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99,800 | A vertex-cover (transversal) T is called minimal if no proper subset of T is a transversal. The transversal hypergraph of H is the hypergraph (X, F) whose hyperedge set F consists of all minimal-transversals of H. Computing the transversal hypergraph has applications in combinatorial optimization, in game theory, and i... | Vertex cover in hypergraphs | 0.776595 |
99,801 | More important from the point of view of filter theory is the behaviour of a resonant circuit when driven by an external AC signal: there is a sudden peak in the circuit's response when the driving signal frequency is at the resonant frequency of the circuit. James Clerk Maxwell heard of the phenomenon from Sir William... | Voice frequency telegraphy | 0.776593 |
99,802 | A well known condition for realisability of a one-port rational impedance due to Cauer (1929) is that it must be a function of s that is analytic in the right halfplane (σ>0), have a positive real part in the right halfplane and take on real values on the real axis. This follows from the Poisson integral representation... | Voice frequency telegraphy | 0.776593 |
99,803 | From stability theory Cauer found that , and must all be positive-definite matrices for Zp(s) to be realisable if ideal transformers are not excluded. Realisability is only otherwise restricted by practical limitations on topology. This work is also partly due to Otto Brune (1931), who worked with Cauer in the US pri... | Voice frequency telegraphy | 0.776593 |
99,804 | It is not possible to realise any arbitrary impedance expression as a network. Foster's reactance theorem stipulates necessary and sufficient conditions for realisability: that the reactance must be algebraically increasing with frequency and the poles and zeroes must alternate.Wilhelm Cauer expanded on the work of Fos... | Voice frequency telegraphy | 0.776592 |
99,805 | The concept of a port also played a part in the development of the theory, and proved to be a more useful idea than network terminals. The first milestone on the way to network synthesis was an important paper by Ronald M. Foster (1924), A Reactance Theorem, in which Foster introduces the idea of a driving point impeda... | Voice frequency telegraphy | 0.776592 |
99,806 | This is not the case with image filters, a degree of experience is required in their design since the image filter only meets the design specification in the unrealistic case of being terminated in its own image impedance, to produce which would require the exact circuit being sought. Network synthesis on the other han... | Voice frequency telegraphy | 0.776592 |
99,807 | The essence of network synthesis is to start with a required filter response and produce a network that delivers that response, or approximates to it within a specified boundary. This is the inverse of network analysis which starts with a given network and by applying the various electric circuit theorems predicts the ... | Voice frequency telegraphy | 0.776592 |
99,808 | In organic chemistry, ethylenedioxy is a functional group with the structural formula R-O-CH2-CH2-O-R'. It is often attached to an aromatic ring. Examples: 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene, a precursor to conductive polymer EDMA, an illicit analogue of methamphetamine. (ethylenedioxy)dimethanol, a biocidal formaldehyde relea... | Ethylenedioxy | 0.776592 |
99,809 | Silver chloride is a constituent of the silver chloride electrode which is a common reference electrode in electrochemistry. The electrode functions as a reversible redox electrode and the equilibrium is between the solid silver metal and silver chloride in a chloride solution of a given concentration. It is usually th... | Silver(I) chloride | 0.776591 |
99,810 | In one of the most famous reactions in chemistry, the addition of colorless aqueous silver nitrate to an equally colorless solution of sodium chloride produces an opaque white precipitate of AgCl: Ag + ( aq ) + Cl − ( aq ) ⟶ AgCl ( s ) {\displaystyle {\ce {Ag+ (aq) + Cl^- (aq) -> AgCl (s)}}} This conversion is a common... | Silver(I) chloride | 0.776591 |
99,811 | In regards to genetics glycogen storage disease type III is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern (which means both parents need be a carrier), and occurs in about 1 of every 100,000 live births. The highest incidence of glycogen storage disease type III is in the Faroe Islands where it occurs in 1 out of every 3... | Glycogen storage disease type III | 0.77659 |
