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In molecular geometry , bond length or bond distance is defined as the average distance between nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule . It is a transferable property of a bond between atoms of fixed types, relatively independent of the rest of the molecule.
Bond length is related to bond order : when more electrons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_length |
In chemistry , bond order is a formal measure of the multiplicity of a covalent bond between two atoms. As introduced by Gerhard Herzberg , [ 1 ] building off of work by R. S. Mulliken and Friedrich Hund, bond order is defined as the difference between the numbers of electron pairs in bonding and antibonding molecular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_order |
Bond order potential is a class of empirical (analytical) interatomic potentials which is used in molecular dynamics and molecular statics simulations. Examples include the Tersoff potential , [ 1 ] the EDIP potential, the Brenner potential, [ 2 ] the Finnis–Sinclair potentials, [ 3 ] ReaxFF, [ 4 ] and the second-momen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_order_potential |
Bond softening is an effect of reducing the strength of a chemical bond by strong laser fields. To make this effect significant, the strength of the electric field in the laser light has to be comparable with the electric field the bonding electron "feels" from the nuclei of the molecule. Such fields are typically in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_softening |
In chemistry , bond stretch isomerism is a concept of isomerism based on variations of bond length . The concept was proposed in the 1970s but was refuted in the 1990s. [ 1 ]
The phenomenon was first invoked to explain the observation of blue and green isomers of mer -MoOCl 2 (PMe 2 Ph) 3 , where PMe 2 Ph is dimethyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_stretch_isomer |
The bond valence method or mean method (or bond valence sum) (not to be mistaken for the valence bond theory in quantum chemistry ) is a popular method in coordination chemistry to estimate the oxidation states of atoms. It is derived from the bond valence model, which is a simple yet robust model for validating chemic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_valence_method |
The Bondareva–Shapley theorem , in game theory , describes a necessary and sufficient condition for the non-emptiness of the core of a cooperative game in characteristic function form. Specifically, the game's core is non-empty if and only if the game is balanced . The Bondareva–Shapley theorem implies that market game... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondareva–Shapley_theorem |
A bonding electron is an electron involved in chemical bonding. This can refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonding_electron |
Solids can be classified according to the nature of the bonding between their atomic or molecular components. The traditional classification distinguishes four kinds of bonding: [ 1 ]
Typical members of these classes have distinctive electron distributions, [ 2 ] thermodynamic, electronic, and mechanical properties. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonding_in_solids |
In theoretical chemistry , the bonding orbital is used in molecular orbital (MO) theory to describe the attractive interactions between the atomic orbitals of two or more atoms in a molecule . In MO theory, electrons are portrayed to move in waves . [ 1 ] When more than one of these waves come close together, the in-ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonding_molecular_orbital |
In gravitational theory of general relativity , the Bondi–Metzner–Sachs (BMS) group , or the Bondi–Van der Burg–Metzner–Sachs group , is an asymptotic symmetry group of asymptotically flat , Lorentzian spacetimes at null ( i.e. , light-like) infinity . It was originally formulated in 1962 by Hermann Bondi , M. G. Van d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondi–Metzner–Sachs_group |
Bone ash is a white material produced by the calcination of bones . Typical bone ash consists of about 55.82% calcium oxide , 42.39% phosphorus pentoxide , and 1.79% water . [ 1 ] The exact composition of these compounds varies depending upon the type of bones being used, but generally the formula for bone ash is Ca 5 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_ash |
Bone healing , or fracture healing , is a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture .
Generally, bone fracture treatment consists of a doctor reducing (pushing) displaced bones back into place via relocation with or without anaesthetic, stabilizing their position t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_healing |
Bone-marrow-derived macrophage ( BMDM ) refers to macrophage cells that are generated in a research laboratory from mammalian bone marrow cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] BMDMs can differentiate into mature macrophages in the presence of growth factors and other signaling molecules. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Undifferentiated bone marrow cel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow-derived_macrophage |
Bone marrow adipose tissue ( BMAT ), sometimes referred to as marrow adipose tissue ( MAT ), is a type of fat deposit in bone marrow . It increases in states of low bone density, such as osteoporosis , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] anorexia nervosa / caloric restriction , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] skeletal unweighting such as that which occurs in sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_adipose_tissue |
Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue , that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones [ 1 ] and release the minerals , resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood . [ 2 ]
The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_resorption |
A bone seeker is an element , often a radioisotope , that tends to accumulate in the bones of humans and other animals when introduced into the body.
