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In computational complexity theory the Blum axioms or Blum complexity axioms are axioms that specify desirable properties of complexity measures on the set of computable functions . The axioms were first defined by Manuel Blum in 1967. [ 1 ]
Importantly, Blum's speedup theorem and the Gap theorem hold for any complexi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_axioms |
In mathematics , the Blumberg theorem states that for any real function f : R → R {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} } there is a dense subset D {\displaystyle D} of R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } such that the restriction of f {\displaystyle f} to D {\displaystyle D} is continuous . It is named after its di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumberg_theorem |
The Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis , also known as the Blum–Ittah-Shahak aziridine synthesis [ 1 ] or simply the Blum aziridine synthesis is a name reaction of organic chemistry , for the generation of aziridines from oxiranes . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
The oxirane is first converted into a 2-az... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum–Ittah_aziridine_synthesis |
Tingkat 17, Blok F
Ibu Pejabat JKR
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin
The Board of Engineers Malaysia ( Malay : Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia (LJM), abbrev : BEM ) is a federal statutory body constituted under the Registration of Engineers Act 1967 (Act 138) (REA 1967) with perpetual succession and a common seal. It was inaugurated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Engineers_Malaysia |
The United States National Academy of Sciences' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) is a board of the United States National Academy of Sciences .
The mandate of the Board is to integrate understanding of scientific, technological, and economic elements in the formulation of national policies affe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_on_Science,_Technology,_and_Economic_Policy |
Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables ask players to locate the hidden objects based on a set of clue cells and their neighbors marked as variables (unknowns). A variable with value of 1 corresponds to a cell with an object. Conversely, a variable with value of 0 corresponds to an empty cell—no hidden object.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_puzzles_with_algebra_of_binary_variables |
In mathematics, Boas–Buck polynomials are sequences of polynomials Φ n ( r ) ( z ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{n}^{(r)}(z)} defined from analytic functions B {\displaystyle B} and C {\displaystyle C} by generating functions of the form
The case r = 1 {\displaystyle r=1} , sometimes called generalized Appell polynomials , wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boas–Buck_polynomials |
In amateur radio and computing , a boat anchor or boatanchor is something obsolete, useless, and cumbersome – so-called because metaphorically its only productive use is to be thrown into the water as a boat mooring . Terms such as brick , doorstop , and paperweight are similar.
In amateur radio , a boat anchor or boa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_anchor_(metaphor) |
Robert Berman , known as Bob Berman , is an American astronomer , author, and science popularizer .
He runs Overlook Observatory in Woodstock, New York , USA. He was an adjunct professor of astronomy at New York’s Marymount College located in Westchester County, from 1996 to 2000 [ citation needed ] and has appeared on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Berman |
Bob Hale , FRSE (1945 – 12 December 2017) [ 3 ] was a British philosopher, known for his contributions to the development of the neo-Fregean (neo-logicist) philosophy of mathematics in collaboration with Crispin Wright , and for his works in modality and philosophy of language . [ 4 ]
Hale obtained a BPhil in Philosop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hale_(philosopher) |
Robert Hugh " Bob " Waterston , (born September 17, 1943) is an American biologist. He is best known for his work on the Human Genome Project , for which he was a pioneer along with John Sulston .
Waterston attended Princeton as an undergraduate where he majored in engineering; he wrote his senior dissertation on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Waterston |
The Bobbitt reaction is a name reaction in organic chemistry. It is named after the American chemist James M. Bobbitt . [ 1 ] The reaction allows the synthesis of 1-, 4-, and N -substituted 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolines and also 1-, and 4-substituted isoquinolines.
The reaction scheme below shows the synthesis of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbitt_reaction |
In mathematics , Bochner's theorem (named for Salomon Bochner ) characterizes the Fourier transform of a positive finite Borel measure on the real line. More generally in harmonic analysis , Bochner's theorem asserts that under Fourier transform a continuous positive-definite function on a locally compact abelian group... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner's_theorem |
In mathematics — specifically, differential geometry — the Bochner identity is an identity concerning harmonic maps between Riemannian manifolds . The identity is named after the American mathematician Salomon Bochner .
