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Back pressure (or backpressure ) is the term for a resistance to the desired flow of fluid through pipes. Obstructions or tight bends create backpressure via friction loss and pressure drop . [ 1 ]
In distributed systems in particular event-driven architecture , back pressure is a technique to regulate flow of data, e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_pressure |
In biochemistry , a backbone-dependent rotamer library provides the frequencies, mean dihedral angles , and standard deviations of the discrete conformations (known as rotamers ) of the amino acid side chains in proteins as a function of the backbone dihedral angles φ and ψ of the Ramachandran map . By contrast, backbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone-dependent_rotamer_library |
Backchannel is the use of networked computers to maintain a real-time online conversation alongside the primary group activity or live spoken remarks. The term was coined from the linguistics term to describe listeners' behaviours during verbal communication.
The term "backchannel" generally refers to online conversat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backchannel |
Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, to achieve offspring with a genetic identity closer to that of the parent. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding, and production of gene knockout organisms.
Backcrossed hybrids are sometimes descri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcrossing |
A backdraft ( North American English ), backdraught ( British English ) [ 1 ] or smoke explosion is the abrupt burning of superheated gases in a fire caused when oxygen rapidly enters a hot, oxygen-depleted environment; for example, when a window or door to an enclosed space is opened or broken. Backdrafts are typicall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdraft |
A backdrive is a component used in reverse to obtain its input from its output. This extends to many concepts and systems from thought based to practical mechanical applications.
Not every system can be backdriven. A DC electrical generator can be implemented by backdriving a DC electric motor , however a worm drive w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdrive |
Background independence is a condition in theoretical physics that requires the defining equations of a theory to be independent of the actual shape of the spacetime and the value of various fields within the spacetime. In particular this means that it must be possible not to refer to a specific coordinate system —the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_independence |
Background radiation is a measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which is not due to deliberate introduction of radiation sources.
Background radiation originates from a variety of sources, both natural and artificial. These include both cosmic radiation and envi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation |
Background radiation equivalent time ( BRET ) or background equivalent radiation time ( BERT ) is a unit of measurement of ionizing radiation dosage amounting to one day worth of average human exposure to background radiation .
BRET units are used as a measure of low level radiation exposure. The health hazards of low... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation_equivalent_time |
Background selection describes the loss of genetic diversity at a locus due to negative selection against deleterious alleles with which it is in linkage disequilibrium . [ 1 ] The name emphasizes the fact that the genetic background, or genomic environment, of a mutation has a significant impact on whether it will be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_selection |
Foreground detection is one of the major tasks in the field of computer vision and image processing whose aim is to detect changes in image sequences. Background subtraction is any technique which allows an image's foreground to be extracted for further processing (object recognition etc.).
Many applications do not ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_subtraction |
In a hierarchical telecommunications network , the backhaul [ 1 ] portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone network , and the small subnetworks at the edge of the network (like for example private networks , LANs , etc. [ citation needed ] ).
The most common network ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhaul_(telecommunications) |
A backhoe [ a ] is a type of excavating equipment, or excavator , consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. It is typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader , the latter forming a " backhoe loader " (a US term, but known as a " JCB " in Ireland and the UK). [ 1 ] The secti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoe |
A backhoe loader , also called a loader backhoe , loader excavator , tractor excavator , [ 1 ] digger or colloquially shortened to backhoe within the industry, is a heavy equipment vehicle that consists of a tractor -like unit fitted with a loader -style shovel / bucket on the front and a backhoe on the back. Due to it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoe_loader |
Backhouse's constant is a mathematical constant named after Nigel Backhouse. Its value is approximately 1.456 074 948.
It is defined by using the power series such that the coefficients of successive terms are the prime numbers ,
and its multiplicative inverse as a formal power series ,
Then:
This limit was conject... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhouse's_constant |
Backmasking is a recording technique in which a message is recorded backward onto a track that is meant to be played forward. [ 1 ] It is a deliberate process, whereas a message found through phonetic reversal may be unintentional.