For example, strontium and radium are chemically similar to calcium and can replace the calcium in bones. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Plutonium is also a bone seeker, though the mechani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_seeker |
Bongkrek acid (also known as bongkrekic acid [ 1 ] ) is a respiratory toxin produced in fermented coconut or corn contaminated by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is a highly toxic, heat-stable, colorless, odorless, and highly unsaturated tricarboxylic acid that inhibits ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongkrek_acid |
Bonini's paradox , named after Stanford business professor Charles Bonini , [ 1 ] explains the difficulty in constructing models or simulations that fully capture the workings of complex systems (such as the human brain ). [ 2 ]
In modern discourse, the paradox was articulated by John M. Dutton and William H. Starbuck... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini's_paradox |
Bonnesen's inequality is an inequality relating the length, the area, the radius of the incircle and the radius of the circumcircle of a Jordan curve . It is a strengthening of the classical isoperimetric inequality . [ 1 ]
More precisely, consider a planar simple closed curve of length L {\displaystyle L} bounding a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnesen's_inequality |
In classical mechanics , Bonnet's theorem states that if n different force fields each produce the same geometric orbit (say, an ellipse of given dimensions) albeit with different speeds v 1 , v 2 ,..., v n at a given point P , then the same orbit will be followed if the speed at point P equals
This theorem was first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnet's_theorem |
Bonnie A. Charpentier is an American chemist . In 2019, she served as the president of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and is a past chair of its board of directors. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] She is also the Senior Vice President of Regulatory Affairs and Compliance at Cytokinetics . [ 3 ]
Bonnie Charpentier completed a bachel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_A._Charpentier |
In general relativity , the Bonnor beam is an exact solution which models an infinitely long, straight beam of light . It is an explicit example of a pp-wave spacetime . It is named after William B. Bonnor who first described it.
The Bonnor beam is obtained by matching together two regions:
On the "cylinder" where th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnor_beam |
In number theory , Bonse's inequality , named after H. Bonse, [ 1 ] relates the size of a primorial to the smallest prime that does not appear in its prime factorization . It states that if p 1 , ..., p n , p n +1 are the smallest n + 1 prime numbers and n ≥ 4, then
(the middle product is short-hand for the primorial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonse's_inequality |
In mathematics , the Bony–Brezis theorem , due to the French mathematicians Jean-Michel Bony and Haïm Brezis , gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a closed subset of a manifold to be invariant under the flow defined by a vector field , namely at each point of the closed set the vector field must have non-posi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony–Brezis_theorem |
In the physics of superfluidity , a boojum is a geometric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of superfluid helium-3 , whose motion can result in the decay of a supercurrent . A boojum can result from a monopole singularity in the bulk of the liquid being drawn to, and then "pinned" on a surface. Although super... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boojum_(superfluidity) |
The Book of Lemmas or Book of Assumptions (Arabic Maʾkhūdhāt Mansūba ilā Arshimīdis ) is a book attributed to Archimedes by Thābit ibn Qurra , though the authorship of the book is questionable. It consists of fifteen propositions ( lemmas ) on circles . [ 1 ]
The Book of Lemmas was first introduced in Arabic by Thābit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lemmas |
The Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures ( Arabic : كتاب معرفة مساحة الأشكال البسيطة والكريّة , Kitāb maʿrifah masāḥat al-ashkāl al-basīṭah wa-al-kuriyyah ) [ note 1 ] was the most important of the works produced by the Banū Mūsā (three 9th century Persian brothers who worked in Baghdad). [ 2 ] A Lati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_on_the_Measurement_of_Plane_and_Spherical_Figures |
A trailer (also known as a preview , coming attraction , or attraction video ) is a short advertisement, originally designed for a feature film , which highlights key scenes of upcoming features intended to be exhibited in the future at a movie theater or cinema. It is a product of creative and technical work.
