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98,400 | Simulations of these six degrees of freedom are achieved by 2 fundamentally different approaches. 1. Historically by tilting of a motion base (also called a Stewart platform) which also changes the driver's position relative to the Earth's gravity, giving the sensation of acceleration.2. More recently, a "physics based... | Full motion racing simulator | 0.777314 |
98,401 | A full motion racing simulator, sometimes called a full motion sim rig, is a motion simulator that is purposed for racing, and must provide motion simulation in all six degrees of freedom, as defined by the aviation simulator industry many decades ago. The six degrees of freedom coincide with Earth physics, and are com... | Full motion racing simulator | 0.777314 |
98,402 | The tensor index notation with its Einstein summation convention is very similar to the matrix calculus, except one writes only a single component at a time. It has the advantage that one can easily manipulate arbitrarily high rank tensors, whereas tensors of rank higher than two are quite unwieldy with matrix notation... | Matrix derivative | 0.777313 |
98,403 | In analog with vector calculus this derivative is often written as the following. ∇ X y ( X ) = ∂ y ( X ) ∂ X {\displaystyle \nabla _{\mathbf {X} }y(\mathbf {X} )={\frac {\partial y(\mathbf {X} )}{\partial \mathbf {X} }}} Also in analog with vector calculus, the directional derivative of a scalar f(X) of a matrix X in ... | Matrix derivative | 0.777313 |
98,404 | As a first example, consider the gradient from vector calculus. For a scalar function of three independent variables, f ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) {\displaystyle f(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})} , the gradient is given by the vector equation ∇ f = ∂ f ∂ x 1 x ^ 1 + ∂ f ∂ x 2 x ^ 2 + ∂ f ∂ x 3 x ^ 3 , {\displaystyle \nabla f={\frac {\par... | Matrix derivative | 0.777313 |
98,405 | Matrix calculus refers to a number of different notations that use matrices and vectors to collect the derivative of each component of the dependent variable with respect to each component of the independent variable. In general, the independent variable can be a scalar, a vector, or a matrix while the dependent variab... | Matrix derivative | 0.777313 |
98,406 | MatrixCalculus.org, a website for evaluating matrix calculus expressions symbolically NCAlgebra, an open-source Mathematica package that has some matrix calculus functionality SymPy supports symbolic matrix derivatives in its matrix expression module, as well as symbolic tensor derivatives in its array expression modul... | Matrix derivative | 0.777313 |
98,407 | Dispersion curves - graphs that show relationships between wave velocity, wavelength and frequency in dispersive systems - can be presented in various forms. The form that gives the greatest insight into the underlying physics has ω {\displaystyle \omega } (angular frequency) on the y-axis and k (wave number) on the x-... | Lamb waves | 0.777312 |
98,408 | See spinor for some examples associated with spinor representations of the spin groups Spin(p + q) and Spin(p, q). If g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is a *-Lie algebra (a complex Lie algebra with a * operation which is compatible with the Lie bracket), π(X) is the conjugate of −π(X*) for all X in gFor a finite-dimen... | Complex conjugate representation | 0.777311 |
98,409 | In mathematics, if G is a group and Π is a representation of it over the complex vector space V, then the complex conjugate representation Π is defined over the complex conjugate vector space V as follows: Π(g) is the conjugate of Π(g) for all g in G.Π is also a representation, as one may check explicitly. If g is a re... | Complex conjugate representation | 0.777311 |
98,410 | Indeed, direct calculation shows the Julia operator fails to be a "degree-2" dilation in general, i.e. it need not be true that T 2 = P H V 2 | H {\displaystyle T^{2}=P_{H}\;V^{2}|_{H}} .However, it can also be shown that any contraction has a unitary dilation which does have the calculus property above. This is Sz.-Na... | Dilation (operator theory) | 0.77731 |
98,411 | Using this one can show, by calculating directly, that V is unitary, therefore a unitary dilation of T. This operator V is sometimes called the Julia operator of T. Notice that when T is a real scalar, say T = cos θ {\displaystyle T=\cos \theta } , we have V = . {\displaystyle V={\begin{bmatrix}\cos \theta &\sin \th... | Dilation (operator theory) | 0.77731 |
98,412 | We can show that every contraction on Hilbert spaces has a unitary dilation. A possible construction of this dilation is as follows. For a contraction T, the operator D T = ( I − T ∗ T ) 1 2 {\displaystyle D_{T}=(I-T^{*}T)^{\frac {1}{2}}} is positive, where the continuous functional calculus is used to define the squar... | Dilation (operator theory) | 0.77731 |
98,413 | Namely, that a dilation satisfy the following (calculus) property: P H f ( V ) | H = f ( T ) {\displaystyle P_{H}\;f(V)|_{H}=f(T)} where f(T) is some specified functional calculus (for example, the polynomial or H∞ calculus). The utility of a dilation is that it allows the "lifting" of objects associated to T to the le... | Dilation (operator theory) | 0.77731 |
