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The Bosch–Meiser process is an industrial process for the large-scale manufacturing of urea , a valuable nitrogenous chemical. It was patented in 1922 [ 1 ] and named after its discoverers, the German chemists Carl Bosch and Wilhelm Meiser. [ 2 ]
The whole process consists of two main equilibrium reactions , with inco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch–Meiser_process |
An ideal Bose gas is a quantum-mechanical phase of matter , analogous to a classical ideal gas . It is composed of bosons , which have an integer value of spin and abide by Bose–Einstein statistics . The statistical mechanics of bosons were developed by Satyendra Nath Bose for a photon gas and extended to massive parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_gas |
In condensed matter physics , a Bose–Einstein condensate ( BEC ) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero , i.e. 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_condensate |
In quantum statistics , Bose–Einstein statistics ( B–E statistics ) describes one of two possible ways in which a collection of non-interacting identical particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states at thermodynamic equilibrium . The aggregation of particles in the same state, which is a characteristi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_statistics |
In mathematics , a Bose–Mesner algebra is a special set of matrices which arise from a combinatorial structure known as an association scheme , together with the usual set of rules for combining (forming the products of) those matrices, such that they form an associative algebra , or, more precisely, a unitary commutat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Mesner_algebra |
Boshra Salem is a professor, founder and the Chair of the Department of Environmental Sciences at Alexandria University in Alexandria , Egypt . She is president of Unesco's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) International Coordinating Council (ICC) [ 1 ] and serves on the International Council for Science (ICSU)'s Committee f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshra_Salem |
In particle physics , a boson ( / ˈ b oʊ z ɒ n / [ 1 ] / ˈ b oʊ s ɒ n / [ 2 ] ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2, ...). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions , which have half odd-integer spin (1/2, 3/2, 5/2, ...). E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson |
In theoretical condensed matter physics and quantum field theory , bosonization is a mathematical procedure by which a system of interacting fermions in (1+1) dimensions can be transformed to a system of massless, non-interacting bosons . [ 1 ] The method of bosonization was conceived independently by particle physicis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonization |
A boss key , or boss button , [ 1 ] is a special keyboard shortcut used in PC games or other programs to hide the program quickly, possibly displaying a special screen that appears to be a normal productivity program (such as a spreadsheet application). One of the earliest implementations was by Friendlyware , [ 2 ] a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_key |
The Boston Aeronautical Society was founded by James Means, Albert A. Merrill, and William H. Pickering on March 19, 1895. [ 3 ] In 1896, the Boston Aeronautical Society developed an "experiment fund" and accepted donations in order to promote future innovations. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Aeronautical_Society |
Started in 1983, Boston CitiNet was a local online service developed by Applied Videotex Systems, Inc. of Belmont, Massachusetts . The service allowed modem-equipped personal computer users to dial-in and access a range of information and messaging services including chat, forums, email and a variety of content. There... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_CitiNet |
In mathematics , a Bost–Connes system is a quantum statistical dynamical system related to an algebraic number field , whose partition function is related to the Dedekind zeta function of the number field. Bost & Connes (1995) introduced Bost–Connes systems by constructing one for the rational numbers . Connes, Marcoll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bost–Connes_system |
Botanical Latin is a technical language based on Neo-Latin , used for descriptions of botanical taxa . From 1935 to 2011, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature mandated Botanical Latin to be used for the descriptions of new taxa (other than algae or fossils). [ 1 ] It is still the only language other than En... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Latin |
Botanical expeditions (sometimes called "Plant hunting") are scientific voyages designed to explore the flora of a particular region, either as a specific design or part of a larger expedition. A naturalist or botanist would be responsible for identification, description and collection of specimens. In some cases the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_expeditions |
Botanical illustration is the art of depicting the form, color, and details of plant species. They are generally meant to be scientifically descriptive about subjects depicted and are often found printed alongside a botanical description in books, magazines, and other media. Some are sold as artworks. [ 2 ] Often comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration |
A botanical specimen , also called a plant specimen , is a biological specimen of a plant (or part of a plant) used for scientific purposes. Preserved collections of algae , fungi , slime molds , and other organisms traditionally studied by botanists are also considered to be botanical specimens. Plant specimens are us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_specimen |
Botany 2000 is the name for a scientific program, organized under the auspices of UNESCO . While a similar UNESCO program, ASOMPS , focus on promotion of collaboration and co-operation between scientists in Asia, Botany 2000 is composed of activities in Asia and Africa . Activities in Europe are confined to support of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_2000 |
