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Biorheology is the study of flow properties (rheology) of biological fluids . The term was first proposed by Alfred L. Copley , a German-American medical scientist, at the first International Congress on Rheology in 1948.
Biorheological research aims to determine and characterize the dynamics of physiological processe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorheology |
Biorobotics is an interdisciplinary science that combines the fields of biomedical engineering , cybernetics , and robotics to develop new technologies that integrate biology with mechanical systems to develop more efficient communication, alter genetic information, and create machines that imitate biological systems. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorobotics |
Biorock (also seacrete [ 1 ] ) is a cement -like engineering material formed when a small electric current is passed between underwater metal electrodes placed in seawater causing dissolved minerals to accrete onto the cathode to form a thick layer of limestone . This 'accretion process' can be used to create building ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorock |
Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity , focusing both on ecology and human health . [ 1 ] These prevention mechanisms include the conduction of regular reviews of biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful inciden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety |
The Biosafety Clearing-House is an international mechanism that exchanges information about the movement of genetically modified organisms , established under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety . It assists Parties (i.e. governments that have ratified the Protocol) to implement the protocol’s provisions and to facilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_Clearing-House |
A biosafety cabinet ( BSC )—also called a biological safety cabinet or microbiological safety cabinet —is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level . Several different types of BSC exi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_cabinet |
A biosand filter (BSF) is a point-of-use water treatment system adapted from traditional slow sand filters . Biosand filters remove pathogens and suspended solids from water using biological and physical processes that take place in a sand column covered with a biofilm . BSFs have been shown to remove heavy metals, tur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosand_filter |
NASA's Biosatellite program was a series of three uncrewed artificial satellites to assess the effects of spaceflight, especially radiation and weightlessness, on living organisms. Each was designed to reenter Earth's atmosphere and be recovered at the end of its mission.
Its primary goal was to determine the effects ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosatellite_program |
The Biosciences Federation (BSF) was a United Kingdom body formed in 2002.
The Federation aimed to unite the bioscience community over issues of common interest that related to both research and teaching. These organisations are a key component of the UK's knowledge economy . It also aimed to influence the formulation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosciences_Federation |
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The sensitive biological element , e.g. tissue, microorganisms, organelles , cell receptors , enzymes , antibodies , nucleic acids , etc., is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor |
Biosensors International Group, Ltd. is a medical device company that specializes in developing, manufacturing and licensing technologies for use in interventional cardiology procedures and critical care . The company was listed on the mainboard of the Singapore Exchange (SGX) in May 2005.
The global headquarters of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensors_International |
Biosensors and Bioelectronics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier . It covers research on biosensors and bioelectronics . The journal was established in 1985 as Biosensors and obtained its current name in 1991. The journal was established by I. John Higgins ( Cranfield University ), W. Geoff Pot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensors_and_Bioelectronics |
Bioseparation of 1,3-propanediol is a biochemical process for production of 1,3-propanediol (PDO). PDO is an organic compound with many commercial applications. Conventionally, PDO is produced from crude oil products such as propylene or ethylene oxide . In recent years, however, companies such as DuPont are investing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioseparation_of_1,3-propanediol |
A bioship is a type of spacecraft or starship described in science fiction as either predominantly or totally composed of biological components , rather than being constructed from manufactured materials. Because of this, they nearly always have a distinctively organic look.
Bioships are usually quite powerful, and ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioship |
A biosignal is any signal in living beings that can be continually measured and monitored . The term biosignal is often used to refer to bioelectrical signals, but it may refer to both electrical and non-electrical signals. The usual understanding is to refer only to time-varying signals, although spatial parameter var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosignal |
A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil ) is any substance – such as an element, isotope , molecule , or phenomenon – that provides scientific evidence of past or present life on a planet. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Measurable attributes of life include its physical or chemical structures, its use o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosignature |
A biosimilar (also known as follow-on biologic or subsequent entry biologic ) is a biologic medical product that is almost an identical copy of an original product that is manufactured by a different company. [ 1 ] Biosimilars are officially approved versions of original "innovator" products and can be manufactured whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosimilar |
Biosimulation is a computer-aided mathematical simulation of biological processes and systems and thus is an integral part of systems biology . Due to the complexity of biological systems simplified models are often used, which should only be as complex as necessary.
The aim of biosimulations is model-based prediction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosimulation |
A Biositemap is a way for a biomedical research institution of organisation to show how biological information is distributed throughout their Information Technology systems and networks. This information may be shared with other organisations and researchers.
