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Biseriate is a botanical term applied to both plantae and fungi , meaning 'arranged in two rows'. [ 1 ]
The term can refer to any number of structures found within these kingdoms , from arrangement of leaves to the placement of spores .
It becomes useful in taxonomy for placing a species within a certain genus , fami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biseriate |
The Bishop–Cannings theorem is a theorem in evolutionary game theory . It states that (i) all members of a mixed evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) have the same payoff (Theorem 2), and (ii) that none of these can also be a pure ESS [ 1 ] (from their Theorem 3). The usefulness of the results comes from the fact tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop–Cannings_theorem |
Bishun Narain Khare (27 June 1933 – 20 August 2013) was a scientist who specialized in the chemistry of planetary atmospheres and of molecules relevant to biology. [ 1 ] He published several papers on tholins , the organic molecules formed by ultraviolet radiation or cosmic rays. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] From 1968 to 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishun_Khare |
Biskit is an open source software package that facilitates research in structural bioinformatics and molecular modelling . Written in Python , it consists of:
The library delegates many calculations to more specialized third-party software. It currently utilizes 15 external applications, including X-PLOR , Hex , T-Cof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskit |
Bismanol is a magnetic alloy of bismuth and manganese (manganese bismuthide) developed by the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory .
Bismanol, a permanent magnet made from powder metallurgy of manganese bismuthide, was developed by the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory in the early 1950s – at the time of invention it was one of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismanol |
Bismole is a theoretical heterocyclic organic compound , a five-membered ring with the formula C 4 H 4 Bi H. It is classified as a metallole . It can be viewed as a structural analog of pyrrole , with bismuth replacing the nitrogen atom of pyrrole. The unsubstituted compound has not been isolated due to the high energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismole |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on bismuth(III) oxide . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide_(data_page) |
Bismuth antimonides , Bismuth-antimonys , or Bismuth-antimony alloys , (Bi 1− x Sb x ) are binary alloys of bismuth and antimony in various ratios.
Some, in particular Bi 0.9 Sb 0.1 , were the first experimentally-observed three-dimensional topological insulators , materials that have conducting surface states but hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_antimonide |
The stabilization of bismuth's +3 oxidation state due to the inert pair effect yields a plethora of organometallic bismuth-transition metal compounds and clusters with interesting electronics and 3D structures. [ 1 ]
Due to the inert pair effect of the heavy, organometallic compounds of Bi (III) show Lewis acid proper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_organometallic_chemistry |
Bismuth pentafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula BiF 5 . It is a white solid that is highly reactive. The compound is of interest to researchers but not of particular value.
BiF 5 is polymeric and consists of linear chains of trans -bridged corner sharing BiF 6 octahedra. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] This is the same ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_pentafluoride |
Bismuth polycations are polyatomic ions of the formula Bi n + x . They were originally observed in solutions of bismuth metal in molten bismuth chloride . [ 2 ] It has since been found that these clusters are present in the solid state, particularly in salts where germanium tetrachloride or tetrachloroaluminate serve a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_polycations |
Bismuth selenide ( Bi 2 Se 3 ) is a gray compound of bismuth and selenium also known as bismuth(III) selenide.
Bismuth selenide is a semiconductor and a thermoelectric material. [ 4 ] While stoichiometric bismuth selenide should be a semiconductor with a gap of 0.3 eV, naturally occurring selenium vacancies act as ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_selenide |
Bismuth-containing solid-state compounds pose an interest to both the physical inorganic chemists as well as condensed matter physicists due to the element's massive spin-orbit coupling, stabilization of lower oxidation states, and the inert pair effect . [ 1 ] Additionally, the stabilization of the Bi in the +1 oxidat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subhalides |
Bismuth telluride ( Bi 2 Te 3 ) is a gray powder that is a compound of bismuth and tellurium also known as bismuth(III) telluride. It is a semiconductor , which, when alloyed with antimony or selenium , is an efficient thermoelectric material for refrigeration or portable power generation. Bi 2 Te 3 is a topological in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_telluride |
The elements bismuth and indium have relatively low melting points when compared to other metals, and their alloy bismuth–indium (Bi–In) is classified as a fusible alloy . It has a melting point lower than the eutectic point of the tin–lead alloy. The most common application of the Bi-In alloy is as a low temperature s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth–indium |
Bisnorhopanes (BNH) are a group of demethylated hopanes found in oil shales across the globe and can be used for understanding depositional conditions of the source rock. The most common member, 28,30-bisnorhopane, can be found in high concentrations in petroleum source rocks , most notably the Monterey Shale, as well ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnorhopane |
The Bison industrialised building system is a precast concrete building system used in high rise flats , developed by Bison Manufacturing Ltd, Dartford, Kent, England.
