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john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_1 | # AFRICANS, SECOND EDITION
In a vast and all-embracing study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostile continent. Africans have been pioneers struggling against disease and nature, and their social, economic, and politic... | AFRICANS, SECOND EDITION
In a vast and all-embracing study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostile continent. Africans have been pioneers struggling against disease and nature, and their social, economic, and political... | AFRICANS, SECOND EDITION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 106 | 668 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_2 | John Iliffe was Professor of African History at the University of Cambridge and is a Fellow of St. John’s College. He is the author of several books on Africa, including *A modern history of Tanganyika* and *The African poor: A history*, which was awarded the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association of the U... | John Iliffe was Professor of African History at the University of Cambridge and is a Fellow of St. John’s College. He is the author of several books on Africa, including A modern history of Tanganyika and The African poor: A history, which was awarded the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association of the Unite... | AFRICANS, SECOND EDITION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 774 | 394 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_3 | # AFRICAN STUDIES
The *African Studies Series*, founded in 1968 in collaboration with the African Studies Centre of the University of Cambridge, is a prestigious series of monographs and general studies on Africa covering history, anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science.
# EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. David... | AFRICAN STUDIES
The African Studies Series, founded in 1968 in collaboration with the African Studies Centre of the University of Cambridge, is a prestigious series of monographs and general studies on Africa covering history, anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. David Ander... | AFRICAN STUDIES | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 1,168 | 838 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_4 | ## THE HISTORY OF A
CONTINENT
Second Edition
**JOHN ILIFFE**
Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge
**CAMBRIDGE**
UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Publish... | THE HISTORY OF A
CONTINENT
Second Edition
JOHN ILIFFE
Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the U... | Africans | THE HISTORY OF A | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 2,006 | 918 | ||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_5 | Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
*In memory of
Charles Ross Iliffe
and
Joy J... | Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
*In memory of
Charles Ross Iliffe
and
Joy J... | Africans | THE HISTORY OF A | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 2,924 | 340 | ||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_6 | # Contents
| *List of maps* | *page xi* |
| --- | --- |
| *Preface to the second edition* | xiii |
| 1 The frontiersmen of mankind | 1 |
| 2 The emergence of food-producing communities | 6 |
| 3 The impact of metals | 17 |
| 4 Christianity and Islam | 37 |
| 5 Colonising society in western Africa | 63 |
... | Contents
| List of maps | page xi |
| --- | --- |
| Preface to the second edition | xiii |
| 1 The frontiersmen of mankind | 1 |
| 2 The emergence of food-producing communities | 6 |
| 3 The impact of metals | 17 |
| 4 Christianity and Islam | 37 |
| 5 Colonising society in western Africa | 63 |
| 6 Col... | Contents | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 3,264 | 782 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_7 | ## List of maps
| 1 | Main physical features | *page 3* |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | The emergence of food-producing communities | 8 |
| 3 | African language families in recent times | 11 |
| 4 | The impact of metals | 18 |
| 5 | Christianity and Islam | 39 |
| 6 | Colonising society in western Africa | 65 ... | List of maps
| 1 | Main physical features | page 3 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | The emergence of food-producing communities | 8 |
| 3 | African language families in recent times | 11 |
| 4 | The impact of metals | 18 |
| 5 | Christianity and Islam | 39 |
| 6 | Colonising society in western Africa | 65 |
| ... | Contents | List of maps | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 4,046 | 766 | ||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_8 | # Preface to the second edition
David Fieldhouse suggested this book. In writing it, I have strayed far from my expertise as a documentary historian. John Sutton is partly to blame for that because he first interested me in African prehistory through his lectures at Dar es Salaam. David Phillipson kindly read and comm... | Preface to the second edition
David Fieldhouse suggested this book. In writing it, I have strayed far from my expertise as a documentary historian. John Sutton is partly to blame for that because he first interested me in African prehistory through his lectures at Dar es Salaam. David Phillipson kindly read and commen... | Preface to the second edition | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 4,812 | 803 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_9 | # The frontiersmen of mankind
THE LIBERATION OF THEIR CONTINENT MADE THE SECOND HALF OF THE twentieth century a triumphant period for the peoples of Africa, but at the end of the century triumph turned to disillusionment with the fruits of independence. This juncture is a time for understanding, for reflection on the ... | The frontiersmen of mankind
THE LIBERATION OF THEIR CONTINENT MADE THE SECOND HALF OF THE twentieth century a triumphant period for the peoples of Africa, but at the end of the century triumph turned to disillusionment with the fruits of independence. This juncture is a time for understanding, for reflection on the pl... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 5,615 | 592 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_10 | Africans have been and are the frontiersmen who have colonised an especially hostile region of the world on behalf of the entire human race. That has been their chief contribution to history. It is why they deserve admiration, support, and careful study. The central themes of African history are the peopling of the con... | Africans have been and are the frontiersmen who have colonised an especially hostile region of the world on behalf of the entire human race. That has been their chief contribution to history. It is why they deserve admiration, support, and careful study. The central themes of African history are the peopling of the con... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 6,207 | 777 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_11 | The story begins with the evolution of the human species in Africa, whence it spread to colonise the continent and the world, adapting and specialising to new environments until distinct racial and linguistic groups emerged. Knowledge of food-production and metals permitted concentrations of population, but slowly, for... | The story begins with the evolution of the human species in Africa, whence it spread to colonise the continent and the world, adapting and specialising to new environments until distinct racial and linguistic groups emerged. Knowledge of food-production and metals permitted concentrations of population, but slowly, for... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 6,984 | 904 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_12 | Social organisation also sought to maximise fertility, especially through polygyny, which made generational conflict a more important historical dynamic than class conflict. Sparse populations with ample land expressed social differentiation through control
1
2
| Social organisation also sought to maximise fertility, especially through polygyny, which made generational conflict a more important historical dynamic than class conflict. Sparse populations with ample land expressed social differentiation through control
1
2 | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 7,888 | 265 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_13 | AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
over people, possession of precious metals, and ownership of livestock where the environment permitted it, especially in the east and south. Scattered settlement and huge distances hindered transport, limited the surplus the powerful could extract, prevented the emergence of litera... | AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
over people, possession of precious metals, and ownership of livestock where the environment permitted it, especially in the east and south. Scattered settlement and huge distances hindered transport, limited the surplus the powerful could extract, prevented the emergence of litera... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 8,153 | 990 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_14 | Instead, for most of tropical Africa the first extensive involvement with the outside world was through the slave trade, by whose brutal irony an underpopulated continent exported people in return for goods with which elites sought to enlarge their personal followings. Slaving probably checked population growth for two... | Instead, for most of tropical Africa the first extensive involvement with the outside world was through the slave trade, by whose brutal irony an underpopulated continent exported people in return for goods with which elites sought to enlarge their personal followings. Slaving probably checked population growth for two... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 9,143 | 997 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_15 | This growth underlay the collapse of colonial rule, the destruction of apartheid, and the instability of successor regimes. It was the chief reason for the late twentieth-century crisis.
