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98,200 | It is evident from this formula that the total time delay is equal to the cumulative time delays along the entire length of fibre, regardless whether the fibre is in a rotating section of the conveyor, or a straight section. This equation is invalid, however, if the light source's path in space does not follow that of ... | Sagnac effect | 0.777415 |
98,201 | Inconsistencies between theoretical models and known chemical properties thus made it difficult to place these elements in the periodic table.The first appearance of the actinide concept may have been in a 32-column periodic table constructed by Alfred Werner in 1905. Upon determining the arrangement of the lanthanides... | Actinide concept | 0.777414 |
98,202 | In nuclear chemistry, the actinide concept (also known as actinide hypothesis) proposed that the actinides form a second inner transition series homologous to the lanthanides. Its origins stem from observation of lanthanide-like properties in transuranic elements in contrast to the distinct complex chemistry of previou... | Actinide concept | 0.777414 |
98,203 | Renewable Energy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on renewable energy, sustainable energy and the energy transition. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Soteris Kalogirou (Cyprus University of Technology). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 202... | Renewable Energy (journal) | 0.777414 |
98,204 | The Mauthner cell was first identified by the Viennese ophthalmologist Ludwig Mauthner in the teleost fish for its associated neural circuit which mediates an escape response called the C-start or C-startle to direct the fish away from a predator. The M-cell is a model system in the field of Neuroethology. The M-cell s... | Mauthner cells | 0.777414 |
98,205 | Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), a very strong reducing agent Red-Al (NaAlH2(OCH2CH2OCH3)2), a safer and more stable alternative to lithium aluminum hydride Hydrogen without or with a suitable catalyst; e.g. a Lindlar catalyst Sodium amalgam (Na(Hg)) Sodium-lead alloy (Na + Pb) Zinc amalgam (Zn(Hg)) (reagent for Cle... | Reduction agent | 0.77741 |
98,206 | In chemistry, a reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an electron recipient (called the oxidizing agent, oxidant, oxidizer, or electron acceptor). Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include the alkali metals, formic... | Reduction agent | 0.77741 |
98,207 | Sets with cardinality greater than c {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {c}}} include: the set of all subsets of R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } (i.e., power set P ( R ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(\mathbb {R} )} ) the set 2R of indicator functions defined on subsets of the reals (the set 2 R {\displaystyle 2^{\mathbb {R} }} i... | Cardinal of the continuum | 0.77741 |
98,208 | The image of this map is called the Cantor set. It is not hard to see that this map is injective, for by avoiding points with the digit 1 in their ternary expansion, we avoid conflicts created by the fact that the ternary-expansion of a real number is not unique. We then have that 2 ℵ 0 ≤ c {\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{0... | Cardinal of the continuum | 0.77741 |
98,209 | A variation of Cantor's diagonal argument can be used to prove Cantor's theorem, which states that the cardinality of any set is strictly less than that of its power set. That is, | A | < 2 | A | {\displaystyle |A|<2^{|A|}} (and so that the power set ℘ ( N ) {\displaystyle \wp (\mathbb {N} )} of the natural numbers N {... | Cardinal of the continuum | 0.77741 |
98,210 | The use of nanotechnology in fiction has attracted scholarly attention. The first use of the distinguishing concepts of nanotechnology was "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a talk given by physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. K. Eric Drexler's 1986 book Engines of Creation introduced the general public to the conce... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,211 | The protagonists of these games are equipped with a "Nano Suit", which enables them to become stronger, invisible, heavily armored, etc. In Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 (2009), Reed Richards creates nanites that are meant to control the minds of supervillains. However, the nanites evolve into a group mind called the Fol... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,212 | In the Ratchet & Clank series, the health system involves nanotechnology. The nanotech can be upgraded by purchase in the first game, or by defeating enemies in other games of the series. Nanotechnology is also found in Crysis (2007), Crysis 2 (2011), and Crysis 3 (2013). | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,213 | In Metal Gear Rising Revengeance (2013) the main antagonist Senator Armstrong also augments himself with nanotechnology. In Red Faction (2001), nanotechnology is used on Mars to control miners, and Red Faction Guerilla (2009) features nanotechnology, in particular a device called the Nano Forge, as a major plot point. ... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,214 | In Metal Gear Solid (1998) the protagonist got nanomachines to supply and administer adrenalin, nutrients, sugar, nootropics, and benzedrine and to recharge a Codec's battery. The protagonist of Metal Gear Solid 2 (2001) had artificial blood infused with nanomachine that served functions such as healing. Metal Gear Sol... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,215 | In Deus Ex (2000), nanotechnology is an important part of both the plot and game mechanics. A very dangerous technology in the wrong hands, it provides a number of superhuman abilities to the protagonist along with novel approaches to weaponry such as the coveted Dragon's Tooth Sword. The MMORPG Anarchy Online (launche... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,216 | Robert Ludlum's 2005 novel The Lazarus Vendetta also focuses around nanotechnology, focusing mainly on its ability to cure cancer. The 2006 children's novel The Doomsday Dust (book 4 in the Spy Gear Adventures series by Rick Barba) features a nanite swarm as the villain. A nanomorph, term first coined by science fictio... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,217 | Nanobots (called Nanoes) are central to Stel Pavlou's novel Decipher (2001). Michael Crichton's novel Prey (2002) is a cautionary tale about the possible risks of developing nanotechnology. In Prey, a swarm of molecule-sized nanorobots develop intelligence and become a large scale threat. | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,218 | The morphing technology in Animorphs is described as a form of nanotechnology that allows its users to transform into other animal and alien species, as well as members of their own species. The Trinity Blood series features an alien nanomachine found on Mars which is present in the body of the protagonist, Abel Nighro... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,219 | The space elevator speeds travel of people and materials between Earth and Mars, but creates tension between factions — and is later destroyed. Neal Stephenson's 1995 novel The Diamond Age is set in a world where nanotechnology is commonplace. Nanoscale warfare, fabrication at the molecular scale, and self-assembling i... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,220 | The 1991 novelization of Terminator 2: Judgment Day, authored by Randall Frakes, expands the origin story of the T-1000 Terminator through the inclusion of a prologue set in the future. It is explained that the T-1000 is a 'Nanomorph', that was created by Skynet, through the use of programmable Nanotechnology. This was... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,221 | Stanislaw Lem's 1964 novel The Invincible involves the discovery of an artificial ecosystem of minuscule robots, although like in Clarke's story they are larger than what is strictly meant by the term 'nanotechnology'. Robert Silverberg's 1969 short story How It Was when the Past Went Away describes nanotechnology bein... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,222 | In 1931, Boris Zhitkov wrote a short story called Microhands (Микроруки), where the narrator builds for himself a pair of microscopic remote manipulators, and uses them for fine tasks like eye surgery. When he attempts to build even smaller manipulators to be manipulated by the first pair, the story goes into detail ab... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,223 | Spider-Man's Iron Spider suit, also created by Stark, uses nanotechnology as well. In the 2019 film Avengers: Endgame, Stark incorporates nanotechnology into his Mark LXXXV Armor as well as the Time Suits that the Avengers use to travel through the Quantum Realm. In the 2021 film Spider-Man: No Way Home, Otto Octavius ... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,224 | In the post-credit scene Dean painfully urinates them out like a set of kidney stones. Nanotechnology is featured in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU): In the 2018 film Black Panther, the titular character's suit of armor is made of nanites stored in a necklace when not in use. In the 2018 film Avengers: Infinity War... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,225 | The T-3000, like the T-1000 and T-X units, has shapeshifting and replication abilities. This unit's deadly structure gives the T-3000 the unique ability to instantly scatter into particles and then quickly reform to avoid harmful impact as well as instantly recovering from damage. In the 2014 film Transcendence, the up... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,226 | It was based on a laboratory experiment going wrong and infecting the world with bad "Nanites" which turned people into monsters known as E.V.Os. In the Ben 10 series, there is a nanotechnology-based alien species called Nanochips, who first appeared in the live-action movie Ben 10: Alien Swarm. Nanotechnology is featu... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,227 | Joe: The Rise of Cobra, the main plot is to save the world from a warhead containing deadly nanobots called the "Nanomites", which if detonated over a city could destroy it in hours. The popular NBC science fiction show, Revolution, is based on a worldwide blackout due to the manipulation of nanotechnology. In 2010 Gen... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,228 | In the 2008 film The Day the Earth Stood Still, the alien robot "GORT" disintegrates into a swarm of self-replicating nanobots shaped like bugs that cover Earth and destroy all humans and artificial structures by seemingly devouring them within seconds. The revamped Knight Rider television series and TV movie incorpora... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,229 | In the 2003 film Agent Cody Banks, a scientist creates nanobots programmed to clean up oil spills. In the 2004 film I, Robot, nanites are used to wipe out artificial intelligence in the event of a malfunction and are depicted as a liquid containing tiny silver objects. In the 2005 Doctor Who television episode "The Emp... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,230 | Nanobots were also featured during the Sci-Fi Channel era of Mystery Science Theater 3000, where they were known as "nanites". They were depicted on the show as microscopic, bug-like, freestanding robots with distinct personalities. Nanotechnology appeared several times in the TV series Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlan... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,231 | In another episode, an experiment by Wesley Crusher gone awry led to nanites developing a collective intelligence and interfering with ship systems, eventually being deposited on a planet to establish their own civilization. On the television show Red Dwarf, nanobots played a notable role in series VII to IX. Nanobots ... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,232 | One of the first mentions on a television show was an announcement to students over the school loudspeakers in the 1987 Max Headroom episode, "Academy" that, "Nanotechnology pod test results are posted in the Submicron Lab for your viewing." The anime series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex employs a plotline he... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,233 | In the anime and manga series To Love-Ru, the Transformation Weapons Golden Darkness and Mea Kurosaki have nanomachines within them, in the same manner as Eve from Black Cat. In the anime and manga series Project ARMS, the ARMS are weapons made from many nanomachines imbued into compatible biological beings, granting t... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,234 | In the manga series Battle Angel Alita: Last Order, nanotechnology is referenced numerously and its use is heavily restricted, owing to the loss of Mercury as a potential planetary colony due to a grey goo catastrophe. Its danger and control has become one of the main driving narratives in the story. In Dx13: Nano A Ma... | Nanotechnology in fiction | 0.777407 |
98,235 | Renault sold about 500, primarily in France, Norway and the UK, for about 25,000 euros each and redesigned the Elect'road in 2007. With support from the South Coast Air Quality Management District, the California Air Resources Board, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the Electric Power Research Institute, and V... | History of plug-in hybrids | 0.777406 |
98,236 | The demonstration program was halted in September 2012, and Chrysler recalled the 23 units deployed at the time due to damage sustained by three separate Dodge Ram 1500 Plug-in Hybrids participating in a parallel program when their battery packs overheated. The carmaker plans to upgrade the battery packs shared by both... | History of plug-in hybrids | 0.777406 |
98,237 | On January 14, 2008, Toyota announced they would start selling lithium battery plug-in hybrids by 2010. January 2008: A privately run waiting list to purchase the Chevrolet Volt reached 10,000 members. The list, administered by Lyle Dennis, was started one year prior.January 2008: Assistant professor Yi Cui and colleag... | History of plug-in hybrids | 0.777406 |
98,238 | In the 1980s, he was a pioneer in the theory of electroweak baryogenesis. In 1985, his influential work with Valery Rubakov and Mikhail Shaposhnikov estimated the rate of anomalous electroweak process that violated baryon-number conservation in the cosmic plasma of the early universe.In 1999 the Russian Academy of Scie... | Vadim Kuzmin (physicist) | 0.777403 |
98,239 | In 1966, he and Georgiy Zatsepin predicted (what is now called) the GZK limit for cosmic rays.In neutrino physics, he proposed an experiment using gallium/germanium detectors to detect low-energy solar neutrinos. In 1970, he proposed neutron/antineutron oscillations as a possibility for observing violation of baryon nu... | Vadim Kuzmin (physicist) | 0.777403 |
98,240 | Kuzmin completed his undergraduate studies in 1961 at Moscow State University and his PhD in 1971 at Lebedev Institute. He has been a member of the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow since its founding in 1970. There, he became a professor and chair of the department of particle astrophysics and cosmology. In 198... | Vadim Kuzmin (physicist) | 0.777403 |