Bison Manufacturing was founded in 1919 to build military pill-boxes.
The Bison wall-frame construction system was a construction method used in tower... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_industrialised_building_system |
The bisphenols ( / ˈ b ɪ s f ɪ n ɒ l / ) are a group of industrial chemical compounds related to diphenylmethane ; commonly used in the creation of plastics and epoxy resins. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Most are based on two hydroxyphenyl functional groups linked by a methylene bridge . Exceptions include bisphenol S, P, and M. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol |
Bisphenol AF ( BPAF ) is a fluorinated organic compound that is an analogue of bisphenol A in which the two methyl groups are replaced with trifluoromethyl groups. It exists as a white to light-gray powder.
Bisphenol AF is an endocrine disrupting chemical. [ 2 ] Whereas BPA binds with human estrogen-related receptor g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_AF |
Bisphenol F ( BPF ; 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane ) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (HOC 6 H 4 ) 2 CH 2 . It is structurally related to bisphenol A (BPA), a popular precursor for forming plastics , as both belong to the category of molecules known as bisphenols , which feature two phenol groups connect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_F |
Bisphenol S ( BPS , dioxydiphenylsulfone ) is an organic compound with the formula (HOC 6 H 4 ) 2 SO 2 . It has two phenol functional groups on either side of a sulfonyl group. It is commonly used in curing fast-drying epoxy resin adhesives. It is classified as a bisphenol , and a close molecular analog of bisphenol ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_S |
Bisphosphoglycerate mutase ( EC 5.4.2.4 , BPGM) is an enzyme expressed in erythrocytes [ 2 ] and placental cells. [ 3 ] It is responsible for the catalytic synthesis of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate . BPGM has both a mutase and a phosphatase function, but these are much less active, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphosphoglycerate_mutase |
In a dynamical system , bistability means the system has two stable equilibrium states . [ 1 ] A bistable structure can be resting in either of two states. An example of a mechanical device which is bistable is a light switch . The switch lever is designed to rest in the "on" or "off" position, but not between the tw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistable_structure |
In organic chemistry , a bisthiosemicarbazone is a derivative from an elimination reaction between a thiosemicarbazide and a diketone . Their structure is H 2 NHC(=S)NN=C(R 1 )−R 2 −C(R 3 )=NNHC(=S)NH 2 . A 'thiosemicarbazone' contains a sulfur atom in lieu of the ketonic oxygen in semicarbazone. Bisthiosemicarbazones ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisthiosemicarbazone |
Bisulfite [ 1 ] sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing ) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA before routine sequencing to determine the pattern of methylation . DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most studied. In animals it predominantly involves the addition of a me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisulfite_sequencing |
Bit length or bit width is the number of binary digits, called bits , necessary to represent an unsigned integer [ 1 ] as a binary number . Formally, the bit length of a natural number n ≥ 0 {\displaystyle n\geq 0} is
where log 2 {\displaystyle \log _{2}} is the binary logarithm and ⌈ ⋅ ⌉ {\displaystyle \lceil \cdot \... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-length |
In digital transmission , the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise , interference , distortion or bit synchronization errors.
The bit error rate ( BER ) is the number of bit errors per unit time. The bit error ratio (also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_error_rate |
Bit manipulation is the act of algorithmically manipulating bits or other pieces of data shorter than a word . Computer programming tasks that require bit manipulation include low-level device control, error detection and correction algorithms, data compression , encryption algorithms, and optimization . For most other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_manipulation |
In computing , bit numbering is the convention used to identify the bit positions in a binary number .