| This growth underlay the collapse of colonial rule, the destruction of apartheid, and the instability of successor regimes. It was the chief reason for the late twentieth-century crisis. | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 10,140 | 188 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_16 | That population should be the central historical theme is not unique to Africa. Every rural history must have at its core a population history. Frontiersmen were key historical actors in medieval Europe and Russia, China and the Americas. The modern histories of all Third World countries need to be rewritten around dem... | That population should be the central historical theme is not unique to Africa. Every rural history must have at its core a population history. Frontiersmen were key historical actors in medieval Europe and Russia, China and the Americas. The modern histories of all Third World countries need to be rewritten around dem... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [
"img_ref_2"
] | 1 | true | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 10,328 | 1,006 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_17 | AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
the rest of the continent in the way that the culture of the Ganges Valley permeated India. Africa had land-rich cultural traditions even where land was scarce; India had land-scarce cultural traditions even where land was ample.
| AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
the rest of the continent in the way that the culture of the Ganges Valley permeated India. Africa had land-rich cultural traditions even where land was scarce; India had land-scarce cultural traditions even where land was ample. | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 11,334 | 269 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_18 | Most important of all, the peopling of Africa took place within a unique relationship to the Eurasian core of the Old World. This is the book’s first subtheme. Until climatic change created desert conditions in the Sahara during the third millennium BC, Africa held an equal place within the Old World. Thereafter sub-Sa... | Most important of all, the peopling of Africa took place within a unique relationship to the Eurasian core of the Old World. This is the book’s first subtheme. Until climatic change created desert conditions in the Sahara during the third millennium BC, Africa held an equal place within the Old World. Thereafter sub-Sa... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 11,603 | 863 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_19 | Partial integration meant that Africans were receptive to further integration, which helps to explain both their receptivity to Islam and Christianity and their disastrous willingness to export slaves, just as the slaves themselves gained value because they possessed unique resistance to both Eurasian and tropical dise... | Partial integration meant that Africans were receptive to further integration, which helps to explain both their receptivity to Islam and Christianity and their disastrous willingness to export slaves, just as the slaves themselves gained value because they possessed unique resistance to both Eurasian and tropical dise... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 12,466 | 327 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_20 | The slave trade also illustrates a second subtheme. Suffering has been a central part of African experience, whether it arose from the harsh struggle with nature or the cruelty of men. Africans created their own ideological defences against suffering. Concern with health, for example, probably loomed larger in their id... | The slave trade also illustrates a second subtheme. Suffering has been a central part of African experience, whether it arose from the harsh struggle with nature or the cruelty of men. Africans created their own ideological defences against suffering. Concern with health, for example, probably loomed larger in their id... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 12,793 | 829 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_21 | Several general histories of Africa have appeared since serious study began during the 1950s. The earliest studies emphasised state-building and resistance to foreign domination. A second, disillusioned generation of historians focused on market exchange, integration into the world economy, and underdevelopment. The mo... | Several general histories of Africa have appeared since serious study began during the 1950s. The earliest studies emphasised state-building and resistance to foreign domination. A second, disillusioned generation of historians focused on market exchange, integration into the world economy, and underdevelopment. The mo... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 13,622 | 959 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_22 | indicator of change, the point at which historical dynamics fuse into an outcome that expresses not merely the actions of elites, as politics may do, nor merely a surface level of economic activity, as market exchange may do, but the most fundamental circumstances and concerns of ordinary people. Nor is the choice of p... | indicator of change, the point at which historical dynamics fuse into an outcome that expresses not merely the actions of elites, as politics may do, nor merely a surface level of economic activity, as market exchange may do, but the most fundamental circumstances and concerns of ordinary people. Nor is the choice of p... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 14,581 | 555 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_23 | Yet to choose this theme presses the sources for African history to their limits, and perhaps beyond. Reliable demographic data scarcely exist before the Second World War, except in privileged regions. The general history of the twentieth century can rely chiefly on written sources and the historian’s standard techniqu... | Yet to choose this theme presses the sources for African history to their limits, and perhaps beyond. Reliable demographic data scarcely exist before the Second World War, except in privileged regions. The general history of the twentieth century can rely chiefly on written sources and the historian’s standard techniqu... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 15,136 | 880 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_24 | It can be supplemented by analysis of languages, folklore, oral traditions, ethnographic materials, art, and the biological evidence surviving in human bodies. All these have contributed to our understanding of the past, but they are often surrogates for archaeological research not yet undertaken. One of the most excit... | It can be supplemented by analysis of languages, folklore, oral traditions, ethnographic materials, art, and the biological evidence surviving in human bodies. All these have contributed to our understanding of the past, but they are often surrogates for archaeological research not yet undertaken. One of the most excit... | The frontiersmen of mankind | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 16,016 | 407 | |||
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_26 | ### HUMAN EVOLUTION
AFRICA IS IMMENSELY OLD. ITS CORE IS AN ELEVATED PLATEAU OF ROCKS formed between 3,600 million and 500 million years ago, rich in minerals but poor in soils. Unlike other continents, Africa’s rocks have experienced little folding into mountain chains that might affect climate. Lateral bands of temp... | HUMAN EVOLUTION
AFRICA IS IMMENSELY OLD. ITS CORE IS AN ELEVATED PLATEAU OF ROCKS formed between 3,600 million and 500 million years ago, rich in minerals but poor in soils. Unlike other continents, Africa’s rocks have experienced little folding into mountain chains that might affect climate. Lateral bands of temperat... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 16,471 | 807 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_27 | This contrast between western and eastern Africa has shaped African history to the present day. At early periods, the extreme variations of height around the East African Rift Valley provided a range of environments in which living creatures could survive the climatic fluctuations associated with the ice ages in other ... | This contrast between western and eastern Africa has shaped African history to the present day. At early periods, the extreme variations of height around the East African Rift Valley provided a range of environments in which living creatures could survive the climatic fluctuations associated with the ice ages in other ... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 17,278 | 977 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_28 | The skull of the first known hominin, *Sahelanthropus tchadensis*, was discovered in 2001 by an African student examining the shores of an ancient Lake Chad. Apparently some six million or seven million years old, this creature is thought to have stood upright and combined other hominin characteristics with a brain of ... | The skull of the first known hominin, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, was discovered in 2001 by an African student examining the shores of an ancient Lake Chad. Apparently some six million or seven million years old, this creature is thought to have stood upright and combined other hominin characteristics with a brain of ch... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 18,255 | 607 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_29 | Emergence of food-producing communities
7
much climbing but increasingly walked upright, as is demonstrated by their footprints astonishingly preserved from more than 3.5 million years ago in beds of volcanic ash at Laetoli in Tanzania.