The Biositemap enables web browsers , crawlers and robots ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biositemap |
Biosolarization is an alternative technology to soil fumigation used in agriculture. It is closely related to biofumigation and soil solarization , or the use of solar power to control nematodes , bacteria , fungi and other pests that damage crops. [ 1 ]
In solarization, the soil is mulched and covered with a tarp to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosolarization |
Biosolids are solid organic matter recovered from a sewage treatment process and used as fertilizer. [ 1 ] In the past, it was common for farmers to use animal manure to improve their soil fertility. In the 1920s, the farming community began also to use sewage sludge from local wastewater treatment plants. Scientific r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosolids |
Biosorption is a physiochemical process that occurs naturally in certain biomass which allows it to passively concentrate and bind contaminants onto its cellular structure. [ 1 ] Biosorption can be defined as the ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy
metals from wastewater through metabolically mediated o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosorption |
The biosphere (from Ancient Greek βίος ( bíos ) ' life ' and σφαῖρα ( sphaîra ) ' sphere ' ), also called the ecosphere (from Ancient Greek οἶκος ( oîkos ) ' settlement, house ' and σφαῖρα ( sphaîra ) ' sphere ' ), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems . It can also be termed the zone of life on the Earth . The biosph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere |
Biostasis is the ability of an organism to tolerate environmental changes without having to actively adapt to them. Biostasis is found in organisms that live in habitats that likely encounter unfavorable living conditions, such as drought, freezing temperatures, change in pH levels, pressure, or temperature. Insects un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostasis |
Biostatistics (also known as biometry ) is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology . It encompasses the design of biological experiments , the collection and analysis of data from those experiments and the interpretation of the results.
Biostatistical modeling forms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostatistics |
Biostimulation involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation . This can be done by addition of various forms of rate limiting nutrients and electron acceptors , such as phosphorus , nitrogen , oxygen , or carbon (e.g. in the form of molasses ). Alternatively, re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostimulation |
Biostrophin is a drug which may serve as a vehicle for gene therapy , in the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy . [ 1 ]
As mutations in the gene which codes for the protein dystrophin is the underlying defect responsible for both
disorders, biostrophin will deliver a genetically-engineered, functiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostrophin |
Biosurfactant usually refers to surfactants of microbial origin. [ 1 ] Most of the biosurfactants produced by microbes are synthesized extracellularly and many microbes are known to produce biosurfactants in large relative quantities. [ 2 ] Some are of commercial interest. [ 3 ] As a secondary metabolite of microorgani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurfactant |
A biosurvey, or a biological survey, is a scientific study of organisms to assess the condition of an ecological resource, such as a water body .
Biosurveys are used by government agencies responsible for management of public lands, environmental planning and/or environmental regulation to assess ecological resources,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurvey |
Bioswales are channels designed to concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while removing debris and pollution . Bioswales can also be beneficial in recharging groundwater .
Bioswales are typically vegetated, mulched, or xeriscaped . [ 1 ] They consist of a swaled drainage course with gently sloped sides (less than 6... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioswale |
Biosynthesis , i.e., chemical synthesis occurring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme - catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrates , with conversion by the living organism either i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis |
The biosynthesis of cocaine has long attracted the attention of biochemists and organic chemists. This interest is partly motivated by the strong physiological effects of cocaine, but a further incentive was the unusual bicyclic structure of the molecule. The biosynthesis can be viewed as occurring in two phases, one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis_of_cocaine |
Doxorubicin (DXR) is a 14- hydroxylated version of daunorubicin , the immediate precursor of DXR in its biosynthetic pathway. Daunorubicin is more abundantly found as a natural product because it is produced by a number of different wild type strains of Streptomyces . In contrast, only one known non- wild type species ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis_of_doxorubicin |
Biotech Sweden was a Swedish tabloid magazine about and for the Scandinavian life science and biotech industry.
Biotech Sweden was first published on 9 April 2002 by IDG Sweden , a subsidiary of IDG . [ 1 ] It was sister publication of Bio-IT World . [ 2 ] At its initial phase Biotech Sweden was published seven times ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotech_Sweden |
Biotechcellence is a national level technical symposium that was established by the co-operative efforts of Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Association of Bio-technologists of Anna University in India. The symposium aims to highlight advancements in biotechnology that have taken place over the years in the medica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechcellence |
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. [ 1 ] Specialists in the field are known as biotechnologists .