Both/and is an academic concept which refers to a form of reasoning which resists binary or either/or styles of thinking. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Unlike dualistic styles of reasoning, both/and means that between two options, both can be valid, or that their opposition may present opportunities for dialectical synthesis, rather th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Both/and_reasoning |
Bothalia: African Biodiversity & Conservation , formerly known as Bothalia is a South African peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering the fields of botany , zoology and biodiversity , produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute . [ 1 ] According to the Journal Citation Reports , the jour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothalia:_African_Biodiversity_&_Conservation |
Botourmiaviridae is a family of positive-strand RNA viruses which infect plants and fungi . [ 1 ] The family contains 12 genera. Members of genus Ourmiavirus infect plants and the other genera infect fungi. The member viruses have genomes which range from 2900 to 4800 nucleotides . [ 2 ]
Ourmiaviruses are the only mem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botourmiaviridae |
Botryosphaeran is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by the ascomyceteous fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Characterization of the chemical structure of botryosphaeran showed this EPS to be a (1→3)(1→6)-β-D-glucan. [ 3 ] This particular β-glucan can be produced by several strains of Botryosphaeria rhodina t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botryosphaeran |
Botrytis –induced kinase 1 ( BIK1 ) is a membrane-anchored enzyme in plants. It is a kinase that provides resistance to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens. As its name suggests, BIK1 is only active after being induced by Botrytis infection. When Botrytis cinerea is present, the BIK1 gene is transcribed so that the k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrytis–induced_kinase_1 |
A bottle oven or bottle kiln is a type of kiln . The word 'bottle' refers to the shape of the structure and not to the kiln's products, which are usually pottery , not glass .
Bottle kilns were typical of the industrial landscape of Stoke-on-Trent , where nearly 50 are preserved as listed buildings . [ 1 ] They were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle_kiln |
A bottle oven or bottle kiln is a type of kiln . The word 'bottle' refers to the shape of the structure and not to the kiln's products, which are usually pottery , not glass .
Bottle kilns were typical of the industrial landscape of Stoke-on-Trent , where nearly 50 are preserved as listed buildings . [ 1 ] They were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle_oven |
A bottle trap is a type of baited arboreal insect trap for collecting either prized or harmful frugivorous beetles, especially flower beetles , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] leaf chafers and longhorn beetles [ 2 ] as well as wasps [ 3 ] and other unwanted flying insects.
A bottle trap is an insect trap made out of a plastic bottle . Mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle_trap |
Bottled gas is a term used for substances which are gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP) and have been compressed and stored in carbon steel , stainless steel , aluminum , or composite containers known as gas cylinders . [ citation needed ]
There are four cases: either the substance remains a gas at stan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_gas |
In engineering , a bottleneck is a phenomenon by which the performance or capacity of an entire system is severely limited by a single component. The component is sometimes called a bottleneck point . The term is metaphorically derived from the neck of a bottle, where the flow speed of the liquid is limited by its neck... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottleneck_(engineering) |
In a communication network , sometimes a max-min fairness of the network is desired, usually opposed to the basic first-come first-served policy. With max-min fairness, data flow between any two nodes is maximized, but only at the cost of more or equally expensive data flows. To put it another way, in case of network c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottleneck_(network) |
Bottling lines are production lines that fill a liquid product, often a beverage , into bottles on a large scale. [ 1 ] Many prepared foods are also bottled, such as sauces, syrups, marinades, oils and vinegars. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
Bottling lines usually include label application equipment, capping operations, dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottling_line |
The Bottom-blown Oxygen Converter or BBOC is a smelting furnace developed by the staff at Britannia Refined Metals Limited (“BRM”), a British subsidiary of MIM Holdings Limited (which is now part of the Glencore group of companies). The furnace is currently marketed by Glencore Technology. It is a sealed, flat-bottomed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-blown_oxygen_converter |
Bottom ash is part of the non- combustible residue of combustion in a power plant , boiler , furnace , or incinerator . In an industrial context, it has traditionally referred to coal combustion and comprises traces of combustibles embedded in forming clinkers and sticking to hot side walls of a coal-burning furnace du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_ash |
Bottom trawling is trawling (towing a trawl , which is a fishing net ) along the seafloor. It is also referred to as "dragging". The scientific community divides bottom trawling into benthic trawling and demersal trawling. Benthic trawling is towing a net at the very bottom of the ocean and demersal trawling is towing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_trawling |
Bottromycin is a macrocyclic peptide with antibiotic activity. It was first discovered in 1957 as a natural product isolated from Streptomyces bottropensis . [ 1 ] It has been shown to inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci ( VRE ) among other Gram-positive bac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottromycin |
In structural engineering , the Bouc–Wen model of hysteresis is a hysteretic model typically employed to describe non-linear hysteretic systems. It was introduced by Robert Bouc [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and extended by Yi-Kwei Wen, [ 3 ] who demonstrated its versatility by producing a variety of hysteretic patterns.