Let M and N be Riemannian manifolds and let u : M → N be a harmonic map. Let d u denote the derivat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner_identity |
In mathematics , the Bochner–Kodaira–Nakano identity is an analogue of the Weitzenböck identity for hermitian manifolds , giving an expression for the antiholomorphic Laplacian of a vector bundle over a hermitian manifold in terms of its complex conjugate and the curvature of the bundle and the torsion of the metric of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner–Kodaira–Nakano_identity |
The Bodenstein number (abbreviated Bo , named after Max Bodenstein ) is a dimensionless parameter in chemical reaction engineering , which describes the ratio of the amount of substance introduced by convection to that introduced by diffusion . Hence, it characterises the backmixing in a system and allows statements wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodenstein_number |
In organic chemistry , an amide , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] also known as an organic amide or a carboxamide , is a compound with the general formula R−C(=O)−NR′R″ , where R, R', and R″ represent any group, typically organyl groups or hydrogen atoms. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodroux_reaction |
The Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis is a chemical reaction whereby a Grignard reagent is converted to an aldehyde one carbon longer.
Reaction of a Grignard reagent with triethyl orthoformate gives an acetal , which can be hydrolyzed to an aldehyde. For example, the synthesis of n - hexanal : [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodroux–Chichibabin_aldehyde_synthesis |
Body-on-frame is a traditional motor vehicle construction method whereby a separate body or coach is mounted on a strong and relatively rigid vehicle frame or chassis that carries the powertrain (the engine and drivetrain ) and to which the wheels and their suspension , brakes, and steering are mounted. Whereas this wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-on-frame |
Some languages of the world have numeral systems that do not make use of an arithmetic base. One such system is the body-part counting system which make use of further body parts to extend the system beyond the ten fingers. [ 1 ]
Counting typically begins by touching (and usually bending) the fingers of one hand, move... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-part_counting_system |
A body ( Latin : corpus ) is the physical material of an organism . It is only used for organisms which are in one part or whole. There are organisms which change from single cells to whole organisms: for example, slime molds . For them the term 'body' would mean the multicellular stage. Other uses:
The body of a dead... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_(biology) |
A body area network ( BAN ), also referred to as a wireless body area network ( WBAN ), a body sensor network ( BSN ) or a medical body area network ( MBAN ), is a wireless network of wearable computing devices. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] BAN devices may be embedded inside the body as implants or pills, [ 6 ] may be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_area_network |
Body capacitance is the physical property of a human body to act as a capacitor . [ 1 ] Like any other electrically conductive object, a human body can store electric charge if insulated. The actual amount of capacitance varies with the surroundings; it would be low when standing on top of a pole with nothing nearby, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_capacitance |
A body cavity is any space or compartment, or potential space , in an animal body. Cavities accommodate organs and other structures; cavities as potential spaces contain fluid.
The two largest human body cavities are the ventral body cavity , and the dorsal body cavity . In the dorsal body cavity the brain and spinal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavity |
In physical fitness , body composition refers to quantifying the different components (or "compartments") of a human body . [ 1 ] The selection of compartments varies by model but may include fat , bone , water , and muscle . [ 2 ] Two people of the same gender, height, and body weight may have completely different bod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_composition |
Body flex is a lack of rigidity in a motor vehicle 's chassis , causing the car body to turn and twist while cornering. It is often something to be avoided by car manufacturers as higher levels of body flex is a sign of structural weakness, and means that the vehicle's suspension cannot work as efficiently - the body t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_flex |
Body image is a complex construct, [ 1 ] often used in the clinical context of describing a patient's cognitive perception of their own body. The medical concept began with the work of the Austrian neuropsychiatrist and psychoanalyst Paul Schilder , described in his book The Image and Appearance of the Human Body first... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_image_(neuroscience) |
Body in white ( BIW ) is the stage in automobile manufacturing in which a car body's frame has been joined together, that is before painting and before the motor, chassis sub-assemblies, or trim (glass, door locks/handles, seats, upholstery, electronics, etc.) have been integrated into the structure. Assembly involves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_in_white |
A body orifice is any opening in the body of an animal.