The term biotechnology was first used by Kár... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology |
The Biotechnology Innovation Organization ( BIO ) is the largest advocacy association in the world representing the biotechnology industry. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was founded in 1993 as the Biotechnology Industry Organization from a merger of the Industrial Biotechnology Association (IBA) and the Association of Biotechno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_Innovation_Organization |
The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) is a proposed regulatory body in India for uses of biotechnology products including genetically modified organisms (GMOs). [ 1 ] The institute was first suggested under the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) draft bill prepared by the Department of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_Regulatory_Authority_of_India |
Biotechnology Society of Nepal (BSN) ( Nepali : जैविक प्रविधि संस्था नेपाल ) is an apolitical, non-government, non-profit organization motivated for promotion of Biotechnology in Nepal and beyond.
Biotechnology Society of Nepal publishes the Nepal Journal of Biotechnology [ 1 ] as a scientific journal.
Mr. Saroj Ghim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_Society_of_Nepal |
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council ( BBSRC ), part of UK Research and Innovation , is a non-departmental public body (NDPB), and is the largest UK public funder of non-medical bioscience. It predominantly funds scientific research institutes and university research departments in the UK .
Receivin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_and_Biological_Sciences_Research_Council |
Biotechnology and genetic engineering in Bangladesh is one of the thriving fields of science and technology in the country .
The research for biotechnology in Bangladesh started in the late 1970s. The root cause behind the initiation was the significance of agricultural sector, which had been the backbone of the natio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_and_genetic_engineering_in_Bangladesh |
Biotechnology consulting (or biotech consulting) refers to the practice of assisting organizations involved in research and commercialization of biotechnology in improving their methods and efficiency of production, and approaches to R&D . This assistance is usually provided in the form of specialized technological adv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_consulting |
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop useful products. Biotechnology is often used in pharmaceutical manufacturing . Notable examples include the use of bacteria to produce things such as insulin or human growth hormone. Other examples include the use of transgenic pigs for the creation of hemoglobin ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_in_pharmaceutical_manufacturing |
Biotechnology in the United Kingdom is the British industry regarding organisms that manufacture commercial products, whether the genes of the organism have been naturally procured or not ( synthetic biology ). The industry can be controversial , and often overlaps with the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry ( biop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_in_the_United_Kingdom |
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. [ 1 ] Specialists in the field are known as biotechnologists .
The term biotechnology was first used by Kár... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industry |
China has seen double-digit growth in its biotechnology industry and has gone from being one of the slowest to one of the fastest nations in the adoption of new biotechnologies. The biotech sector is seen in China and internationally as a core area of national scientific and economic development . The main national bio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China |
Biotechnology industry in Italy is a highly innovative and fast-growing sector dedicated to research.
At the end of 2019, there are 696 biotech companies active in Italy. [ 1 ]
The turnover exceeds 12 billion euros, the number of employees exceeds 13,000 units. Between 2017 and 2019, over 50 new innovative start-ups a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_Italy |
Biotechnology risk is a form of existential risk from biological sources, such as genetically engineered biological agents. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The release of such high-consequence pathogens could be
A chapter on biotechnology and biosecurity was included in Nick Bostrom 's 2008 anthology Global Catastrophic Risks , which cov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_risk |
Biotextiles are specialized materials engineered from natural or synthetic fibers. These textiles are designed to interact with biological systems, offering properties such as biocompatibility, porosity, and mechanical strength or are designed to be environmentally friendly for typical household applications. There are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotextile |
The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) is a tool used in aquatic toxicology that examines the bioavailability of metals in the aquatic environment and the affinity of these metals to accumulate on gill surfaces of organisms. BLM depends on the site-specific water quality including such parameters as pH, hardness, and dissolved... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_Ligand_Model |
Biotic homogenization is the process by which two or more spatially distributed ecological communities become increasingly similar over time. This process may be genetic , taxonomic , or functional, and it leads to a loss of beta (β) diversity . [ 1 ] While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "taxonomic hom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_homogenization |
A biotic index is a scale for showing the quality of an environment by indicating the types and abundances of organisms present in a representative sample of the environment. It is often used to assess the quality of water in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Numerous biotic indices have been created to account for the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_index |
Biotic interchange is the process by which species from one biota invade another biota, usually due to the disappearance of a previously impassable barrier. [ 1 ] These dispersal barriers can be physical, climatic, or biological and can include bodies of water or ice, land features like mountains, climate zones , or co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_interchange |
Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms . Most such materials contain carbon and are capable of decay .