This model is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouc–Wen_model_of_hysteresis |
The Boudouard reaction , named after Octave Leopold Boudouard , is the redox reaction of a chemical equilibrium mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at a given temperature. It is the disproportionation of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and graphite or its reverse: [ 1 ]
The Boudouard reaction to form car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudouard_reaction |
Bouin solution , or Bouin's solution , is a compound fixative used in histology . [ 1 ] It was invented by French biologist Pol Bouin and is composed of picric acid , acetic acid and formaldehyde in an aqueous solution. [ 2 ] Bouin's fluid is especially useful for fixation of gastrointestinal tract biopsies because thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouin_solution |
The Boulet Asphyxiant was a rumoured Russian chemical weapon during the Crimean War . [ 1 ] The rumour was first found in the French newspaper Atlas before spreading to English-language publications. [ 2 ]
According to the rumour, the Asphyxiant was developed by a French chemical researcher, M. Fortier, in 1839. He ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulet_Asphyxiant |
In graph theory , a bound graph expresses which pairs of elements of some partially ordered set have an upper bound . Rigorously, any graph G is a bound graph if there exists a partial order ≤ on the vertices of G with the property that for any vertices u and v of G , uv is an edge of G if and only if u ≠ v and there ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_graph |
In hydrology , bound water , is an extremely thin layer of water surrounding mineral surfaces.
Water molecules have a strong electrical polarity, meaning that there is a very strong positive charge on one side of the molecule and a strong negative charge on the other. This causes the water molecules to bond to each ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_water |
Boundary conditions in fluid dynamics are the set of constraints to boundary value problems in computational fluid dynamics . These boundary conditions include inlet boundary conditions, outlet boundary conditions, wall boundary conditions, constant pressure boundary conditions, axisymmetric boundary conditions, symmet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_conditions_in_fluid_dynamics |
The term boundary paradox refers to the conflict between traditional, rank-based classification of life and evolutionary thinking. In the hierarchy of ranked categories it is implicitly assumed that the morphological gap is growing along with increasing ranks: two species from the same genus are more similar than other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_paradox |
The term boundary paradox refers to the conflict between traditional, rank-based classification of life and evolutionary thinking. In the hierarchy of ranked categories it is implicitly assumed that the morphological gap is growing along with increasing ranks: two species from the same genus are more similar than other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_paradoxes |
In the study of differential equations , a boundary-value problem is a differential equation subjected to constraints called boundary conditions . [ 1 ] A solution to a boundary value problem is a solution to the differential equation which also satisfies the boundary conditions.