In a typical mammalian body such as the human body , the external body orifices are:
Other animals may have some other body orifices:
Internal orifices include the orifices of the outflow tracts of the heart, between the heart valves . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_orifice |
A body plan , Bauplan ( pl. German : Baupläne ), or ground plan is a set of morphological features common to many members of a phylum of animals . [ 1 ] The vertebrates share one body plan, while invertebrates have many.
This term, usually applied to animals, envisages a "blueprint" encompassing aspects such as symmet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_plan |
Body proportions is the study of artistic anatomy , which attempts to explore the relation of the elements of the human body to each other and to the whole. These ratios are used in depictions of the human figure and may become part of an artistic canon of body proportion within a culture. Academic art of the nineteent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_proportions |
Body reactivity is usually understood as an organism 's functional ability of its body to react adequately in response to influence the environment. It is not to be confused with resistance , which is its physiological stability against the influence of pathogenic factors. The body reactivity can range from homeostasis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_reactivity |
Body relative directions (also known as egocentric coordinates ) [ 1 ] are geometrical orientations relative to a body such as a human person's body or a road sign.
The most common ones are: left and right ; forward and backward ; up and down .
They form three pairs of orthogonal axes.
Since definitions of left and ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_relative_direction |
Body roundness index ( BRI ) is a calculated geometric index used to quantify an aspect of a person's individual body shape . Based on the principle of body eccentricity , it provides a rapid visual and anthropometric tool for health evaluation. [ 1 ]
Introduced in 2013, the BRI calculation can be used to estimate tot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_roundness_index |
A Body Shape Index ( ABSI ) [ 1 ] or simply body shape index ( BSI ) is a metric for assessing the health implications of a given human body height, mass and waist circumference (WC). The inclusion of WC is believed to make the BSI a better indicator of risk of mortality from excess weight than the standard body mass i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_shape_index |
The body size-species richness distribution is a pattern observed in the way taxa are distributed over large spatial scales. The number of species that exhibit small body size generally far exceed the number of species that are large-bodied. Macroecology has long sought to understand the mechanisms that underlie the pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_size_and_species_richness |
The Boekelheide reaction is a rearrangement of α-picoline- N -oxides to hydroxymethyl pyridines . It is named after Virgil Boekelheide who first reported it in 1954. [ 1 ] Originally the reaction was carried out using acetic anhydride , which typically required a period at reflux (~140 °C). The reaction can be performe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekelheide_reaction |
Bofedales (singular bofedal ), known in some parts of Peru as oconales , are a type of wetland found in the Andes . They are a feature in the land use and ecology of high Andean ecosystems. They form in flat areas around ponds or streams and may be permanent or seasonal, and they can be man made or natural. Bofedales a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofedales |
Bogdan Suceavă (born September 27, 1969) is a Romanian-American mathematician and writer, working since 2002 as professor of mathematics at California State University Fullerton . He is also a honorary research professor with the STAR-UBB Institute, Babeș-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
He was born in Curtea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Suceavă |
The Bogdanov affair was an academic dispute over the legitimacy of the doctoral degrees obtained by French twins Igor and Grichka Bogdanov [ 1 ] (usually spelled Bogdanoff in French language publications) and a series of theoretical physics papers written by them in order to obtain degrees. The papers were published in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdanov_affair |
In dynamical systems theory , the Bogdanov map is a chaotic 2D map related to the Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation . It is given by the transformation:
The Bogdanov map is named after Rifkat Bogdanov .