98,414 | N-Bromosuccinimide or NBS is a chemical reagent used in radical substitution, electrophilic addition, and electrophilic substitution reactions in organic chemistry. NBS can be a convenient source of Br•, the bromine radical. | N-Bromosuccinimide | 0.777306 |
98,415 | The Portal series, which takes place in the same universe as the Half-Life games, is a series of puzzle games developed by Valve. The first game in the series, Portal, was initially released alongside Episode Two in The Orange Box on October 10, 2007. The player controls a test subject named Chell as she moves through ... | Half-Life (series) | 0.777306 |
98,416 | The G-Man inserts Freeman into City 17 in Eastern Europe to combat the Combine occupation. Considered one of the greatest video games of all time, Half-Life 2 was praised for its advances in computer animation, sound, narration, computer graphics, artificial intelligence and physics, and won more than 35 Game of the Ye... | Half-Life (series) | 0.777306 |
98,417 | In 2004, Valve released Half-Life 2 to further success, with a new setting and characters and physics-based gameplay. It was followed by the extra level Lost Coast (2005) and the episodic sequels Episode One (2006) and Episode Two (2007). The first game in the Portal series, set in the same universe as Half-Life, was r... | Half-Life (series) | 0.777306 |
98,418 | The game runs on an upgraded version of Valve's proprietary Source engine, and features both the engine's advanced lighting effects, and a new version of its facial animation/expression technology.The designer Robin Walker said Valve used Half-Life games to "solve some interesting collision of technology and art that h... | Half-Life (series) | 0.777306 |
98,419 | The Source engine comes packaged with a heavily modified version of the Havok physics engine that allows for an extra dimension of interactivity in both single-player and online environments. In the episodic games that followed Half-Life 2, Valve made minor tweaks to the game's engine. In Episode One, Valve modified Al... | Half-Life (series) | 0.777306 |
98,420 | Afterward, Gearbox began working on a Half-Life game for the PlayStation 2. The game, Decay, was showcased at E3 2001, where Gearbox demonstrated the game's use of new model sets, which were around twice as detailed as those in Blue Shift.For several years, Valve secretly worked on Half-Life 2. Valve developed a new ga... | Half-Life (series) | 0.777306 |
98,421 | The developer of the Half-Life series, Valve, was founded in 1996 in Kirkland, Washington by former Microsoft employees Mike Harrington and Gabe Newell. Valve began working on the first Half-Life soon after formation, and settled on a concept for a horror-themed 3D action game, using the Quake engine as licensed by id ... | Half-Life (series) | 0.777306 |
98,422 | A number of theorems for the convergence of such a series exist. For example, by the Hardy-Littlewood Tauberian theorem, if L = lim sup n → ∞ log | ∑ k = 1 n a k | | ω n | {\displaystyle L=\limsup _{n\to \infty }{\frac {\log \vert \sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}\vert }{|\omega _{n}|}}} then the series for f ( s ) {\displaystyl... | Zeta function regulator | 0.777305 |
98,423 | Much of the early work establishing the convergence and equivalence of series regularized with the heat kernel and zeta function regularization methods was done by G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood in 1916 and is based on the application of the Cahen–Mellin integral. The effort was made in order to obtain values for var... | Zeta function regulator | 0.777305 |
98,424 | The project draws on the region's history, including Native American traditional stories and entries from the Lewis and Clark Expedition journals, to "evoke a landscape and a way of life submerged in time and memory." The project reaches from the mouth of the Columbia River to Hells Canyon.Artist Maya Lin designed inst... | Confluence Project | 0.777304 |
98,425 | The Confluence Project is a series of outdoor installations and interpretive artworks located in public parks along the Columbia River and its tributaries in the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. Each art installation explores the confluence of history, culture and ecology of the Columbia River system. | Confluence Project | 0.777304 |
98,426 | The Air Cargo Challenge is an aeronautical engineering competition that is held in Europe every two years.This competition was held for the first time in 2003 and it was founded by a group of Aerospace students in Lisbon. The competition is primarily directed to aeronautical and aerospace engineering students, similarl... | Air Cargo Challenge | 0.777301 |
98,427 | In molecular biology, the protein domain, YTH refers to a member of the YTH family that has been shown to selectively remove transcripts of meiosis-specific genes expressed in mitotic cells.This protein domain, the YTH-domain, is conserved across all eukaryotes and suggests that the conserved C-terminal region plays a ... | YTH domain | 0.777298 |
98,428 | Using the self-adjoint and idempotent properties of P {\displaystyle P} , for any x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } and y {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} } in W {\displaystyle W} we have P x ∈ U {\displaystyle P\mathbf {x} \in U} , y − P y ∈ V {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} -P\mathbf {y} \in V} , and where ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ {\displaystyle... | Orthogonal projection | 0.777298 |