Boundary value problems arise in sever... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_value_problem |
Bounded arithmetic is a collective name for a family of weak subtheories of Peano arithmetic . Such theories are typically obtained by requiring that quantifiers be bounded in the induction axiom or equivalent postulates (a bounded quantifier is of the form ∀ x ≤ t or ∃ x ≤ t , where t is a term not containing x ). The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_arithmetic |
In the mathematical field of order theory , a partially ordered set is bounded complete if all of its subsets that have some upper bound also have a least upper bound . Such a partial order can also be called consistently or coherently complete ( Visser 2004, p. 182 ), since any upper bound of a set can be interpreted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_complete_poset |
In mathematics , a function of bounded deformation is a function whose distributional derivatives are not quite well-behaved -enough to qualify as functions of bounded variation , although the symmetric part of the derivative matrix does meet that condition. Thought of as deformations of elasto - plastic bodies, functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_deformation |
In the study of formal theories in mathematical logic , bounded quantifiers (a.k.a. restricted quantifiers ) are often included in a formal language in addition to the standard quantifiers "∀" and "∃". Bounded quantifiers differ from "∀" and "∃" in that bounded quantifiers restrict the range of the quantified variable.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_quantifier |
Bounded rationality is the idea that rationality is limited when individuals make decisions , and under these limitations, rational individuals will select a decision that is satisfactory rather than optimal. [ 1 ]
Limitations include the difficulty of the problem requiring a decision, the cognitive capability of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_rationality |
In functional analysis , a branch of mathematics , a bounding point of a subset of a vector space is a conceptual extension of the boundary of a set .
Let A {\displaystyle A} be a subset of a vector space X {\displaystyle X} . Then x ∈ X {\displaystyle x\in X} is a bounding point for A {\displaystyle A} if it is neit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounding_point |
In computer programming , bounds checking is any method of detecting whether a variable is within some bounds before it is used. It is usually used to ensure that a number fits into a given type (range checking), or that a variable being used as an array index is within the bounds of the array (index checking). A faile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounds_checking |
The dangerous bend or caution symbol ☡ ( U+2621 ☡ CAUTION SIGN ) was created by the Nicolas Bourbaki group of mathematicians and appears in the margins of mathematics books written by the group. It resembles a road sign that indicates a "dangerous bend" in the road ahead, and is used to mark passages tricky on a firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbaki_dangerous_bend_symbol |
Nicolas Bourbaki ( French: [nikola buʁbaki] ) is the collective pseudonym of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the École normale supérieure (ENS). Founded in 1934–1935, the Bourbaki group originally intended to prepare a new textbook in analysis . Over time the project became much more ambitious... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbaki_group |
In mathematics , the Bourbaki–Witt theorem in order theory , named after Nicolas Bourbaki and Ernst Witt , is a basic fixed-point theorem for partially ordered sets . It states that if X is a non-empty chain complete poset , and f : X → X {\displaystyle f:X\to X} such that f ( x ) ≥ x {\displaystyle f(x)\geq x} for all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbaki–Witt_theorem |
A bourne is an intermittent stream , flowing from a spring. Frequent in chalk and limestone country where the rock becomes saturated with winter rain, that slowly drains away until the rock becomes dry, when the stream ceases. [ 1 ] The word is from the Anglo-Saxon language of England.
The word can be found in norther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_(stream) |
In algebraic topology, the Bousfield class of, say, a spectrum X is the set of all (say) spectra Y whose smash product with X is zero: X ⊗ Y = 0 {\displaystyle X\otimes Y=0} . Two objects are Bousfield equivalent if their Bousfield classes are the same.
The notion applies to module spectra and in that case one usually... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bousfield_class |
In fluid dynamics , the Boussinesq approximation ( pronounced [businɛsk] , named for Joseph Valentin Boussinesq ) is used in the field of buoyancy -driven flow (also known as natural convection ). It ignores density differences except where they appear in terms multiplied by g , the acceleration due to gravity . The es... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(buoyancy) |
In fluid dynamics , the Boussinesq approximation for water waves is an approximation valid for weakly non-linear and fairly long waves . The approximation is named after Joseph Boussinesq , who first derived them in response to the observation by John Scott Russell of the wave of translation (also known as solitary wav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves) |
The Bousso bound captures a fundamental relation between quantum information and the geometry of space and time. It appears to be an imprint of a unified theory that combines quantum mechanics with Einstein's general relativity. [ 1 ] The study of black hole thermodynamics and the information paradox led to the idea of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bousso's_holographic_bound |
The Bouveault aldehyde synthesis (also known as the Bouveault reaction ) is a one-pot substitution reaction that replaces an alkyl or aryl halide with a formyl group using a N , N -disubstituted formamide . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] For primary alkyl halides this produces the homologous aldehyde one carbon longer. For aryl halides t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouveault_aldehyde_synthesis |
The Bouveault–Blanc reduction is a chemical reaction in which an ester is reduced to primary alcohols using absolute ethanol and sodium metal. [ 1 ] It was first reported by Louis Bouveault and Gustave Louis Blanc in 1903. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Bouveault and Blanc demonstrated the reduction of ethyl oleate and n - butyl ol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouveault–Blanc_reduction |
In stochastic calculus , the Boué–Dupuis formula is variational representation for Wiener functionals . The representation has application in finding large deviation asymptotics.
