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99,600 | A fundamental theorem of computational domain theory is that if progressionS is ω-continuous then DenoteS will exist. It follows from the ω-continuity of progressionS that progressionS(DenoteS) = DenoteSThe above equation motivates the terminology that DenoteS is a fixed point of progressionS. Furthermore, this fixed p... | Denotational semantics of the Actor model | 0.776697 |
99,601 | The completed elements may be characterized abstractly as the maximal elements of TimedDiagrams. Concretely, the completed elements are those having no pending events. Theorem: TimedDiagrams is an ω-complete domain of Actor computations i.e., If D⊆TimedDiagrams is directed, the least upper bound ⊔D exists; furthermore ... | Denotational semantics of the Actor model | 0.776697 |
99,602 | The Actor model provides a modern and very general way the compositionality of programs can be analyzed. Scott and Strachey proposed that the semantics of programming languages be reduced to the semantics of the lambda calculus and thus inherit the denotational semantics of the lambda calculus. However, it turned out ... | Denotational semantics of the Actor model | 0.776697 |
99,603 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4 square tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular honeycombs. It is paracompact because it has infinite cells and vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. Given by Schläfli symbol {4,4,4}, it has four square tilings around each edge, and in... | Truncated order-4 square tiling honeycomb | 0.776695 |
99,604 | The most representative standards on wastewater reuse from European member states are the following: Cyprus: Law 106 (I) 2002 Water and Soil pollution control and associated regulations (KDP 772/2003, KDP 269/2005) (Issuing Institutions: Ministry of Agriculture, Natural resources and Environment, Water Development Depa... | Reclaimed water | 0.776694 |
99,605 | Nakayama showed that all modules over such rings are serial. Artinian serial rings are sometimes called Nakayama algebras, and they have a well-developed module theory. Warfield used the term homogeneously serial module for a serial module with the additional property that for any two finitely generated submodules A an... | Serial ring | 0.776694 |
99,606 | It is possible to provide an informal explanation of Rouché's theorem. Let C be a closed, simple curve (i.e., not self-intersecting). Let h(z) = f(z) + g(z). If f and g are both holomorphic on the interior of C, then h must also be holomorphic on the interior of C. Then, with the conditions imposed above, the Rouche's ... | Rouché theorem | 0.776694 |
99,607 | The theorem is usually used to simplify the problem of locating zeros, as follows. Given an analytic function, we write it as the sum of two parts, one of which is simpler and grows faster than (thus dominates) the other part. We can then locate the zeros by looking at only the dominating part. For example, the polynom... | Rouché theorem | 0.776694 |
99,608 | From a broader biological or ecological perspective, a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism (see biological resource).The concept of resources has been developed across many established areas of work, in economics, biology and ecology, computer science, management, and human resources for example - linked ... | Economic resources | 0.776693 |
99,609 | The IgLON proteins are a family of five cell-adhesion molecules IgLON 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5, which assist in neuronal growth and connections among nerve cells. and help in brain evolution and maturation to maintain integrity of the blood brain barrier.Abnormal pTau deposits seen in several brains, brain stems and upper cervic... | Anti-IgLON5 disease | 0.776692 |
99,610 | Cylance was founded by Stuart McClure and Ryan Permeh in 2012. McClure was previously co-founder of Foundstone, a security consultancy. He sold Foundstone to McAfee in 2004, and became that firm's Chief Tech Officer. McClure is also the author of Hacking Exposed.Cylance's founding came about as a result of McClure's sp... | Cylance | 0.776691 |
99,611 | Cylance Inc., is an American software firm based in Irvine, California, that developed antivirus programs and other kinds of computer software that sought to prevent, rather than reactively detect, viruses and malware. Cyber Secure India described it as "the first company to apply artificial intelligence, algorithms, a... | Cylance | 0.776691 |
99,612 | McClure claims that Cylance's antivirus product does not use security features, such as unique signatures, heuristics, behavioral analysis, sandboxing, virtualization, or blacklisting. Rather, the product claims to use artificial intelligence to identify and stop attackers. McClure claims that its security features are... | Cylance | 0.776691 |