98,429 | Every projection is an open map, meaning that it maps each open set in the domain to an open set in the subspace topology of the image. That is, for any vector x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } and any ball B x {\displaystyle B_{\mathbf {x} }} (with positive radius) centered on x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } , there exist... | Orthogonal projection | 0.777298 |
98,430 | This is just one of many ways to construct the projection operator. If {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}A&B\end{bmatrix}}} is a non-singular matrix and A T B = 0 {\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {T}}B=0} (i.e., B {\displaystyle B} is the null space matrix of A {\displaystyle A} ), the following holds: If the orthogonal conditi... | Orthogonal projection | 0.777298 |
98,431 | Projections (orthogonal and otherwise) play a major role in algorithms for certain linear algebra problems: QR decomposition (see Householder transformation and Gram–Schmidt decomposition); Singular value decomposition Reduction to Hessenberg form (the first step in many eigenvalue algorithms) Linear regression Project... | Orthogonal projection | 0.777298 |
98,432 | The vector y {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} } can be written as an orthogonal sum such that y = proj V y + z {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} =\operatorname {proj} _{V}\mathbf {y} +\mathbf {z} } . proj V y {\displaystyle \operatorname {proj} _{V}\mathbf {y} } is sometimes denoted as y ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {y} }}} ... | Orthogonal projection | 0.777298 |
98,433 | Adult green sturgeon do not spawn every year, and only a fraction of the population enters freshwater where they risk greater exposure to catastrophic events. The widespread ocean distribution of green sturgeon ensures that most of the population is dispersed and less vulnerable than they are in estuaries and freshwate... | Green sturgeon | 0.777298 |
98,434 | Judge Michael T. Dugan, II, described it as "a text obviously designed to present only the view of Biblical Creationism in a favorable light", contravening the constitution by promotion of a specific sectarian religious view.As a tactic to gain the same scientific status as evolution, flood geology proponents had effec... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,435 | Another chapter disputed evolutionary theory.In the Creation Research Society Quarterly for September 1971 Morris introduced the "two-model approach" asserting that evolution and creation were both equally scientific and equally religious, and soon afterwards he said they were "competing scientific hypotheses". For the... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,436 | The engineer Jane Albright notes several scientific failings of the canopy theory, reasoning from first principles in physics. Among these are that enough water to create a flood of even 5 centimetres (2.0 in) of rain would form a vapor blanket thick enough to make the earth too hot for life, since water vapor is a gre... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,437 | Modern geology, its sub-disciplines and other scientific disciplines use the scientific method to analyze the geology of the earth. The key tenets of flood geology are refuted by scientific analysis and do not have any standing in the scientific community. Modern geology relies on a number of established principles, on... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,438 | A preface by Morris claimed that there were two philosophies of creation, "the doctrine of evolution and the doctrine of special creation", attempting to give both equal validity. The book mostly covered uncontroversial details of biology, but asserted that these were correctly seen as "God's creation" or "divine creat... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,439 | )The Creation Research Society (CRS) had found schoolbook publishers reluctant to take on their textbook, and eventually the Christian publishing company Zondervan brought out Biology: A Search for Order in Complexity in 1970. The ten thousand copies printed sold out within a year, and they produced 25,000 as the secon... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,440 | The teaching of evolution, reintroduced in 1963 by the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study textbooks, was prohibited by laws in some states. These bans were contested; the Epperson v. Arkansas case which began late in 1965 was decided in 1968 by the United States Supreme Court ruling that such laws violated the Establ... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,441 | Geochronology is the science of determining the absolute age of rocks, fossils, and sediments by a variety of techniques. These methods indicate that the Earth as a whole is about 4.54 billion years old, and that the strata that, according to flood geology, were laid down during the Flood some 6,000 years ago, were act... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,442 | Around 1970, proponents adopted the terms "scientific creationism" and creation science.Proponents of flood geology hold to a literal reading of Genesis 6–9 and view its passages as historically accurate; they use the Bible's internal chronology to place the Genesis flood and the story of Noah's Ark within the last fiv... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,443 | So-called scriptural geologists attempted to give primacy to literal biblical explanations, but they lacked a background in geology and were marginalised by the scientific community, as well as having little influence in the churches. Creationist flood geology was only supported by a minority of the 20th century anti-e... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,444 | The "theories of the Earth" of the 17th century proposed mechanisms based on natural laws, within a timescale set by the Ussher chronology. As modern geology developed, geologists found evidence of an ancient Earth, and evidence inconsistent with the notion that the Earth had developed in a series of cataclysms, like t... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,445 | Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a pseudoscientific attempt to interpret and reconcile geological features of the Earth in accordance with a literal belief in the Genesis flood narrative, the flood myth in the Hebrew Bible. In the early 19th century, diluvial geologists hypothesized that spe... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,446 | Adam Sedgwick, Woodwardian Professor of Geology at Cambridge, presented two supportive papers in 1825, "On the origin of alluvial and diluvial deposits", and "On diluvial formations". At this time, most of what Sedgwick called "The English school of geologists" distinguished superficial deposits which were "diluvial", ... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,447 | In their 1822 book on Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales Conybeare referred to the same features in an introduction about the relationship between geology and religion, describing how a deluge causing "the last great geological change to which the surface of our planet appears to have been exposed" left behin... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,448 | Conservative geologists in Britain welcomed Cuvier's theory to replace Werner's Neptunism, and the Church of England clergyman William Buckland became the foremost proponent of Flood geology as he sought to get the new science of geology accepted on the curriculum of the University of Oxford. In 1818, he was visited by... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,449 | He disputed the views published by Arthur Custance (1910–1985) and Bernard Ramm (1916-1992). Morris then confronted readers with the dilemma of whether to believe Scripture or to accept the interpretations of trained geologists, and instead of the latter proposed "a new scheme of historical geology" - true both to Scri... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,450 | Smith also denounced the "fanciful" writings of the scriptural geologists. Edward Hitchcock sought to ensure that geological findings could be corroborated by scripture, and dismissed the scriptural geology of Penn and Fairholme as misrepresenting both scripture and the facts of geology. He noted the difficulty of equa... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,451 | In 1837 George Fairholme expressed disappointment about disappearing belief in the deluge, and about Sedgwick and Buckland recanting diluvialism, while putting forward his own New and Conclusive Physical Demonstrations which ignored geological findings to claim that strata had been deposited in a quick continuous proce... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,452 | Among the most prominent, Granville Penn argued in 1822 that "mineral geology" rejected revelation, while true "Mosaical geology" showed that God had created primitive rock formations directly, in correspondence with the laws which God then made to produce subsequent effects. A first revolution on the third day of crea... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,453 | Scriptural geologists were a heterogeneous group of writers in the early nineteenth century, who claimed "the primacy of literalistic biblical exegesis" and a short Young Earth time-scale. Their views were marginalised and ignored by the scientific community of their time. They generally lacked any background in geolog... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,454 | Proponents of Flood Geology are also unable to account for the alternation between calcite seas and aragonite seas through the Phanerozoic. The cyclical pattern of carbonate hardgrounds, calcitic and aragonitic ooids, and calcite-shelled fauna has apparently been controlled by seafloor spreading rates and the flushing ... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,455 | Phil Senter's 2011 article, "The Defeat of Flood Geology by Flood Geology", in the journal Reports of the National Center for Science Education, discusses "sedimentologic and other geologic features that Flood geologists have identified as evidence that particular strata cannot have been deposited during a time when th... | Flood geology | 0.777297 |