The theorem was proven in 1998 by Michelle Boué and Paul Dupuis . [ 1 ] In 2000 [ 2 ] the result was generalized to infinite-dimensional Bro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boué–Dupuis_formula |
The Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (also known as the chromosome theory of inheritance or the Sutton–Boveri theory ) is a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It correctly explains the mechanism underlying the laws of Mendelian inh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boveri–Sutton_chromosome_theory |
Bovine Metabolome Database is a free web database about metabolites information of bovine (cow). It collects 7859 metabolites totally. Each metabolite host properties like CAS name, IUPAC name, structure diagram, formula, and biofluid location. It fills the lack of the information in bovine field. This project is suppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_Metabolome_Database |
The genome of a female Hereford cow was published in 2009. [ 1 ] It was sequenced by the Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, a team of researchers led by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Agriculture . [ 2 ] It was part of an effort to improve livestock breeding and at the time ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_genome |
Bovine somatotropin or bovine somatotrophin (abbreviated bST and BST ), or bovine growth hormone ( BGH ), is a peptide hormone produced by cows' pituitary glands . [ 1 ] Like other hormones, it is produced in small quantities and is used in regulating metabolic processes. [ 1 ] Scientists created a bacterium that produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_somatotropin |
A bow-tie diagram is a graphic tool used to describe a possible damage process in terms of the mechanisms that may initiate an event in which energy is released, creating possible outcomes, which themselves produce adverse consequences such as injury and damage. The diagram is centred on the (generally unintended) even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow-tie_diagram |
In astrophysics , bow shocks are shock waves in regions where the conditions of density and pressure change dramatically due to blowing stellar wind . [ 1 ] Bow shock occurs when the magnetosphere of an astrophysical object interacts with the nearby flowing ambient plasma such as the solar wind . For Earth and other ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_shock |
A bow wave is the wave that forms at the bow of a ship when it moves through the water. [ 1 ] As the bow wave spreads out, it defines the outer limits of a ship's wake . A large bow wave slows the ship down, is a risk to smaller boats, and in a harbor can damage shore facilities and moored ships. Therefore, ship hulls ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_wave |
A bow windshield , also known as a wind deflector , is a round and smooth structure mounted on the bow of a ship that improves a vessel's aerodynamic characteristics, allowing for greater fuel efficiency and a reduction of carbon emissions . The technology is limited to container ships , though is predicted to become m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_windshield |
Bowen's Kale was a reference material produced by British chemist Humphry Bowen and used for the calibration of early scientific instruments intended to measure trace elements during the 1960s. [ 2 ]
With Peter Cawse, Bowen grew, dried, and crushed a large amount of marrow-stem kale [ 3 ] ( Brassica oleracea var. medu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen's_Kale |
The Bowen ratio is used to describe the type of heat transfer for a surface that has moisture. Heat transfer can either occur as sensible heat (differences in temperature without evapotranspiration ) or latent heat (the energy required during a change of state, without a change in temperature). The Bowen ratio is gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_ratio |
Bowers v. Baystate Technologies , 320 F.3d 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2003), [ 1 ] was a U.S. Court of Appeals Federal Circuit case involving Harold L. Bowers (doing business as HLB Technology) and Baystate Technologies over patent infringement , copyright infringement , and breach of contract . In the case, the court found that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowers_v._Baystate_Technologies,_Inc. |
In metallurgy , the Bower–Barff process is a method of coating iron or steel with magnetic iron oxide , such as Fe 2 O 4 , in order to minimize atmospheric corrosion .