Artists have used backmasking for artistic, comedic and satiric effect, on both analogu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backmasking |
In physics , backscatter (or backscattering ) is the reflection of waves , particles , or signals back to the direction from which they came. It is usually a diffuse reflection due to scattering , as opposed to specular reflection as from a mirror , although specular backscattering can occur at normal incidence with a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatter |
The backstaff is a navigational instrument that was used to measure the altitude of a celestial body , in particular the Sun or Moon . When observing the Sun, users kept the Sun to their back (hence the name) and observed the shadow cast by the upper vane on a horizon vane. It was invented by the English navigator John... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstaff |
In mathematics, the Backus–Gilbert method , also known as the optimally localized average ( OLA ) method is named for its discoverers, geophysicists George E. Backus and James Freeman Gilbert . It is a regularization method for obtaining meaningful solutions to ill-posed inverse problems . Where other regularization m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus–Gilbert_method |
In terms of water treatment , including water purification and sewage treatment , backwashing refers to pumping water backwards through the filters media, sometimes including intermittent use of compressed air during the process. Backwashing is a form of preventive maintenance so that the filter media can be reused. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwashing_(water_treatment) |
Backyard Ballistics is a how-to book by William Gurstelle that was published in 2001. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is full of experiments that can be done relatively inexpensively and can be easily executed. It also includes the history and mechanical principles of some of the inventions and projects. From catapults to rockets... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Ballistics |
The Backyard Observatory Supernova Search (BOSS) is conducted by astronomers from Australia and New Zealand since mid 2008 to search for new supernovae in the southern hemisphere. [ 2 ] In 2022 the group won the Astronomical Society of Australia's Page Medal [ 3 ] for having found around 200 confirmed supernovas. [ 4 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Observatory_Supernova_Search |
Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 is a NASA -funded citizen science project which is part of the Zooniverse web portal . [ 1 ] It aims to discover new brown dwarfs , faint objects that are less massive than stars, some of which might be among the nearest neighbors of the Solar System , and might conceivably detect the hypothes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Worlds |
The Baconian method is the investigative method developed by Francis Bacon , one of the founders of modern science, and thus a first formulation of a modern scientific method . The method was put forward in Bacon's book Novum Organum (1620), or 'New Method', to replace the old methods put forward in Aristotle 's Organo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baconian_method |
The Bacon–Shor code is a subsystem error correcting code . [ 1 ] In a subsystem code, information is encoded in a subsystem of a Hilbert space . Subsystem codes lend to simplified error correcting procedures unlike codes which encode information in the subspace of a Hilbert space. [ 2 ] This simplicity led to the first... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon–Shor_code |
The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code (translation table 11 ) is the DNA code used by bacteria , archaea , prokaryotic viruses and chloroplast proteins . It is essentially the same as the standard code , however there are some variations in alternative start codons .
As in the standard code, initiation is mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial,_archaeal_and_plant_plastid_code |
Bacterial adhesion involves the attachment (or deposition) of bacteria on the surface (solid, gel layer, etc.). This interaction plays an important role in natural system as well as in environmental engineering.
The attachment of biomass on the membrane surface will result in membrane fouling , which can significantly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_adhesion_in_aquatic_system |
Bacterial anaerobic corrosion is the bacterially-induced oxidation of metals . Corrosion of metals typically alters the metal to a form that is more stable. Thus, bacterial anaerobic corrosion typically occurs in conditions favorable to the corrosion of the underlying substrate . In humid, anoxic conditions the corrosi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_anaerobic_corrosion |
A bacterial artificial chromosome ( BAC ) is a DNA construct , based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid ), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria , usually E. coli . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] F-plasmids play a crucial role because they contain partition genes that promote the even distribution of plasmids a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome |
A bacterium , despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of its unique biological structures and pathogenicity. Many structural features are unique to bacteria, and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes . Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure |
Bacterial cellular morphologies are the shapes that are characteristic of various types of bacteria and often key to their identification. Their direct examination under a light microscope enables the classification of these bacteria (and archaea ).