99,812 | There are 60 one-sided hexominoes, the polyominoes made from six squares. In geometry, it is the number of seconds in a minute, and the number of minutes in a degree. | 60 (number) | 0.776589 |
99,813 | Organosilicon chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds containing carbon–silicon bonds, to which they are called organosilicon compounds. Most organosilicon compounds are similar to the ordinary organic compounds, being colourless, flammable, hydrophobic, and stable to air. Silicon carbide is an inorganic com... | Organosilicon chemistry | 0.776588 |
99,814 | In mathematics, a dual wavelet is the dual to a wavelet. In general, the wavelet series generated by a square-integrable function will have a dual series, in the sense of the Riesz representation theorem. However, the dual series is not itself in general representable by a square-integrable function. | Dual wavelet | 0.776587 |
99,815 | The AUSROC I program commenced in 1988 with a group of undergraduate students in Mechanical Engineering at Monash University, who designed and built AUSROC I. It was successfully launched on 9 February 1989. The flight lasted one minute, reaching 3 km in altitude and 161 m/s. AUSROC I was a liquid-fueled rocket based o... | Australian Space Research Institute | 0.776585 |
99,816 | R P I K i {\displaystyle RPIK_{i}} is calculated with the algorithm R P I K i = H K D F ( t e k i , N U L L , 'EN-RPIK' , 16 ) {\displaystyle RPIK_{i}=HKDF(tek_{i},NULL,{\text{'EN-RPIK'}},16)} , and A E M K i {\displaystyle AEMK_{i}} using the algorithm A E M K i = H K D F ( t e k i , N U L L , 'EN-AEMK' , 16 ) {\displ... | Exposure Notifications | 0.776585 |
99,817 | The (Google/Apple) Exposure Notification (GAEN) system, originally known as the Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing Project, is a framework and protocol specification developed by Apple Inc. and Google to facilitate digital contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic. When used by health authorities, it augments more t... | Exposure Notifications | 0.776585 |
99,818 | The darcy (or darcy unit) and millidarcy (md or mD) are units of permeability, named after Henry Darcy. They are not SI units, but they are widely used in petroleum engineering and geology. The unit has also been used in biophysics and biomechanics, where the flow of fluids such as blood through capillary beds and cere... | Darcy (unit) | 0.776584 |
99,819 | Chapter 2 gives a brief account of the mathematical discoveries of Kerala mathematicians which anticipate many modern day discoveries in mathematics and astronomy. Among other topics, Sarma specifically mentions the following: Tycho Brahe's reduction to the ecliptic, Newton-Gauss interpolation formula, Taylor series fo... | A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy | 0.776583 |
99,820 | The book is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 gives an outline of the salient features of Kerala astronomy. Sarma emphasizes the spirit of inquiry, stress on observation and experimentation, concern for accuracy, and continuity of tradition as the important features of Kerala astronomy. Adherence to the Aryabhatan s... | A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy | 0.776583 |
99,821 | Even though C. M. Whish, an officer of East India Company, had presented a paper on the achievements of the mathematicians of Kerala School as early as 1842, western scholars had hardly taken note of these contributions. Much later in the 1940s, C. T. Rajagopal and his associates made some efforts to study and populari... | A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy | 0.776583 |
99,822 | A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy (in perspective) is the first definitive book giving a comprehensive description of the contribution of Kerala to astronomy and mathematics. The book was authored by K. V. Sarma who was a Reader in Sanskrit at Vishveshvaranand Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studi... | A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy | 0.776583 |
99,823 | In 1913, the chemist Lawrence Joseph Henderson wrote The Fitness of the Environment, one of the first books to explore fine tuning in the universe. Henderson discusses the importance of water and the environment to living things, pointing out that life depends entirely on Earth's very specific environmental conditions,... | Anthropic coincidence | 0.776583 |