Australopithecines eventually became extinct, but human beings are probably desc... | Emergence of food-producing communities
7
much climbing but increasingly walked upright, as is demonstrated by their footprints astonishingly preserved from more than 3.5 million years ago in beds of volcanic ash at Laetoli in Tanzania.
Australopithecines eventually became extinct, but human beings are probably desc... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 18,862 | 837 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_30 | Some 1.8 million years ago, a more clearly human creature entered the archaeological record. *Homo ergaster* (from a Greek word meaning work) was to survive with remarkably little development for over a million years. Of modern human height with an easy walking posture and a larger, more complex brain, these creatures ... | Some 1.8 million years ago, a more clearly human creature entered the archaeological record. Homo ergaster (from a Greek word meaning work) was to survive with remarkably little development for over a million years. Of modern human height with an easy walking posture and a larger, more complex brain, these creatures we... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 19,699 | 971 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_31 | In Africa a similar transition, beginning perhaps 600,000 years ago in Ethiopia, gradually produced anatomically modern people. The earliest, still with many archaic features, have been found in the Awash Valley from about 160,000 years ago. Later examples have appeared at other sites chiefly in eastern and southern Af... | In Africa a similar transition, beginning perhaps 600,000 years ago in Ethiopia, gradually produced anatomically modern people. The earliest, still with many archaic features, have been found in the Awash Valley from about 160,000 years ago. Later examples have appeared at other sites chiefly in eastern and southern Af... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 20,670 | 748 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_32 | At this point, the study of human evolution has interacted with two lines of research into the genetic composition of living populations. One line concerns mitochondrial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), one of the bodily substances transmitting inherited characteristics. Because this passes exclusively (or almost exclusive... | At this point, the study of human evolution has interacted with two lines of research into the genetic composition of living populations. One line concerns mitochondrial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), one of the bodily substances transmitting inherited characteristics. Because this passes exclusively (or almost exclusive... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [
"img_ref_3"
] | 1 | true | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 21,418 | 766 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_33 | mitochondrial DNA of living people in order to estimate the point in the past at which human beings shared a single female ancestor. Although the details are controversial, most researchers believe that this was between 250,000 and 150,000 years ago, or in the broad period when the first anatomically modern people appe... | mitochondrial DNA of living people in order to estimate the point in the past at which human beings shared a single female ancestor. Although the details are controversial, most researchers believe that this was between 250,000 and 150,000 years ago, or in the broad period when the first anatomically modern people appe... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 22,184 | 957 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_34 | A subsequent expansion took them to parts of Asia by at least 40,000 years ago and from there to Europe. Gradually they absorbed or replaced earlier hominins throughout the world.$^{3}$
| A subsequent expansion took them to parts of Asia by at least 40,000 years ago and from there to Europe. Gradually they absorbed or replaced earlier hominins throughout the world.$^{3}$ | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 23,141 | 187 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_35 | The mitochondrial and fossil evidence for this 'Out of Africa' thesis has been reinforced by a second line of genetic research. The Y-chromosome that determines male gender is inherited only from fathers and consequently can also be traced back to a common ancestor, generally estimated at between 150,000 and 100,000 ye... | The mitochondrial and fossil evidence for this 'Out of Africa' thesis has been reinforced by a second line of genetic research. The Y-chromosome that determines male gender is inherited only from fathers and consequently can also be traced back to a common ancestor, generally estimated at between 150,000 and 100,000 ye... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 23,328 | 805 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_36 | If anatomically modern people emerged in Africa and expanded to repopulate the world, a fundamental problem is to identify and explain their modernity, the advantage they enjoyed over earlier hominins. Some specialists suspect that a crucial breakthrough – perhaps in the functioning of the brain – took place during the... | If anatomically modern people emerged in Africa and expanded to repopulate the world, a fundamental problem is to identify and explain their modernity, the advantage they enjoyed over earlier hominins. Some specialists suspect that a crucial breakthrough – perhaps in the functioning of the brain – took place during the... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 24,133 | 998 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_37 | The first bone tools appeared at much the same period, possibly as barbed fishing harpoons on the Semliki River in the eastern Congo – although the dates there are disputed – and as shaped points at Blombos Cave on the
10
| The first bone tools appeared at much the same period, possibly as barbed fishing harpoons on the Semliki River in the eastern Congo – although the dates there are disputed – and as shaped points at Blombos Cave on the
10 | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 25,131 | 224 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_38 | AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
southern coast of South Africa. Marine environments were among the first specialised resources to be exploited, from at least 100,000 years ago in Eritrea and South Africa. Less tangible innovations included the deliberate collection of coloured pigments (found at a Zambian site mo... | AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
southern coast of South Africa. Marine environments were among the first specialised resources to be exploited, from at least 100,000 years ago in Eritrea and South Africa. Less tangible innovations included the deliberate collection of coloured pigments (found at a Zambian site mo... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 25,355 | 1,000 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_39 | These advances towards behavioural modernity progressed further within Africa during a period beginning about 40,000 years ago. Early in that period, men in the Nile Valley undertook complex underground mining for the stone preferred for their tools, much the earliest industry of its kind known anywhere in the world. M... | These advances towards behavioural modernity progressed further within Africa during a period beginning about 40,000 years ago. Early in that period, men in the Nile Valley undertook complex underground mining for the stone preferred for their tools, much the earliest industry of its kind known anywhere in the world. M... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 26,355 | 901 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_40 | Human settlements were generally still transient, or at best seasonal, but the increasing care given to burials – appearing in southern Africa about 10,000 years ago – suggests a growing territorial sense. The remains of some 200 people of this microlithic period excavated from a cave at Taforalt in Morocco show few si... | Human settlements were generally still transient, or at best seasonal, but the increasing care given to burials – appearing in southern Africa about 10,000 years ago – suggests a growing territorial sense. The remains of some 200 people of this microlithic period excavated from a cave at Taforalt in Morocco show few si... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 27,256 | 464 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_41 | The most striking evidence of symbolic behaviour during the microlithic period was rock-painting, which dates back at least 28,000 years in southern Africa. For the future, however, the most important development was the formation of Africa’s four language families. These are so distinct from one another that no relati... | The most striking evidence of symbolic behaviour during the microlithic period was rock-painting, which dates back at least 28,000 years in southern Africa. For the future, however, the most important development was the formation of Africa’s four language families. These are so distinct from one another that no relati... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [
"img_ref_4"
] | 1 | true | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 27,720 | 915 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_42 | 3. African language families in recent times. *Source:* Adapted from J. H. Greenberg, *The languages of Africa* (3rd ed., Bloomington, 1970), p. 177.