Generally, the basic morphologies are spheres (coccus) and round-ende... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellular_morphologies |
Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the formula ( C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n produced by certain types of bacteria . While cellulose is a basic structural material of most plants, it is also produced by bacteria, principally of the genera Komagataeibacter , Acetobacter , Sarcina ventriculi and Agrobacterium . Bacteri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose |
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. [ 1 ] This takes place through a pilus . [ 2 ] [ full citation needed ] It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria.
It is a mechanism of horizontal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation |
Bacterial evolution may refer to the biological evolution of bacteria as studied in: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_evolution |
Bacterial Filtration Efficiency or BFE is a measurement of a respirator material's resistance to penetration of bacteria . Results are reported as percent efficiency and correlate with the ability of the fabric to resist bacterial penetration. Higher numbers in this test indicate better barrier efficiency. Wrap fabrics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_filtration_efficiency |
Bacterial genomes are generally smaller and less variant in size among species when compared with genomes of eukaryotes . Bacterial genomes can range in size anywhere from about 130 kbp [ 1 ] [ 2 ] to over 14 Mbp . [ 3 ] A study that included, but was not limited to, 478 bacterial genomes, concluded that as genome size... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_genome |
Gliding motility is a type of translocation used by microorganisms that is independent of propulsive structures such as flagella , pili , and fimbriae . [ 1 ] Gliding allows microorganisms to travel along the surface of low aqueous films. The mechanisms of this motility are only partially known.
Twitching motility als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_gliding |
Bacterial glutathione transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) are part of a superfamily of enzymes that play a crucial role in cellular detoxification . [ 2 ] The primary role of GSTs is to catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with the electrophilic centers of a wide variety of molecules. The most commonly known sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_glutathione_transferase |
A bacterial initiation factor (IF) is a protein that stabilizes the initiation complex for polypeptide translation .
Translation initiation is essential to protein synthesis and regulates mRNA translation fidelity and efficiency in bacteria . [ 1 ] The 30S ribosomal subunit , initiator tRNA , and mRNA form an initiati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_initiation_factor |
Bacterial initiation factor 1 is a bacterial initiation factor . [ 1 ]
IF1 associates with the 30S ribosomal subunit in the A site and prevents an aminoacyl-tRNA from entering. It modulates IF2 binding to the ribosome by increasing its affinity. It may also prevent the 50S subunit from binding, stopping the formation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_initiation_factor_1 |
Bacterial initiation factor-2 is a bacterial initiation factor . [ 1 ]
IF2 binds to an initiator tRNA and controls the entry of tRNA onto the ribosome. IF2, bound to GTP, binds to the 30S P site. After associating with the 30S subunit, fMet-tRNA f binds to the IF2 then IF2 transfers the tRNA into the partial P site. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_initiation_factor_2 |
Bacterial lawn is a term used by microbiologists to describe the appearance of bacterial colonies when all the individual colonies on a Petri dish or agar plate merge to form a field or mat of bacteria. Bacterial lawns find use in screens for antibiotic resistance and bacteriophage titering.