The earliest form of life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Earlier physical evidences of life include graphite , a biogeni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_material |
Biotic potential is described by the unrestricted growth of populations resulting in the maximum growth of that population. [ 1 ] Biotic potential is the highest possible vital index of a species; therefore, when the species has its highest birthrate and lowest mortality rate .
The biotic potential is the quantitative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_potential |
Biotin PEG2 amine ( biotine PEG2 amine ) is a water-soluble pegylated biotin derivative used as linker in biotechnology and molecular biology applications. [ 1 ]
Biotin PEG2 amine is used as a linker [ 2 ] or cross linker. [ 3 ] This allows to attach specific compounds to proteins or to antibodies.
A common use of bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin_PEG2_amine |
Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) refers to proteins containing a biotin attachment domain that carry biotin and carboxybiotin throughout the ATP -dependent carboxylation by biotin-dependent carboxylases. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein is an Acetyl CoA subunit that allows for Acetyl CoA to be catalyzed and co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin_carboxyl_carrier_protein |
Biotin hydrazide is a biotinyl derivative that can be used as a probe for the determination of protein carbonylation. It readily forms Schiff bases with carbonyl groups. [ 1 ]
This article about an organic compound is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin_hydrazide |
In biochemistry , biotinylation is the process of covalently attaching biotin to a protein, nucleic acid or other molecule. Biotinylation is rapid, specific and is unlikely to disturb the natural function of the molecule due to the small size of biotin (MW = 244.31 g/mol). Biotin binds to streptavidin and avidin with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinylation |
A biotone is a biogeographical region characterized not by distinctive biota but rather by a distinctive transition from one set of biota to another. They often contain the limits of distribution of the biota of neighbouring regions. [ 1 ]
Biotones are especially useful in marine biogeography, where the movement of wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotone |
A biotope is an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a specific assemblage of plants and animals . Biotope is almost synonymous with the term "habitat" , which is more commonly used in English-speaking countries. However, in some countries these two terms are distinguished: the subject ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotope |
A biotransducer is the recognition-transduction component of a biosensor system. It consists of two intimately coupled parts: a bio-recognition layer and a physicochemical transducer , which act together to convert a biochemical signal to an electronic or optical signal. The bio-recognition layer typically contains an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotransducer |
Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds. Biotransformations can be conducted with whole cells, their lysates, or purified enzymes. [ 1 ] Increasingly, biotransformations are effected with purified enzymes . Major industries and life-saving technolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotransformation |
The Biotron is a research facility located at the University of Wisconsin-Madison that "provides controlled environments and climate-controlled greenhouses to support plant, animal, and materials research for university, non-profit, and commercial clients." [ 1 ]
An evolution of the phytotron , the development of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotron_(Wisconsin) |
A biovar is a variant prokaryotic strain that differs physiologically or biochemically from other strains in a particular species. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Morphovars (or morphotypes ) are those strains that differ morphologically. Serovars (or serotypes) are those strains that have antigenic properties that differ from other strai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biovar |
Bioversity International is a global research-for-development organization that delivers scientific evidence, management practices and policy options to use and safeguard agricultural biodiversity to attain global food- and nutrition security, working with partners in low-income countries in different regions where agr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioversity_International |
Bioz is a search engine for life science experimentation.
Bioz was founded by Karin Lachmi and Daniel Levitt. Lachmi is a scientist who completed her postdoc in molecular and cellular biology at the Stanford University School of Medicine . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] During her lab work she found little available data regarding prefe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioz |
The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense , formerly known as the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense , [ 1 ] is an organization of former high-ranking government officials that analyzes US capabilities and capacity to defend against biological threats . According to the Commission's mission statement, the organization... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan_Commission_on_Biodefense |
Bipolar electrochemistry is a phenomenon in electrochemistry based on the polarization of conducting objects in electric fields . Indeed, this polarization generates a potential difference between the two extremities of the substrate that is equal to the electric field value multiplied by the size of the object. If thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_electrochemistry |
In mathematics , the bipolar theorem is a theorem in functional analysis that characterizes the bipolar (that is, the polar of the polar) of a set.