99,613 | In theoretical astrophysics, there can be a sphere of ionized hydrogen (H II) around a young star of the spectral classes O or B. The theory was derived by Bengt Strömgren in 1937 and later named Strömgren sphere after him. The Rosette Nebula is the most prominent example of this type of emission nebula from the H II-r... | Stromgren radius | 0.776688 |
99,614 | Let pqr be a geodesic triangle, i.e. a triangle whose sides are geodesics, in M, such that the geodesic pq is minimal and if δ > 0, the length of the side pr is less than π / δ {\displaystyle \pi /{\sqrt {\delta }}} . Let p′q′r′ be a geodesic triangle in the model space Mδ, i.e. the simply connected space of constant c... | Toponogov theorem | 0.776687 |
99,615 | In the mathematical field of Riemannian geometry, Toponogov's theorem (named after Victor Andreevich Toponogov) is a triangle comparison theorem. It is one of a family of comparison theorems that quantify the assertion that a pair of geodesics emanating from a point p spread apart more slowly in a region of high curvat... | Toponogov theorem | 0.776687 |
99,616 | Advertisements for Urania's Mirror, as well as the introduction to its companion book A Familiar Treatise on Astronomy, credit the design of the cards simply to a "lady", who is described in the introduction of the book as being "young". This led to speculation as to her identity. Some proposed prominent female astrono... | Urania's Mirror | 0.776685 |
99,617 | An American edition was published in 1832. Modern reprints were produced in 1993, and Barnes & Noble reproduced the American edition (with accompanying book) in 2004. The accompanying book, A Familiar Treatise on Astronomy by Jehoshaphat Aspin went through at least four editions, with the last coming out in 1834. The s... | Urania's Mirror | 0.776685 |
99,618 | Urania's Mirror; or, a view of the Heavens is a set of 32 astronomical star chart cards, first published in November 1824. They are illustrations based on Alexander Jamieson's A Celestial Atlas, but the addition of holes punched in them allow them to be held up to a light to see a depiction of the constellation's stars... | Urania's Mirror | 0.776685 |
99,619 | A book by Jehoshaphat Aspin entitled A Familiar Treatise on Astronomy (or, to give its full name, A Familiar Treatise on Astronomy, Explaining the General Phenomena of the Celestial Bodies; with Numerous Graphical Illustrations) was written to accompany the cards. The cards and book came in a box illustrated with a wom... | Urania's Mirror | 0.776685 |
99,620 | We look at the proof for the upper bound and the maximum of f {\displaystyle f} . By applying these results to the function − f {\displaystyle -f} , the existence of the lower bound and the result for the minimum of f {\displaystyle f} follows. Also note that everything in the proof is done within the context of the re... | Boundedness theorem | 0.776682 |
99,621 | The following examples show why the function domain must be closed and bounded in order for the theorem to apply. Each fails to attain a maximum on the given interval. f ( x ) = x {\displaystyle f(x)=x} defined over {\displaystyle (0,1]} is not bounded from above. f ( x ) = 1 − x {\displaystyle f(x)=1-x} defined over ... | Boundedness theorem | 0.776682 |
99,622 | Statement If f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is continuous on {\displaystyle } then it attains its supremum on {\displaystyle } Proof By the Boundedness Theorem, f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is bounded above on {\displaystyle } and by the completeness property of the real numbers has a supremum in {\displaystyle } . L... | Boundedness theorem | 0.776682 |
99,623 | The basic steps involved in the proof of the extreme value theorem are: Prove the boundedness theorem. Find a sequence so that its image converges to the supremum of f {\displaystyle f} . Show that there exists a subsequence that converges to a point in the domain. Use continuity to show that the image of the subsequen... | Boundedness theorem | 0.776682 |
99,624 | When the state of the system is as described, the photons can be distinguished, since they are in different modes, and therefore a qubit state can be represented using a single photon in two modes, vertical (V) and horizontal (H): for example, | 0 ⟩ ≡ | 0 , 1 ⟩ V H {\displaystyle |0\rangle \equiv |0,1\rangle _{VH}} and... | KLM protocol | 0.776681 |
99,625 | The KLM scheme or KLM protocol is an implementation of linear optical quantum computing (LOQC), developed in 2000 by Emanuel Knill, Raymond Laflamme and Gerard J. Milburn. This protocol makes it possible to create universal quantum computers solely with linear optical tools. The KLM protocol uses linear optical element... | KLM protocol | 0.776681 |
99,626 | Circuit-based optical quantum computing revisited. Using one-step deterministic multipartite entanglement purification with linear optics to generate entangled photon states.There are several protocols for using cluster states to improve the KLM protocol, the computation model with those protocols is an LOQC implementa... | KLM protocol | 0.776681 |
