text stringlengths 11 320k | source stringlengths 26 161 |
|---|---|
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug ) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function. Examples of common classes of biological targets are proteins and nucleic acids . The definition is context-dependent, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_target |
Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency refer to experimental methods and techniques that seek to test or provide evidence for specific kinds of causal relationships in biological systems. A necessary cause is one without which it would be impossible for an effect to occur, while a sufficient cause is one whose p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tests_of_necessity_and_sufficiency |
Biological thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of biological systems) is a science that explains the nature and general laws of thermodynamic processes occurring in living organisms as nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems that convert the energy of the Sun and food into other types of energy. The nonequilibrium thermodynami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_thermodynamics |
Biological warfare , also known as germ warfare , is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria , viruses , insects , and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war . [ 1 ] Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare |
The Biologics Control Act of 1902, also known as the Virus-Toxin Law, was the first law that implemented federal regulations of biological products such as vaccines in the United States. [ 1 ] It was enacted in response to two incidents involving the deaths of 22 children who had contracted tetanus from contaminated va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologics_Control_Act |
A biologics license application ( BLA ) is defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as follows:
The biologics license application is a request for permission to introduce, or deliver for introduction, a biologic product into interstate commerce (21 CFR 601.2). The BLA is regulated under 21 CFR 600 – 680.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologics_license_application |
Biology Monte Carlo methods (BioMOCA) have been developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to simulate ion transport in an electrolyte environment through ion channels or nano-pores embedded in membranes. [ 1 ] It is a 3-D particle-based Monte Carlo simulator for analyzing and studying the ion transpor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_Monte_Carlo_method |
The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression , as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. [ 1 ]
Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD) . [ 2 ] Further, nutri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_of_depression |
The biology of trust is the study of physiological mechanisms involved in mediating trust in social attachments. It has been studied in terms of genetics , endocrinology and neurobiology . [ 1 ]
Trust is the intentional choice to believe the input of strangers because one believes they know the truth and have one's be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_of_trust |
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a technology developed over the past decades (1990's and onward). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ when? ] that allows for the noninvasive study of ongoing biological processes [ 4 ] [ 1 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Recently, bioluminescence tomography (BLT) has become possible and several systems have becom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescence_imaging |
Bioluminescent bacteria are light-producing bacteria that are predominantly present in sea water, marine sediments, the surface of decomposing fish and in the gut of marine animals. While not as common, bacterial bioluminescence is also found in terrestrial and freshwater bacteria. [ 1 ] These bacteria [ clarification ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescent_bacteria |
Biomagnetics is a field of biotechnology . It has actively been researched since at least 2004. [ 1 ] Although the majority of structures found in living organisms are diamagnetic , the magnetic field itself, as well as magnetic nanoparticles , microstructures and paramagnetic molecules can influence specific physiolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnetics |
Biomanipulation is the deliberate alteration of an ecosystem by adding or removing species, especially predators.
Changing the fish population of bodies of water as a part of watershed management can facilitate desirable changes in aquatic ecosystems suffering from eutrophication characterized by domination by phytopl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomanipulation |
Biomanufacturing (or bioproduction ) is a type of manufacturing or biotechnology that utilizes biological systems to produce commercially important biomaterials and biomolecules for use in medicines , food and beverage processing, and industrial applications. Biomanufacturing products are recovered from natural source... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomanufacturing |
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker , or biological marker , is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues [ 1 ] to examine normal biological processes , pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker |
In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_(medicine) |
The biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease are neurochemical indicators used to assess the risk or presence of the disease. The biomarkers can be used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a very early stage, but they also provide objective and reliable measures of disease progress. It is imperative to diagnose AD disease... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers_of_Alzheimer's_disease |
Biomarkers of aging are biomarkers that could predict functional capacity at some later age better than chronological age. [ 1 ] Stated another way, biomarkers of aging would give the true " biological age ", which may be different from the chronological age.