In convex analysis , the bipolar theorem refers to a necessary and sufficient conditions for a cone to be equal to its bipolar . The bipolar theorem can be seen as a spec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_theorem |
Biasing is the setting of the DC operating point of an electronic component. For bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), the operating point is defined as the steady-state DC collector-emitter voltage ( V c e {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {ce} }} ) and the collector current ( I c {\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {c} }} ) with no inp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_transistor_biasing |
A bipolar violation , bipolarity violation , or BPV , is a violation of the bipolar encoding rules where two pulses of the same polarity occur without an intervening pulse of the opposite polarity. This indicates an error in the transmission of the signal. [ 1 ]
T-carrier and E-carrier signals are transmitted using a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_violation |
In organic chemistry , bipolaron is a molecule or part of a macromolecular chain containing two positive charges in a conjugated system . The charges can be located in the centre of the chain or at its termini. Bipolarons and polarons are encountered in doped conducting polymers such as polythiophene .
It is possible ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolaron_(chemistry) |
In abstract algebra , the biquaternions are the numbers w + x i + y j + z k , where w , x , y , and z are complex numbers , or variants thereof, and the elements of { 1 , i , j , k } multiply as in the quaternion group and commute with their coefficients. There are three types of biquaternions corresponding to complex ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquaternion |
In mathematics , Birch's theorem , [ 1 ] named for Bryan John Birch , is a statement about the representability of zero by odd degree forms.
Let K be an algebraic number field , k , l and n be natural numbers , r 1 , ..., r k be odd natural numbers, and f 1 , ..., f k be homogeneous polynomials with coefficients in K ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch's_theorem |
In mathematics , the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture (often called the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture ) describes the set of rational solutions to equations defining an elliptic curve . It is an open problem in the field of number theory and is widely recognized as one of the most challenging mathematical proble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_and_Swinnerton-Dyer_conjecture |
The Birch reduction is an organic reaction that is used to convert arenes to 1,4-cyclohexadienes . The reaction is named after the Australian chemist Arthur Birch and involves the organic reduction of aromatic rings in an amine solvent (traditionally liquid ammonia ) with an alkali metal (traditionally sodium) and a pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_reduction |
Bird food plants are certain trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants bearing fruits which afford food for birds . These have been discovered by observation, and by the scientific examination of the contents of birds' stomachs. By planting those species, therefore, which have been proved most desirable and that are suited t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_food_plants |
In light frame construction , a birdsmouth joint or bird's beak cut is a woodworking joint that is generally used to connect a roof rafter to the top plate of a supporting wall. [ 1 ] It is an indentation cut into the rafter which consists of a "seat cut" (the face of which rests on the top plate) and a "heel cut" or "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint |
In molecular spectroscopy , the Birge–Sponer method or Birge–Sponer plot is a way to calculate the dissociation energy of a molecule. This method takes its name from Raymond Thayer Birge and Hertha Sponer , the two physical chemists that developed it.
A detailed example may be found here. [ 1 ]
By observing transition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birge–Sponer_method |
The Birkeland–Eyde process was one of the competing industrial processes in the beginning of nitrogen-based fertilizer production. It is a multi-step nitrogen fixation reaction that uses electrical arcs to react atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) with oxygen (O 2 ), ultimately producing nitric acid (HNO 3 ) with water. [ 1 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkeland–Eyde_process |
In logic , Birkhoff's theorem in equational logic states that an equality t = u is a semantic consequence of a set of equalities E, if and only if t = u can be proven from the set of equalities. [ 1 ] It is named after Garrett Birkhoff .
This logic -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkhoff's_theorem_(equational_logic) |
In the study of dynamical systems , the Biryukov equation (or Biryukov oscillator ), named after Vadim Biryukov (1946), is a non-linear second-order differential equation used to model damped oscillators . [ 1 ]
The equation is given by d 2 y d t 2 + f ( y ) d y d t + y = 0 , ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}y}{dt^{2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryukov_equation |
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ( di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate , diethylhexyl phthalate , diisooctyl phthalate , DEHP ; incorrectly — dioctyl phthalate , DIOP ) is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 4 (CO 2 C 8 H 17 ) 2 . DEHP is the most common member of the class of phthalates , which are used as plasticizers . It i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate |
Bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride is the coordination complex with the formula PdCl 2 (NCCH 3 ) 2 . It is the adduct of two acetonitrile ligands with palladium(II) chloride . It is a yellow-brown solid that is soluble in organic solvents. The compound is a reagent and a catalyst for reactions that require solubl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(acetonitrile)palladium_dichloride |
Bis(allyl)nickel is an organonickel compound with the formula Ni(η 3 -C 3 H 5 ) 2 . The molecule consists of two allyl ligands bound to nickel(II). It has inversion symmetry. [ 1 ] It is a volatile yellow liquid at room temperature.