99,627 | This section discusses the improvements of the KLM protocol that have been studied after the initial proposal. There are many ways to improve the KLM protocol for LOQC and to make LOQC more promising. Below are some proposals from the review article Ref. and other subsequent articles: Using cluster states in optical qu... | KLM protocol | 0.776681 |
99,628 | In organic chemistry, a benzylidene acetal is the functional group with the structural formula C6H5CH(OR)2 (R = alkyl, aryl). Benzylidene acetals are used as protecting groups in glycochemistry. These compounds can also be oxidized to carboxylic acids in order to open important biological molecules, such as glycosamino... | Benzylidene acetal | 0.776681 |
99,629 | This allows each report greater freedom to explore ideas and constructively challenge policies. Each report also presents an updated set of indices, including the Human Development Index (HDI), which is a measure of average achievement in the basic dimensions of human development across countries, and a compendium of k... | Human Development Report | 0.776681 |
99,630 | Analysis of fatigue data requires techniques from statistics, especially survival analysis and linear regression. The progression of the S-N curve can be influenced by many factors such as stress ratio (mean stress), loading frequency, temperature, corrosion, residual stresses, and the presence of notches. A constant f... | Fatigue cracking | 0.776678 |
99,631 | Additionally, extinction risk, competition and energetic restraints have also been proposed as critical mechanisms that may drive this pattern (Brown and Maurer, 1989; Brown and Nicoletto, 1991). Finally, the metabolic theory of ecology explains how there is a negative relationship between number of individuals (N) and... | Body size and species richness | 0.776678 |
99,632 | This mechanism likely contributes to the shift in body size-species richness distribution observed between continental and local scales. Recently, the metabolic theory of ecology has been used to explain macroecological patterns. According to May (1978) there is equal energy flow through all size classes of interacting... | Body size and species richness | 0.776678 |
99,633 | A small bodied animal has a greater capacity to be more abundant than a large bodied one. Purely as a function of geometry many more small things can be packed into a given space than can large things into the same area. However, these limits are generally never reached in ecological systems as other resources become l... | Body size and species richness | 0.776678 |
99,634 | It is known that extinction risk is directly correlated to the size of a species population. Small populations tend to go extinct more frequently than large ones (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967). As large species require more daily resources they are forced to have low population densities, thereby lowering the size of the... | Body size and species richness | 0.776678 |
99,635 | Could similar sized species be mitigating the effects of competition by avoiding each other? Interspecific competition is in fact strong among species that are the same size (Bowers and Brown, 1982). Researchers have proposed that in order to lessen the burden of competition among animals within the same guild (see Gui... | Body size and species richness | 0.776678 |
99,636 | The body size-species richness distribution is a pattern observed in the way taxa are distributed over large spatial scales. The number of species that exhibit small body size generally far exceed the number of species that are large-bodied. Macroecology has long sought to understand the mechanisms that underlie the pa... | Body size and species richness | 0.776678 |
99,637 | In molecular biology, the DHH phosphatase family is a family of putative phosphoesterases. The family includes Drosophila prune protein and bacterial RecJ exonuclease. The RecJ protein of Escherichia coli plays an important role in a number of DNA repair and recombination pathways. | DHH phosphatase family | 0.776677 |
99,638 | Once the gel has run, the gel may be viewed through the use of a photo-documentation system.Silver staining is used when more sensitive method for detection is needed, as classical Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining can usually detect a 50 ng protein band, Silver staining increases the sensitivity typically 10-100 fold ... | Polyacrylamide gel | 0.776676 |
99,639 | Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique widely used in biochemistry, forensic chemistry, genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology to separate biological macromolecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, according to their electrophoretic mobility. Electrophoretic mobility is a function of the len... | Polyacrylamide gel | 0.776676 |
99,640 | This space may contain a vacuum state, or in statistical mechanics, a thermal state. Unless the central charge vanishes, there cannot exist a state that leaves the entire infinite dimensional conformal symmetry unbroken. The best we can have is a state that is invariant under the generators L n ≥ − 1 {\displaystyle L_{... | Conformal field theories | 0.776675 |