99,824 | Some explanations of fine-tuning are naturalistic. First, the fine-tuning might be an illusion: more fundamental physics may explain the apparent fine-tuning in physical parameters in our current understanding by constraining the values those parameters are likely to take. As Lawrence Krauss puts it, "certain quantitie... | Anthropic coincidence | 0.776583 |
99,825 | Rees argues this does not preclude the existence of ten-dimensional strings.Max Tegmark has argued that if there is more than one time dimension, then physical systems' behavior could not be predicted reliably from knowledge of the relevant partial differential equations. In such a universe, intelligent life capable of... | Anthropic coincidence | 0.776583 |
99,826 | The value of ε is in part determined by the strength of the strong nuclear force. If ε were 0.006, a proton could not bond to a neutron, and only hydrogen could exist, and complex chemistry would be impossible. According to Rees, if it were above 0.008, no hydrogen would exist, as all the hydrogen would have been fused... | Anthropic coincidence | 0.776583 |
99,827 | A crop circle, crop formation, or corn circle is a pattern created by flattening a crop, usually a cereal. The term was first coined in the early 1980s by Colin Andrews. Crop circles have been described as all falling "within the range of the sort of thing done in hoaxes" by Taner Edis, professor of physics at Truman S... | Crop circles | 0.776578 |
99,828 | One method to correct this feeds back the generated bit stream, filtered by a low-pass filter, to adjust the bias of the generator. By the central limit theorem, the feedback loop will tend to be well-adjusted 'almost all the time'. Ultra-high speed random number generators often use this method. Even then, the numbers... | Quantum random number generator | 0.776578 |
99,829 | Just as with other components of a cryptography system, a software random number generator should be designed to resist certain attacks. Defending against these attacks is difficult without a hardware entropy source. | Quantum random number generator | 0.776578 |
99,830 | The Arab Institute for Statistics (Arabic: المعهد العربي للإحصاء), formally the Arab Institute for Training and Research in Statistics (AITRS) (Arabic: المعهد العربي للتدريب والبحوث والإحصاء) is an intergovernmental statistical institute serving the National Statistical Offices in all Arab League countries established ... | Arab Institute for Training and Research in Statistics | 0.776577 |
99,831 | In these systems the phase shift of π takes place due to d-wave order parameter symmetry in YBa2Cu3O7 superconductor. The observations were performed using low temperature scanning SQUID microscope. Later, researchers succeeded to fabricate 0-π junctions using conventional low-Tc superconductors and ferromagnetic barri... | Semifluxon | 0.776576 |
99,832 | They may run in families. The underlying mechanism is not fully known, but it is thought to involve genetics, environmental factors, brain immaturity, and inflammatory mediators. The diagnosis involves verifying that there is not an infection of the brain, there are no metabolic problems, and there have not been prior ... | Febrile convulsion | 0.776576 |
99,833 | Ginzburg purports that ratio dependent models more accurately depict predator-prey interactions while Abrams maintains that these models make unwarranted complicating assumptions. A later review critically examines the claims made about ratio dependent predation to find that the added value of the ratio-dependent preda... | Arditi-Ginzburg equations | 0.776573 |
99,834 | Temperature plays a key role in the ecology, physiology and metabolism of aquatic species. The rate of PCB metabolism was temperature dependent in yellow perch (Perca flavescens). In fall and winter, only 11 out of 72 introduced PCB congeners were excreted and had halflives of more than 1,000 days. During spring and su... | C12Cl10 | 0.776572 |
99,835 | The role of a department of statistics is discussed in a 1949 article by Harold Hotelling, which helped to spur the creation of many departments of statistics. | Founders of statistics | 0.776571 |
99,836 | Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn. This article lists... | Founders of statistics | 0.776571 |
99,837 | In solution, detergents help solubilize a variety of chemical species by dissociating aggregates and unfolding proteins. Popular surfactants in the biochemistry laboratory are sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Detergents are key reagents to extract protein by lysis of the cells and... | Non-ionic surfactant | 0.77657 |