This fractal –related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdanov_map |
The Boger pyridine synthesis is a cycloaddition approach to the formation of pyridines named after its inventor Dale L. Boger , who first reported it in 1981. [ 1 ] The reaction is a form of inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder reaction in which an enamine reacts with a 1,2,4- triazine to form the pyridine nucleus. [ 2 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boger_pyridine_synthesis |
The Bogoliubov inner product (also known as the Duhamel two-point function , Bogolyubov inner product , Bogoliubov scalar product , or Kubo –Mori–Bogoliubov inner product ) is a special inner product in the space of operators . The Bogoliubov inner product appears in quantum statistical mechanics [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and is nam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogoliubov_inner_product |
In condensed matter physics , a Bogoliubov quasiparticle or Bogoliubon is a quasiparticle that occurs in superconductors . [ 1 ] Whereas superconductivity is characterized by the condensation of Cooper pairs into the same ground quantum state, Bogoliubov quasiparticles are elementary excitations above the ground state,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogoliubov_quasiparticle |
In mathematics , the Bogomolov conjecture is a conjecture, named after Fedor Bogomolov , in arithmetic geometry about algebraic curves that generalizes the Manin–Mumford conjecture in arithmetic geometry . The conjecture was proven by Emmanuel Ullmo and Shou-Wu Zhang in 1998 using Arakelov theory . A further generaliza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogomolov_conjecture |
In mathematics, the Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau inequality is the inequality
between Chern numbers of compact complex surfaces of general type . Its major interest is the way it restricts the possible topological types of the underlying real 4-manifold. It was proved independently by Shing-Tung Yau ( 1977 , 1978 ) and Yoich... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau_inequality |
Bogoriellaceae is an Actinomycete family. [ 1 ]
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [ 2 ] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [ 3 ] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogoriellaceae |
The Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries , also known as the Bogota Declaration , is a declaration made and signed in 1976 by eight equatorial countries, and was an attempt to assert sovereignty over those portions of the geostationary orbit that continuously lie over the signatory nations' territor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogota_Declaration |
Bohadschia argus , the leopard sea cucumber , leopardfish , or tigerfish , is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae . It is native to the tropical Western Indo-Pacific region.
Bohadschia argus has the same roughly cylindrical body plan shared by most sea cucumbers. On average, it measures approximately... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohadschia_argus |
Bohdana Yosypivna Durda ( Ukrainian : Богдана Йосипівна Ду́рда ; born May 24, 1940) is a Ukrainian artist, writer, poet, and songwriter, as well as a former design engineer . Her artwork includes portraits, landscapes, and still lifes . She has illustrated children's books, and has written lyrics for more than 100 song... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdana_Durda |
In organic chemistry , the Bohlmann–Rahtz pyridine synthesis is a reaction that generates substituted pyridines in two steps, first a condensation reaction between an enamine and an ethynylketone to form an aminodiene intermediate, which after heat-induced E/Z isomerization undergoes a cyclodehydration to yield 2,3,6-t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlmann–Rahtz_pyridine_synthesis |
The Bohn–Schmidt reaction , a named reaction in chemistry, introduces a hydroxy group at an anthraquinone system. The anthraquinone must already have at least one hydroxy group. The reaction was first described in 1889 by René Bohn (1862–1922) and in 1891 by Robert Emanuel Schmidt (1864–1938), two German industrial che... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohn–Schmidt_reaction |
In addition to the model of the atom , Niels Bohr also proposed a model of the chemical bond .
He proposed this model first in the article "Systems containing several nuclei" [ 1 ] - the third and last of the classic series of articles by Bohr, published in November 1913 in Philosophical Magazine .