It can be prepared by the reaction of allyl magnesium bromide with anhydrous nickel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(allyl)nickel |
Bis(chloromethyl) ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula (ClCH 2 ) 2 O. It is a colourless liquid with an unpleasant suffocating odour and it is one of the chloroalkyl ethers . Bis(chloromethyl) ether was once produced on a large scale, but was found to be highly carcinogenic and thus such production ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(chloromethyl)_ether |
Bis(pinacolato)diboron is a covalent compound containing two boron atoms and two pinacolato ligands. It has the formula [(CH 3 ) 4 C 2 O 2 B] 2 ; the pinacol groups are sometimes abbreviated as "pin", so the structure is sometimes represented as B 2 pin 2 . It is a colourless solid that is soluble in organic solvents. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(pinacolato)diboron |
Bis(pyridine)iodonium(I) tetrafluoroborate or Barluenga's reagent , named after José Barluenga , [ 1 ] is a mild iodinating reagent. Commercially available, it may be prepared by reacting iodine with pyridine in the presence of silver tetrafluoroborate supported on silica gel . [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(pyridine)iodonium(I)_tetrafluoroborate |
Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)aniline is the organic compound with the formula C 6 H 5 N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 . [ 1 ] It is a white solid. The compound is used to install the triflyl group (SO 2 CF 3 ). Its behavior is akin to that of triflic anhydride , but milder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)aniline |
Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide ( BSA ) is an organosilicon compound with the formula MeC(OSiMe 3 )NSiMe 3 (Me = CH 3 ). It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in diverse organic solvents, but reacts rapidly with moisture and solvents containing OH and NH groups . It is used in analytical chemistry to increase the vo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide |
Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine (also known as hexamethyldisilazane and HMDS ) is an organosilicon compound with the molecular formula [(CH 3 ) 3 Si] 2 NH. The molecule is a derivative of ammonia with trimethylsilyl groups in place of two hydrogen atoms. An electron diffraction study shows that silicon-nitrogen bond length (1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine |
Bis(trimethylsilyl)peroxide (sometimes abbreviated as BTSP) [ 1 ] is an organosilicon compound with the formula ((CH 3 ) 3 SiO) 2 . It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in organic solvents so long as they lack acidic groups. The compound represents an aprotic analogue of hydrogen peroxide and as such it is used f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(trimethylsilyl)peroxide |
Bis-oxadiazole , or more formally known as bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole)bis(methylene) dinitrate, is a nitrated heterocyclic compound of the oxadiazole family. [ 1 ]
Bis-oxadiazole is related to bis-isoxazole tetranitrate (BITN), which was developed at the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL). With a high nitrogen con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis-oxadiazole |
Spiroligomer molecules (also known as bis-peptides ) are synthetic oligomers made by coupling pairs of bis-amino acids into a fused ring system. [ 1 ] Spiroligomer molecules are rich in stereochemistry and functionality because of the variety of bis-amino acids that are capable of being incorporated during synthesis. [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis-peptide |
The Biscayne Aquifer , named after Biscayne Bay , is a surficial aquifer . It is a shallow layer of highly permeable limestone under a portion of South Florida . The area it underlies includes Broward County , Miami-Dade County , Monroe County , and Palm Beach County , a total of about 4,000 square miles (10,000 km... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscayne_Aquifer |
The Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis, also often referred to as the Bischler indole synthesis , [ 1 ] is a chemical reaction that forms a 2-aryl- indole from an α-bromo- acetophenone and excess aniline ; it is named after August Bischler and Richard Möhlau [ de ] . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
Despite its long histor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischler–Möhlau_indole_synthesis |
The Bischler–Napieralski reaction is an intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction that allows for the cyclization of β-arylethylamides or β-arylethylcarbamates. It was first discovered in 1893 by August Bischler and Bernard Napieralski [ de ] , in affiliation with Basel Chemical Works and the Universi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischler–Napieralski_reaction |
In geometry , bisection is the division of something into two equal or congruent parts (having the same shape and size). Usually it involves a bisecting line , also called a bisector . The most often considered types of bisectors are the segment bisector , a line that passes through the midpoint of a given segment , an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisecting_plane |
In computer networking, a network may be bisected into two equal-sized partitions. The bisection bandwidth of a network topology is the minimum bandwidth available between any two such partitions. [ 1 ] Given a graph G {\displaystyle G} with vertices V {\displaystyle V} , edges E {\displaystyle E} , and edge weights w ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection_bandwidth |
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