99,838 | Some linear dunes merge to form Y-shaped compound dunes.Formation is debated. Ralph Bagnold, in The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, suggested that some seif dunes form when a barchan dune moves into a bidirectional wind regime, and one arm or wing of the crescent elongates. Others suggest that seif dunes are fo... | Parabolic dune | 0.77657 |
99,839 | Some of the solutions are: Reduction of stormwater run-off through the use of bio-swales, rain gardens and green roofs and walls. Reduction of water use in landscapes through design of water-wise garden techniques (sometimes known as xeriscaping) Bio-filtering of wastes through constructed wetlands Irrigation using wat... | Sustainable landscaping | 0.776564 |
99,840 | PARI/GP is a computer algebra system with the main aim of facilitating number theory computations. Versions 2.1.0 and higher are distributed under the GNU General Public License. It runs on most common operating systems. | PARI/GP | 0.776563 |
99,841 | However, those who argued against geomancy, such as Ibn Khaldun in his Muqaddima (1377), countered that it was a pre-Islamic system of knowledge, and that all such epistemologies were rendered obsolete with the revelation of the Qur'an.Throughout the evolution and migration of geomancy, various tales and plays incorpor... | Geomancy | 0.776563 |
99,842 | This yields a smaller set of resulting charts than geomancy. Vastu shastra is a traditional Indian system of architecture which literally translates to "science of architecture." These are texts found on the Indian subcontinent that describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangem... | Geomancy | 0.776563 |
99,843 | A companion document was developed by ISO TC299 WG3 and published as an ISO Technical Specification, ISO/TS 15066:2016. This Technical Specification covers collaborative robotics - requirements of robots and the integrated applications. ISO 10218-1 contains the requirements for robots - including those with optional ca... | Collaborative robot | 0.776561 |
99,844 | In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, the flow-equivalent server method (also known as flow-equivalent aggregation technique, Norton's theorem for queueing networks or the Chandy–Herzog–Woo method) is a divide-and-conquer method to solve product form queueing networks inspired ... | Flow-equivalent server method | 0.776561 |
99,845 | Pulses can be injected into a device that is under test and used as a stimulus, clock signal, or analyzed as they progress through the device, confirming the proper operation of the device or pinpointing a fault in the device. Pulse generators are also used to drive devices such as switches, lasers and optical componen... | Light pulse generator | 0.776561 |
99,846 | However, there appear to be common themes and systems between the groups. Due to the long history of Australian Aboriginal astronomy, the Aboriginal peoples have been described as "world's first astronomers" on several occasions.Many of the constellations were given names based on their shapes, just as traditional west... | Australian Aboriginal astronomy | 0.776556 |
99,847 | Australian Aboriginal astronomy is a name given to Aboriginal Australian culture relating to astronomical subjects – such as the Sun and Moon, the stars, planets, and the Milky Way, and their motions on the sky. Traditional Aboriginal culture and mythology and religion include many components of astronomy, and these tr... | Australian Aboriginal astronomy | 0.776556 |
99,848 | One of the earliest written records of Aboriginal astronomy was made by William Edward Stanbridge, an Englishman who emigrated to Australia in 1841 and befriended the local Boorong people. | Australian Aboriginal astronomy | 0.776556 |
99,849 | These can be implemented as analog circuits (for instance, using a Sallen Key filter topology, a type of active filter), or as algorithms in digital signal processing systems. Digital filters are much more flexible to synthesize and use than analog filters, where the constraints of the design permits their use. Notably... | Linear filters | 0.776555 |
99,850 | LTI system theory describes linear time-invariant (LTI) filters of all types. LTI filters can be completely described by their frequency response and phase response, the specification of which uniquely defines their impulse response, and vice versa. From a mathematical viewpoint, continuous-time IIR LTI filters may be ... | Linear filters | 0.776555 |
99,851 | In cryptography, a secret sharing scheme is verifiable if auxiliary information is included that allows players to verify their shares as consistent. More formally, verifiable secret sharing ensures that even if the dealer is malicious there is a well-defined secret that the players can later reconstruct. (In standard ... | Verifiable secret sharing | 0.776555 |