99,641 | Both copies have the same central charge. The space of states of a theory is a representation of the product of the two Virasoro algebras. This space is a Hilbert space if the theory is unitary. | Conformal field theories | 0.776675 |
99,642 | This is known as the Zamolodchikov C-theorem, and tells us that renormalization group flow in two dimensions is irreversible.In addition to being centrally extended, the symmetry algebra of a conformally invariant quantum theory has to be complexified, resulting in two copies of the Virasoro algebra. In Euclidean CFT, ... | Conformal field theories | 0.776675 |
99,643 | In a conformally invariant two-dimensional quantum theory, the Witt algebra of infinitesimal conformal transformations has to be centrally extended. The quantum symmetry algebra is therefore the Virasoro algebra, which depends on a number called the central charge. This central extension can also be understood in terms... | Conformal field theories | 0.776675 |
99,644 | Continuous phase transitions (critical points) of classical statistical physics systems with D spatial dimensions are often described by Euclidean conformal field theories. A necessary condition for this to happen is that the critical point should be invariant under spatial rotations and translations. However this cond... | Conformal field theories | 0.776675 |
99,645 | A generalized free field is a field whose correlation functions are deduced from its two-point function by Wick's theorem. For instance, if ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is a scalar primary field of dimension Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } , its four-point function reads ⟨ ∏ i = 1 4 ϕ ( x i ) ⟩ = 1 | x 12 | 2 Δ | x 34 | 2 Δ + 1 |... | Conformal field theories | 0.776675 |
99,646 | A conformal field theory (CFT) is a quantum field theory that is invariant under conformal transformations. In two dimensions, there is an infinite-dimensional algebra of local conformal transformations, and conformal field theories can sometimes be exactly solved or classified. Conformal field theory has important app... | Conformal field theories | 0.776675 |
99,647 | In Minkowski space, correlation functions are Wightman functions. They can depend on the order of the fields, as fields commute only if they are spacelike separated. A Euclidean CFT can be related to a Minkowskian CFT by Wick rotation, for example thanks to the Osterwalder-Schrader theorem. In such cases, Minkowskian c... | Conformal field theories | 0.776675 |
99,648 | Surfing on Sine Waves is a studio album by Polygon Window, a pseudonym for the English electronic music producer Richard D. James, better known by the alias Aphex Twin. It was originally released on 11 January 1993 by Warp. It is the second release in Warp's Artificial Intelligence series. The 2001 reissue edition incl... | Surfing on Sine Waves | 0.776675 |
99,649 | Sodium naphthalene is an organic salt with the chemical formula Na+C10H−8. In the research laboratory, it is used as a reductant in the synthesis of organic, organometallic, and inorganic chemistry. It is usually generated in situ. When isolated, it invariably crystallizes as a solvate with ligands bound to Na+. | Sodium naphthalenide | 0.776674 |
99,650 | Marc is used in several industries including automotive, aerospace, machinery, electronics, biomedical, oil and gas, consumer goods and packaging, manufacturing, civil engineering and mining to solve complex nonlinear problems that involve large deformations and strains, contact interaction, damage, fracture and failur... | MSC Marc | 0.776673 |
99,651 | MSC Marc is a nonlinear finite elements analysis software used to simulate behavior of complex materials and interaction under large deformations and strains. It can also simulate multi-physics scenarios across structural, thermal, piezoelectric, electrostatic, magnetostatic, and electromagnetic behaviors. It uses auto... | MSC Marc | 0.776673 |
99,652 | and n ln n − n {\displaystyle n\ln n-n} will be at most proportional to the logarithm. In computer science applications such as the worst-case lower bound for comparison sorting, it is convenient to use instead the binary logarithm, giving the equivalent form The error term in either base can be expressed more precis... | Stirling's approximation | 0.776673 |
99,653 | In 1793 Thomas Charles Hope, a professor of chemistry at the University of Glasgow studied the mineral and proposed the name strontites. He confirmed the earlier work of Crawford and recounted: "... Considering it a peculiar earth I thought it necessary to give it an name. I have called it Strontites, from the place it... | Strontium | 0.776672 |
99,654 | They have been reported as intermediates in Barbier-type reactions. Although strontium is in the same group as magnesium, and organomagnesium compounds are very commonly used throughout chemistry, organostrontium compounds are not similarly widespread because they are more difficult to make and more reactive. Organostr... | Strontium | 0.776672 |