Movie t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_trailer |
In mathematics , Boole's rule , named after George Boole , is a method of numerical integration .
It approximates an integral: ∫ a b f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx} by using the values of f at five equally spaced points: [ 1 ] x 0 = a x 1 = x 0 + h x 2 = x 0 + 2 h x 3 = x 0 + 3 h x 4 = x 0 + 4 h = b ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boole's_rule |
Boolean logic is a system of syllogistic logic invented by 19th-century British mathematician George Boole , which attempts to incorporate the "empty set", that is, a class of non-existent entities, such as round squares, without resorting to uncertain truth values .
In Boolean logic, the universal statements "all S i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boole's_syllogistic |
In mathematics, the Boole polynomials s n ( x ) are polynomials given by the generating function
( Roman 1984 , 4.5), ( Jordan 1939 , sections 113–117).
This polynomial -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boole_polynomials |
Any kind of logic, function, expression, or theory based on the work of George Boole is considered Boolean .
Related to this, "Boolean" may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean |
Boolean-valued usually refers to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean-valued |
In mathematical logic , a Boolean-valued model is a generalization of the ordinary Tarskian notion of structure from model theory . In a Boolean-valued model, the truth values of propositions are not limited to "true" and "false", but instead take values in some fixed complete Boolean algebra .
Boolean-valued models w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean-valued_model |
The Boolean Pythagorean triples problem is a problem from Ramsey theory about whether the positive integers can be colored red and blue so that no Pythagorean triples consist of all red or all blue members. The Boolean Pythagorean triples problem was solved by Marijn Heule , Oliver Kullmann and Victor W. Marek in May 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_Pythagorean_triples_problem |
Boolean analysis was introduced by Flament (1976). [ 1 ] The goal of a Boolean analysis is to detect deterministic dependencies between the items of a questionnaire or similar data-structures in observed response patterns. These deterministic dependencies have the form of logical formulas connecting the items. Assume, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_analysis |
A Boolean Delay Equation (BDE) is an evolution rule for the state of dynamical variables whose values may be represented by a finite discrete numbers os states, such as 0 and 1. As a novel type of semi-discrete dynamical systems , Boolean delay equations (BDEs) are models with Boolean-valued variables that evolve in co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_delay_equation |
Boolean differential calculus ( BDC ) (German: Boolescher Differentialkalkül ( BDK )) is a subject field of Boolean algebra discussing changes of Boolean variables and Boolean functions .
Boolean differential calculus concepts are analogous to those of classical differential calculus , notably studying the changes in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_differential_calculus |
Boom method (aka Boom nucleic acid extraction method ) is a solid phase extraction method for isolating nucleic acid from a biological sample. This method is characterized by "absorbing the nucleic acids (NA) to the silica beads".
The Boom method (Boom nucleic acid extraction method) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_method |
The Boord olefin synthesis is an organic reaction forming alkenes from ethers carrying a halogen atom 2 carbons removed from the oxygen atom (β-halo-ethers) using a metal such as magnesium or zinc . The reaction, discovered by Cecil E. Boord in 1930 [ 1 ] is a classic named reaction with high yields and broad scope. [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boord_olefin_synthesis |
A boosted fission weapon usually refers to a type of nuclear bomb that uses a small amount of fusion fuel to increase the rate, and thus yield, of a fission reaction. The fast fusion neutrons released by the fusion reactions add to the fast neutrons released due to fission, allowing for more neutron-induced fission rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon |
A booster dose is an extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier ( primer ) dose. After initial immunization , a booster provides a re-exposure to the immunizing antigen . It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels after memory against that antigen has declined through tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booster_dose |
Booth's multiplication algorithm is a multiplication algorithm that multiplies two signed binary numbers in two's complement notation . The algorithm was invented by Andrew Donald Booth in 1950 while doing research on crystallography at Birkbeck College in Bloomsbury , London . [ 1 ] Booth's algorithm is of interest in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth's_multiplication_algorithm |
In a toroidal fusion power device, a plasma is confined within a donut-shaped cylinder. If the gas pressure of the plasma varies across the radius of the cylinder, a self-generated current will spontaneously arise within the plasma, due to collisions between trapped particles and passing particles. This current is call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_current |
The term " bootstrap model " is used for a class of theories that use very general consistency criteria to determine the form of a quantum theory from some assumptions on the spectrum of particles. It is a form of S-matrix theory .
