96,568 | Mathematically, PCLake is composed of a set of coupled differential equations. With a large number of state variables (>100) and parameters (>300), the model may be characterized as relatively complex. The main biotic variables are phytoplankton and submerged aquatic vegetation, describing primary production. A simplif... | PCLake | 0.778196 |
96,569 | A cleanroom can also prevent the escape of materials. This is often the primary aim in hazardous biology and nuclear work, in pharmaceutics and in virology. Cleanrooms typically come with a cleanliness level quantified by the number of particles per cubic meter at a predetermined molecule measure. | Clean rooms | 0.778193 |
96,570 | In 2005, Germany took the lead from Japan. With the introduction of the Renewable Energy Act in 2000, feed-in tariffs were adopted as a policy mechanism. This policy established that renewables have priority on the grid, and that a fixed price must be paid for the produced electricity over a 20-year period, providing a... | Growth of photovoltaics | 0.778192 |
96,571 | Between 1992 and 2022, the worldwide usage of photovoltaics (PV) increased exponentially. During this period, it evolved from a niche market of small-scale applications to a mainstream electricity source. From 2016-2022 it has seen an annual capacity and production growth rate of around 26%- doubling approximately ever... | Growth of photovoltaics | 0.778192 |
96,572 | In 1977 US-President Jimmy Carter installed solar hot water panels on the White House (later removed by President Reagan) promoting solar energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, originally named Solar Energy Research Institute was established at Golden, Colorado. In the 1980s and early 1990s, most photovol... | Growth of photovoltaics | 0.778192 |
96,573 | In the highly penetrated German market, prices for residential and small commercial rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to $1.36 per watt (€1.24/W) by the end of 2014. In 2015, Deutsche Bank estimated costs for small residential rooftop systems in the U.S. around $2.90 per watt. Costs for utility-scale systems in ... | Growth of photovoltaics | 0.778192 |
96,574 | MGF1 is a mask generation function defined in the Public Key Cryptography Standard #1 published by RSA Laboratories: | Mask generation function | 0.778192 |
96,575 | Loren Carpenter created a two-minute color film called Vol Libre for presentation at SIGGRAPH in 1980. The October 1983 issue of Acorn User magazine carried a BBC BASIC listing for generating fractal shapes by Susan Stepney, now Professor of Computer Science at the University of York. She followed this up in the March ... | Fractal generating software | 0.778192 |
96,576 | Using recursion allowed programmers to create complex images through simple direction.Three dimensional fractals are generated in a variety of ways including by using quaternion algebra. Fractals emerge from fluid dynamics modelling simulations as turbulence when contour advection is used to study chaotic mixing. | Fractal generating software | 0.778191 |
96,577 | There is no universally adopted standard fractal file format. One feature of most escape time fractal programs or algebraic-based fractals is a maximum iteration setting. Increasing the iteration count is required if the image is magnified so that fine detail is not lost. | Fractal generating software | 0.778191 |
96,578 | In probability theory, the tail dependence of a pair of random variables is a measure of their comovements in the tails of the distributions. The concept is used in extreme value theory. Random variables that appear to exhibit no correlation can show tail dependence in extreme deviations. For instance, it is a stylized... | Tail dependence | 0.778189 |
96,579 | An example from paleontology is the previously deprecated term Brontosaurus; before being re-recognized as a unique genus, it was considered a popular, yet deprecated, name for the genus Apatosaurus. Some examples of deprecated terms from medicine include consumption (tuberculosis), grippe (influenza), and apoplexy (st... | Deprecation | 0.778188 |
96,580 | It contains most of MTL2's functionality and adds new optimization techniques as meta-tuning, e.g. loop unrolling of dynamically sized containers can be specified in the function call. Platform-independent performance scalability is reached by recursive data structures and algorithms.Generic applications can be written... | Matrix Template Library | 0.778186 |
96,581 | The Matrix Template Library (MTL) is a linear algebra library for C++ programs. The MTL uses template programming, which considerably reduces the code length. All matrices and vectors are available in all classical numerical formats: float, double, complex or complex . Furthermore, generic programming allows the usage ... | Matrix Template Library | 0.778186 |
96,582 | The Advanced Research and Invention Agency Act 2022 created the legislative framework for the agency and it was formally established as an independent research body in January 2023.With a similar remit to that of its US equivalent, DARPA, the agency will fund "high-risk, high-reward" research. Organisationally, it will... | Advanced Research and Invention Agency | 0.778184 |
96,583 | In organic chemistry, the Fráter–Seebach alkylation (also known as Seebach–Fráter alkylation or Fráter–Seebach reaction) is a diastereoselective alkylation of chiral beta-hydroxy esters using strong bases. The reaction was first published by Georg Fráter in 1979; in 1980, Dieter Seebach reported about a similar reactio... | Fráter–Seebach alkylation | 0.778182 |