98,456 | The Gaia space telescope has its roots in ESA's Hipparcos mission (1989–1993). Its mission was proposed in October 1993 by Lennart Lindegren (Lund Observatory, Lund University, Sweden) and Michael Perryman (ESA) in response to a call for proposals for ESA's Horizon Plus long-term scientific programme. It was adopted by... | Gaia space telescope | 0.777297 |
98,457 | The feature-based approach to template matching relies on the extraction of image features, such as shapes, textures, and colors, that match the target image or frame. This approach is usually achieved using neural networks and deep-learning classifiers such as VGG, AlexNet, and ResNet.Convolutional neural networks (CN... | Template matching | 0.777294 |
98,458 | For templates without strong features, or for when the bulk of a template image constitutes the matching image as a whole, a template-based approach may be effective. Since template-based matching may require sampling of a large number of data points, it is often desirable to reduce the number of sampling points by red... | Template matching | 0.777294 |
98,459 | In the past, this type of spatial filtering was normally only used in dedicated hardware solutions because of the computational complexity of the operation, however we can lessen this complexity by filtering it in the frequency domain of the image, referred to as 'frequency domain filtering,' this is done through the u... | Template matching | 0.777294 |
98,460 | (2000). Heterocyclic Chemistry. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. | Indole ring | 0.777294 |
98,461 | Indole chemistry began to develop with the study of the dye indigo. Indigo can be converted to isatin and then to oxindole. Then, in 1866, Adolf von Baeyer reduced oxindole to indole using zinc dust. In 1869, he proposed a formula for indole.Certain indole derivatives were important dyestuffs until the end of the 19th ... | Indole ring | 0.777294 |
98,462 | In the late 20th-century, DNA sequencing led to molecular phylogenetics and the reorganization of the tree of life into the three-domain system by Carl Woese. In addition, the newly recognized factors of symbiogenesis and horizontal gene transfer introduced yet more complexity into evolutionary theory. Discoveries in e... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,463 | Palaeontology and comparative anatomy allowed more detailed reconstructions of the evolutionary history of life. After the rise of molecular genetics in the 1950s, the field of molecular evolution developed, based on protein sequences and immunological tests, and later incorporating RNA and DNA studies. The gene-centre... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,464 | Mendelian genetics, a series of 19th-century experiments with pea plant variations rediscovered in 1900, was integrated with natural selection by Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright during the 1910s to 1930s, and resulted in the founding of the new discipline of population genetics. During the 1930s and ... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,465 | Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology. Debate over Darwin's work led to the rapid acceptance of the general concept of evolution, but the specific mechanism he proposed, natural selectio... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,466 | Evolutionary thought, the recognition that species change over time and the perceived understanding of how such processes work, has roots in antiquity—in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Church Fathers as well as in medieval Islamic science. With the beginnings of modern biological taxonomy in the late... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,467 | An exception to this was Germany, where both August Weismann and Ernst Haeckel championed this idea: Haeckel used evolution to challenge the established tradition of metaphysical idealism in German biology, much as Huxley used it to challenge natural theology in Britain. Haeckel and other German scientists would take t... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,468 | By the 1850s, whether or not species evolved was a subject of intense debate, with prominent scientists arguing both sides of the issue. The publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species fundamentally transformed the discussion over biological origins. Darwin argued that his branching version of evolution ex... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,469 | Microbiology was largely ignored by early evolutionary theory. This was due to the paucity of morphological traits and the lack of a species concept in microbiology, particularly amongst prokaryotes. Now, evolutionary researchers are taking advantage of their improved understanding of microbial physiology and ecology, ... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,470 | Although Charles Lyell opposed scriptural geology, he also believed in the immutability of species, and in his Principles of Geology, he criticized Lamarck's theories of development. Idealists such as Louis Agassiz and Richard Owen believed that each species was fixed and unchangeable because it represented an idea in ... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,471 | These genomic analyses have produced fundamental changes in the understanding of the evolutionary history of life, such as the proposal of the three-domain system by Carl Woese. Advances in computational hardware and software allow the testing and extrapolation of increasingly advanced evolutionary models and the devel... | Evolutionary thought | 0.777289 |