In the 1960s and '70s, the ever-growing list of strongly interacting particles — mesons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_model |
Bootstrapping is a technique in the field of electronics where part of the output of a system is used at startup.
A bootstrap circuit is one where part of the output of an amplifier stage is applied to the input, so as to alter the input impedance of the amplifier. When applied deliberately, the intention is usually t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_(electronics) |
Booyah was a social web and mobile entertainment company. The development team drew its experience from the consumer web and social gaming space and entertainment studios such as Blizzard Entertainment , Activision , EA, and Insomniac Games . Booyah was financed by Accel Partners and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booyah_(company) |
Borabenzene is a hypothetical organoboron compound with the formula C 5 H 5 B. Unlike the related but highly stable benzene molecule, borabenzene would be electron-deficient. Related derivatives are the boratabenzene anions, including the parent [C 5 H 5 BH] − .
Adducts of borabenzene with Lewis bases are isolatable.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borabenzene |
Borane dimethylsulfide ( BMS ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula BH 3 ·S(CH 3 ) 2 . It is an adduct between borane molecule ( BH 3 ) and dimethyl sulfide molecule ( S(CH 3 ) 2 ). It is a complexed borane reagent that is used for hydroborations and reductions . The advantages of BMS over other borane reag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borane_dimethylsulfide |
Borane tert -butylamine is an amine borane complex derived from tert -butylamine and borane . It is a colorless solid.
The compound is prepared by the reaction of tert-butylammonium chloride and sodium borohydride : [ 2 ]
In organic synthesis , borane tert- butylamine can be used for selective reduction of certain fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borane_tert-butylamine |
Borane–tetrahydrofuran is an adduct derived from borane and tetrahydrofuran (THF). These solutions, which are colorless, are used for reductions and hydroboration , reactions that are useful in synthesis of organic compounds . A common alternative to BH 3 •THF is borane–dimethylsulfide , which has a longer shelf life ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borane–tetrahydrofuran |
A borate is any of a range of boron oxyanions , anions containing boron and oxygen , such as orthoborate BO 3− 3 , metaborate BO − 2 , or tetraborate B 4 O 2− 7 ; or any salt of such anions, such as sodium metaborate , Na + [BO 2 ] − and borax (Na + ) 2 [B 4 O 7 ] 2− . The name also refers to esters of such anions, suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borate |
Borate buffered saline (abbreviated BBS ) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Borate buffers have an alkaline buffering capacity in the 8–10 range. Boric acid has a pK a of 9.14 at 25 °C.
BBS has many uses because it is isotonic and has a strong bacteric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borate_buffered_saline |
The borax method is a technique of artisanal gold mining , which uses borax as a flux to purify gold concentrates. By using borax, no mercury flour is produced, hence gold recovery increases. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The borax method of gold extraction has been used by artisanal gold miners in the Benguet area north of Manila in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax_method |
Borazon is a brand name of a cubic form of boron nitride (cBN). Its color ranges from black to brown and gold. It is one of the hardest known materials, along with various forms of diamond and other kinds of boron nitride. Borazon is a crystal created by heating equal quantities of boron and nitrogen at temperatures gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borazon |
In fluid dynamics the Borda–Carnot equation is an empirical description of the mechanical energy losses of the fluid due to a (sudden) flow expansion. It describes how the total head reduces due to the losses. This is in contrast with Bernoulli's principle for dissipationless flow (without irreversible losses), where t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borda–Carnot_equation |
The Boreal Biogeographic Region is the biogeographic region of Northern Europe that consists primarily of coniferous forests and wetlands.