Bacterial lawns (often of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_lawn |
Bacterial morphological plasticity refers to changes in the shape and size that bacterial cells undergo when they encounter stressful environments. Although bacteria have evolved complex molecular strategies to maintain their shape, many are able to alter their shape as a survival strategy in response to protist preda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_morphological_plasticity |
The bacterial one-hybrid (B1H) system is a method for identifying the sequence-specific target site of a DNA-binding domain . In this system, a given transcription factor (TF) is expressed as a fusion to a subunit of RNA polymerase . In parallel, a library of randomized oligonucleotides representing potential TF targe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_one-hybrid_system |
Bacteria biooxidation is an oxidation process caused by microbes where the valuable metal remains (but becomes enriched) in the solid phase. In this process, the metal remains in the solid phase and the liquid can be discarded. [ 1 ] Bacterial oxidation is a biohydrometallurgical process developed for pre- cyanidation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_oxidation |
Bacterial phylodynamics is the study of immunology , epidemiology , and phylogenetics of bacterial pathogens to better understand the evolutionary role of these pathogens. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Phylodynamic analysis includes analyzing genetic diversity , natural selection , and population dynamics of infectious disease pat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_phylodynamics |
Bacterial recombination is a type of genetic recombination in bacteria characterized by DNA transfer from one organism called donor to another organism as recipient. This process occurs in three main ways:
The final result of conjugation, transduction, and/or transformation is the production of genetic recombinants , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_recombination |
Bacterial secretion systems are protein complexes present on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances. Specifically, they are the cellular devices used by pathogenic bacteria to secrete their virulence factors (mainly of proteins) to invade the host cells. They can be classified into different types b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_secretion_system |
Bacterial senescence or bacterial aging refers to the gradual decrease in cellular function in individual bacteria as they increase in age. Indicators of senescence include a decelerated division rate and an increase likelihood of death. [ 1 ]
The fundamental cause of aging in bacteria is thought to be the accumulatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_senescence |
Bacterial taxonomy is subfield of taxonomy devoted to the classification of bacteria specimens into taxonomic ranks . Archaeal taxonomy are governed by the same rules.
In the scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus , [ 1 ] each species is assigned to a genus resulting in a two-part name. This name denot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_taxonomy |
Bacterial therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteria to treat diseases . Bacterial therapeutics are living medicines , and may be wild type bacteria (often in the form of probiotics ) or bacteria that have been genetically engineered to possess therapeutic properties that is injected into a patient. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Other e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_therapy |
Bacterial transcription is the process in which a segment of bacterial DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) with use of the enzyme RNA polymerase .
The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the result is a strand of mRNA that is complementary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_transcription |
Bacterial translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in bacteria .
Initiation of translation in bacteria involves the assembly of the components of the translation system, which are: the two ribosomal subunits ( 50S and 30S subunits); the mature mRNA to be translated; the tRNA charge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_translation |
Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analysing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It represents one aspect of water quality . It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriological_water_analysis |
One of the serum substances which is part of the dissolution process of bacteria , the enzymes will promote the dissolution of the bacterial cell wall and cause the death of the bacteria.
Bacteriolysin probably functions by deregulating lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in Gram-positive bacteria and phospholipids in Gram-negati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriolysin |
Bacteriophage Mu , also known as mu phage or mu bacteriophage , is a muvirus (the first of its kind to be identified) which has been shown to cause genetic transposition . It is of particular importance as its discovery in Escherichia coli by Larry Taylor was among the first observations of insertion elements in a geno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_Mu |
Experimental evolution studies are a means of testing evolutionary theory under carefully designed, reproducible experiments. Given enough time, space, and money, any organism could be used for experimental evolution studies. However, those with rapid generation times , high mutation rates , large population sizes , a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_experimental_evolution |
Bacterioplankton counting is the estimation of the abundance of bacterioplankton in a specific body of water, which is useful information to marine microbiologists. Various counting methodologies have been developed over the years to determine the number present in the water being observed. Methods used for counting ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterioplankton_counting_methods |
Bacteriorhodopsin (Bop) is a protein used by Archaea , most notably by Haloarchaea , a class of the Euryarchaeota . [ 1 ] It acts as a proton pump ; that is, it captures light energy and uses it to move protons across the membrane out of the cell. [ 2 ] The resulting proton gradient is subsequently converted into chemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriorhodopsin |
A bacterivore is an organism which obtains energy and nutrients primarily or entirely from the consumption of bacteria . The term is most commonly used to describe free-living, heterotrophic , microscopic organisms such as nematodes as well as many species of amoeba and numerous other types of protozoans , but some mac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterivore |
1QBH , 2L9M , 3D9T , 3D9U , 3M1D , 3MUP , 3OZ1 , 3T6P , 3UW4 , 4EB9 , 4HY4 , 4HY5 , 4KMN , 4LGE , 4LGU , 4MTI , 4MU7
329
11797
ENSG00000110330
ENSMUSG00000057367
Q13490
Q62210
NM_001256166 NM_001166 NM_001256163
NM_007465 NM_001291503
NP_001157 NP_001243092 NP_001243095
NP_001278432 NP_031491
Baculoviral IAP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculoviral_IAP_repeat-containing_protein_2 |
"It's the struggle between simplicity and security. The power of USB is that you plug it in and it just works. This simplicity is exactly what's enabling these attacks."