In computing , the least significant bit ( LSb ) is the bit position in a binary integer representing the lowest-order place of the integer. Similarly, the most significant bit ( MSb ) represents the highest-order pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_numbering |
Bitbucket is a Git -based source code repository hosting service owned by Atlassian . Bitbucket offers both commercial plans and free accounts with an unlimited number of private repositories.
Bitbucket Cloud (previously known as Bitbucket) is written in Python using the Django web framework . [ 1 ]
Bitbucket is mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitbucket |
In coordination chemistry , the bite angle is the angle on a central atom between two bonds to a bidentate ligand. This ligand –metal–ligand geometric parameter is used to classify chelating ligands, including those in organometallic complexes. It is most often discussed in terms of catalysis , as changes in bite angle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_angle |
In differential geometry and general relativity , a bitensor (or bi-tensor [ 1 ] ) is a tensorial object that depends on two points in a manifold , as opposed to ordinary tensors which depend on a single point. [ 2 ] Bitensors provide a framework for describing relationships between different points in spacetime and ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitensor |
In mathematics , a bitopological space is a set endowed with two topologies . Typically, if the set is X {\displaystyle X} and the topologies are σ {\displaystyle \sigma } and τ {\displaystyle \tau } then the bitopological space is referred to as ( X , σ , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\sigma ,\tau )} . The notion was introduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitopological_space |
Bitplane is a provider of software for 3D and 4D image analysis for the life sciences . Founded in December 1992, Bitplane operates out of three offices in Zürich , Switzerland, Belfast , United Kingdom, and South Windsor, Connecticut , United States.
As confocal microscopes were first becoming commercially available,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitplane |
Bitrate peeling is a technique used in Ogg Vorbis audio encoded streams , wherein a stream can be encoded at one bitrate but can be served at that or any lower bitrate.
The purpose is to provide access to the clip for people with slower Internet connections, and yet still allow people with faster connections to enjoy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate_peeling |
A bitstream format is the format of the data found in a stream of bits used in a digital communication or data storage application. [ 1 ] The term typically refers to the data format of the output of an encoder, or the data format of the input to a decoder when using data compression .
Standardized interoperability sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream_format |
Bittern (pl. bitterns), or nigari , is the salt solution formed when halite (table salt) precipitates from seawater or brines . Bitterns contain magnesium , calcium , and potassium ions as well as chloride , sulfate , iodide , and other ions. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Bittern is commonly formed in salt ponds where the evaporation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittern_(salt) |
A Bitubale is baled asphalt, in cold form, wrapped in white plastic or in asphalt-based film. Invented by Singapore -based Eastern Petroleum Group , [ 1 ] Bitubale is a green technology innovation for the global bitumen ( asphalt ) transport supply chain. Bitubales are produced in specially designed plants for cooling,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitubale |
Bitumen ( UK : / ˈ b ɪ tʃ ʊ m ɪ n / BIH -chuum-in , US : / b ɪ ˈ tj uː m ɪ n , b aɪ -/ ⓘ bih- TEW -min, by- ) [ 1 ] is an immensely viscous constituent of petroleum . Depending on its exact composition, it can be a sticky, black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen |
Bitumen-based fuel is fuel specifically developed for industrial use. Raw bitumen , processed from Bituminous rocks , has an extremely high viscosity .
Bitumen has an extremely high viscosity , between 8 and 10 API degrees (at ambient temperatures), rendering it unusable for use in electric power stations. Bitumen c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen-based_fuel |
Bitumen of Judea is a naturally occurring asphalt used since antiquity as a wood colorant, and in early photography as a light-sensitive coating.
Bitumen of Judea may be used as a colorant for wood for an aged, natural and rustic appearance. It is soluble in turpentine and some other terpenes , and can be combined wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen_of_Judea |
In computer programming , a bitwise operation operates on a bit string , a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits . It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor . Most bitwise operations ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation |
In the C programming language , operations can be performed on a bit level using bitwise operators .