The European Commission and the Council of Europe have defined the Boreal Region for the purpose of reporting on conservation efforts and results.
The Boreal Region of the European... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_Biogeographic_Region |
A boreal ecosystem is an ecosystem with a subarctic climate located in the Northern Hemisphere , approximately between 50° and 70°N latitude . These ecosystems are commonly known as taiga and are located in parts of North America , Europe , and Asia . [ 1 ] The ecosystems that lie immediately to the south of boreal zon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem |
In descriptive set theory , the Borel determinacy theorem states that any Gale–Stewart game whose payoff set is a Borel set is determined , meaning that one of the two players will have a winning strategy for the game. A Gale–Stewart game is a possibly infinite two-player game, where both players have perfect informati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel_determinacy_theorem |
In mathematics , a Borel set is any subset of a topological space that can be formed from its open sets (or, equivalently, from closed sets ) through the operations of countable union , countable intersection , and relative complement . Borel sets are named after Émile Borel .
For a topological space X , the collecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel_set |
In mathematics, specifically in representation theory , a Borel subalgebra of a Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is a maximal solvable subalgebra. [ 1 ] The notion is named after Armand Borel .
If the Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is the Lie algebra of a complex Lie group , then a Borel su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel_subalgebra |
In probability theory , the Borel–Cantelli lemma is a theorem about sequences of events . In general, it is a result in measure theory . It is named after Émile Borel and Francesco Paolo Cantelli , who gave statement to the lemma in the first decades of the 20th century. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A related result, sometimes called ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel–Cantelli_lemma |
In mathematics , the Borel–Carathéodory theorem in complex analysis shows that an analytic function may be bounded by its real part . It is an application of the maximum modulus principle . It is named for Émile Borel and Constantin Carathéodory .
Let a function f {\displaystyle f} be analytic on a closed disc of radi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel–Carathéodory_theorem |
Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of the Siberian Branch of the RAS , BIC ( Russian : Институт катализа имени Г. К. Борескова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук, ИК СО РАН ) is a research institute in Novosibirsk , Russia. It was founded in 1958.
The Institute of Catalysis was founded in the summer of 1958 as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreskov_Institute_of_Catalysis |
Borgs are large (up to ~1 Mbp) extrachromosomal linear DNA elements found in methanotrophic archaea (specifically Methanoperedens spp.) that live in oxygen-starved environments such as deep mud. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They have been found in organisms isolated from wetland, aquifer, and riverbed environments, as well as a d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_(microbiology) |
Boric acid , more specifically orthoboric acid , is a compound of boron , oxygen , and hydrogen with formula B(OH) 3 . It may also be called hydrogen orthoborate , trihydroxidoboron or boracic acid . [ 3 ] It is usually encountered as colorless crystals or a white powder, that dissolves in water , and occurs in nature ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on boric acid .
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet ( MSDS ) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid_(data_page) |
Boriding , also called boronizing , is the process by which boron is added to a metal or alloy . It is a type of surface hardening . In this process boron atoms are diffused into the surface of a metal component. The resulting surface contains metal borides , such as iron borides, nickel borides, and cobalt borides. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boriding |
Borjgali ( Georgian : ბორჯღალი ; also Borjgala or Borjgalo ; Borçgali in Laz ) is a Georgian symbol of the Sun and eternity . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Borjgali is often represented with seven rotating wings over the tree of life which can be used to create various shapes and variations and is considered one of the main symbols ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjgali |
The Borlaug CAST Communication Award , formerly the Charles A. Black Award , is an annual award presented by the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) to a "scientist, engineer, technologist, or other professional working in the agricultural, environmental, or food sectors for contributing to the advan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlaug_CAST_Communication_Award |
The Born equation can be used for estimating the electrostatic component of Gibbs free energy of solvation of an ion. It is an electrostatic model that treats the solvent as a continuous dielectric medium (it is thus one member of a class of methods known as continuum solvation methods).