98,472 | Self-assembly based manufacturing refers to a controlled process of using self-assembly and programmable matter to manufacture a product on an industrial scale. In traditional manufacturing and fabrication, there are physical and precision limitations on a workpiece; namely, lower minimal dimension of a workpiece has b... | Self-assembly based manufacturing | 0.777289 |
98,473 | Occupancy Grid Mapping refers to a family of computer algorithms in probabilistic robotics for mobile robots which address the problem of generating maps from noisy and uncertain sensor measurement data, with the assumption that the robot pose is known. Occupancy grids were first proposed by H. Moravec and A. Elfes in ... | Occupancy grid | 0.777284 |
98,474 | Women that chose a tubal sterilization may have a higher risk of serious side effects, more than a man has with a vasectomy. Pregnancies after a tubal sterilization can still occur, even many years after the procedure. It is not very likely, but if it does happen there is a high risk of ectopic gestation. Statistics co... | Male sterilization | 0.777282 |
98,475 | In this case, "event horizons disappear" means when the solutions are complex for r ± {\displaystyle r_{\pm }} , or μ 2 < a 2 {\displaystyle \mu ^{2} M 2 {\displaystyle J>M^{2}} ); i.e. the spin exceeds what is normally viewed as the upper limit of its physically possible values. Similarly, disappearing event horizons ... | Spacetime singularity | 0.777281 |
98,476 | Many theories in physics have mathematical singularities of one kind or another. Equations for these physical theories predict that the ball of mass of some quantity becomes infinite or increases without limit. This is generally a sign for a missing piece in the theory, as in the ultraviolet catastrophe, re-normalizati... | Spacetime singularity | 0.777281 |
98,477 | Applying the Black-Scholes formula with these values as the appropriate inputs, e.g. initial asset value S1(0)/S2(0), interest rate q2, volatility σ, etc., gives us the price of the option under numeraire pricing. Since the resulting option price is in units of S2, multiplying through by S2(0) will undo our change of n... | Margrabe's formula | 0.777279 |
98,478 | Continuing in this vein, compact Riemann surfaces can map to surfaces of lower genus, but not to higher genus, except as constant maps. This is because holomorphic and meromorphic maps behave locally like z ↦ z n , {\displaystyle z\mapsto z^{n},} so non-constant maps are ramified covering maps, and for compact Riemann ... | Compact Riemann surface | 0.777278 |
98,479 | A two-dimensional real manifold can be turned into a Riemann surface (usually in several inequivalent ways) if and only if it is orientable and metrizable. So the sphere and torus admit complex structures, but the Möbius strip, Klein bottle and real projective plane do not. Geometrical facts about Riemann surfaces are ... | Compact Riemann surface | 0.777278 |
98,480 | The main interest in Riemann surfaces is that holomorphic functions may be defined between them. Riemann surfaces are nowadays considered the natural setting for studying the global behavior of these functions, especially multi-valued functions such as the square root and other algebraic functions, or the logarithm. Ev... | Compact Riemann surface | 0.777278 |
98,481 | In mathematics, particularly in complex analysis, a Riemann surface is a connected one-dimensional complex manifold. These surfaces were first studied by and are named after Bernhard Riemann. Riemann surfaces can be thought of as deformed versions of the complex plane: locally near every point they look like patches of... | Compact Riemann surface | 0.777278 |
98,482 | The geometric classification is reflected in maps between Riemann surfaces, as detailed in Liouville's theorem and the Little Picard theorem: maps from hyperbolic to parabolic to elliptic are easy, but maps from elliptic to parabolic or parabolic to hyperbolic are very constrained (indeed, generally constant!). There a... | Compact Riemann surface | 0.777278 |
98,483 | Currently, most computational resources of NDGF Tier1 are accessible through ARC middleware. Some resources are also available via AliEn software. Distributed storage facility is realised through dCache storage management solution. Today, the dominant user community of the NDGF Tier1 is the High Energy Physics - the AL... | Nordic Data Grid Facility | 0.777277 |
98,484 | The academic year is divided into 17-week terms called autumn and spring semesters. Towards the end of the second year the student is expected to select his field of specialization. After graduating from the University students may specialize in underground or surface mining, geology and surveying, mineral processing, ... | Moscow State Mining University | 0.777277 |
98,485 | Six faculties (departments) of the University are currently training over 5,000 undergraduate students and about 300 postgraduates. The faculties of the University are: The Faculty of Coal Mining and Underground Construction The Faculty of Ore and Non-Ore Mining The Faculty of Physical Engineering The Faculty of Mining... | Moscow State Mining University | 0.777277 |