Bitwise operations are contrasted by byte-level operations which characterize the bitwise operators' logical counterparts, the AND, OR, NOT operators. Instead of performing on individual bits, byte-level operators perf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operations_in_C |
Biuret ( / ˈ b j u r ɛ t / BYUR -ret ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HN(CONH 2 ) 2 . It is a white solid that is soluble in hot water. A variety of organic derivatives are known. The term "biuret" also describes a family of organic compounds with the chemical formula R 1 R 2 N−C(=O)−N(R 3 )−C(=O)−NR ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuret |
In chemistry , the biuret test (IPA: / ˌ b aɪ j ə ˈ r ɛ t / , / ˈ b aɪ j ə ˌ r ɛ t / [ 1 ] ), also known as Piotrowski's test , is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of at least two peptide bonds in a molecule. In the presence of peptides, a copper (II) ion forms mauve -colored coordination complexes in an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuret_test |
A bivalent engine is an engine that can use two different types of fuel. Examples are petroleum / CNG and petroleum/ LPG engines, which are widely available in the European passenger vehicle aftermarket. [ citation needed ]
Engines that can use either alcohol (often produced as a biofuel ) or standard gasoline are var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalent_(engine) |
Bivalent chromatin are segments of DNA, bound to histone proteins , that have both repressing and activating epigenetic regulators in the same region. [ 1 ] These regulators work to enhance or silence the expression of genes. [ 2 ] Since these regulators work in opposition to each other, they normally interact with chr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalent_chromatin |
Bivatuzumab mertansine is a combination of bivatuzumab , a humanized monoclonal antibody , and mertansine , a cytotoxic agent . It is designed for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma . [ 1 ]
This monoclonal antibody –related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This antineoplastic or immu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivatuzumab_mertansine |
Bjarni Jónsson (February 15, 1920 – September 30, 2016) [ 1 ] was an Icelandic mathematician and logician working in universal algebra , lattice theory , model theory and set theory . He was emeritus distinguished professor of mathematics at Vanderbilt University and the honorary editor in chief of Algebra Universalis ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarni_Jónsson |
Bjerknes forces are translational forces on bubbles in a sound wave. The phenomenon is a type of acoustic radiation force . Primary Bjerknes forces are caused by an external sound field; secondary Bjerknes forces are attractive or repulsive forces between pairs of bubbles in the same sound field caused by the pressure ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjerknes_force |
A Bjerrum defect is a crystallographic defect which is specific to ice , and which is partly responsible for the electrical properties of ice. [ 1 ] It was first proposed by Niels Bjerrum in 1952 in order to explain the electrical polarization of ice in an electric field. [ 2 ] A hydrogen bond normally has one proton ,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjerrum_defect |
The Bjerrum length (after Danish chemist Niels Bjerrum 1879–1958 [ 1 ] ) is the separation at which the electrostatic interaction between two elementary charges is comparable in magnitude to the thermal energy scale, k B T {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}T} , where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjerrum_length |
A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum ), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg ) [ 1 ] is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution , as a function of pH , [ 2 ] when the solution is at equilibrium . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjerrum_plot |
Berkelium(III) oxide is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and oxygen with the chemical formula Bk 2 O 3 . [ 1 ]
Berkelium(III) oxide can be prepared from berkelium(IV) oxide by reduction with hydrogen : [ 2 ]
The compound forms a yellow-green solid with a melting point of 1920 °C. It forms a body-centered cubi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bk2O3 |
Berkelium tetrafluoride is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and fluorine with the chemical formula BkF 4 . [ 1 ]
Berkelium tetrafluoride may be formed by the fluorination of berkelium trioxide , dioxide, or trifluoride with elemental fluorine at elevated temperatures:
Berkelium(IV) fluoride forms light brown ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BkF4 |
Berkelium(IV) oxide , also known as berkelium dioxide , is a chemical compound with the formula BkO 2 . This compound slowly decays to californium(IV) oxide . [ 2 ] It can be converted to berkelium(III) oxide by hydrogen reduction at 600 °C. [ 3 ]
Berkelium(IV) oxide is produced by burning berkelium metal in air at 12... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BkO2 |
Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation within, or surrounding, a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, emitted by a black body (an idealized opaque, non-reflective body). It has a specific continuous spectrum that depends only on the body's temperature . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation |
Stonogobiops nematodes , the Filament-finned prawn-goby , the Antenna goby , the high-fin goby , the red-banded goby , the high-fin red-banded goby , the striped goby , the barber-pole goby , or the black-ray Goby , is a species of marine goby native to the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean from the Seychelles to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-ray_goby |
BlackBerry 950 (introduced as "Inter@ctive Pager 950", development name "Leapfrog") is an early BlackBerry model, introduced in 1998 by Canadian smartphone manufacturer Research in Motion . [ 1 ] There were two editions, the Exchange Edition and the Internet Edition, both identical in hardware and differing only in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_950 |
2.1.0.1917 (March 31, 2014 ; 11 years ago ( 2014-03-31 ) ) [±] [ 1 ]
BlackBerry Tablet OS is an operating system from BlackBerry Ltd based on the QNX Neutrino real-time operating system designed to run Adobe AIR and BlackBerry WebWorks applications, currently available for the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet computer .