Validated biomarkers of aging would allow for testing inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers_of_aging |
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a type of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia . It is caused by either defected insulin secretion or damaged biological function, or both. The high-level blood glucose for a long time will lead to dysfunction of a variety of tissues. [ 1 ]
Type 2 diabetes is a progressive conditi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers_of_diabetes |
Biomarkers in analytical chemistry and in environmental science are chemicals, metabolites, susceptibility characteristics, or changes in the body that relate to the exposure of an organism to a chemical. They have the ability to identify if an exposure has occurred, the route of exposure, the pathway of exposure, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers_of_exposure_assessment |
Several biomarkers for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis , disease evolution and response to medication (current or expected) are under research. While most of them are still under research, there are some of them already well stablished:
They can be of several types like body fluid biomarkers, imaging biomarkers or gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers_of_multiple_sclerosis |
Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time. Biomass can refer to species biomass , which is the mass of one or more species, or to community biomass , which is the mass of all species in the community. It can include microorganisms , plants or animals. [ 3 ] The mass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology) |
Biomass partitioning is the process by which plants divide their energy among their leaves , stems , roots , and reproductive parts . These four main components of the plant have important morphological roles: leaves take in CO 2 and energy from the sun to create carbon compounds , stems grow above competitors to reach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_partitioning |
Biomass to liquid ( BtL or BMtL ) is a multi-step process of producing synthetic hydrocarbon fuels made from biomass via a thermochemical route. [ 1 ]
According to a study done by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Energy , the United States can produce at least 1.3 billion tons of cellulosic bio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_to_liquid |
A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose – either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair, or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic one. The corresponding field of study, called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering , is ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterial |
Biomaterials is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on and applications of biomaterials . It is published by Elsevier . The editor-in-chief is Kam W. Leong ( Columbia University ) and David Williams is an honorary editor. The journal was established in 1980. [ citation needed ]
The journal is abstrac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterials_(journal) |
Biomaterials Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that explores the underlying science behind the function, interactions and design of biomaterials . It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry . The current editor-in-chief is Jianjun Cheng ( Westlake University , China), [ 1 ] while the executive editor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterials_Science |
Biomechanical engineering , also considered a subfield of mechanical engineering and biomedical engineering , combines principles of physics (with a focus on mechanics ), biology, and engineering. Topics of interest in this field include (experimental and theoretical) biomechanics , computational mechanics , continuum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanical_engineering |
Biomedical Materials is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers research on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine . The editors-in-chief are Myron Spector ( Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System ) and Joyce Wong ( Boston University ).
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_Materials_(journal) |
A biomedical scientist is a scientist trained in biology , particularly in the context of medical laboratory sciences or laboratory medicine. These scientists work to gain knowledge on the main principles of how the human body works and to find new ways to cure or treat disease by developing advanced diagnostic tools o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_scientist |
The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies ( OBO ) Foundry is a group of people who build and maintain ontologies related to the life sciences . [ 1 ] The OBO Foundry establishes a set of principles for ontology development for creating a suite of interoperable reference ontologies in the biomedical domain. Currentl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_semantics |
Biomedical spectroscopy is a multidisciplinary research field involving spectroscopic tools for applications in the field of biomedical science. Vibrational spectroscopy such as Raman or infrared spectroscopy [ 1 ] is used to determine the chemical composition of a material based on detection of vibrational modes of co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_spectroscopy |
Biomedical technology is the application of engineering and technology principles to the domain of living or biological systems , with an emphasis on human health and diseases.