It was derived by Max Born . [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_equation |
In physics, Born reciprocity , also called reciprocal relativity or Born–Green reciprocity , is a principle set up by theoretical physicist Max Born that calls for a duality - symmetry among space and momentum . Born and his co-workers expanded his principle to a framework that is also known as reciprocity theory . [ 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_reciprocity |
The Born series [ 1 ] is the expansion of different scattering quantities in quantum scattering theory in the powers of the interaction potential V {\displaystyle V} (more precisely in powers of G 0 V , {\displaystyle G_{0}V,} where G 0 {\displaystyle G_{0}} is the free particle Green's operator ). It is closely relate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_series |
The Born–Haber cycle is an approach to analyze reaction energies . It was named after two German scientists, Max Born and Fritz Haber , who developed it in 1919. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was also independently formulated by Kazimierz Fajans [ 4 ] and published concurrently in the same journal. [ 1 ] The cycle is concerned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born–Haber_cycle |
The Born–Huang approximation is an approximation closely related to the Born–Oppenheimer approximation . It takes into account diagonal nonadiabatic effects in the electronic Hamiltonian better than the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. [ 1 ] Despite the addition of correction terms, the electronic states remain uncouple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born–Huang_approximation |
The Born–Landé equation is a means of calculating the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound . In 1918 [ 1 ] Max Born and Alfred Landé proposed that the lattice energy could be derived from the electrostatic potential of the ionic lattice and a repulsive potential energy term. [ 2 ]
Where:
The ionic lattice i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born–Landé_equation |
The Born–Mayer equation is an equation that is used to calculate the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound . It is a refinement of the Born–Landé equation by using an improved repulsion term. [ 1 ]
where: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born–Mayer_equation |
In quantum chemistry and molecular physics , the Born–Oppenheimer ( BO ) approximation is the assumption that the wave functions of atomic nuclei and electrons in a molecule can be treated separately, based on the fact that the nuclei are much heavier than the electrons. Due to the larger relative mass of a nucleus com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born–Oppenheimer_approximation |
Born–von Karman boundary conditions are periodic boundary conditions which impose the restriction that a wave function must be periodic on a certain Bravais lattice . Named after Max Born and Theodore von Kármán , this condition is often applied in solid state physics to model an ideal crystal . Born and von Kármán p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born–von_Karman_boundary_condition |
The Hunsdiecker reaction (also called the Borodin reaction or the Hunsdiecker–Borodin reaction ) is a name reaction in organic chemistry whereby silver salts of carboxylic acids react with a halogen to produce an organic halide . [ 1 ] It is an example of both a decarboxylation and a halogenation reaction as the produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodin_reaction |
Boroles represent a class of molecules known as metalloles , which are heterocyclic 5-membered rings. As such, they can be viewed as structural analogs of cyclopentadiene, pyrrole or furan, with boron replacing a carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atom respectively. They are isoelectronic with the cyclopentadienyl cation C 5 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borole |
Legend
The boron group are the chemical elements in group 13 of the periodic table , consisting of boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl) and nihonium (Nh). This group lies in the p-block of the periodic table. The elements in the boron group are characterized by having three valence elect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_group |
Boron monofluoride monoxide or oxoboryl fluoride [ 2 ] or fluoroxoborane is an unstable inorganic molecular substance with formula FBO. It is also called boron fluoride oxide , fluoro(oxo)borane or fluoro-oxoborane . The molecule is stable at high temperatures, but below 1000 °C condenses to a trimer (BOF) 3 called tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_monofluoride_monoxide |
Borane(1) , boron monohydride , hydridoboron or borylene is the molecule with the formula BH. It exists as a gas but rapidly degrades when condensed. By contrast, the cluster B 12 H 12 2- ( dodecaborate ), which has very similar empirical formula, forms robust salts.
Boron monohydride can be formed from borane carbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_monohydride |
Neutron capture therapy ( NCT ) is a type of radiotherapy for treating locally invasive malignant tumors such as primary brain tumors , recurrent cancers of the head and neck region , and cutaneous and extracutaneous melanomas. It is a two-step process: first , the patient is injected with a tumor-localizing drug conta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_neutron_capture_therapy |
Boron porphyrins are a variety of porphyrin , a common macrocycle used for photosensitization and metal trapping applications, that incorporate boron . The central four nitrogen atoms in a porphyrin macrocycle form a unique molecular pocket which is known to accommodate transition metals of various sizes and oxidation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_porphyrins |
Boron trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula BF 3 . This pungent, colourless, and toxic gas forms white fumes in moist air. It is a useful Lewis acid and a versatile building block for other boron compounds.