98,241 | There are several methods for reducing lampenflora. A lot of measures involve changing lighting in caves, such as lighting which only activates when people are nearby, led lighting which produces less heat, and placing lighting further away from surfaces. Reducing red and blue light in favor of yellow light can also he... | Lampenflora | 0.777401 |
98,242 | Lampenflora is especially dangerous to artifacts present in caves, such as cave paintings. The appearance of algae was one of the reasons the Lascaux cave was closed to the public. Plants can also upset cave ecology. | Lampenflora | 0.777401 |
98,243 | Palladium(II) chloride, also known as palladium dichloride and palladous chloride, are the chemical compounds with the formula PdCl2. PdCl2 is a common starting material in palladium chemistry – palladium-based catalysts are of particular value in organic synthesis. It is prepared by the reaction of chlorine with palla... | PdCl2 | 0.777399 |
98,244 | The wavelength selective mirror is a periodically structured diffraction grating with high reflectivity. The diffraction grating is within a non-pumped, or passive region of the cavity . A DBR laser is a monolithic single chip device with the grating etched into the semiconductor. DBR lasers can be edge emitting lasers... | Laser diode | 0.777399 |
98,245 | The theorem states, somewhat surprisingly, that the total integral of all curvatures will remain the same, no matter how the deforming is done. So for instance if you have a sphere with a "dent", then its total curvature is 4π (the Euler characteristic of a sphere being 2), no matter how big or deep the dent. Compactne... | Gauss–Bonnet theorem | 0.777398 |
98,246 | The theorem applies in particular to compact surfaces without boundary, in which case the integral ∫ ∂ M k g d s {\displaystyle \int _{\partial M}k_{g}\,ds} can be omitted. It states that the total Gaussian curvature of such a closed surface is equal to 2π times the Euler characteristic of the surface. Note that for or... | Gauss–Bonnet theorem | 0.777398 |
98,247 | In Greg Egan's novel Diaspora, two characters discuss the derivation of this theorem. The theorem can be used directly as a system to control sculpture. For example, in work by Edmund Harriss in the collection of the University of Arkansas Honors College. | Gauss–Bonnet theorem | 0.777398 |
98,248 | Descartes' theorem on total angular defect of a polyhedron is the polyhedral analog: it states that the sum of the defect at all the vertices of a polyhedron which is homeomorphic to the sphere is 4π. More generally, if the polyhedron has Euler characteristic χ = 2 − 2g (where g is the genus, meaning "number of holes")... | Gauss–Bonnet theorem | 0.777398 |
98,249 | This transformation is a homeomorphism, so the Euler characteristic is still 1. However, on the left hand side of the theorem we now have K = 0 {\displaystyle K=0} and k g = 1 / R {\displaystyle k_{g}=1/R} , because a circumference is not a geodesic of the plane. | Gauss–Bonnet theorem | 0.777398 |
98,250 | Suppose M is the northern hemisphere cut out from a sphere of radius R. Its Euler characteristic is 1. On the left hand side of the theorem, we have K = 1 / R 2 {\displaystyle K=1/R^{2}} and k g = 0 {\displaystyle k_{g}=0} , because the boundary is the equator and the equator is a geodesic of the sphere. Then ∫ M K d A... | Gauss–Bonnet theorem | 0.777398 |
98,251 | 5-Fluoroorotic acid (5FOA) is a fluorinated derivative of the pyrimidine precursor orotic acid. It is used in yeast genetics to select for the absence of the URA3 gene, which encodes the enzyme for the decarboxylation of 5-fluoroorotic acid to 5-fluorouracil, a toxic metabolite. It has also been used in diatom selectio... | 5-Fluoroorotic acid | 0.777398 |
98,252 | During the late 1960s and early 1970s, as computers (such as the Titan) became capable of handling the computationally intensive Fourier transform inversions required, they used aperture synthesis to create a 'One-Mile' and later a '5 km' effective aperture using the One-Mile and Ryle telescopes, respectively. The tech... | Synthesis imaging | 0.777396 |
98,253 | The concept of aperture synthesis was first formulated in 1946 by Australian radio astronomers Ruby Payne-Scott and Joseph Pawsey. Working from Dover Heights in Sydney, Payne-Scott carried out the earliest interferometer observations in radio astronomy on 26 January 1946 using an Australian Army radar as a radio telesc... | Synthesis imaging | 0.777396 |
98,254 | The Chemical History of a Candle was the title of a series of six lectures on the chemistry and physics of flames given by Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution in 1848, as part of the series of Christmas lectures for young people founded by Faraday in 1825 and still given there every year. The lectures described th... | The Chemical History of a Candle | 0.777395 |
98,255 | Intended for young beginners, for whom it is well adapted, as an introduction to the study of chemistry. According to Frank Wilczek: It is a wonderful laying-bare of surprising facts and intricate structure in a (superficially) familiar process — the burning of a candle. I think it exhibits a marvellously creative mind... | The Chemical History of a Candle | 0.777395 |