Biomedical engineering and Biotechnology alike are often loosely called Biomedical Technology or Bioengineering . The Biomedical technology fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_technology |
Biomedical waste or hospital waste is any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious) materials generated during the treatment of humans or animals as well as during research involving biologics. [ 1 ] It may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste that visually appears... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_waste |
Biomedicine (also referred to as Western medicine , mainstream medicine or conventional medicine ) [ 1 ] is a branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice . Biomedicine stresses standardized, evidence-based treatment validated through biological research, with trea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedicine |
Biometals (also called biocompatible metals , bioactive metals , metallic biomaterials ) are metals normally present, in small but important and measurable amounts, in biology , biochemistry , and medicine . The metals copper , zinc , iron , and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal_(biology) |
Biometeorology is the interdisciplinary field of science that studies the interactions between living things (plants, microbes, vertebrates, invertebrates) and atmospheric phenomena (wind, temperature, humidity, sunlight, greenhouse gas concentrations) on time scales of the order of seasons or shorter (in contrast with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometeorology |
A biometric device is a security identification and authentication device. Such devices use automated methods of verifying or recognising the identity of a living person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. These characteristics include fingerprints, facial images, iris and voice recognition . [ 1 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometric_device |
A biomimetic antifouling coating is a treatment that prevents the accumulation of marine organisms on a surface. Typical antifouling coatings are not biomimetic but are based on synthetic chemical compounds that can have deleterious effects on the environment. Prime examples are tributyltin compounds, which are compo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetic_antifouling_coating |
Biomimetic materials are materials developed using inspiration from nature . This may be useful in the design of composite materials . Natural structures have inspired and innovated human creations. [ 1 ] Notable examples of these natural structures include: honeycomb structure of the beehive, strength of spider silks,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetic_material |
Biomimetic synthesis is an area of organic chemical synthesis that is specifically biologically inspired. The term encompasses both the testing of a "biogenetic hypothesis" ( conjectured course of a biosynthesis in nature) through execution of a series of reactions designed to parallel the proposed biosynthesis, as we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetic_synthesis |
Biomimetics or biomimicry is the emulation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The terms "biomimetics" and "biomimicry" are derived from Ancient Greek : βίος ( bios ), life, and μίμησις ( mīmēsis ), imitation, from μιμεῖσθαι ( mīmeisthai ),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetics |
Biomin is an animal health and nutrition company headquartered in Inzersdorf-Getzersdorf , Austria . Biomin develops and produces feed additives and premixes for livestock animals including swine, poultry, dairy and beef cattle as well as aquaculture. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The firm supplies customers in more than 100 coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomin |
Biomineralization : Complete conversion of organic substances to inorganic derivatives by living organisms, especially micro-organisms. [ 1 ]
Biomineralization , also written biomineralisation , is the process by which living organisms produce minerals , [ a ] often resulting in hardened or stiffened mineralized tissu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralization |
The Biomolecular Object Network Databank is a bioinformatics databank containing information on small molecule structures and interactions. The databank integrates a number of existing databases to provide a comprehensive overview of the information currently available for a given molecule.
The Blueprint Initiative st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_Object_Network_Databank |
In molecular biology , the term macromolecular assembly ( MA ) refers to massive chemical structures such as viruses and non-biologic nanoparticles , cellular organelles and membranes and ribosomes , etc. that are complex mixtures of polypeptide , polynucleotide , polysaccharide or other polymeric macromolecules . The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_complex |
Biomolecular engineering is the application of engineering principles and practices to the purposeful manipulation of molecules of biological origin. Biomolecular engineers integrate knowledge of biological processes with the core knowledge of chemical engineering in order to focus on molecular level solutions to issue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_engineering |
A biomolecular gradient is established by a difference in the concentration of molecules in a biological system such as individual cells, groups of cells, or an entire organism. A biomolecular gradient can exist intracellularly (within a cell) or extracellularly (between groups of cells). The purposes of such gradients... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_gradient |
Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of protein , DNA , or RNA , and that is important to its function. The structure of these molecules may be considered at any of several length scales ranging from the level of individual atoms to the relationships amon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_structure |