96,584 | In collaboration with Pierre Deligne, Phillip Griffiths, and Sullivan, Morgan used this decomposition to apply Sullivan's theory to study the topology of simply-connected compact Kähler manifolds. Their primary result is that the real homotopy type of such a space is determined by its cohomology ring. Morgan later exte... | John Morgan (mathematician) | 0.778181 |
96,585 | Morgan's best-known work deals with the topology of complex manifolds and algebraic varieties. In the 1970s, Dennis Sullivan developed the notion of a minimal model of a differential graded algebra. One of the simplest examples of a differential graded algebra is the space of smooth differential forms on a smooth manif... | John Morgan (mathematician) | 0.778181 |
96,586 | Morgan is a member of the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook University and served as its founding director from 2009 to 2016.From 1974 to 1976, Morgan was a Sloan Research Fellow. In 2008, he was awarded a Gauss Lectureship by the German Mathematical Society. In 2009 he was elected to the National A... | John Morgan (mathematician) | 0.778181 |
96,587 | John Willard Morgan (born March 21, 1946) is an American mathematician known for his contributions to topology and geometry. He is a Professor Emeritus at Columbia University and a member of the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook University. | John Morgan (mathematician) | 0.778181 |
96,588 | Scandium oxide is the primary form of refined scandium produced by the mining industry, making it the start point for all scandium chemistry. Scandium oxide reacts with most acids upon heating, to produce the expected hydrated product. For example, heating in excess aqueous HCl produces hydrated ScCl3·nH2O. This can be... | Sc2O3 | 0.77818 |
96,589 | Much of this article applies to lotic ecosystems in general, including related lotic systems such as streams and springs. Lotic ecosystems can be contrasted with lentic ecosystems, which involve relatively still terrestrial waters such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Together, these two ecosystems form the more general ... | Lotic ecosystem | 0.778178 |
96,590 | System of systems engineering (SoSE) is a set of developing processes, tools, and methods for designing, re-designing and deploying solutions to system-of-systems challenges. | System of systems engineering | 0.778178 |
96,591 | SoSE should enable the decision-makers to understand the implications of various choices on technical performance, costs, extensibility and flexibility over time; thus, effective SoSE methodology should prepare decision-makers to design informed architectural solutions for System-of-Systems problems. Due to varied meth... | System of systems engineering | 0.778178 |
96,592 | System-of-Systems Engineering and Systems Engineering are related but different fields of study. Whereas systems engineering addresses the development and operations of monolithic products, SoSE addresses the development and operations of evolving programs. In other words, traditional systems engineering seeks to optim... | System of systems engineering | 0.778178 |
96,593 | System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) methodology is heavily used in U.S. Department of Defense applications, but is increasingly being applied to non-defense related problems such as architectural design of problems in air and auto transportation, healthcare, global communication networks, search and rescue, space expl... | System of systems engineering | 0.778178 |
96,594 | It is due to the periodontal probe damaging the increased blood vessels in the capillary plexus of the lamina propria, which are close to the surface because of the ulceration of the junctional epithelium (JE). The presence of bleeding is one of the first clinical signs of active periodontal disease in uncomplicated ca... | Periodontal probe | 0.778175 |
96,595 | The name min-entropy stems from the fact that it is the smallest entropy measure in the family of Rényi entropies. In this sense, it is the strongest way to measure the information content of a discrete random variable. In particular, the min-entropy is never larger than the Shannon entropy. The min-entropy has importa... | Renyi divergence | 0.778168 |
96,596 | Some more advanced filters, particularly anti-spam filters, use statistical document classification techniques such as the naive Bayes classifier while others use natural language processing to organize incoming emails. Image filtering can use complex image-analysis algorithms to detect skin-tones and specific body sha... | Mail filter | 0.778168 |
96,597 | {\displaystyle x\to 0.} Thus, this example shows the existence of a function that is differentiable but not continuously differentiable (i.e., the derivative is not a continuous function). Nevertheless, Darboux's theorem implies that the derivative of any function satisfies the conclusion of the intermediate value theo... | Continuously differentiable function | 0.778168 |
96,598 | Biotechnology project management focuses on the intricacies of biotechnology research and development. Localization project management includes application of many standard project management practices to translation works even though many consider this type of management to be a very different discipline. | Project life cycle | 0.778167 |
96,599 | Starch is often used in chemistry as an indicator for redox titrations where triiodide is present. Starch forms a very dark blue-black complex with triiodide. However, the complex is not formed if only iodine or only iodide (I−) is present. The colour of the starch complex is so deep, that it can be detected visually w... | Iodine-starch test | 0.778165 |
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