99,655 | In mathematics, the Atiyah–Bott fixed-point theorem, proven by Michael Atiyah and Raoul Bott in the 1960s, is a general form of the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem for smooth manifolds M, which uses an elliptic complex on M. This is a system of elliptic differential operators on vector bundles, generalizing the de Rham c... | Atiyah-Bott fixed point theorem | 0.776669 |
99,656 | In statistics and econometrics, cross-sectional data is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at a single point or period of time. Analysis of cross-sectional data usually consists of comparing the differences among selected subjects, typically with no r... | Cross-sectional data | 0.776666 |
99,657 | Let H be a Heyting algebra, X denote the set of prime filters of H, and ≤ denote set-theoretic inclusion on the prime filters of H. Also, for each a ∈ H, let φ(a) = {x ∈ X: a ∈ x}, and let τ denote the topology on X generated by {φ(a), X − φ(a): a ∈ H}. Theorem: (X, τ, ≤) is an Esakia space, called the Esakia dual of H... | Esakia duality | 0.776666 |
99,658 | In mathematics, Esakia duality is the dual equivalence between the category of Heyting algebras and the category of Esakia spaces. Esakia duality provides an order-topological representation of Heyting algebras via Esakia spaces. Let Esa denote the category of Esakia spaces and Esakia morphisms. | Esakia duality | 0.776666 |
99,659 | In the mathematical physics of quantum mechanics, Liouville space, also known as line space, is the space of operators on Hilbert space. Liouville space is itself a Hilbert space under the Hilbert-Schmidt inner product.Abstractly, Liouville space is equivalent (isometrically isomorphic) to the tensor product of a Hilbe... | Liouville space | 0.776665 |
99,660 | In shallow-water environments, the development of several major reef systems (such as the Great Barrier Reef) accompanied increased reef carbonate production. Calcium carbonate production peaked in subpolar and subtropical oceans, reflecting a shift in plankton ecology from diatoms to calcareous plankton due to changes... | Marine Isotope Stage 11 | 0.776664 |
99,661 | In representation theory, a branch of mathematics, the Kostant partition function, introduced by Bertram Kostant (1958, 1959), of a root system Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } is the number of ways one can represent a vector (weight) as a non-negative integer linear combination of the positive roots Δ + ⊂ Δ {\displaystyle \D... | Kostant partition function | 0.776664 |
99,662 | In a closed (1 dimensional) community, two steady states are always reached, namely complete consensus (which is called ferromagnetic state in physics) or stalemate (the antiferromagnetic state). Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations showed that these simple rules lead to complicated dynamics, in particular to a power l... | Sznajd model | 0.776664 |
99,663 | The Sznajd model or United we stand, divided we fall (USDF) model is a sociophysics model introduced in 2000 to gain fundamental understanding about opinion dynamics. The Sznajd model implements a phenomenon called social validation and thus extends the Ising spin model. In simple words, the model states: Social valida... | Sznajd model | 0.776664 |
99,664 | In recent years, statistical physics has been accepted as modeling framework for phenomena outside the traditional physics. Fields as econophysics or sociophysics formed, and many quantitative analysts in finance are physicists. The Ising model in statistical physics has been a very important step in the history of stu... | Sznajd model | 0.776664 |
99,665 | In physics, a squeezed coherent state is a quantum state that is usually described by two non-commuting observables having continuous spectra of eigenvalues. Examples are position x {\displaystyle x} and momentum p {\displaystyle p} of a particle, and the (dimension-less) electric field in the amplitude X {\displaystyl... | Squeezed state | 0.776663 |
99,666 | In probability theory, the probability integral transform (also known as universality of the uniform) relates to the result that data values that are modeled as being random variables from any given continuous distribution can be converted to random variables having a standard uniform distribution. This holds exactly p... | Probability integral transform | 0.776662 |
99,667 | A pedagogical article about the topic: "Charge and Spin Density Waves," Stuart Brown and George Gruner, Scientific American 270, 50 (1994). Authoritative work on Cr: Fawcett, Eric (1988-01-01). "Spin-density-wave antiferromagnetism in chromium". Reviews of Modern Physics. | Spin-density wave | 0.776662 |
99,668 | "Electronic crystals: an experimental overview". Advances in Physics. Informa UK Limited. | Spin-density wave | 0.776662 |
99,669 | The results showed no interference from acidity or from the presence of 50 mM perchlorate which is 20 times higher than that found at the Phoenix landing site. SOLID demonstrated that the chosen antibodies are unaffected by acidity, heat and oxidants such as perchlorates, and it has emerged as a viable choice for an as... | Signs Of LIfe Detector | 0.776662 |