98,486 | In mathematics, in the field of homological algebra, the Grothendieck spectral sequence, introduced by Alexander Grothendieck in his Tôhoku paper, is a spectral sequence that computes the derived functors of the composition of two functors G ∘ F {\displaystyle G\circ F} , from knowledge of the derived functors of F {\d... | Grothendieck spectral sequence | 0.777274 |
98,487 | The Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project (BPP) was a research project funded by NASA from 1996-2002 to study various proposals for revolutionary methods of spacecraft propulsion that would require breakthroughs in physics before they could be realized. The project ended in 2002, when the Advanced Space Transportatio... | Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program | 0.777271 |
98,488 | One topic of investigations was the use of the zero-point energy field. As the Heisenberg uncertainty principle implies that there is no such thing as an exact amount of energy in an exact location, vacuum fluctuations are known to lead to discernible effects such as the Casimir effect. The differential sail is a specu... | Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program | 0.777271 |
98,489 | From 1930 to 1932, Foster returned to lab she helped to establish in Spain to work as the lab organizer. Following her second brief tenure at the Institute, she then relocated to Santiago College in Chile to work as the Director of New Laboratories in Chemistry and Physics. It was there that she did the majority of her... | Mary Foster (biochemist) | 0.777271 |
98,490 | After working at Columbia University, Foster was appointed as an instructor and later associate professor at Smith College, where she played a major role in introducing the field of biochemistry to the curriculum. She offered the first biochemistry course during 1916-17, and with the exception of the semesters she was ... | Mary Foster (biochemist) | 0.777271 |
98,491 | In 1898, Foster found work teaching chemistry at Lynn High and Classical School. The next year, she became an assistant researcher in the Lab of Physiology and Chemistry in New York, where she stayed until 1901. In 1903, Foster worked as a research chemist in the department of pharmacology at Columbia University, where... | Mary Foster (biochemist) | 0.777271 |
98,492 | Mary Louise Foster was born on April 20, 1865, in Melrose, Massachusetts. Between the years of 1878–1883, she attended the Girls' Latin School in Boston, Massachusetts, and later went on to study Classics at Smith College from 1888 to 1891. After her graduation, Foster taught Chemistry and Physics at West Roxbury High ... | Mary Foster (biochemist) | 0.777271 |
98,493 | Process simulation uses an FE/FV mesh to compute and store the dopant and stress profiles. Each geometrical change in the simulation domain requires a new mesh which fits to the new boundaries. As will be described below, the large number of geometry modifying steps involved and the nature of process simulation where e... | Semiconductor process simulation | 0.777269 |
98,494 | TMA commercialized SUPREM-IV (2D version) and called it TSUPREM4. In 1992, Integrated Systems Engineering (ISE) came out with the 1D process simulator TESIM and the 2D process simulator DIOS. At about the same time development of a new 3D process and device simulator began at TMA and after TMA was acquired by Avanti, t... | Semiconductor process simulation | 0.777269 |
98,495 | Back end of line manufacturing, e.g. interconnect and dielectric layers are not considered. One reason for delineation is the availability of powerful analysis tools such as electron microscopy techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which allow for accurate measuremen... | Semiconductor process simulation | 0.777269 |
98,496 | : 692 The fabrication of integrated circuit devices requires a series of processing steps called a process flow. Process simulation involves modeling all essential steps in the process flow in order to obtain dopant and stress profiles and, to a lesser extent, device geometry. The input for process simulation is the pr... | Semiconductor process simulation | 0.777269 |
98,497 | Semiconductor process simulation is the modeling of the fabrication of semiconductor devices such as transistors. It is a branch of electronic design automation, and part of a sub-field known as technology CAD, or TCAD. : Ch.24 The ultimate goal of process simulation is an accurate prediction of the active dopant distr... | Semiconductor process simulation | 0.777269 |
98,498 | : 692 A complete description of FE/FV method is out of the scope of this article but there are many fine books which describe the topic thoroughly. However, it is important to discuss requirements for process simulation for achieving accurate results. These requirements are based on the same requirements as generic to ... | Semiconductor process simulation | 0.777269 |
98,499 | The differences between Einstein–Cartan theory and general relativity (formulated either in terms of the Einstein–Hilbert action on Riemannian geometry or the Palatini action on Riemann–Cartan geometry) rest solely on what happens to the geometry inside matter sources. That is: "torsion does not propagate". Generalizat... | Einstein–Cartan theory | 0.777269 |
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