BadUSB is a computer security attack using USB devices that are programmed with malicious software. [ 2 ] For example, USB flash drives can contain a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BadUSB |
"Bad command or file name" is a common and ambiguous error message in MS-DOS . [ 1 ]
COMMAND.COM produces this error message when the first word of a command could not be interpreted. Because this word must be the name of an internal command, executable file or batch file , [ 2 ] the error message provided an accurate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_command_or_file_name |
In statistics, bad controls are variables that introduce an unintended discrepancy between regression coefficients and the effects that said coefficients are supposed to measure. These are contrasted with confounders which are " good controls " and need to be included to remove omitted variable bias. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_control |
Baddies in Tech is an American organization that provides a safe space for Black women in the technology sectors to network and grow their careers. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The founding of Baddies in Tech in 2019 led to the creation of BaddieCon. [ 1 ]
Baddies in Tech is a nonprofit DAO founded by Allie Joy Tsahey in 2019. [ 3 ] B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddies_in_Tech |
Badlock ( CVE - 2016-2118 ) is a security bug disclosed on April 12, 2016 affecting the Security Account Manager (SAM) and Local Security Authority (Domain Policy) (LSAD) remote protocols [ 1 ] supported by Windows and Samba servers. [ 2 ]
Both SAM and LSAD are layered onto the DCE 1.1 Remote Procedure Call ( DCE/RPC ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlock |
Baek Sung-hee ( Korean : 백성희 ; born 1970) is a South Korean scientist specialising in molecular genetics . Her work is focused on the chromatin dynamics and epigenetic regulatory mechanism in cancer. She received her BS, MS, and Ph.D. degrees from Seoul National University . Following her postdoctoral research in Micha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baek_Sung-hee |
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KMnO 4 . It is a purplish-black crystalline salt, which dissolves in water as K + and MnO − 4 ions to give an intensely pink to purple solution.
Potassium permanganate is widely used in the chemical industry and laboratories as a strong oxidizin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeyer's_reagent |
The Baeyer–Drewsen indigo synthesis (1882) is an organic reaction in which indigo is prepared from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The reaction was developed by von Baeyer and Viggo Drewsen in 1880 to produce the first synthetic indigo at laboratory scale. This procedure is not used at industrial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeyer–Drewsen_indigo_synthesis |
Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis is a method for synthesizing indole from a (substituted) ortho -nitrocinnamic acid and iron powder in strongly basic solution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This reaction was discovered by Adolf von Baeyer and Adolph Emmerling in 1869. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
The reaction of iron powder with o -nitrocinnamic acid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeyer–Emmerling_indole_synthesis |
The Baeyer–Villiger oxidation is an organic reaction that forms an ester from a ketone or a lactone from a cyclic ketone, using peroxyacids or peroxides as the oxidant . [ 1 ] The reaction is named after Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger who first reported the reaction in 1899. [ 1 ]
In the first step of the reacti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeyer–Villiger_oxidation |
Baffles are flow-directing or obstructing vanes or panels used to direct a flow of liquid or gas. It is used in some household stoves [ 1 ] and in some industrial process vessels (tanks), such as shell and tube heat exchangers , chemical reactors , and static mixers .