The geometry of a molecule of BF 3 is trigonal planar . Its D 3h symmetry conforms with the pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trifluoride |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on boron trioxide . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trioxide_(data_page) |
A boronic acid is an organic compound related to boric acid ( B(OH) 3 ) in which one of the three hydroxyl groups ( −OH ) is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group (represented by R in the general formula R−B(OH) 2 ). [ 1 ] As a compound containing a carbon–boron bond , members of this class thus belong to the larger class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronic_acid |
Boroxine ( B 3 H 3 O 3 ) is a 6-membered heterocyclic compound composed of alternating oxygen and singly-hydrogenated boron atoms. Boroxine derivatives (boronic anhydrides ) such as trimethylboroxine and triphenylboroxine also make up a broader class of compounds called boroxines. [ 1 ] These compounds are solids that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroxine |
Borqs Technologies Inc. is a publicly traded Internet of Things manufacturer. [ 1 ]
Borqs has been a member of the Open Handset Alliance since 2008 and is also a member of the Symbian Foundation . Borqs is notable as the developer of the OPhone , or Open Mobile System (OMS), for China Mobile . [ 2 ] The OPhone is a Li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borqs |
In nuclear physics , a Borromean nucleus is an atomic nucleus comprising three bound components in which any subsystem of two components is unbound. [ 1 ] This has the consequence that if one component is removed, the remaining two comprise an unbound resonance , so that the original nucleus is split into three parts. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borromean_nucleus |
The Borsche–Drechsel cyclization is a chemical reaction used to synthesize tetrahydrocarbazoles by the acid-catalyzed cyclization of cyclohexanone arylhydrazones. The reaction was first described by Edmund Drechsel [ de ] in 1888 [ 1 ] and by Walther Borsche [ de ] in 1908. [ 2 ]
Borsche–Drechsel cyclization is the ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsche–Drechsel_cyclization |
In mathematics , the Borsuk–Ulam theorem states that every continuous function from an n -sphere into Euclidean n -space maps some pair of antipodal points to the same point. Here, two points on a sphere are called antipodal if they are in exactly opposite directions from the sphere's center.
Formally: if f : S n → R ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsuk–Ulam_theorem |
Boryl radicals are defined as chemical species with an unpaired electron localized on the boron atom in a molecule. There is renewed interest in their discovery as they have recently showcased useful organic reactivities. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] While the first studies of boryl radicals involved borane radical anions, [ 3 ] the st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boryl_radicals |
Metal-catalyzed C–H borylation reactions are transition metal catalyzed organic reactions that produce an organoboron compound through functionalization of aliphatic and aromatic C–H bonds and are therefore useful reactions for carbon–hydrogen bond activation . [ 1 ] Metal-catalyzed C–H borylation reactions utilize tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borylation |
Borzeşti Petrochemical Plant (formerly GIP - Borzeşti Petrochemical Industrial Group ) is an industrial complex consisting of five large-scale plants: Synthetic Rubber and Petrochemicals Complex , No. 10 Oil Refinery , Borzești Chemical Plant , Borzești Power Plant and Chemical Equipment Company , being the largest ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borzești_Petrochemical_Plant |
In the theory of capillarity, Bosanquet equation is an improved modification of the simpler Lucas–Washburn theory for the motion of a liquid in a thin capillary tube or a porous material that can be approximated as a large collection of capillaries. In the Lucas–Washburn model, the inertia of the fluid is ignored, lead... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosanquet_equation |
The Bosch reaction is a catalytic chemical reaction between carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ) that produces elemental carbon (C, graphite ), water , and a 10% return of invested heat . CO 2 is usually reduced by H 2 to carbon in presence of a catalyst (e.g. iron (Fe)) and requires a temperature level of 530–7... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_reaction |
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