99,852 | . , P i m {\displaystyle P_{i_{1}},...,P_{i_{m}}} polynomials (step 4), the degree of the polynomial P must be less than or equal to t (second observation case 1, with height probability when these steps are repeated in different iterations). Diagnosis 2: One of the parameters for the problem was to avoid exposing the ... | Verifiable secret sharing | 0.776555 |
99,853 | The lattice phase equaliser cannot be directly transformed into T-section topology without introducing active components. However, a T-section is possible if ideal transformers are introduced. Transformer action can be conveniently achieved in the low-in-phase T-section by winding both inductors on a common core. The r... | Lattice filter | 0.776552 |
99,854 | A filter that is in-phase at high frequencies (that is, a filter to correct low-end phase) can be obtained by applying the high-pass transformation to the prototype filter. However, it can be seen that due to the lattice topology this is also equivalent to a crossover on the output of the corresponding low-in-phase sec... | Lattice filter | 0.776552 |
99,855 | In physics, specifically statistical mechanics, a population inversion occurs while a system (such as a group of atoms or molecules) exists in a state in which more members of the system are in higher, excited states than in lower, unexcited energy states. It is called an "inversion" because in many familiar and common... | Population inversion | 0.77655 |
99,856 | Consensus forecasts, also known as combining forecasts, forecast averaging or model averaging (in econometrics and statistics) and committee machines, ensemble averaging or expert aggregation (in machine learning), are predictions of the future that are created by combining several separate forecasts which have often b... | Electricity price forecasting | 0.776549 |
99,857 | Very rarely has an automated selection or shrinkage procedure been carried out in EPF, especially for a large set of initial explanatory variables. However, the machine learning literature provides viable tools that can be broadly classified into two categories: Feature or subset selection, which involves identifying a... | Electricity price forecasting | 0.776549 |
99,858 | Computational intelligence (artificial intelligence-based, machine learning, non-parametric, non-linear statistical) techniques combine elements of learning, evolution and fuzziness to create approaches that are capable of adapting to complex dynamic systems, and may be regarded as "intelligent" in this sense. Artifici... | Electricity price forecasting | 0.776548 |
99,859 | Many of the modeling and price forecasting approaches considered in the literature are hybrid solutions, combining techniques from two or more of the groups listed above. Their classification is non-trivial, if possible at all. As an example of hybrid model AleaModel (AleaSoft) combines Neural Networks and Box Jenkins ... | Electricity price forecasting | 0.776548 |
99,860 | Synchrotron facilities play a vital role in fundamental, applied, and industrial research, driving technological advancements and fostering collaborations across boundaries. By becoming a player in the field of light sources, Africa can contribute to the global scientific endeavor and promote a culture of enlightenment... | African Light Source | 0.776548 |
99,861 | Building and operating a synchrotron light source require specialised infrastructure and a highly skilled workforce. Africa currently lacks the necessary infrastructure and expertise in accelerator physics and related fields. To meet the infrastructure and expertise requirements for the AfLS, it was suggested by Marcus... | African Light Source | 0.776548 |
99,862 | The conference led to the Grenoble Resolutions which encapsulate the formation of the AfLS Steering Committee, AfLS Roadmap, and the creation of the AfLS Foundation, registered in South Africa. The AfLS Foundation is chaired by Simon Connell and has received support by Nana Akufo-Addo, Ghana president, who is championi... | African Light Source | 0.776548 |
99,863 | The polyhedron representing the given metric space may be degenerate: it may form a doubly-covered two-dimensional convex polygon (a dihedron) rather than a fully three-dimensional polyhedron. In this case, its surface metric consists of two copies of the polygon (its two sides) glued together along corresponding edges... | Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem | 0.776545 |