| 3. African language families in recent times. Source: Adapted from J. H. Greenberg, The languages of Africa (3rd ed., Bloomington, 1970), p. 177. | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 28,635 | 151 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_43 | loose and therefore ancient family. The only other speakers of these Khoisan languages are small groups in eastern Africa, where the San may have originated before spreading southwards as successful forager-hunters. San share the oldest surviving Y-chromosomes with some Ethiopians, whose languages belong to a second an... | loose and therefore ancient family. The only other speakers of these Khoisan languages are small groups in eastern Africa, where the San may have originated before spreading southwards as successful forager-hunters. San share the oldest surviving Y-chromosomes with some Ethiopians, whose languages belong to a second an... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 28,786 | 991 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_44 | Nilo-Saharan may be distantly related to the fourth family, the Niger-Congo languages, which are spoken predominantly by Negroid peoples and are thought to have divided into West Africa’s modern languages over at least the last 8,000 years. As will be seen, three of these families were associated with centres of intens... | Nilo-Saharan may be distantly related to the fourth family, the Niger-Congo languages, which are spoken predominantly by Negroid peoples and are thought to have divided into West Africa’s modern languages over at least the last 8,000 years. As will be seen, three of these families were associated with centres of intens... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 29,777 | 422 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_45 | AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
have enabled speakers of the three families to expand demographically and absorb scattered forager-hunters whose distinct languages no longer survive.
| AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
have enabled speakers of the three families to expand demographically and absorb scattered forager-hunters whose distinct languages no longer survive. | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 30,199 | 190 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_47 | The addition of herding and agriculture to foraging and hunting economies permitted larger populations, but the change is difficult to identify in the archaeological record, especially in Africa where natural species were so numerous. What appear to be cattle bones may have belonged to wild rather than domestic beasts.... | The addition of herding and agriculture to foraging and hunting economies permitted larger populations, but the change is difficult to identify in the archaeological record, especially in Africa where natural species were so numerous. What appear to be cattle bones may have belonged to wild rather than domestic beasts.... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 30,427 | 918 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_48 | The idea that food production originated in the Near East and spread through Africa where it was eagerly adopted by starving hunter-gatherers is untenable. Study of modern forager-hunters suggests that some can obtain more nutrients with less effort and more freedom than most herdsmen or agriculturalists. Skeletal evid... | The idea that food production originated in the Near East and spread through Africa where it was eagerly adopted by starving hunter-gatherers is untenable. Study of modern forager-hunters suggests that some can obtain more nutrients with less effort and more freedom than most herdsmen or agriculturalists. Skeletal evid... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 31,345 | 970 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_49 | Most experts believe that the crucial changes stimulating food-production in Africa, as in Latin America, were climatic changes, especially in the northern half of the continent. Africa has no single climatic pattern, but, broadly speaking, the period from about 30,000 to 14,000 years ago was exceptionally cool and dry... | Most experts believe that the crucial changes stimulating food-production in Africa, as in Latin America, were climatic changes, especially in the northern half of the continent. Africa has no single climatic pattern, but, broadly speaking, the period from about 30,000 to 14,000 years ago was exceptionally cool and dry... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 32,315 | 1,020 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_50 | *Emergence of food-producing communities*
13
these developments did not lead to food-production. Instead, the angle of the earth’s axis shifted, temperature rose in all but southern Africa, and around 12,000 years ago the arid phase in the tropical climate gave way to exceptionally high rainfall. Devastating floods p... | Emergence of food-producing communities
13
these developments did not lead to food-production. Instead, the angle of the earth’s axis shifted, temperature rose in all but southern Africa, and around 12,000 years ago the arid phase in the tropical climate gave way to exceptionally high rainfall. Devastating floods pou... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 33,335 | 412 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_51 | From about 12,000 to 7,500 years ago, the northern half of Africa was much wetter than it is today. The Sahara contained relatively well-watered highlands, even the notoriously arid Western Desert of Egypt supported sparse grazing, and Lake Turkana in the East African Rift Valley rose about 85 metres above its present ... | From about 12,000 to 7,500 years ago, the northern half of Africa was much wetter than it is today. The Sahara contained relatively well-watered highlands, even the notoriously arid Western Desert of Egypt supported sparse grazing, and Lake Turkana in the East African Rift Valley rose about 85 metres above its present ... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 33,747 | 958 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_52 | Their most remarkable survival is an 8,000-year-old dugout canoe, eight metres long, excavated from the shore of Lake Chad, the second oldest boat known anywhere in the world.$^{5}$ These people were mainly of Negroid race and were probably responsible for spreading Nilo-Saharan languages throughout the region, where t... | Their most remarkable survival is an 8,000-year-old dugout canoe, eight metres long, excavated from the shore of Lake Chad, the second oldest boat known anywhere in the world.$^{5}$ These people were mainly of Negroid race and were probably responsible for spreading Nilo-Saharan languages throughout the region, where t... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 34,705 | 350 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_53 | Some analysts of Nilo-Saharan languages believe that the practitioners of this high-rainfall culture kept livestock and cultivated grain. For livestock, this may be true; excavators at Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba, pond-basins in the arid western desert of Egypt, believe that they have unearthed remains of domesticated ... | Some analysts of Nilo-Saharan languages believe that the practitioners of this high-rainfall culture kept livestock and cultivated grain. For livestock, this may be true; excavators at Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba, pond-basins in the arid western desert of Egypt, believe that they have unearthed remains of domesticated ... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 35,055 | 966 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_55 | By contrast, there is little if any archaeological evidence to support linguistic indications of the cultivation or domestication of crops during this high-rainfall period, suggesting that Africa was distinctive in practising herding before crop production. In Egypt, domesticated wheat and barley, probably from southwe... | By contrast, there is little if any archaeological evidence to support linguistic indications of the cultivation or domestication of crops during this high-rainfall period, suggesting that Africa was distinctive in practising herding before crop production. In Egypt, domesticated wheat and barley, probably from southwe... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 36,083 | 599 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_56 | domesticated grains in northern Africa have not survived scrutiny. Instead, by 7,000 years ago, there is evidence at Nabta Playa and in the Saharan highlands of increasingly settled populations systematically collecting and grinding wild grains. That this may have developed into deliberate cultivation has been suggeste... | domesticated grains in northern Africa have not survived scrutiny. Instead, by 7,000 years ago, there is evidence at Nabta Playa and in the Saharan highlands of increasingly settled populations systematically collecting and grinding wild grains. That this may have developed into deliberate cultivation has been suggeste... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 36,682 | 872 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_57 | Yet the sorghum was wild, for the domesticated variety has not been found in the Khartoum region until roughly the time of Christ, having perhaps been domesticated elsewhere in northeastern Africa. One possibility is that sorghum was cultivated in the Khartoum region for many centuries without being domesticated. Domes... | Yet the sorghum was wild, for the domesticated variety has not been found in the Khartoum region until roughly the time of Christ, having perhaps been domesticated elsewhere in northeastern Africa. One possibility is that sorghum was cultivated in the Khartoum region for many centuries without being domesticated. Domes... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 37,554 | 959 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_58 | Similar uncertainty surrounds the origins of food-production in Ethiopia. Domesticated cattle existed there by the second millennium BC and perhaps as early as the fourth. Evidence from the local Cushitic languages also suggests early knowledge of millet, wheat, and barley, but there is no archaeological confirmation o... | Similar uncertainty surrounds the origins of food-production in Ethiopia. Domesticated cattle existed there by the second millennium BC and perhaps as early as the fourth. Evidence from the local Cushitic languages also suggests early knowledge of millet, wheat, and barley, but there is no archaeological confirmation o... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 38,513 | 799 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_59 | Meanwhile food-production had also spread southwards into East Africa. By the fifth millennium BC, the high-rainfall culture of fishing, foraging, and pottery embraced the Lake Turkana region. When rainfall declined thereafter, Nilo-Saharan speakers may have carried this culture and later the exploitation of grain sout... | Meanwhile food-production had also spread southwards into East Africa. By the fifth millennium BC, the high-rainfall culture of fishing, foraging, and pottery embraced the Lake Turkana region. When rainfall declined thereafter, Nilo-Saharan speakers may have carried this culture and later the exploitation of grain sout... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 39,312 | 661 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_60 | 2500 BC and continued southward through the Rift Valley. These pastoralists may have been Cushitic speakers who spread widely through East Africa, where isolated groups in north-central Tanzania still speak these languages. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Cushitic speakers knew of cereals, but there is no archaeo... | 2500 BC and continued southward through the Rift Valley. These pastoralists may have been Cushitic speakers who spread widely through East Africa, where isolated groups in north-central Tanzania still speak these languages. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Cushitic speakers knew of cereals, but there is no archaeo... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 39,973 | 626 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_61 | The desiccation that drove food-producers southward into East Africa also impelled southward expansion in the west. During the third millennium BC, declining rainfall in the Sahara obliged its pastoralists either to concentrate in especially favoured areas or to drift southward into the river valleys draining into Lake... | The desiccation that drove food-producers southward into East Africa also impelled southward expansion in the west. During the third millennium BC, declining rainfall in the Sahara obliged its pastoralists either to concentrate in especially favoured areas or to drift southward into the river valleys draining into Lake... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 40,599 | 998 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_62 | Small quantities were grown on the southern shores of Lake Chad by 1200 BC and in the north of modern Burkina Faso shortly thereafter.
| Small quantities were grown on the southern shores of Lake Chad by 1200 BC and in the north of modern Burkina Faso shortly thereafter. | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 41,597 | 136 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_63 | Most strikingly, by the middle of the second millennium BC, domesticated millet, sheep and/or goats, small local cattle, and pottery with Saharan affinities were all components of the economy at Birimi, a settlement close to the northern edge of the West African forest in modern Ghana. This was an outlier of the Kintam... | Most strikingly, by the middle of the second millennium BC, domesticated millet, sheep and/or goats, small local cattle, and pottery with Saharan affinities were all components of the economy at Birimi, a settlement close to the northern edge of the West African forest in modern Ghana. This was an outlier of the Kintam... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 41,733 | 560 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_64 | #### FOREST AGRICULTURE
The distinctions between food-collection, cultivation, and domestication are even more difficult to trace in the forest than in the savanna. Animal bones survive poorly in forest soils. The staple crops that came to be used were not cereals but yams and bananas, which leave few archaeological t... | FOREST AGRICULTURE
The distinctions between food-collection, cultivation, and domestication are even more difficult to trace in the forest than in the savanna. Animal bones survive poorly in forest soils. The staple crops that came to be used were not cereals but yams and bananas, which leave few archaeological traces... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 42,293 | 786 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_65 | yams may also have been exploited, and possibly cultivated, throughout this period, but this has not yet been demonstrated archaeologically. By contrast, archaeologists claim to have discovered banana phytoliths (minute mineral particles found within plants) in southern Cameroun from the last millennium BC, implying th... | yams may also have been exploited, and possibly cultivated, throughout this period, but this has not yet been demonstrated archaeologically. By contrast, archaeologists claim to have discovered banana phytoliths (minute mineral particles found within plants) in southern Cameroun from the last millennium BC, implying th... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 43,079 | 554 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_66 | The forest margin of Cameroun and Nigeria was the region from which Bantu speakers gradually expanded throughout the southern half of Africa. All Bantu languages form only one sub-branch of the Niger-Congo family. Their most closely related languages cluster on the border between Cameroun and Nigeria, so that was almos... | The forest margin of Cameroun and Nigeria was the region from which Bantu speakers gradually expanded throughout the southern half of Africa. All Bantu languages form only one sub-branch of the Niger-Congo family. Their most closely related languages cluster on the border between Cameroun and Nigeria, so that was almos... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 43,633 | 894 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_67 | The history of this dispersal is contentious and little understood. By about 3000 BC, Bantu speakers with stone tools, pottery, and common words for yam and oil-palm were probably moving slowly down the western equatorial coast. They reached the Libreville area of modern Gabon by 1800 BC and continued at least as far a... | The history of this dispersal is contentious and little understood. By about 3000 BC, Bantu speakers with stone tools, pottery, and common words for yam and oil-palm were probably moving slowly down the western equatorial coast. They reached the Libreville area of modern Gabon by 1800 BC and continued at least as far a... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 44,527 | 891 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_68 | Yet this was only the first phase of Bantu dispersal. To the east and south of the equatorial forest lay savanna lands which Bantu speakers could colonise only if they first added grain cultivation to their agricultural techniques. Linguistic evidence suggests that they probably learned to grow cereals (chiefly sorghum... | Yet this was only the first phase of Bantu dispersal. To the east and south of the equatorial forest lay savanna lands which Bantu speakers could colonise only if they first added grain cultivation to their agricultural techniques. Linguistic evidence suggests that they probably learned to grow cereals (chiefly sorghum... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The emergence of food-producing communities | HUMAN EVOLUTION | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 45,418 | 878 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_70 | ### EGYPT
STONE-USING PEOPLES HAD PIONEERED THE COLONISATION OF AFRICA. Their successors carried it forward with the aid of metals: first copper and bronze, then iron. Only northern Africa had a bronze age; agriculturalists used iron to colonise most of eastern and southern Africa.