98,256 | A dialog can be described as an attempt to prove a theorem. The system interacts with user to supply "missing axioms" to help complete the proof (this is called "backward chaining"). This approach was implemented by: Grammatical Framework. IPSIM (Interruptible Prolog SIMulator), in the Circuit Fixit system.The dialog m... | Dialog manager | 0.777393 |
98,257 | Interpretation manager - in addition to calling the first two, also identify discourse obligations, for example: "respond to the latest question". Behavioral agent - decides how to accomplish the goal that the user wants. The agent employs several task-specific agents that do the actual planning.A different kind of pla... | Dialog manager | 0.777393 |
98,258 | Tactical decisions of a different type are done by Cordillera (a tutorial DS for teaching physics, built using TuTalk). In many points during the lesson, the DM should decide: Whether to Tell the pupil some fact, or try to Elicit this fact from him by asking guiding questions. Whether to ask the pupil to Justify his an... | Dialog manager | 0.777393 |
98,259 | Sociorobotics is a field of research studying the implications, complexities and subsequent design of artificial social, spatial, cultural and haptic behaviours, protocols and interactions of robots with each other and with humans in equal measure. Intrinsically taking into account the structured and unstructured space... | Sociorobotics | 0.777389 |
98,260 | Robots in the near future will be required to behave socially and spatially intelligent in all contexts of artificial social interaction, recognising sophisticated cues from both humans and other robots alike, similar in some respects to the required social awareness and generally expected social behaviour of our anima... | Sociorobotics | 0.777389 |
98,261 | Professor Arvin Agah first coined the term 'sociorobotics' in 1993/4 to describe the study of robot team and colony behaviours but omitted to include himself and his colleagues as members and legitimate study subjects or actants of these sociorobotic assemblages. His and all roboticist's interactions with robot teams o... | Sociorobotics | 0.777389 |
98,262 | The carbon–fluorine bond is organic chemistry's strongest, and gives stability to organofluorines. It is almost non-existent in nature, but is used in artificial compounds. Research in this area is usually driven by commercial applications; the compounds involved are diverse and reflect the complexity inherent in organ... | Fluorine | 0.777389 |
98,263 | Initial studies on fluorine were so dangerous that several 19th-century experimenters were deemed "fluorine martyrs" after misfortunes with hydrofluoric acid. Isolation of elemental fluorine was hindered by the extreme corrosiveness of both elemental fluorine itself and hydrogen fluoride, as well as the lack of a simpl... | Fluorine | 0.777389 |
98,264 | Thirteen metal hexafluorides are known, all octahedral, and are mostly volatile solids but for liquid MoF6 and ReF6, and gaseous WF6. Rhenium heptafluoride, the only characterized metal heptafluoride, is a low-melting molecular solid with pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry. Metal fluorides with more fluorine ato... | Fluorine | 0.777389 |
98,265 | In molecular biology, Z6 small nucleolar RNA is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RN... | Z6 small nucleolar RNA | 0.777389 |
98,266 | There are many conventions used in the robotics research field. This article summarises these conventions. | Robotics conventions | 0.777388 |
98,267 | Lines are very important in robotics because: They model joint axes: a revolute joint makes any connected rigid body rotate about the line of its axis; a prismatic joint makes the connected rigid body translate along its axis line. They model edges of the polyhedral objects used in many task planners or sensor processi... | Robotics conventions | 0.777388 |
98,268 | JINA-CEE is heavily involved in observations with the Apache Point Observatory within the framework of extensions to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, LAMOST in China, SkyMapper in Australia, and the Hubble Space Telescope. Among many other observational data, JINA-CEE also uses heavily X-ray observational data from BeppoS... | Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics | 0.777387 |
98,269 | It is led by director Hendrik Schatz with Michael Wiescher, Timothy Beers, Sanjay Reddy and Frank Timmes as principal investigators. Most JINA-CEE nuclear physics experiments are carried out at the Nuclear Science Laboratory at the University of Notre Dame, the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan ... | Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics | 0.777387 |
98,270 | The Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) is a multi-institutional Physics Frontiers Center funded by the US National Science Foundation since 2014. From 2003 to 2014, JINA was a collaboration between Michigan State University, the University of Notre Dame, the Uni... | Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics | 0.777387 |
98,271 | The JINA Virtual Journal debuted in 2003, and reviews a broad realm of nuclear astrophysics, followed by the SEGUE Virtual Journal in 2006, focusing more on Galactic Chemical and Structural evolution. Each week, the editors search almost 40 refereed journals for newly published articles. Editors review the articles, fl... | Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics | 0.777387 |