According to his m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model_of_the_chemical_bond |
The Bohr–Favard inequality is an inequality appearing in a problem of Harald Bohr [ 1 ] on the boundedness over the entire real axis of the integral of an almost-periodic function. The ultimate form of this inequality was given by Jean Favard ; [ 2 ] the latter materially supplemented the studies of Bohr, and studied t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr–Favard_inequality |
The Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem states that when statistical mechanics and classical mechanics are applied consistently, the thermal average of the magnetization is always zero. [ 1 ] This makes magnetism in solids solely a quantum mechanical effect and means that classical physics cannot account for paramagnetism , diama... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr–Van_Leeuwen_theorem |
A boil-water advisory ( BWA ), boil-water notice , boil-water warning , boil-water order , or boil order is a public-health advisory or directive issued by governmental or other health authorities to consumers when a community's drinking water is or could be contaminated by pathogens . [ 1 ]
Under a BWA, the Centers f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boil-water_advisory |
A boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, [ 1 ] [ page needed ] [ 2 ] [ page needed ] including water heating , central heating , boiler-based power gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler |
The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard that regulates the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels . [ 1 ] The document is written and maintained by volunteers chosen for their technical expertise . [ 2 ] The ASME works as an accredita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_and_Pressure_Vessel_Code |
Boiler blowdown is water intentionally wasted from a boiler to avoid concentration of impurities during continuing evaporation of steam. The water is blown out of the boiler with some force by steam pressure within the boiler. Bottom blowdown used with early boilers caused abrupt downward adjustment of boiler water l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_blowdown |
Boiler design is the process of designing boilers used for various purposes. The main function of a boiler is to heat water to generate steam. Steam produced in a boiler can be used for a variety of purposes including space heating , sterilisation , drying , humidification and power generation . The temperature or cond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_design |
A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler .
There are two types of boiler explosions. One type is a failure of the pressure parts of the steam and water sides. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve , corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or low water level. Corrosi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_explosion |
Boiler feedwater is the water which is supplied to a boiler . The feed water is put into the steam drum from a feed pump. In the steam drum the feed water is then turned into steam from the heat. After the steam is used, it is then dumped to the main condenser. From the condenser, it is then pumped to the deaerated fee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_feedwater |
A boiler feedwater pump is a specific type of pump used to pump feedwater into a steam boiler . The water may be freshly supplied or returning condensate produced as a result of the condensation of the steam produced by the boiler. These pumps are normally high pressure units that take suction from a condensate return ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_feedwater_pump |
Boiler feedwater is the water which is supplied to a boiler . The feed water is put into the steam drum from a feed pump. In the steam drum the feed water is then turned into steam from the heat. After the steam is used, it is then dumped to the main condenser. From the condenser, it is then pumped to the deaerated fee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_feedwater_treatment |
A boilery or boiling house is a place of boiling , much as a bakery is a place of baking. Boilery can also mean the process and equipment for boiling. Although they are now generally confined to factories, and usually boil industrial products rather than food, historically they were more common in daily life. Boilerie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilery |
Boiling or ebullition is the rapid phase transition from liquid to gas or vapour ; the reverse of boiling is condensation . Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point , so that the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere . Boiling and e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling |
Boiling-point elevation is the phenomenon whereby the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent ) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling-point_elevation |
A boiling chip , boiling stone , or porous bit anti-bumping granule is a tiny, unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids to make them boil more calmly. Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating. When a liquid becomes superheated , a speck of dust or a stirring rod can cause violent fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_chip |
A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion ( BLEVE , / ˈ b l ɛ v iː / BLEV -ee ) is an explosion caused by the rupture of a vessel containing a pressurized liquid that has attained a temperature sufficiently higher than its boiling point at atmospheric pressure. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Because the boiling point of a liquid rises w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_liquid_expanding_vapor_explosion |
This is a list of the various reported boiling points for the elements, with recommended values to be used elsewhere on Wikipedia.
In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain consistency across content.
Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page) |
The Bok Prize is awarded annually by the Astronomical Society of Australia and the Australian Academy of Science to recognise outstanding research in astronomy by honoring a student at an Australian university. The prize consists of the Bok Medal together with an award of $1000 and ASA membership for the following year... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok_Prize |
In chemistry , bolaamphiphiles (also known as bolaform surfactants , bolaphiles , or alpha-omega-type surfactants ) are amphiphilic molecules that have hydrophilic groups at both ends of a sufficiently long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain. Compared to single-headed amphiphiles , the introduction of a second head-group ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolaamphiphile |
A bole hill (also spelt bail hill ) was a place where lead was formerly smelted in the open air. The bole was usually situated at or near the top of a hill where the wind was strong.