| EGYPT
STONE-USING PEOPLES HAD PIONEERED THE COLONISATION OF AFRICA. Their successors carried it forward with the aid of metals: first copper and bronze, then iron. Only northern Africa had a bronze age; agriculturalists used iron to colonise most of eastern and southern Africa. | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 46,321 | 285 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_71 | The earliest evidence of metalworking in Africa comes from southern Egypt late in the fifth millennium BC. At first pure natural copper was probably used to make pins, piercing instruments, and other small articles. Smelting of copper ore to remove impurities probably began in the first half of the fourth millennium, e... | The earliest evidence of metalworking in Africa comes from southern Egypt late in the fifth millennium BC. At first pure natural copper was probably used to make pins, piercing instruments, and other small articles. Smelting of copper ore to remove impurities probably began in the first half of the fourth millennium, e... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 46,606 | 872 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_72 | Egyptian civilisation displayed many cultural and political patterns later to appear elsewhere in the continent, although Egypt also illuminated wider African history by means of contrast.
| Egyptian civilisation displayed many cultural and political patterns later to appear elsewhere in the continent, although Egypt also illuminated wider African history by means of contrast. | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 47,478 | 190 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_73 | The contrast was rooted in the environment. Pioneers had practised agriculture in the Fayum depression and on the southwestern edge of the Nile Delta since about 5200 BC. During the following millennium, desiccation drove others from the eastern Sahara to settle on ridges bordering the Nile Valley, where lower floods m... | The contrast was rooted in the environment. Pioneers had practised agriculture in the Fayum depression and on the southwestern edge of the Nile Delta since about 5200 BC. During the following millennium, desiccation drove others from the eastern Sahara to settle on ridges bordering the Nile Valley, where lower floods m... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [
"img_ref_5"
] | 1 | true | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 47,668 | 977 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_74 | 4. The impact of metals.
*Impact of metals*
19
displayed by the plain graves of commoners and the elaborate painted tombs of the elite, and several small kingdoms with walled capitals of sun-dried brick. How these kingdoms were unified remains obscure, but the first kings to rule a united country gained power before... | 4. The impact of metals.
Impact of metals
19
displayed by the plain graves of commoners and the elaborate painted tombs of the elite, and several small kingdoms with walled capitals of sun-dried brick. How these kingdoms were unified remains obscure, but the first kings to rule a united country gained power before 3... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 48,645 | 372 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_75 | This state, which lasted until the end of the Old Kingdom in c. 2160 BC, was more centralised and authoritarian than its contemporaries in Mesopotamia. Its power is often attributed to regulation of the irrigation system, but this was not so. The Nile Valley had no such system. It depended on the natural flooding of th... | This state, which lasted until the end of the Old Kingdom in c. 2160 BC, was more centralised and authoritarian than its contemporaries in Mesopotamia. Its power is often attributed to regulation of the irrigation system, but this was not so. The Nile Valley had no such system. It depended on the natural flooding of th... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 49,017 | 724 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_76 | Pharaohs ceremonially inaugurated these works and their Viziers claimed responsibility for them, but the Old Kingdom’s records do not reveal a national bureaucracy dealing with irrigation; its natural tendency was rather to strengthen the forces of provincial autonomy, which remained powerful throughout Egyptian histor... | Pharaohs ceremonially inaugurated these works and their Viziers claimed responsibility for them, but the Old Kingdom’s records do not reveal a national bureaucracy dealing with irrigation; its natural tendency was rather to strengthen the forces of provincial autonomy, which remained powerful throughout Egyptian histor... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 49,741 | 429 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_77 | The connections between irrigated agriculture and pharaonic rule were rather the system’s productivity – it has been estimated that peasants could produce three times their domestic requirements – its capacity to support a ruling class, the peasant’s need for order and his vulnerability to exploitation, the state’s cap... | The connections between irrigated agriculture and pharaonic rule were rather the system’s productivity – it has been estimated that peasants could produce three times their domestic requirements – its capacity to support a ruling class, the peasant’s need for order and his vulnerability to exploitation, the state’s cap... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 50,170 | 974 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_78 | They propagated the royal culture whose gradual replacement of provincial traditions was the chief achievement of early dynasties. During the dry season, they managed the rotating gangs of conscripted peasants who built the gigantic public works of the Old Kingdom, not irrigation channels but the pharaohs’ pyramid-tomb... | They propagated the royal culture whose gradual replacement of provincial traditions was the chief achievement of early dynasties. During the dry season, they managed the rotating gangs of conscripted peasants who built the gigantic public works of the Old Kingdom, not irrigation channels but the pharaohs’ pyramid-tomb... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 51,144 | 734 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_79 | AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
of the natural order, and had been preceded on their throne by gods in unbroken succession since the creation. Although modern research is revealing dynastic Egypt as a more fluid society than official ideologies suggested, with a lively secular politics and extensive social and in... | AFRICANS: THE HISTORY OF A CONTINENT
of the natural order, and had been preceded on their throne by gods in unbroken succession since the creation. Although modern research is revealing dynastic Egypt as a more fluid society than official ideologies suggested, with a lively secular politics and extensive social and in... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 51,878 | 611 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_80 | Although far more densely peopled than any other African region of the time, Old Kingdom Egypt was still an empty land, with perhaps only one or two million people, to judge from indications of the cultivated area. The number may have risen to between 2.0 million and 4.5 million in the late second millennium BC and to ... | Although far more densely peopled than any other African region of the time, Old Kingdom Egypt was still an empty land, with perhaps only one or two million people, to judge from indications of the cultivated area. The number may have risen to between 2.0 million and 4.5 million in the late second millennium BC and to ... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 52,489 | 792 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_81 | Literary evidence refers to fever (presumably malaria), while mummified remains show that Egyptians suffered from tuberculosis, cancer, bilharzia, arthritis, and probably smallpox, but not (on present evidence) leprosy or syphilis. Population was most dense where the Nile Valley was narrowest and most easily managed, b... | Literary evidence refers to fever (presumably malaria), while mummified remains show that Egyptians suffered from tuberculosis, cancer, bilharzia, arthritis, and probably smallpox, but not (on present evidence) leprosy or syphilis. Population was most dense where the Nile Valley was narrowest and most easily managed, b... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 53,281 | 1,018 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_82 | Thanks in part to royal succession by primogeniture, which protected Egypt from the succession disputes so destructive to later African states, the Old Kingdom enjoyed great stability until it came to an end in c. 2160 BC. Under its later pharaohs, its suffocating authoritarianism weakened as provincial loyalties penet... | Thanks in part to royal succession by primogeniture, which protected Egypt from the succession disputes so destructive to later African states, the Old Kingdom enjoyed great stability until it came to an end in c. 2160 BC. Under its later pharaohs, its suffocating authoritarianism weakened as provincial loyalties penet... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 54,299 | 794 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_83 | also a time of provincial vitality, greater private wealth, and increased social concern, but it enabled the restored Middle Kingdom (1991–1785 BC) to represent itself in a newly self-conscious way as the embodiment of social order and collective welfare. This regime temporarily collapsed during the Second Intermediate... | also a time of provincial vitality, greater private wealth, and increased social concern, but it enabled the restored Middle Kingdom (1991–1785 BC) to represent itself in a newly self-conscious way as the embodiment of social order and collective welfare. This regime temporarily collapsed during the Second Intermediate... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 55,093 | 470 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_84 | The great pharaohs of the New Kingdom were principally warriors, employing bronze weapons and the horse-drawn chariots whose arrival during the Second Intermediate Period had introduced the wheel into Egyptian civilisation. Egypt’s armies crossed the Euphrates, penetrated southwards into modern Sudan towards (or perhap... | The great pharaohs of the New Kingdom were principally warriors, employing bronze weapons and the horse-drawn chariots whose arrival during the Second Intermediate Period had introduced the wheel into Egyptian civilisation. Egypt’s armies crossed the Euphrates, penetrated southwards into modern Sudan towards (or perhap... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 55,563 | 1,003 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_85 | Institutions were no longer merely emanations of royal will but had lives of their own; temple priests, for example, were now hereditary specialists practising an ascetic code, although their appointment still required royal approval. Wider experience of the outside world enabled Egyptians to see at least some foreigne... | Institutions were no longer merely emanations of royal will but had lives of their own; temple priests, for example, were now hereditary specialists practising an ascetic code, although their appointment still required royal approval. Wider experience of the outside world enabled Egyptians to see at least some foreigne... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 56,566 | 792 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_86 | I judged both [the insignificant] and the influential; I rescued the weak man from the strong man; I deflected the fury of the evil man and subdued the greedy man in his hour . . . I succoured the widow who has no husband; I established the son and heir on the seat of his father. I gave [bread to the hungry], water to ... | I judged both [the insignificant] and the influential; I rescued the weak man from the strong man; I deflected the fury of the evil man and subdued the greedy man in his hour . . . I succoured the widow who has no husband; I established the son and heir on the seat of his father. I gave [bread to the hungry], water to ... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 57,358 | 740 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_87 | and stone flakes by a community of sculptors, painters, and plasterers living for several centuries in a village named Deir el-Medina and working on the tombs in the Valley of the Kings near Thebes. They were state employees, transmitting skills and jobs from father to son (often with the help of bribery) and earning a... | and stone flakes by a community of sculptors, painters, and plasterers living for several centuries in a village named Deir el-Medina and working on the tombs in the Valley of the Kings near Thebes. They were state employees, transmitting skills and jobs from father to son (often with the help of bribery) and earning a... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 58,098 | 1,020 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_88 | Several households also had domestic slaves who were sometimes buried in the family tomb, for Egyptians sought to acculturate the slaves amassed by New Kingdom conquests – Ramesses III claimed to have given 81,322 to the temple of Thebes alone and there was an active market in slaves, although they were less important ... | Several households also had domestic slaves who were sometimes buried in the family tomb, for Egyptians sought to acculturate the slaves amassed by New Kingdom conquests – Ramesses III claimed to have given 81,322 to the temple of Thebes alone and there was an active market in slaves, although they were less important ... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 59,118 | 937 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_89 | Marriage was mainly monogamous, descent was largely bilateral from both father and mother, and women had an exceptionally high status, with full rights to inherit property, preserve the dowry brought into marriage, and receive one-third of jointly acquired property in case of divorce, which was easy and common. Conjuga... | Marriage was mainly monogamous, descent was largely bilateral from both father and mother, and women had an exceptionally high status, with full rights to inherit property, preserve the dowry brought into marriage, and receive one-third of jointly acquired property in case of divorce, which was easy and common. Conjuga... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 60,055 | 832 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_90 | I will hold you responsible for it.’$^{3}$ Although there is little evidence of countercultures in pharaonic Egypt, the materialism and commercialisation so vigorous in the New Kingdom threatened to overwhelm its ostensible changelessness.
| I will hold you responsible for it.’$^{3}$ Although there is little evidence of countercultures in pharaonic Egypt, the materialism and commercialisation so vigorous in the New Kingdom threatened to overwhelm its ostensible changelessness. | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 60,887 | 241 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_91 | A second entry into ordinary life in the New Kingdom is through religion and literacy. The unification of Egypt had been accompanied by the gradual formation of a common pantheon. Often drawn from the local divinities
*Impact of metals*
23
| A second entry into ordinary life in the New Kingdom is through religion and literacy. The unification of Egypt had been accompanied by the gradual formation of a common pantheon. Often drawn from the local divinities
Impact of metals
23 | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 61,128 | 243 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_92 | of a hunting past, the gods were frequently pictured as human beings with animal heads symbolising their distinctive natures. Egypt’s extreme concern with death and regeneration, possibly linked to the regenerating annual flood, also predated unification; it grew more reflective with time. The formation of a countrywid... | of a hunting past, the gods were frequently pictured as human beings with animal heads symbolising their distinctive natures. Egypt’s extreme concern with death and regeneration, possibly linked to the regenerating annual flood, also predated unification; it grew more reflective with time. The formation of a countrywid... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 61,371 | 913 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_93 | Hieroglyphic script, the ‘words of the god’ with inherent magical power, was used for formal documents and inscriptions; it employed a simplified picture of an object to represent both the word for that object and other words with the same consonant sequence, a procedure especially suited to an Afroasiatic language. Cu... | Hieroglyphic script, the ‘words of the god’ with inherent magical power, was used for formal documents and inscriptions; it employed a simplified picture of an object to represent both the word for that object and other words with the same consonant sequence, a procedure especially suited to an Afroasiatic language. Cu... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 62,284 | 847 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_94 | Egyptian thought retained many preliterate characteristics: it was concrete rather than abstract; each moral quality was personified as a deity; no truly historical sense emerged; learning consisted of a gigantic catalogue of names and attributes; and the law was not codified. The state was a mass of individual officia... | Egyptian thought retained many preliterate characteristics: it was concrete rather than abstract; each moral quality was personified as a deity; no truly historical sense emerged; learning consisted of a gigantic catalogue of names and attributes; and the law was not codified. The state was a mass of individual officia... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 63,131 | 752 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_95 | Yet significant religious change did take place. Among the many gods of the Egyptian pantheon, the sun god was chiefly responsible for the maintenance of cosmological order and gradually gained preeminence. Early in the New Kingdom, the sun god became associated with an invisible and ubiquitous deity, Amun, around whom... | Yet significant religious change did take place. Among the many gods of the Egyptian pantheon, the sun god was chiefly responsible for the maintenance of cosmological order and gradually gained preeminence. Early in the New Kingdom, the sun god became associated with an invisible and ubiquitous deity, Amun, around whom... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 63,883 | 730 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_96 | in a persecution unique in Egyptian history. Such was royal power that this did not provoke overt resistance. Akhenaten's successors abandoned his programme and eradicated his memory, but the impact lasted. In place of the old polytheism, Amun came to be seen as the supreme divinity of whom other gods were manifestatio... | in a persecution unique in Egyptian history. Such was royal power that this did not provoke overt resistance. Akhenaten's successors abandoned his programme and eradicated his memory, but the impact lasted. In place of the old polytheism, Amun came to be seen as the supreme divinity of whom other gods were manifestatio... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 64,613 | 521 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_97 | These developments supplemented previous patterns of popular religion. Parents at all periods had named most children after major gods. Symbols and figures of divinities originally confined to tombs of the great had gradually appeared in those of their inferiors. Votive offerings to temples by ordinary people multiplie... | These developments supplemented previous patterns of popular religion. Parents at all periods had named most children after major gods. Symbols and figures of divinities originally confined to tombs of the great had gradually appeared in those of their inferiors. Votive offerings to temples by ordinary people multiplie... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 65,134 | 953 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_98 | Their houses contained shrines of lesser, popular divinities, often in grotesque shapes. They consulted 'wise women' when their children died or they suffered divine 'manifestations'. Evidence of these practices multiplied as the dynasties passed.