Baffles are an integral part of the shell and tube... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffle_(heat_transfer) |
Baffle blocks are concrete structures with different shapes, for example trapezoidal, [ 1 ] used in flowing water to reduce its force. [ citation needed ] They are arranged in several rows in stilling basins. [ 1 ] They are used in spillways and dams, [ citation needed ] in irrigation systems, [ 2 ] to protect fishes i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffle_blocks |
A bagel machine is a machine that automatically produces bagels . It rolls, presses, and shapes dough into perfect circles.
In 1950, Daniel Thompson , son of Mickey Thompson, began designing an automatic bagel-making machine when he was 29. His father had been trying to make a working automatic bagel-making machine fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagel_machine |
A baghouse , also known as a baghouse filter , bag filter , or fabric filter is an air pollution control device and dust collector that removes particulates entrained in gas released from commercial processes. [ 1 ] Power plants, steel mills, pharmaceutical producers, food manufacturers, chemical producers and other in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghouse |
Bagnold's fluid refers to a suspension of neutrally buoyant particles in a Newtonian fluid such as water or air. The term is named after Ralph Alger Bagnold , who placed such a suspension in an annular coaxial cylindrical rheometer in order to investigate the effects of grain interaction in the suspension. [ 1 ]
By ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnold's_fluid |
In mathematics , the bagpipe theorem of Peter Nyikos ( 1984 ) describes the structure of the connected (but possibly non- paracompact ) ω-bounded surfaces by showing that they are "bagpipes": the connected sum of a compact "bag" with several "long pipes".
A space is called ω-bounded if the closure of every countable s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipe_theorem |
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bound together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. It is the second-most-used substance (after water ), [ 1 ] the most–widely used building material, [ 2 ] and the most-manufactured material in the world. [ 3 ]
When aggregate is mixed with dry Por... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagwork_(concrete_placement) |
Bahcall–Wolf cusp refers to a particular distribution of stars around a massive black hole at the center of a galaxy or globular cluster . If the nucleus containing the black hole is sufficiently old, exchange of orbital energy between stars drives their distribution toward a characteristic form, such that the density ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahcall–Wolf_cusp |
The Baikal–Amur Mainline ( Russian : Байкало-Амурская магистраль , БАМ , Baikalo-Amurskaya magistral' , BAM ) is a 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ) broad-gauge railway line in Russia . Traversing Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East , the 4,324 km (2,687 mi)-long BAM runs about 610 to 770 km (380 to 480 miles) nor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikal–Amur_Mainline |
The Baik–Deift–Johansson theorem is a result from probabilistic combinatorics . It deals with the subsequences of a randomly uniformly drawn permutation from the set { 1 , 2 , … , N } {\displaystyle \{1,2,\dots ,N\}} . The theorem makes a statement about the distribution of the length of the longest increasing subseque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baik–Deift–Johansson_theorem |
The Bailar twist is a mechanism proposed for the racemization of octahedral complexes containing three bidentate chelate rings. Such complexes typically adopt an octahedral molecular geometry , in which case they possess helical chirality . [ 1 ] One pathway by which these compounds can racemize is via the formation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailar_twist |
The Marilyn and Sturges W. Bailey Distinguished Member Award , is the highest honor of The Clay Minerals Society , based in Virginia , United States. It is awarded solely for scientific eminence in clay mineralogy (in its broadest sense) as evidenced by the publication of outstanding original scientific research and by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Distinguished_Member_Award |
The Bailey peptide synthesis is a name reaction in organic chemistry developed 1949 by J. L. Bailey. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a method for the synthesis of a peptide from α -amino acid- N -carboxylic acid anhydrides (NCAs) and amino acids or peptide esters. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The reaction is characterized by short reaction times and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_peptide_synthesis |
The Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula ( BBP formula ) is a formula for π . It was discovered in 1995 by Simon Plouffe and is named after the authors of the article in which it was published, David H. Bailey , Peter Borwein , and Plouffe. [ 1 ] The formula is:
The BBP formula gives rise to a spigot algorithm for computing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe_formula |
In the theory of dynamical systems , a bailout embedding is a system defined as [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Here the function k ( x ) < 0 on a set of unwanted orbits ; otherwise k ( x ) > 0. The trajectories of the full system of a bailout embedding bail out —that is, detach—from the embedding , into a larger space, in wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailout_embedding |
In mathematics, the Baily–Borel compactification is a compactification of a quotient of a Hermitian symmetric space by an arithmetic group , introduced by Walter L. Baily and Armand Borel ( 1964 , 1966 ).