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Tablet_OS |
The Black Queen hypothesis ( BQH ) is a reductive evolution theory which seeks to explain how natural selection (as opposed to genetic drift ) can drive gene loss. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In a microbial community , different members may have genes which produce certain chemicals or resources in a "leaky fashion" making them access... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Queen_hypothesis |
The Black Sea Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region of land bordering the west and south of the Black Sea , as defined by the European Environment Agency .
The Black Sea Region is a coastal strip of land 20–60 kilometres (12–37 mi) wide that runs along the coasts of Romania, Bulgaria, and a broader coastal st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Biogeographic_Region |
The Black Veil Respirator was an early British gas mask designed by John Scott Haldane and introduced in May 1915.
The German army used chlorine as a poison gas for the first time against Allied troops at the Second Battle of Ypres on 22 April 1915. [ 1 ] As an immediate response, the British began issuing cotton wool... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Veil_Respirator |
A black body or blackbody is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation , regardless of frequency or angle of incidence . The radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium with its environment is called black-body radiation . The name "black body" is given because it absor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body |
Black carbon ( BC ) is the light-absorbing refractory form of elemental carbon remaining after pyrolysis (e.g., charcoal ) or produced by incomplete combustion (e.g., soot ).
Tihomir Novakov originated the term black carbon in the 1970s, after identifying black carbon as fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 μm aerodynami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_carbon |
Black hole greybody factors are functions of frequency and angular momentum that characterizes the deviation of the emission-spectrum of a black hole from a pure black-body spectrum . As a result of quantum effects, an isolated black hole emits radiation that, at the black-hole horizon, matches the radiation from a per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_greybody_factors |
The black hole stability conjecture is the conjecture that a perturbed Kerr black hole in Minkowski space will settle back down to a stable state. The question developed out of work in 1952 by the French mathematician Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The stability of empty Minkowski space is a result of Klainerman ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_stability_conjecture |
Black ice , sometimes called clear ice , is a coating of glaze ice on a surface, for example on streets or on lakes. The ice itself is not black, but visually transparent , allowing the often black road below to be seen through it and light to be transmitted. The typically low levels of noticeable ice pellets, snow, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_ice |
Black in AI , formally called the Black in AI Workshop , is a technology research organization and affinity group, founded by computer scientists Timnit Gebru and Rediet Abebe in 2017. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It started as a conference workshop, later pivoting into an organization. Black in AI increases the presence and incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_in_AI |
Black oxide or blackening is a conversion coating for ferrous materials, stainless steel, copper and copper based alloys, zinc , powdered metals , and silver solder . [ 1 ] It is used to add mild corrosion resistance, for appearance, and to minimize light reflection. [ 2 ] To achieve maximal corrosion resistance the bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_oxide |
The black screen of death is a screen displayed on many computer systems after encountering a critical system error . It gets its name from the black colored background seen during hardware or software errors.