Totley Bole Hill on the western fringes of Sheffield consisted of a long low wall with two shorter walls at right angles to it at each e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bole_hill |
Bolesatine is a glycoprotein isolated from the Rubroboletus satanas (Boletus satanas Lenz) mushroom which has a lectin function that is specific to the sugar binding site of D-galactose. [ 1 ] It is a monomeric protein with a compact globular structure and is thermostable. One tryptophan can be found in its primary seq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolesatine |
Bollard pull is a conventional measure of the pulling (or towing) power of a watercraft . It is defined as the force (usually in tonnes -force or kilonewtons (kN)) exerted by a vessel under full power, on a shore-mounted bollard through a tow-line, commonly measured in a practical test (but sometimes simulated) under t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollard_pull |
The Bollobás–Riordan polynomial can mean a 3- variable invariant polynomial of graphs on orientable surfaces , or a more general 4-variable invariant of ribbon graphs , generalizing the Tutte polynomial .
These polynomials were discovered by Béla Bollobás and Oliver Riordan ( 2001 , 2002 ).
The 3-variable Bollobás–Ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollobás–Riordan_polynomial |
A Bologna bottle , also known as a Bologna phial or philosophical vial , [ 1 ] is a glass bottle which has great external strength, often used in physics demonstrations and magic tricks . The exterior is generally strong enough that one could pound a nail into a block of wood using the bottle as a hammer ; however, eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_bottle |
A bolometer is a device for measuring radiant heat by means of a material having a temperature-dependent electrical resistance . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was invented in 1878 by the American astronomer Samuel Pierpont Langley .
A bolometer consists of an absorptive element, such as a thin layer of metal, connected to a thermal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometer |
Bolster heath or cushion moorland is a type of vegetation community that features a patchwork of very low growing, tightly packed plants found at the limits of some alpine environments. The cushion plants form a smooth surfaced 'cushions' from several different plants, hence the common name of cushion heath . The cush... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolster_heath |
A bolt circle diameter or pitch circle diameter ( PCD ), sometimes simply called bolt circle or pitch circle , is a common term for when a number of screw holes for bolts are evenly distributed with their centers along an imaginary circle with a given diameter .
An example of use is mounting of car rims , where the bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_circle |
A bolted joint is one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. It consists of a male threaded fastener (e. g., a bolt ) that captures and joins other parts, secured with a matching female screw thread . There are two main types of bolted joint designs: tension joints and shear joints.
The selec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolted_joint |
Boltzmann Fair Division is a probabilistic model of resource allocation inspired by the Boltzmann distribution in statistical mechanics. This model introduces a concept called distribution potential , which integrates human factors such as contribution, need, and preference. Based on this potential, resources are alloc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_Fair_Division |
The Boltzmann Medal (or Boltzmann Award ) is a prize awarded to physicists that obtain new results concerning statistical mechanics ; it is named after the celebrated physicist Ludwig Boltzmann . The Boltzmann Medal is awarded once every three years by the Commission on Statistical Physics of the International Union of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_Medal |
The Boltzmann constant ( k B or k ) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. [ 2 ] It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the molar gas constant , in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant |
The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation ( BTE ) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium ; it was devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872. [ 2 ] The classic example of such a system is a fluid with temperature gradients in space causing heat to flow from hot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_equation |
The Bolzano process is a means to reduce magnesium to metallic form. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] "Dolomite-ferrosilicon briquettes are stacked on a special charge support system through which internal electric heating is conducted to the charge. A complete reaction takes 20 to 24 hours at 1,200 °C." [ 6 ]
In 2014, B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano_process |
The BO ttle MA nnequin AB sorber phantom was developed by Bush in 1949 (Bush 1949) and has since been accepted in North America as the industry standard (ANSI 1995) for calibrating whole body counting systems. [ 1 ]
The phantom consists of 10 polyethylene bottles, either cylinders or elliptical cylinders, that represe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomab |
The bomb icon (💣) has several different applications in computing , and typically indicates a fatal system error .