99,864 | In summary, the development of a convex polyhedron is geodesic, homeomorphic (topologically equivalent) to a sphere, and locally Euclidean except for a finite number of cone points whose angular defect sums to 4π.Alexandrov's theorem gives a converse to this description. It states that if a metric space is geodesic, ho... | Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem | 0.776545 |
99,865 | For instance, in a regular tetrahedron, each face angle is π/3, and there are three of them at each vertex, so subtracting them from 2π leaves a defect of π at each of the four vertices. Similarly, a cube has a defect of π/2 at each of its eight vertices. Descartes' theorem on total angular defect (a form of the Gauss–... | Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem | 0.776545 |
99,866 | The polyhedron can be thought of as being folded from a sheet of paper (a net for the polyhedron) and it inherits the same geometry as the paper: for every point p within a face of the polyhedron, a sufficiently small open neighborhood of p will have the same distances as a subset of the Euclidean plane. The same thing... | Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem | 0.776545 |
99,867 | The Alexandrov uniqueness theorem is a rigidity theorem in mathematics, describing three-dimensional convex polyhedra in terms of the distances between points on their surfaces. It implies that convex polyhedra with distinct shapes from each other also have distinct metric spaces of surface distances, and it characteri... | Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem | 0.776545 |
99,868 | Its existence was proven by Alexandrov, using an argument involving limits of polyhedral metrics. Aleksei Pogorelov generalized both these results, characterizing the developments of arbitrary convex bodies in three dimensions.Another result of Pogorelov on the geodesic metric spaces derived from convex polyhedra is a ... | Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem | 0.776545 |
99,869 | One of the first existence and uniqueness theorems for convex polyhedra is Cauchy's theorem, which states that a convex polyhedron is uniquely determined by the shape and connectivity of its faces. Alexandrov's theorem strengthens this, showing that even if the faces are allowed to bend or fold, without stretching or s... | Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem | 0.776545 |
99,870 | In number theory, the prime omega functions ω ( n ) {\displaystyle \omega (n)} and Ω ( n ) {\displaystyle \Omega (n)} count the number of prime factors of a natural number n . {\displaystyle n.} Thereby ω ( n ) {\displaystyle \omega (n)} (little omega) counts each distinct prime factor, whereas the related function Ω (... | Big Omega function (prime factor) | 0.776543 |
99,871 | In mechanical engineering, a compression seal fitting, also known as a sealing gland, is intended to seal some type of element (probe, wire, conductor, pipe, tube, fiber optic cable, etc.) when the element must pass through a pressure or environmental boundary. A compression seal fitting may serve several purposes: It ... | Compression seal fitting | 0.776542 |
99,872 | More concretely, their generating functions are equal after an appropriate change of variables. For Calabi–Yau threefolds, the Donaldson–Thomas invariants can be formulated as weighted Euler characteristic on the moduli space. There have also been recent connections between these invariants, the motivic Hall algebra, a... | Donaldson-Thomas theory | 0.776542 |
99,873 | This moduli space also admits a virtual fundamental class and yields certain numerical invariants that are enumerative. Whereas in Gromov–Witten theory, maps are allowed to be multiple covers and collapsed components of the domain curve, Donaldson–Thomas theory allows for nilpotent information contained in the sheaves,... | Donaldson-Thomas theory | 0.776542 |
99,874 | The basic idea of Gromov–Witten invariants is to probe the geometry of a space by studying pseudoholomorphic maps from Riemann surfaces to a smooth target. The moduli stack of all such maps admits a virtual fundamental class, and intersection theory on this stack yields numerical invariants that can often contain enume... | Donaldson-Thomas theory | 0.776542 |
99,875 | Donaldson–Thomas invariants have close connections to Gromov–Witten invariants of algebraic three-folds and the theory of stable pairs due to Rahul Pandharipande and Thomas. Donaldson–Thomas theory is physically motivated by certain BPS states that occur in string and gauge theorypg 5. This is due to the fact the invar... | Donaldson-Thomas theory | 0.776542 |