99,670 | The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project: == References == | Bogoriellaceae | 0.776662 |
99,671 | A field prototype of SOLID was first tested in 2005 in a simulated Mars drilling expedition called MARTE (Mars Analog Rio Tinto Experiment) where the researchers tested a drill 10 m (33 ft) in depth, sample-handling systems, and immunoassays relevant to the search for life in the Martian subsurface. MARTE was funded by... | Signs Of LIfe Detector | 0.776662 |
99,672 | Signs Of LIfe Detector (SOLID) is an analytical instrument under development to detect extraterrestrial life in the form of organic biosignatures obtained from a core drill during planetary exploration. The instrument is based on fluorescent immunoassays and it is being developed by the Spanish Astrobiology Center (CAB... | Signs Of LIfe Detector | 0.776662 |
99,673 | Modern astrobiology inquiry has emphasized the search for water on Mars, chemical biosignatures in the permafrost, soil and rocks at the planet's surface, and even biomarker gases in the atmosphere that may give away the presence of past or present life. The detection of preserved organic molecules of unambiguous biolo... | Signs Of LIfe Detector | 0.776662 |
99,674 | The NASA and JAXA components were later cancelled, and ESA's appeared likely to be cancelled too, but in 2012 ESA announced it would go ahead alone. The European part of the mission became the Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE).The Russian Space Research Institute proposed a Ganymede lander astrobiology mission called L... | Magnetosphere of Ganymede | 0.776662 |
99,675 | Researchers have noted the relationship between psychedelics and ecology, particularly in relation to the altered states of consciousness (ASC) produced by psychedelic drugs and the perception of interconnectedness expressed through ecological ideas and themes produced by the psychedelic experience. This is felt throug... | Psychedelics and ecology | 0.776661 |
99,676 | In the context of the psychedelic experience, the term ecology is used to refer to two concepts: how organisms relate to themselves and their environment and the concept of the political movement that seeks to protect the environment. The psychedelic experience is said to result in the direct realization of the fundame... | Psychedelics and ecology | 0.776661 |
99,677 | The special case when the Jordan curve is a circle or line is called a Fuchsian group, named after Lazarus Fuchs by Henri Poincaré. Finitely generated quasi-Fuchsian groups are conjugate to Fuchsian groups under quasi-conformal transformations. The space of quasi-Fuchsian groups of the first kind is described by the si... | Quasi-Fuchsian group | 0.776661 |
99,678 | The Barzilai-Borwein method is an iterative gradient descent method for unconstrained optimization using either of two step sizes derived from the linear trend of the most recent two iterates. This method, and modifications, are globally convergent under mild conditions, and perform competitively with conjugate gradien... | Barzilai-Borwein method | 0.776658 |
99,679 | Despite its simplicity and optimality properties, Cauchy's classical steepest-descent method for unconstrained optimization often performs poorly. This has motivated many to propose alternate search directions, such as the conjugate gradient method. Jonathan Barzilai and Jonathan Borwein instead proposed new step sizes... | Barzilai-Borwein method | 0.776658 |
99,680 | On its centenary in 1934, the society inaugurated a Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society to publish work on industrial and agricultural applications. In 1948 the society reorganised its journals and the main journal became the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (General) (ISSN 0035... | Journal of the Royal Statistical Society | 0.776653 |
99,681 | Applied Statistics (ISSN 0035-9254) is published five times a year. Its 2021 impact factor is 1.680.A review of the first 227 algorithms published as source code in Applied Statistics is available. The last such code was published in 1997. Past and current editors: | Journal of the Royal Statistical Society | 0.776653 |
99,682 | The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics. It comprises three series and is published by Oxford University Press for the Royal Statistical Society. | Journal of the Royal Statistical Society | 0.776653 |
99,683 | Statistics in Society (ISSN 0964-1998) is published quarterly. Its 2021 impact factor is 2.175.Past and current editors: | Journal of the Royal Statistical Society | 0.776653 |
99,684 | Statistical Methodology (ISSN 1369-7412) is published five times a year. Its 2021 impact factor is 4.933.Starting in 1934, it was originally called Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (ISSN 1466-6162), and in 1948 was changed to Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological) ... | Journal of the Royal Statistical Society | 0.776653 |