This geometry-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baily–Borel_compactification |
Bainite is a plate-like microstructure that forms in steels at temperatures of 125–550 °C (depending on alloy content). [ 1 ] First described by E. S. Davenport and Edgar Bain , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] it is one of the products that may form when austenite (the face-centered cubic crystal structure of iron ) is cooled past a tempe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainite |
In organic chemistry , Baird's rule estimates whether the lowest triplet state of planar , cyclic structures will have aromatic properties or not. The quantum mechanical basis for its formulation was first worked out by physical chemist N. Colin Baird at the University of Western Ontario in 1972. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The lowes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird's_rule |
The Baire category theorem ( BCT ) is an important result in general topology and functional analysis . The theorem has two forms, each of which gives sufficient conditions for a topological space to be a Baire space (a topological space such that the intersection of countably many dense open sets is still dense). It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baire_category_theorem |
Baited remote underwater video (BRUV) is a system used in marine biology research. By attracting fish into the field of view of a remotely controlled camera, the technique records fish diversity , abundance and behaviour of species. Sites are sampled by video recording the region surrounding a baited canister which is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video |
In computing, " .bak " is a filename extension commonly used to signify a backup copy of a file .
When a program is about to overwrite an existing file (for example, when the user saves the document they are working on), the program may first make a copy of the existing file, with .bak appended to the filename. This c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak_file |
Bake-out , in several areas of technology and fabrication, and in building construction, refers to the process of using high heat temperature ( heat ), and possibly vacuum , to remove volatile compounds from materials and objects before placing them into situations where the slow release of the same volatile compounds ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bake-out |
In transcendental number theory , a mathematical discipline, Baker's theorem gives a lower bound for the absolute value of linear combinations of logarithms of algebraic numbers . Nearly fifteen years earlier, Alexander Gelfond had considered the problem with only integer coefficients to be of "extraordinarily great si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker's_theorem |
In mathematics , the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula gives the value of Z {\displaystyle Z} that solves the equation e X e Y = e Z {\displaystyle e^{X}e^{Y}=e^{Z}} for possibly noncommutative X and Y in the Lie algebra of a Lie group . There are various ways of writing the formula, but all ultimately yield an expressi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff_formula |
In organic chemistry , the Baker–Nathan effect is observed with reaction rates for certain chemical reactions with certain substrates where the order in reactivity cannot be explained solely by an inductive effect of substituents . [ 1 ]
This effect was described in 1935 by John W. Baker and W. S. Nathan. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker–Nathan_effect |
The Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement is the chemical reaction of 2-acetoxyacetophenones with base to form 1,3-di ketones . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
This rearrangement reaction proceeds via enolate formation followed by acyl transfer. It is named after the scientists Wilson Baker and K. Venkataraman .
The Baker–Venkataraman rearra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker–Venkataraman_rearrangement |
The Bak–Sneppen model is a simple model of co-evolution between interacting species . It was developed to show how self-organized criticality may explain key features of the fossil record, such as the distribution of sizes of extinction events and the phenomenon of punctuated equilibrium . It is a minimalistic model, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak–Sneppen_model |
In classical mechanics , the balance of angular momentum , also known as Euler's second law , is a fundamental law of physics stating that a torque (a twisting force that causes rotation) must be applied to change the angular momentum (a measure of rotational motion) of a body. This principle, distinct from Newton's la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_angular_momentum |
The balance of nature , also known as ecological balance , is a theory that proposes that ecological systems are usually in a stable equilibrium or homeostasis , which is to say that a small change (the size of a particular population, for example) will be corrected by some negative feedback that will bring the paramet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_nature |
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