99,876 | In mathematics, specifically algebraic geometry, Donaldson–Thomas theory is the theory of Donaldson–Thomas invariants. Given a compact moduli space of sheaves on a Calabi–Yau threefold, its Donaldson–Thomas invariant is the virtual number of its points, i.e., the integral of the cohomology class 1 against the virtual f... | Donaldson-Thomas theory | 0.776542 |
99,877 | Following by this original discovery, Moore and co-workers tried higher gem-dichlorides RCHCl2 as activating agents to increase the catalyst lifetime. To reconvert the chloride byproduct, they added magnesium in reaction. Moreover, after ligand exchange to an electron deficient ligand such as p-nitrophenol, gave access... | Organomolybdenum chemistry | 0.776541 |
99,878 | Let G , H {\displaystyle G,H} be Lie groups with Lie algebras g , h {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}},{\mathfrak {h}}} , respectively. Let O ( F ) , F ∈ g ∗ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(F),F\in {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}} be a coadjoint orbit. Then there exists a unique symplectic structure on O ( F ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {... | Symplectic quotient | 0.776538 |
99,879 | In the case of a Hamiltonian action of the circle G = U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle G=U(1)} , the Lie algebra dual g ∗ {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}} is naturally identified with R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } , and the momentum map is simply the Hamiltonian function that generates the circle action. Another classical ca... | Symplectic quotient | 0.776538 |
99,880 | The test functions are themselves locally integrable, and so define distributions. The space of test functions C c ∞ ( U ) {\displaystyle C_{c}^{\infty }(U)} is sequentially dense in D ′ ( U ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}'(U)} with respect to the strong topology on D ′ ( U ) . {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}'(U).} This ... | Tempered distribution | 0.776537 |
99,881 | The special case when k = ∞ {\displaystyle k=\infty } gives us the space of test functions. The canonical LF-topology is not metrizable and importantly, it is strictly finer than the subspace topology that C ∞ ( U ) {\displaystyle C^{\infty }(U)} induces on C c ∞ ( U ) . {\displaystyle C_{c}^{\infty }(U).} However, the... | Tempered distribution | 0.776537 |
99,882 | {\textstyle \int \phi \,d\mu .} As above, it is conventional to abuse notation and write the pairing between a Radon measure μ {\displaystyle \mu } and a test function ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } as ⟨ μ , ϕ ⟩ . {\displaystyle \langle \mu ,\phi \rangle .} Conversely, as shown in a theorem by Schwartz (similar to the Riesz r... | Tempered distribution | 0.776537 |
99,883 | One particularly important class of Radon measures are those that are induced locally integrable functions. The function f: U → R {\displaystyle f:U\to \mathbb {R} } is called locally integrable if it is Lebesgue integrable over every compact subset K of U. This is a large class of functions that includes all continuou... | Tempered distribution | 0.776537 |
99,884 | In mathematics — specifically, in the theory of partial differential equations — a semi-elliptic operator is a partial differential operator satisfying a positivity condition slightly weaker than that of being an elliptic operator. Every elliptic operator is also semi-elliptic, and semi-elliptic operators share many of... | Semi-elliptic operator | 0.776536 |
99,885 | It was capable of launching a satellite weighing 1,800 kg (4,000 lb) into an orbit as high as 250 km (160 mi). The first M-V rocket launched the HALCA radio astronomy satellite in 1997, and the second the Nozomi Mars explorer in July 1998. The third rocket attempted to launch the Astro-E X-ray satellite on 10 February ... | M-V rocket | 0.776535 |
99,886 | Regen is a not-for-profit organisation which promotes renewable energy and energy efficiency across the UK. The organisation works with industry, communities and the public sector to change the way we generate, supply and use energy. Its functions are to help towards the development of renewable energy in the South Wes... | Regen SW | 0.776535 |
99,887 | But it has long been rare among people The Analects never expands on what this term means, but Zisi's text, The Doctrine of the Mean, explores its meaning in detail, as well as how to apply it to one's life. The application of Confucian metaphysics to politics and virtue ethics. The text was adopted into the canon of t... | Doctrine of the Mean | 0.776533 |