| Their houses contained shrines of lesser, popular divinities, often in grotesque shapes. They consulted 'wise women' when their children died or they suffered divine 'manifestations'. Evidence of these practices multiplied as the dynasties passed. | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 66,087 | 249 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_99 | Like many later African states, the New Kingdom owed its decline to its empire, which brought overexpansion, militarism, and internal division. Incursions by western nomads from Libya appear to have begun in the thirteenth century BC. The Asiatic empire was lost under Rameses III (1184–1153 BC) and Nubia followed a cen... | Like many later African states, the New Kingdom owed its decline to its empire, which brought overexpansion, militarism, and internal division. Incursions by western nomads from Libya appear to have begun in the thirteenth century BC. The Asiatic empire was lost under Rameses III (1184–1153 BC) and Nubia followed a cen... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 66,336 | 1,021 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_100 | During the ensuing Third Intermediate Period (1070–664 BC), general militarisation took place, the rural population frequently took refuge behind walled defences, and Egypt was divided into regional units – there were eleven in c. 730 BC, several under Libyan control – until the Kushitic rulers of Nubia established a m... | During the ensuing Third Intermediate Period (1070–664 BC), general militarisation took place, the rural population frequently took refuge behind walled defences, and Egypt was divided into regional units – there were eleven in c. 730 BC, several under Libyan control – until the Kushitic rulers of Nubia established a m... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 67,357 | 374 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_101 | eighth century BC, only themselves to be expelled during the 660s by forces from Assyria, the dominant state in western Asia.
| eighth century BC, only themselves to be expelled during the 660s by forces from Assyria, the dominant state in western Asia. | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 67,731 | 127 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_102 | Assyrian power rested on cavalry (rather than chariots) and iron, smelted in western Asia since early in the second millennium. Egypt had neither iron ore nor wood fuel and its closely regulated craftsmen were slow to adopt the new metal; the first evidence of iron-smelting in Egypt comes from Naukratis, a town in the ... | Assyrian power rested on cavalry (rather than chariots) and iron, smelted in western Asia since early in the second millennium. Egypt had neither iron ore nor wood fuel and its closely regulated craftsmen were slow to adopt the new metal; the first evidence of iron-smelting in Egypt comes from Naukratis, a town in the ... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 67,858 | 1,010 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_103 | Persian conquerors held it for two centuries after 525 BC, with one long interval of independence. Alexander the Great took it from them in 332 BC, and one of his generals created a Greek dynasty, the Ptolemies, who ruled until 30 BC, when Rome at last added Egypt to its empire. Much of the ancient order survived these... | Persian conquerors held it for two centuries after 525 BC, with one long interval of independence. Alexander the Great took it from them in 332 BC, and one of his generals created a Greek dynasty, the Ptolemies, who ruled until 30 BC, when Rome at last added Egypt to its empire. Much of the ancient order survived these... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 68,868 | 905 | |
john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf_chunk_104 | Both pressed forward the colonisation of the Delta, which, by Ptolemaic times, supported perhaps as many people as Upper Egypt and had supplanted it as the country's economic core, with a new capital at Alexandria. The animal-driven irrigation wheel (*saqia*) to lift water for dry-season cultivation reached Egypt from ... | Both pressed forward the colonisation of the Delta, which, by Ptolemaic times, supported perhaps as many people as Upper Egypt and had supplanted it as the country's economic core, with a new capital at Alexandria. The animal-driven irrigation wheel (saqia) to lift water for dry-season cultivation reached Egypt from th... | The frontiersmen of mankind | The impact of metals | EGYPT | [] | 0 | false | john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf | 69,773 | 671 |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Africans-THE-HISTORY-OF-A-CONTINENT-Second-Edition
Dataset created with PDF2Dataset -- OCR + structure-aware chunking pipeline.
Dataset Summary
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|---|---|
| Total chunks | 1500 |
| Avg chars/chunk | 718 |
| Avg images/chunk | 0.01 |
| Source files | 1 |
| Duplicates removed | 14 |
| Quality filtered | 88 |
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john_iliffe_africans_the_history_of_a_continentbookos.org_.pdf |
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Document Structure
Chapters found in the source documents:
- COLONIAL CHANGE
- INDUSTRIALISATION AND RACE IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1886–1994
- IN THE TIME OF AIDS
- THE IMPACT OF METALS
- CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
- COLONISING SOCIETY IN WESTERN AFRICA
- COLONISING SOCIETY IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
- THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
- REGIONAL DIVERSITY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
- COLONIAL INVASION
- AFRICAN STUDIES
- AFRICANS, SECOND EDITION
- Africans
- BOOKS IN THE SERIES
- CHAPTER 9
- CHRISTIANITY IN ETHIOPIA AND SUDAN
- COLONIAL RULE
- Contents
- ENVIRONMENT AND DEMOGRAPHY
- Further reading
- II. INDEPENDENT AFRICA, 1950–1980
- In the time of AIDS
- Index
- Notes
- Preface to the second edition
- The frontiersmen of mankind
Pipeline
This dataset was processed through the PDF2Dataset pipeline:
- OCR -- Mistral OCR extracts text and images from PDF/image files
- Chunking -- Structure-aware recursive splitting preserves document hierarchy
- Validation -- Schema validation ensures every chunk has required fields
- Deduplication -- Content-hash based dedup removes identical chunks
- Quality Filtering -- Removes empty, too-short, or malformed chunks
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