The bomb icon in Mac OS is a symbol designed by Susan Kare that was displayed inside the System Error alert box when the "classic" Macintosh operating system had a crash which the system decided was unre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_(icon) |
Bomb disposal is an explosives engineering profession using the process by which hazardous explosive devices are disabled or otherwise rendered safe. Bomb disposal is an all-encompassing term to describe the separate, but interrelated functions in the military fields of explosive ordnance disposal ( EOD ) and improvise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_disposal |
The bomb pulse is the sudden increase of carbon-14 ( 14 C) in Earth's atmosphere due to the hundreds of above-ground nuclear tests that started in 1945 and intensified after 1950 until 1963, when the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed by the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom. [ 2 ] These blasts wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_pulse |
A bomb suit , Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) suit or a blast suit is a heavy suit of body armor designed to withstand the pressure generated by a bomb and any fragments the bomb may produce. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is usually worn by trained personnel attempting bomb disposal . In contrast to ballistic body armors , wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_suit |
In mathematics , the Bombieri norm , named after Enrico Bombieri , is a norm on homogeneous polynomials with coefficient in R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } or C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } (there is also a version for non homogeneous univariate polynomials). This norm has many remarkable properties, the most important ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombieri_norm |
The bond-dissociation energy ( BDE , D 0 , or DH° ) is one measure of the strength of a chemical bond A−B . It can be defined as the standard enthalpy change when A−B is cleaved by homolysis to give fragments A and B, which are usually radical species . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The enthalpy change is temperature-dependent, and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond-dissociation_energy |
The Bond albedo (also called spheric albedo , planetary albedo , and bolometric albedo ), named after the American astronomer George Phillips Bond (1825–1865), who originally proposed it, is the fraction of power in the total electromagnetic radiation incident on an astronomical body that is scattered back out into spa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_albedo |
A bond beam is a horizontal structural element, usually found as an embedded part of a masonry wall assembly. The bond beam serves to impart horizontal strength to a wall where it may not otherwise be braced by floor or roof structure.
A bond beam is typically found near the top of a freestanding wall. It may also be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_beam |
In chemistry , bond cleavage , or bond fission , is the splitting of chemical bonds . This can be generally referred to as dissociation when a molecule is cleaved into two or more fragments. [ 1 ]
In general, there are two classifications for bond cleavage: homo lytic and hetero lytic , depending on the nature of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_cleavage |
In chemistry , bond energy ( BE ) is one measure of the strength of a chemical bond . It is sometimes called the mean bond , bond enthalpy , average bond enthalpy , or bond strength . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] IUPAC defines bond energy as the average value of the gas-phase bond-dissociation energy (usually at a temperature of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_energy |
The BFM ( bond fluctuation model or bond fluctuation method ) is a lattice model for simulating the conformation and dynamics of polymer systems. There are two versions of the BFM used: The earlier version was first introduced by I. Carmesin and Kurt Kremer in 1988, [ 1 ] and the later version by J. Scott Shaffer in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_fluctuation_model |
A bond graph is a graphical representation of a physical dynamic system . It allows the conversion of the system into a state-space representation . It is similar to a block diagram or signal-flow graph , with the major difference that the arcs in bond graphs represent bi-directional exchange of physical energy , while... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_graph |
Bond hardening is a process of creating a new chemical bond by strong laser fields—an effect opposite to bond softening . However, it is not opposite in the sense that the bond becomes stronger, but in the sense that the molecule enters a state that is diametrically opposite to the bond-softened state. Such states requ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_hardening |
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