98,272 | Nuclear astrophysics is made of many overlapping disciplines, spanning fields in astronomy, astrophysics and nuclear physics. In order to understand the origin of the elements, or the evolution and deaths of stars in galaxies, quite a broad base of knowledge is required. JINA-CEE created two virtual journals in order t... | Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics | 0.777387 |
98,273 | The Double Star data are publicly available via this archive. The Cluster Science Archive is located alongside all the other ESA science archives at the European Space Astronomy Center, located near Madrid, Spain. From February 2006 to October 2014, the Cluster data could be accessed via the Cluster Active Archive. | Cluster II (spacecraft) | 0.777387 |
98,274 | In 2003 and 2004, the China National Space Administration launched the Double Star satellites, TC-1 and TC-2, that worked together with Cluster to make coordinated measurements mostly within the magnetosphere. TC-1 stopped operating on 14 October 2007. The last data from TC-2 was received in 2008. TC-2 made a contribut... | Cluster II (spacecraft) | 0.777387 |
98,275 | December 7 - Coalescence of magnetic flux ropes in the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection October 22 - Wide-banded Non-Thermal Continuum (NTC) radiation: local to remote observations by the four Cluster satellites September 3 - Statistics and accuracy of magnetic null identification in multispacecraft data (... | Cluster II (spacecraft) | 0.777387 |
98,276 | B. Zeldovich medal 2008 Andre Balogh (Imperial College, UK), Cluster FGM PI, received RAS Chapman medal 2006 Steve Schwartz (QMW, UK), Cluster UK data system scientist and PEACE co-I, received RAS Chapman medal | Cluster II (spacecraft) | 0.777387 |
98,277 | Cluster team awards 2019 Royal Astronomical Society Group Achievement Award 2015 ESA 15th anniversary award 2013 ESA team award 2010 International Academy of Astronautics Laurels for team achievements for Cluster and Double Star teams 2005 ESA Cluster 5th anniversary award 2004 NASA group achievement award 2000 Popular... | Cluster II (spacecraft) | 0.777387 |
98,278 | The Cluster mission was proposed to ESA in 1982 and approved in 1986, along with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), and together these two missions constituted the Solar Terrestrial Physics "cornerstone" of ESA's Horizon 2000 missions programme. Though the original Cluster spacecraft were completed in 1995,... | Cluster II (spacecraft) | 0.777387 |
98,279 | Nanotechnology Law & Business is a quarterly peer-reviewed law journal covering all legal, business, and policy aspects of nanotechnology. It was established in 2004 and the editors-in-chief are Don Featherstone (Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox) and Douglas Jamison (Harris & Harris Group). | Nanotechnology Law & Business | 0.777387 |
98,280 | The following is a version of the classical Picard existence theorem for second order differential equations with values in a Banach space E.Let α, β be arbitrary elements of E, A a bounded operator on E and q a continuous function on . Then, for c = a or c = b, the differential equation has a unique solution f in C2(,... | Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations | 0.777387 |
98,281 | In fact let T = Gλ for λ large and negative. Then T defines a compact self-adjoint operator on the Hilbert space H. By the spectral theorem for compact self-adjoint operators, H has an orthonormal basis consisting of eigenvectors ψn of T with Tψn = μn ψn, where μn tends to zero. The range of T contains H0 so is dense. ... | Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations | 0.777387 |
98,282 | Let H be a Hilbert space and T {\displaystyle T} a self-adjoint bounded operator on H with 0 ≤ T ≤ I {\displaystyle 0\leq T\leq I} , so that the spectrum σ ( T ) {\displaystyle \sigma (T)} of T {\displaystyle T} is contained in {\displaystyle } . If p ( t ) {\displaystyle p(t)} is a complex polynomial, then by the spe... | Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations | 0.777387 |
98,283 | For f in H1 define f(x, λ) may be regarded as a differentiable map into the space of functions ρ of bounded variation; or equivalently as a differentiable map into the Banach space E of bounded linear functionals dρ on ] for any compact subinterval of [1, ∞). The functionals (or measures) dλ f(x) satisfies the followi... | Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations | 0.777387 |
98,284 | Kodaira gave a streamlined version of Weyl's original proof. (M.H. Stone had previously shown how part of Weyl's work could be simplified using von Neumann's spectral theorem.) In fact for T =D−1 with 0 ≤ T ≤ I, the spectral projection E(λ) of T is defined by It is also the spectral projection of D corresponding to the... | Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations | 0.777387 |