99,685 | The Decade Volcanoes are 16 volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive eruptions and proximity to densely populated areas. The Decade Volcanoes project encourages ... | Decade Volcanoes | 0.776652 |
99,686 | Mainstream economists generally reject modern-day Austrian economics, and argue that modern-day Austrian economists are excessively averse to the use of mathematics and statistics in economics. Austrian opposition to mathematization extends to economic theorizing only, as they argue that human behavior is too variable ... | Austrian economics | 0.776651 |
99,687 | According to one hypothesis, a Corinthian vase from the 6th century BCE is the oldest artistic record of a vertebrate fossil, perhaps a Miocene giraffe combined with elements from other species. However, a subsequent study using artificial intelligence and expert evaluations reject this idea, because mammals do not hav... | Body fossil | 0.776648 |
99,688 | This led Cuvier to become an active proponent of the geological school of thought called catastrophism. Near the end of his 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants he said: All of these facts, consistent among themselves, and not opposed by any report, seem to me to prove the existence of a world previous to ours, de... | Body fossil | 0.776648 |
99,689 | The theory of correlation functions was developed, relating determinant representations, descriptions by differential equations and the Riemann–Hilbert problem. Asymptotics of correlation functions which include space, time and temperature dependence were evaluated in 1991. Explicit expressions for the higher conservat... | Quantum inverse scattering method | 0.776646 |
99,690 | The quantum inverse scattering method starts by the quantization of the Lax representation and reproduces the results of the Bethe ansatz. In fact, it allows the Bethe ansatz to be written in a new form: the algebraic Bethe ansatz. This led to further progress in the understanding of quantum integrable systems, such as... | Quantum inverse scattering method | 0.776646 |
99,691 | The quantum inverse scattering method relates two different approaches: the Bethe ansatz, a method of solving integrable quantum models in one space and one time dimension. the inverse scattering transform, a method of solving classical integrable differential equations of the evolutionary type.This method led to the f... | Quantum inverse scattering method | 0.776646 |
99,692 | In quantum physics, the quantum inverse scattering method (QISM) or the algebraic Bethe ansatz is a method for solving integrable models in 1+1 dimensions, introduced by Leon Takhtajan and L. D. Faddeev in 1979.It can be viewed as a quantized version of the classical inverse scattering method pioneered by Norman Zabusk... | Quantum inverse scattering method | 0.776646 |
99,693 | The steps can be summarized as follows (Evgeny Sklyanin 1992): Take an R-matrix which solves the Yang–Baxter equation Take a representation of an algebra T R {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}_{R}} satisfying the RTT relations Find the spectrum of the generating function t ( u ) {\displaystyle t(u)} of the centre of T R {\d... | Quantum inverse scattering method | 0.776646 |
99,694 | In physics and engineering, Coenergy (or co-energy) is a non-physical quantity, measured in energy units, used in theoretical analysis of energy in physical systems.The concept of co-energy can be applied to many conservative systems (inertial mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.), which can be described by a linear relat... | Coenergy | 0.776645 |
99,695 | Publ., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1992. Heck, Richard Kimberly: Frege's Theorem. | Gottlob Frege | 0.776643 |
99,696 | Press. — Papers exploring Frege's theorem and Frege's mathematical and intellectual background. Ferreira, F. and Wehmeier, K., 2002, "On the consistency of the Delta-1-1-CA fragment of Frege's Grundgesetze," Journal of Philosophic Logic 31: 301–11. | Gottlob Frege | 0.776643 |
99,697 | Logic, Logic, and Logic. MIT Press. — 12 papers on Frege's theorem and the logicist approach to the foundation of arithmetic. | Gottlob Frege | 0.776643 |
99,698 | This principle, too, is consistent if second-order arithmetic is, and suffices to prove the axioms of second-order arithmetic. This result is termed Frege's theorem because it was noticed that in developing arithmetic, Frege's use of Basic Law V is restricted to a proof of Hume's principle; it is from this, in turn, th... | Gottlob Frege | 0.776643 |
99,699 | Already in the 1879 Begriffsschrift important preliminary theorems, for example, a generalized form of law of trichotomy, were derived within what Frege understood to be pure logic. This idea was formulated in non-symbolic terms in his The Foundations of Arithmetic (Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 1884). Later, in his B... | Gottlob Frege | 0.776643 |
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