Some versions of Microsoft Windows (and to a lesser extent, macOS ) also display a black screen of death upon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_screen_of_death |
"Black snake" is a term that can refer to at least three similar types of fireworks : the Pharaoh's snake, the sugar snake, or a popular retail composition marketed under various product names but usually known as "black snake". The "Pharaoh's snake" or "Pharaoh's serpent" is the original version of the black snake exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_snake_(firework) |
Blackboard bold is a style of writing bold symbols on a blackboard by doubling certain strokes, commonly used in mathematical lectures , and the derived style of typeface used in printed mathematical texts. The style is most commonly used to represent the number sets N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } ( natural numbers ), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_bold |
The Blackett effect , also called gravitational magnetism , is the hypothetical generation of a magnetic field by an uncharged, rotating body. This effect has not been observed.
Gravitational magnetism was proposed by the German - British physicist Arthur Schuster as an explanation for the magnetic field of the Earth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackett_effect |
A blacklight , also called a UV-A light , Wood's lamp , or ultraviolet light , is a lamp that emits long-wave ( UV-A ) ultraviolet light and very little visible light . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] One type of lamp has a violet filter material, either on the bulb or in a separate glass filter in the lamp housing, which blocks mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight |
Blackman's theorem is a general procedure for calculating the change in an impedance due to feedback in a circuit. It was published by Ralph Beebe Blackman in 1943, [ 1 ] was connected to signal-flow analysis by John Choma , and was made popular in the extra element theorem by R. D. Middlebrook and the asymptotic gain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackman's_theorem |
The Blackman–Tukey transformation (or Blackman–Tukey method ) is a digital signal processing method to transform data from the time domain to the frequency domain . It was originally programmed around 1953 by James Cooley for John Tukey at John von Neumann 's Institute for Advanced Study as a way to get "good smoothed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackman–Tukey_transformation |
The Blackmer RMS detector is an electronic true RMS converter invented by David E. Blackmer in 1971. The Blackmer detector, coupled with the Blackmer gain cell , forms the core of the dbx noise reduction system and various professional audio signal processors developed by dbx, Inc.
Unlike earlier RMS detectors that ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmer_RMS_detector |
The history of blacksmithing in West Africa dates back to around 1500 BCE, marking the emergence of skilled artisans whose mastery of ironworking was both revered and feared across the region. Blacksmiths held a unique position in West African societies, often perceived as possessing magical abilities due to their expe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmiths_of_western_Africa |
Blackwater is a form of pollution produced in coal preparation . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In its purification, coal is crushed in a coal preparation plant and then separated and transported as a coal slurry , From the slurry, incombustible materials are removed and the coal can be sized. After the recovery of the coal particles f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(coal) |
Blackwater in a sanitation context denotes wastewater from toilets which likely contains pathogens that may spread by the fecal–oral route . Blackwater can contain feces , urine , water and toilet paper from flush toilets . Blackwater is distinguished from greywater , which comes from sinks, baths, washing machines, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste) |
In the mathematical subjects of information theory and decision theory , Blackwell's informativeness theorem is an important result related to the ranking of information structures, or experiments. It states that there is an equivalence between three possible rankings of information structures: one based in expected ut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell's_informativeness_theorem |
The Blackwell channel is a deterministic broadcast channel model used in coding theory and information theory . It was first proposed by mathematician David Blackwell . [ 1 ] In this model, a transmitter transmits one of three symbols to two receivers. For two of the symbols, both receivers receive exactly what was sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_channel |
The Black–Scholes / ˌ b l æ k ˈ ʃ oʊ l z / [ 1 ] or Black–Scholes–Merton model is a mathematical model for the dynamics of a financial market containing derivative investment instruments. From the parabolic partial differential equation in the model, known as the Black–Scholes equation , one can deduce the Black–Schole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black–Scholes_model |
Blade element momentum theory is a theory that combines both blade element theory and momentum theory . It is used to calculate the local forces on a propeller or wind-turbine blade. Blade element theory is combined with momentum theory to alleviate some of the difficulties in calculating the induced velocities at the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_element_momentum_theory |
Blade element theory ( BET ) is a mathematical process originally designed by William Froude (1878), [ 1 ] David W. Taylor (1893) and Stefan Drzewiecki (1885) to determine the behavior of propellers . It involves breaking a blade down into several small parts then determining the forces on each of these small blade ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_element_theory |
Blade solidity is an important design parameter for the axial flow impeller and is defined as the ratio of blade chord length to spacing.