A biomolecule or biological molecule is loosely defined as a molecule produced by a living organism and essential to one or more typically biological processes . [ 1 ] Biomolecules include large macromolecules such as proteins , carbohydrates , lipids , and nucleic acids , as well as small molecules such as vitamins an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecule |
In analytical chemistry , biomonitoring is the measurement of the body burden of toxic chemical compounds , elements , or their metabolites , in biological substances. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Often, these measurements are done in blood and urine. [ 3 ] Biomonitoring is performed in both environmental health , and in occupational s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomonitoring |
BionicKangaroo is a robot model developed and made by Festo in the form of a kangaroo . [ 1 ] Applying methods from kinematics , bionics , and biomimetics , Festo's researchers and engineers studied the way kangaroos move, and applied that to the design of a robot that moves in a similar way. The robot saves energy fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BionicKangaroo |
The Bionic Leaf is a biomimetic system that gathers solar energy via photovoltaic cells that can be stored or used in a number of different functions. Bionic leaves can be composed of both synthetic ( metals , ceramics , polymers , etc.) and organic materials ( bacteria ), or solely made of synthetic materials. [ 1 ] [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_Leaf |
Bionic architecture is a contemporary movement that studies the physiological, behavioural, and structural adaptions of biological organisms as a source of inspiration for designing and constructing expressive buildings. [ 1 ] These structures are designed to be self-sufficient, being able to structurally modify themse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_architecture |
A bionic contact lens is a proposed device that could provide a virtual display that could have a variety of uses from assisting the visually impaired to video gaming, as claimed by the manufacturers and developers. [ 1 ] The device will have the form of a conventional contact lens with added bionics technology in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_contact_lens |
Bionomia (formerly Bloodhound Tracker [ 1 ] ) is a database and database entry tool which permits the name strings of collectors, and of taxonomists who determine specimen data, to be assigned to the unique person who collected or identified the specimen. If the person is living, this is done via their ORCID iD, and if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionomia |
Bionomics (Greek: bio = life; nomos = law) has two different meanings:
An example of studies of the first type is in Richard B. Selander's Bionomics, Systematics and Phylogeny of Lytta , a Genus of Blister Beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae) , Illinois Biological Monographs: number 28, 1960.
When related to the territory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionomics |
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry is a scientific journal focusing on the results of research on the molecular structure of biological organisms and the interaction of biological targets with chemical agents. [ 1 ]
It is published by Elsevier , which also publishes the related journal Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorganic_&_Medicinal_Chemistry |
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters is a scientific journal focusing on the results of research on the molecular structure of biological organisms and the interaction of biological targets with chemical agents. It is published by Elsevier , which also publishes Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry for longer works.
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorganic_&_Medicinal_Chemistry_Letters |
Bioorganic chemistry is a scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry . It is the branch of life science that deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods. [ 1 ] Protein and enzyme function are examples of these processes. [ 2 ]
Sometimes biochemistry is used interchan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry |
Bioorganometallic chemistry is the study of biologically active molecules that contain carbon directly bonded to metals or metalloids. The importance of main-group and transition-metal centers has long been recognized as important to the function of enzymes and other biomolecules. However, only a small subset of natur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry |
In chemical biology , bioorthogonal chemical reporter is a non-native chemical functionality that is introduced into the naturally occurring biomolecules of a living system , generally through metabolic or protein engineering . These functional groups are subsequently utilized for tagging and visualizing biomolecules .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemical_reporter |
The term bioorthogonal chemistry refers to any chemical reaction that can occur inside of living systems without interfering with native biochemical processes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The term was coined by Carolyn R. Bertozzi in 2003. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Since its introduction, the concept of the bioorthogonal reaction has enabled ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry |
Biopanning is an affinity selection technique which selects for peptides that bind to a given target . [ 1 ] All peptide sequences obtained from biopanning using combinatorial peptide libraries have been stored in a special freely available database named BDB . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This technique is often used for the selection... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopanning |
A biopesticide is a biological substance or organism that damages, kills, or repels organisms seens as pests . Biological pest management intervention involves predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.