The articles to be treated are put into a closed retort and a current of superheated steam passed through for twenty minutes followed by a current of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bower–Barff_process |
Vibratory bowl feeders, also known as a bowl feeders , are common devices used to orient and feed individual component parts for assembly on industrial production lines . They are used when a randomly sorted bulk package of small components must be fed into another machine one-by-one, oriented in a particular direction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_feeder |
The Bowman–Heidenhain hypothesis is an early explanation of renal function and urinary secretion .
The hypothesis states that the kidney is first and foremost a secreting gland . According to the theory, glomeruli are merely filters, while the tubules are the true secretory structures. [ 1 ] To prove his hypothesis , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman–Heidenhain_hypothesis |
The term box breaker pertains to the mobile phone industry; where there are companies or individuals that exploit the networks' use of discounts on handsets to create their own profitable business.
Mobile phone networks fundamentally have three different ways to connect customers to the network, each of which needs a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_breaker |
The box corer is a marine geological sampling tool for soft sediments in lakes or oceans. It is deployed from a research vessel with a wire and suitable for any water depth. It is designed for a minimum of disturbance of the sediment surface by bow wave effects which is important for quantitative investigations of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_corer |
A box crib or cribbing is a temporary wooden structure used to support heavy objects during construction, relocation , vehicle extrication and urban search and rescue . It is commonly used to secure overturned motor vehicles, and debris within collapsed buildings . Cribbing is often used in conjunction with other stab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_crib |
A box truss is a structure composed of three or more chords connected by transverse and/or diagonal structural elements. [ 1 ]
Box trusses are commonly used in certain types of aircraft fuselages , electric power pylons, large radio antennas , and many bridge structures. (For various truss arrangements used see truss ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_truss |
In the United States , a boxed warning (sometimes " black box warning ", colloquially) is a type of warning that appears near the beginning of the package insert for certain prescription drugs , so called because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifies that it is formatted with a "box" or border around the text... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxed_warning |
Box–ironbark forest is a forest or woodland ecosystem that is largely limited to central Victoria in south-eastern Australia . Because its component tree species produce abundant nectar and pollen throughout the year, it is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals.
Because box–ironbar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box–ironbark_forest |
In geometry , Boy's surface is an immersion of the real projective plane in three-dimensional space . It was discovered in 1901 by the German mathematician Werner Boy , who had been tasked by his doctoral thesis advisor David Hilbert to prove that the projective plane could not be immersed in three-dimensional space.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy's_surface |
The Boyd Group is a Britain-based, independent think tank considering issues relating to animal testing .
The group was founded in 1992, the idea forming from a dialogue between Colin Blakemore , a strong advocate of animal testing and subsequently chief executive of the Medical Research Council , and Les Ward, then d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Group |
The Boyland–Sims oxidation is the chemical reaction of anilines with alkaline potassium persulfate , which after hydrolysis forms ortho -hydroxyl anilines. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The reaction is generally performed in water at room temperatures or below, using equimolar quantities of reagents.
The ortho -isomer is formed p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyland–Sims_oxidation |
Boyle's law , also referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law or Mariotte's law (especially in France), is an empirical gas law that describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a confined gas . Boyle's law has been stated as:
The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle's_law |
The Boyle temperature , named after Robert Boyle , is formally defined as the temperature for which the second virial coefficient , B 2 ( T ) {\displaystyle B_{2}(T)} , becomes zero.
It is at this temperature that the attractive forces and the repulsive forces acting on the gas particles balance out
P = R T ( 1 V m + ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle_temperature |
Pinacolborane is the borane with the formula (CH 3 ) 4 C 2 O 2 BH. Often pinacolborane is abbreviated HBpin. [ 1 ] It features a boron hydride functional group incorporated in a five-membered C 2 O 2 B ring. Like related boron alkoxides , pinacolborane is monomeric. It is a colorless liquid. [ 2 ] It features a reactiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bpin |
Cadmium bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdBr 2 . It is a white hygroscopic solid. It also can be obtained as a mono- and tetrahydrate. [ 2 ] It has few applications.