Where
In case of an axial flow impeller, the mean radius is defined in terms of hub ( r h {\displaystyle r_{h}} ,inner radius) and tip radius ( r t {\displaystyle r_{t}} ,outer rad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_solidity |
The term Blahut–Arimoto algorithm is often used to refer to a class of algorithms for computing numerically either the information theoretic capacity of a channel, the rate-distortion function of a source or a source encoding (i.e. compression to remove the redundancy). They are iterative algorithms that eventually con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blahut–Arimoto_algorithm |
The Blaise Pascal Chairs (Chaires Internationales de Recherche Blaise Pascal ), established in 1996 by the Government of the Île-de-France Region for internationally acclaimed foreign scientists in all disciplines. [ 1 ] A scientific committee annually selects the most outstanding candidates from all over the world. Si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal_Chair |
The Blaise ketone synthesis (named after Edmond Blaise) is the chemical reaction of acid chlorides with organozinc compounds to give ketones . [1] [2]
The reaction was claimed to bring excellent yields by Blaise, however, investigators failed to obtain better than moderate yields (50%). [3] [4] Thus, the reaction is p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_ketone_synthesis |
The Blaise reaction is an organic reaction that forms a β-ketoester from the reaction of zinc metal with an α-bromoester and a nitrile . [1] [2] [3] The reaction was first reported by Edmond Blaise (1872–1939) in 1901. The final intermediate is a metaloimine, which is then hydrolyzed to give the desired β-ketoester. [4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_reaction |
In fluid mechanics , the Blake number is a nondimensional number showing the ratio of inertial force to viscous force .
It is used in momentum transfer in general and in particular for flow of a fluid through beds of solids . It is a generalisation of the Reynolds number for flow through porous media. It is named after... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_number |
The Blakiston Line or Blakiston's Line is a faunal boundary line drawn between two of the four largest islands of Japan : Hokkaidō in the north and Honshū , south of it. It can be compared with faunal boundary lines like the Wallace Line . Certain animal species can only be found north of Blakiston's Line, while certai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakiston's_Line |
Blame is the act of censuring , holding responsible, or making negative statements about an individual or group that their actions or inaction are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of praise . When someone is morally responsible for doing something wrong, their action is blameworthy. By contrast, when som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blame |
Blame in organizations may flow between management and staff, or laterally between professionals or partner organizations. In a blame culture, problem-solving is replaced by blame-avoidance. Blame shifting may exist between rival factions. Maintaining one's reputation may be a key factor explaining the relationship bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blame_in_organizations |
The Blanc chloromethylation (also called the Blanc reaction ) is the chemical reaction of aromatic rings with formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride to form chloromethyl arenes. The reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids such as zinc chloride . [ 1 ] The reaction was discovered by Gustave Louis Blanc (1872-1927) in 1923. [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc_chloromethylation |
A Bland–Altman plot ( difference plot ) in analytical chemistry or biomedicine is a method of data plotting used in analyzing the agreement between two different assays . It is identical to a Tukey mean-difference plot , [ 1 ] the name by which it is known in other fields, but was popularised in medical statistics by J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bland–Altman_plot |
The Blaney–Criddle equation (named after H. F. Blaney and W. D. Criddle) is a method for estimating reference crop evapotranspiration .
The Blaney–Criddle equation is a relatively simplistic method for calculating evapotranspiration . When sufficient meteorological data is available the Penman–Monteith equation is usu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaney–Criddle_equation |
A blank solution is a solution containing little to no analyte of interest, [ 1 ] usually used to calibrate instruments such as a colorimeter . According to the EPA, the "primary purpose of blanks is to trace sources of artificially introduced contamination." [ 2 ] Different types of blanks are used to identify the sou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_(solution) |
A blank value in analytical chemistry is a measurement of a blank . The reading does not originate from a sample, but the matrix effects , reagents and other residues . These contribute to the sample value in the analytical measurement and therefore have to be subtracted. [ 1 ]
The limit of blank is defined by the Cli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_value |
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