They are obtained from organisms including plants , bacteria and other microbes , fungi , nematodes , etc . [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopesticide |
A biopharmaceutical , also known as a biological medical product , [ 1 ] or biologic , is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Different from totally synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines , whole blood , blood components, allergenics ,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutical |
The biophilia hypothesis (also called BET) suggests that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life. Edward O. Wilson introduced and popularized the hypothesis in his book, Biophilia (1984). [ 1 ] He defines biophilia as the "innate tendency to focus on life and lifelike p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis |
Biophotons (from the Greek βίος meaning "life" and φῶς meaning "light") are photons of light in the ultraviolet and visible light range that are produced by a biological system . They are non-thermal in origin, and the emission of biophotons is technically a type of bioluminescence , though the term "bioluminescence" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophoton |
The Biophysical Society is an international scientific society whose purpose is to lead the development and dissemination of knowledge in biophysics . Founded in 1958, the Society currently consists of over 7,000 members in academia , government , and industry . Although the Society is based in the United States, it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical_Society |
Biophysical chemistry is a physical science that uses the concepts of physics and physical chemistry for the study of biological systems . [ 1 ] The most common feature of the research in this subject is to seek an explanation of the various phenomena in biological systems in terms of either the molecules that make up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry |
The natural environment or natural world encompasses all biotic and abiotic things occurring naturally , meaning in this case not artificial . The term is most often applied to Earth or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species , climate , weather and natural resources that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical_environment |
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization , from molecular to organismic and populations . Biophysical research shares significant overlap wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics |
Biopiracy (also known as scientific colonialism [ citation needed ] ) is the unauthorized appropriation of knowledge and genetic resources of farming and indigenous communities by individuals or institutions seeking exclusive monopoly control through patents or intellectual property. [ 1 ] While bioprospecting is the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopiracy |
Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources. Historically , bioplastics made from natural materials like shellac or cellulose had been the first plastics. Since the end of the 19th century they have been increasingly superseded by fossil-fuel plastics derived from petroleum or natural gas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic |
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms . Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomers used and the structure of the biopolym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer |
Bioprecipitation is the concept of rain-making bacteria and was proposed by David Sands from Montana State University in the 1970s. [ 1 ] This is precipitation that is beneficial for microbial and plant growth, it is a feedback cycle beginning with land plants generating small air-borne particles called aerosols that c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprecipitation |
The All-Union Science Production Association Biopreparat ( Russian : Биопрепарат , [bʲɪəprʲɪpɐˈrat] , lit. ' bio-medication ' ) was a Soviet agency created in April 1974, which spearheaded the largest and most sophisticated offensive biological warfare program known. It was a vast, ostensibly civilian, network employin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopreparat |
A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria , enzymes , chloroplasts ) to obtain desired products.
Transport of energy and mass is fundamental to many biological and environmental processes. Areas, from food processing (including brewing beer [ 1 ] ) to therma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprocess |
Biochemical engineering , also known as bioprocess engineering , is a field of study with roots stemming from chemical engineering and biological engineering . It mainly deals with the design, construction, and advancement of unit processes that involve biological organisms (such as fermentation ) or organic molecules ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprocess_engineering |
A bioprocessor is a miniaturized bioreactor capable of culturing mammalian, insect and microbial cells. Bioprocessors are capable of mimicking performance of large-scale bioreactors, hence making them ideal for laboratory scale experimentation of cell culture processes. [ 1 ] Bioprocessors are also used for concentrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprocessor |
Bioproducts or bio-based products are materials , chemicals and energy derived from renewable biological material. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Biological resources include agriculture , forestry , and biologically derived waste , and there are many other renewable bioresource examples.
One of the examples of renewable bioresou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioproduct |
Bioproducts engineering or bioprocess engineering refers to engineering of bio-products from renewable bioresources . This pertains to the design and development of processes and technologies for the sustainable manufacture of bioproducts (materials, chemicals and energy) from renewable biological resources.
Bioproduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioproducts_engineering |
Bioprospecting (also known as biodiversity prospecting ) is the exploration of natural sources for small molecules , macromolecules and biochemical and genetic information that could be developed into commercially valuable products for the agricultural , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] aquaculture , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] bioremediation , [ 4 ] [ 6 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprospecting |
Biopunk (a portmanteau of " biotechnology " or " biology " and " punk ") is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on biotechnology. It is derived from cyberpunk , but focuses on the implications of biotechnology rather than mechanical cyberware and information technology . [ 1 ] Biopunk is concerned with synthetic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopunk |
A bioreactor is any manufactured device or system that supports a biologically active environment. [ 1 ] In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor |
Bioreactor landfills are a more sustainable alternative to traditional landfills . [ 1 ] Where traditional landfills face long aftercare periods and associated costs due to long-term potential for environmental contamination , bioreactor landfills aim to stimulate breakdown of the waste within the landfill. Costs assoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor_landfill |
Bioreceptivity is defined as "the ability of a material to be colonized by living organisms." [ 1 ] First defined by Guillitte in 1995 as a new term in ecology to discuss the beneficial applications of building materials for ecological uses. Previous understandings termed the colonization of organisms as "degradation,"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreceptivity |
A biorefinery is a refinery that converts biomass to energy and other beneficial byproducts (such as chemicals). The International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 42 defined biorefining as "the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, chemicals, materials) and bioenergy (biofuel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorefinery |
Biorefining is the process of "building" multiple products from biomass as a feedstock or raw material much like a petroleum refinery that is currently in use. [ 1 ]
The process of biorefining can be characterized as the sustainable processing of biomass, which eventually yields: [ 2 ]
A biorefinery is a facility lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorefining |
Bioregional mapping is a participatory approach to cartography that focuses on mapping the natural, ecological, and cultural features of a bioregion —an area defined by its natural boundaries, such as watersheds, ecosystems , and cultures that arise form a place, rather than human borders. [ 1 ] This method highlights ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregional_mapping |
Bioregionalism is a philosophy that suggests that political , cultural , and economic systems are more sustainable and just if they are organized around naturally defined areas called bioregions (similar to ecoregions ). Bioregions are defined through physical and environmental features, including watershed boundaries ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalism |
Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation , and plants in phytoremediation ), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, fuel gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation |
Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated environments is a process in which the biological pathways within microorganisms or plants are used to degrade or sequester toxic hydrocarbons , heavy metals, and other volatile organic compounds found within fossil fuels . Oil spills happen frequently at varying degrees along w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation_of_oil_spills |
Polychorinated biphenyls , or PCBs, are a type of chemical that was widely used in the 1960s and 1970s, and which are a contamination source of soil and water. They are fairly stable and therefore persistent in the environment. Bioremediation of PCBs is the use of microorganisms to degrade PCBs from contaminated sites,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation_of_polychlorinated_biphenyls |
Bioremediation of radioactive waste or bioremediation of radionuclides is an application of bioremediation based on the use of biological agents bacteria , plants and fungi (natural or genetically modified ) to catalyze chemical reactions that allow the decontamination of sites affected by radionuclides . [ 1 ] These r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste |
Bioreporters are intact, living microbial cells that have been genetically engineered to produce a measurable signal in response to a specific chemical or physical agent in their environment . Bioreporters contain two essential genetic elements, a promoter gene and a reporter gene . The promoter gene is turned on ( tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreporter |
Bioresilience refers to the ability of a whole species or an individual of a species to adapt to change. Initially the term applied to changes in the natural environment , but increasingly it is also used for adaptation to anthropogenically induced change. [ 1 ]
Alexander von Humboldt was the first to note the resilie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioresilience |
Bioresource engineering is similar to biological engineering , except that it is based on biological and/or agricultural feedstocks. Bioresource engineering is more general and encompasses a wider range of technologies and various elements such as biomass , biological waste treatment, bioenergy, biotransformations , bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioresource_engineering |
Bioretention is the process in which contaminants and sedimentation are removed from stormwater runoff . The main objective of the bioretention cell is to attenuate peak runoff as well as to remove stormwater runoff pollutants.
Stormwater is firstly directed into the designed treatment area, which conventionally consi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioretention |
Bioretrosynthesis is a technique for synthesizing organic chemicals from inexpensive precursors and evolved enzymes . [ 1 ] The technique builds on the retro-evolution hypothesis proposed in 1945 by geneticist Norman Horowitz . [ 2 ]
The technique works backwards from the target to identify a precursor molecule and an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioretrosynthesis |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.