Cadmium bromide is prepared by heating cadmium with bromine vapor. [ 2 ] The tetrahydrate has been obtained by crystallization of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br2Cd |
Cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr 2 ) is an inorganic compound. In its anhydrous form, it is a green solid that is soluble in water, used primarily as a catalyst in some processes.
When anhydrous , cobalt(II) bromide appears as green crystals. It is hygroscopic and eventually forms the hexahydrate in air, [ 1 ] which appears a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br2Co |
Dibromine trioxide is the chemical compound composed of bromine and oxygen with the formula Br 2 O 3 . It is an orange solid that is stable below −40 °C. It has the structure Br−O−BrO 2 (bromine bromate ). [ 3 ] It was discovered in 1993. [ 2 ] The bond angle of Br−O−Br is 111.7°, the bond angle of O−Br=O is 103.1°, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br2O3 |
Dibromine pentoxide is the chemical compound composed of bromine and oxygen with the formula Br 2 O 5 . It is a colorless solid that is stable below −20 °C. It has the structure O 2 Br−O−BrO 2 , the Br−O−Br bond is bent with bond angle 121.2°. Each BrO 3 group is pyramidal with the bromine atom at the apex. [ 2 ]
Dibr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br2O5 |
Xenon dibromide is an unstable chemical compound with the chemical formula XeBr 2 . It was only produced by the decomposition of iodine-129 : [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Attempts to prepare this compound by combining elemental xenon and bromine only resulted in the XeBr radical . [ 4 ] This compound is expected to be less stable than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br2Xe |
Zinc bromide ( Zn Br 2 ) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Zn Br 2 . It is a colourless salt that shares many properties with zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), namely a high solubility in water forming acidic solutions, and good solubility in organic solvents. It is hygroscopic and forms a dihydrate ZnBr 2 ·2H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br2Zn |
Cerium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula CeBr 3 . This white hygroscopic solid is of interest as a component of scintillation counters .
The compound has been known since at least 1899, when Muthman and Stützel reported its preparation from cerium sulfide and gaseous HBr . [ 2 ] Aqueous solutions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br3Ce |
Phosphorus tribromide is a colourless liquid with the formula P Br 3 . The liquid fumes in moist air due to hydrolysis and has a penetrating odour. It is used in the laboratory for the conversion of alcohols to alkyl bromides .
PBr 3 is prepared by treating red phosphorus with bromine . An excess of phosphorus is u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br3P |
Vanadium(III) bromide , also known as vanadium tribromide, describes the inorganic compounds with the formula VBr 3 and its hydrates. The anhydrous material is a green-black solid. In terms of its structure, the compound is polymeric with octahedral vanadium(III) surrounded by six bromide ligands.
VBr 3 has been pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br3V |
Yttrium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula YBr 3 . It is a white solid. Anhydrous yttrium(III) bromide can be produced by reacting yttrium oxide or yttrium(III) bromide hydrate and ammonium bromide . The reaction proceeds via the intermediate (NH 4 ) 3 YBr 6 . [ 3 ] Another method is to rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br3Y |
Titanium tetrabromide is the chemical compound with the formula TiBr 4 . It is the most volatile transition metal bromide. The properties of TiBr 4 are an average of TiCl 4 and TiI 4 . Some key properties of these four-coordinated Ti(IV) species are their high Lewis acidity and their high solubility in nonpolar orga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br4Ti |
Phosphorus pentabromide is a reactive, yellow solid of formula P Br 5 , which has the structure [PBr 4 ] + Br − (tetrabromophosphonium bromide) in the solid state but in the vapor phase is completely dissociated to PBr 3 and Br 2 . Rapid cooling of this phase to 15 K leads to formation of the ionic species phosphorus h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br5P |
1,2-Dibromoethane , also known as ethylene dibromide ( EDB ), is an organobromine compound with the chemical formula C 2 H 4 Br 2 . Although trace amounts occur naturally in the ocean , where it is probably formed by algae and kelp , substantial amounts are produced industrially. It is a dense colorless liquid with a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrCH2CH2Br |
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