98,285 | Thus This implies that For otherwise ψ(b) = 0, so that ψ would have to lie in H0. But then a contradiction. On the other hand, the distribution of the zeros of the entire function ω(λ) is already known from the minimax principle. By the Hadamard factorization theorem, it follows that for some non-zero constant C. Hence... | Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations | 0.777386 |
98,286 | A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) or a point particle between a distant light source and an observer that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels toward the observer. This effect is known as gravitational lensing, and the amount of bending is o... | Gravitational Lensing | 0.777386 |
98,287 | Protocols designed to securely deliver messages can fail due to misconfigurations or deliberate active interference, leading to undelivered messages or delivery over unencrypted or unauthenticated channels. RFC 8460 "SMTP TLS Reporting" describes a reporting mechanism and format for sharing statistics and specific info... | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol | 0.777385 |
98,288 | In probability theory, a beta negative binomial distribution is the probability distribution of a discrete random variable X {\displaystyle X} equal to the number of failures needed to get r {\displaystyle r} successes in a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials. The probability p {\displaystyle p} of success on each... | Beta negative binomial distribution | 0.777385 |
98,289 | When SPECT is performed, hypoperfusion can often be observed in the brain, particularly in the thalamic and frontotemporal areas. The hypoperfusion is significantly diminished between episodes. Serum biology, c-reactive proteins and leptins, the hormonal pituitary axis, and protein in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) ar... | Kleine–Levin syndrome | 0.777382 |
98,290 | In statistics, the pseudomedian is a measure of centrality for data-sets and populations. It agrees with the median for symmetric data-sets or populations. In mathematical statistics, the pseudomedian is also a location parameter for probability distributions. | Pseudomedian | 0.777382 |
98,291 | On average, female workers in a given field are given lower pay than their male counterparts, averaging 77 cents for every dollar earned by men. Movement towards gender parity in pay has stagnated in lower-income countries since 2010 although it saw a modest increase from 2018 to 2019. High-income countries have histor... | Gender parity | 0.777377 |
98,292 | One of the objectives of systems biology is the modeling of biological processes using mathematics and computer simulation. The production of data from techniques of genomic analysis is not always amenable to interpretation mainly due to the complexity of the data and the large number of data points. Modeling can handl... | Regulome | 0.777377 |
98,293 | This idea was very popular among deists during the Enlightenment, when Isaac Newton derived his laws of motion, and showed that alongside the law of universal gravitation, they could predict the behaviour of both terrestrial objects and the Solar System. A similar concept goes back, to John of Sacrobosco's early 13th-c... | Clockwork universe theory | 0.777377 |
98,294 | In the history of science, the clockwork universe compares the universe to a mechanical clock. It continues ticking along, as a perfect machine, with its gears governed by the laws of physics, making every aspect of the machine predictable. | Clockwork universe theory | 0.777376 |
98,295 | He held postdoctoral research positions at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara and the University of Chicago, before becoming a faculty member at Yale, Syracuse and Pennsylvania State Universities. He was a visiting scholar at the Insti... | Fecund universes theory | 0.777374 |
98,296 | I believe this because I have never encountered an interpretation of the present formulation of quantum mechanics that makes sense to me. I have studied most of them in depth and thought hard about them, and in the end I still can't make real sense of quantum theory as it stands. In a 2009 article, Smolin articulated t... | Fecund universes theory | 0.777374 |
98,297 | Smolin's view on the nature of time: More and more, I have the feeling that quantum theory and general relativity are both deeply wrong about the nature of time. It is not enough to combine them. There is a deeper problem, perhaps going back to the beginning of physics. Smolin does not believe that quantum mechanics is... | Fecund universes theory | 0.777374 |
98,298 | Each universe gives rise to as many new universes — its "offspring" — as it has black holes, giving an evolutionary advantage to universes in which black holes are common, which are similar to our own. The theory thus explains why our universe appears "fine-tuned " for the emergence of life as we know it. Because the t... | Fecund universes theory | 0.777374 |
98,299 | The Trouble with Physics, on the other hand, was strongly critical of the prominence of string theory in contemporary theoretical physics, which he believes has suppressed research in other promising approaches. Smolin suggests that string theory suffers from serious deficiencies and has an unhealthy near-monopoly in t... | Fecund universes theory | 0.777374 |
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