99,888 | The person always does what is natural according to their status in the world. Even common people can carry the mean into their practices, as long as they do not exceed their natural order.The Doctrine of the Mean represents moderation, rectitude, objectivity, sincerity, honesty and propriety. The guiding principle is ... | Doctrine of the Mean | 0.776533 |
99,889 | A commonly found class of definitions relates to a cryptographic process, or more precisely, authentication based on a challenge–response protocol. This type of definition is found in the Handbook of applied cryptography. This type of definition does not necessarily relate to two-factor authentication, since the secret... | Strong authentication | 0.776532 |
99,890 | Nieto, who conducted the first modern comprehensive review of the Titius–Bode Law, noted that "The psychological hold of the Law on astronomy has been such that people have always tended to regard its original form as the one on which to base theories." He was emphatic that "future theories must rid themselves of the b... | Titius–Bode law | 0.77653 |
99,891 | Following Weber's work, Gustav Fechner, a pioneer of psychophysics, studied the relationship between the physical intensity of a stimulus and the psychologically perceived intensity of the stimulus. Comparing the measured intensity of sound waves with the perceived loudness, Fechner concluded that the intensity of a st... | Sensory threshold | 0.776529 |
99,892 | In psychophysics, sensory threshold is the weakest stimulus that an organism can sense. Unless otherwise indicated, it is usually defined as the weakest stimulus that can be detected half the time, for example, as indicated by a point on a probability curve. Methods have been developed to measure thresholds in any of t... | Sensory threshold | 0.776529 |
99,893 | Smoking is by far the leading risk factor for lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains more than 6,000 components, many of which lead to DNA damage (see table of tobacco-related DNA damages in Tobacco smoking). Other causes include radon, exposure to secondhand smoke, exposure to substances such as asbestos, chromium, nic... | Non small cell lung carcinoma | 0.776528 |
99,894 | "The theoretical models which are being used to explain empirical phenomena. "In response to these criticism there are claims of a general maturing of these non-traditional empirical approaches to Finance. This defense of the subject does not flatter the use of physics metaphors but does defend the alternative empirica... | Statistical finance | 0.776527 |
99,895 | Within the subject the description of financial markets blindly in terms of models of statistical physics has been argued as flawed because it has transpired these do not fully correspond to what we now know about real finance markets. First, traders create largely noise, not long range correlations among themselves, e... | Statistical finance | 0.776527 |
99,896 | Statistical finance, is the application of econophysics to financial markets. Instead of the normative roots of finance, it uses a positivist framework. It includes exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets. Empirically observed stylized facts are the ... | Statistical finance | 0.776527 |
99,897 | Statistical finance is focused on three areas: Empirical studies focused on the discovery of interesting statistical features of financial time-series data aimed at extending and consolidating the known stylized facts. The use of these discoveries to build and implement models that better price derivatives and anticipa... | Statistical finance | 0.776527 |
99,898 | Some of the key data claims have been questioned in terms of methods of data analysis.Some of the ideas arising from nonlinear sciences and statistical physics have been helpful in shifting our understanding financial markets, and may yet be found useful, but the particular requirements of stochastic analysis to the sp... | Statistical finance | 0.776527 |
99,899 | VSIM was already capable of MAX PCI's target processing speed of 40 MHz, but everything else needed to be updated or redesigned. The core of MaxPCI was a new, giant crosspoint ASIC: 50 x 40 x 8 with full ROI timing crosspoint and many imaging functions as well, developed by Whitney. Dunn redesigned the AU ASIC to opera... | Datacube Inc. | 0.776525 |
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