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The Chinese Nuclear Society (CNS; Chinese : 中国核学会 ) is a non-profit organization representing individuals contributing to and supporting nuclear science , nuclear technology and nuclear engineering in China .
It was established in 1980. Its objective is to promote the advancement and peaceful use of nuclear science an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Nuclear_Society |
Astronomy in China has a long history stretching from the Shang dynasty , being refined over a period of more than 3,000 years. The ancient Chinese people have identified stars from 1300 BCE, as Chinese star names later categorized in the twenty-eight mansions have been found on oracle bones unearthed at Anyang , datin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astronomy |
In chemistry, the Chinese lantern structure is a coordination complex where two metal atoms are bridged by four bidentate ligands . This structure type is also known as a paddlewheel complex . Examples include chromium(II) acetate , molybdenum(II) acetate , and rhodium(II) acetate , copper(II) acetate dihydrate. The na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_lantern_structure |
In mathematics, the Chinese monoid is a monoid generated by a totally ordered alphabet with the relations cba = cab = bca for every a ≤ b ≤ c . An algorithm similar to Schensted's algorithm yields characterisation of the equivalence classes and a cross-section theorem . It was discovered by Duchamp & Krob (1994) during... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_monoid |
Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have been acknowledged and protected in China since 1980. China has acceded to the major international conventions on protection of rights to intellectual property . Domestically, protection of intellectual property law has also been established by government legislation, administrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_reverse_engineering |
A Chinese wall or ethical wall is an information barrier protocol within an organization designed to prevent exchange of information or communication that could lead to conflicts of interest . For example, a Chinese wall may be established to separate people who make investments from those who are privy to confidential... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_wall |
The chip-firing game is a one-player game on a graph which was invented around 1983 and since has become an important part of the study of structural combinatorics .
Each vertex has the number of "chips" indicated by its state variable. On each firing, a vertex is selected and one of its chips is transferred to each n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip-firing_game |
A Chip description file is a file that contains a possible annotation of a microarray chip type. The file typically specifies which probes map to the same genomic unit of interest. This mapping methodology solves the problem of a reliable reconstruction of expression levels as, if more than one probeset per gene exists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_description_file |
A chip log , also called common log , [ 1 ] ship log , or just log , is a navigation tool mariners use to estimate the speed of a vessel through water. The word knot , to mean nautical mile per hour , derives from this measurement method.
All nautical instruments that measure the speed of a ship through water are kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_log |
Chipkill is IBM 's trademark for a form of advanced error checking and correcting (ECC) computer memory technology that protects memory systems from single memory chip failures and multi-bit errors from any portion of a single memory chip. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] One simple scheme to perform this function scatters the bits of a Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipkill |
Chiral Lewis acids (CLAs) are a type of Lewis acid catalyst . These acids affect the chirality of the substrate as they react with it. In such reactions, synthesis favors the formation of a specific enantiomer or diastereomer . The method is an enantioselective asymmetric synthesis reaction. Since they affect chirality... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_Lewis_acid |
In algebra, a chiral Lie algebra is a D-module on a curve with a certain structure of Lie algebra . It is related to an E 2 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}_{2}} -algebra via the Riemann–Hilbert correspondence .
This algebra -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_Lie_algebra |
The chiral Potts model is a spin model on a planar lattice in statistical mechanics studied by Helen Au-Yang Perk and Jacques Perk, among others. It may be viewed as a generalization of the Potts model , and as with the Potts model , the model is defined by configurations which are assignments of spins to each vertex o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_Potts_model |
In mathematics, a chiral algebra is an algebraic structure introduced by Beilinson & Drinfeld (2004) as a rigorous version of the rather vague concept of a chiral algebra in physics. In Chiral Algebras, Beilinson and Drinfeld introduced the notion of chiral algebra, which based on the pseudo-tensor category of D-module... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_algebra |
Chiral analysis refers to the quantification of component enantiomers of racemic drug substances or pharmaceutical compounds. Other synonyms commonly used include enantiomer analysis , enantiomeric analysis , and enantioselective analysis . Chiral analysis includes all analytical procedures focused on the characterizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_analysis |
In stereochemistry , a chiral auxiliary is a stereogenic group or unit that is temporarily incorporated into an organic compound in order to control the stereochemical outcome of the synthesis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The chirality present in the auxiliary can bias the stereoselectivity of one or more subsequent reactions. The aux... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_auxiliary |
Chiral column chromatography [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a variant of column chromatography that is employed for the separation of chiral compounds, i.e. enantiomers , in mixtures such as racemates or related compounds. The chiral stationary phase (CSP) is made of a support, usually silica based, on which a chiral reagent or a macr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_column_chromatography |
In analytical chemistry , a chiral derivatizing agent ( CDA ), also known as a chiral resolving reagent , is a derivatization reagent that is a chiral auxiliary used to convert a mixture of enantiomers into diastereomers in order to analyze the quantities of each enantiomer present and determine the optical purity of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_derivatizing_agent |
Chemical compounds that come as mirror-image pairs are referred to by chemists as chiral or handed molecules. [ 1 ] Each twin is called an enantiomer . Drugs that exhibit handedness are referred to as chiral drugs . Chiral drugs that are equimolar (1:1) mixture of enantiomers are called racemic drugs and these are obvi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_drugs |
Chiral inversion is the process of conversion of one enantiomer of a chiral molecule to its mirror-image version with no other change in the molecule. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Chiral inversion happens depending on various factors (viz. biological-, solvent-, light-, temperature- induced, etc.) and the energy barrier en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_inversion |
Chiral magnetic effect (CME) is the generation of electric current along an external magnetic field induced by chirality imbalance. Fermions are said to be chiral if they keep a definite projection of spin quantum number on momentum. The CME is a macroscopic quantum phenomenon present in systems with charged chiral fer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_magnetic_effect |
The term chiral / ˈ k aɪ r əl / describes an object, especially a molecule , which has or produces a non-superposable mirror image of itself. In chemistry , such a molecule is called an enantiomer or is said to exhibit chirality or enantiomerism . The term "chiral" comes from the Greek word for the human hand, which it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_media |
In nuclear physics , the chiral model , introduced by Feza Gürsey in 1960, is a phenomenological model describing effective interactions of mesons in the chiral limit (where the masses of the quarks go to zero), but without necessarily mentioning quarks at all. It is a nonlinear sigma model with the principal homogeneo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_model |
In the study of abstract polytopes , a chiral polytope is a polytope that is as symmetric as possible without being mirror-symmetric, formalized in terms of the action of the symmetry group of the polytope on its flags .
The more technical definition of a chiral polytope is a polytope that has two orbits of flags unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_polytope |
The chiral pool is a "collection of abundant enantiopure building blocks provided by nature" used in synthesis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In other words, a chiral pool would be a large quantity of common organic enantiomers . Contributors to the chiral pool are amino acids , sugars , and terpenes . Their use improves the efficiency ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_pool |
Chiral resolution , or enantiomeric resolution , [ 1 ] is a process in stereochemistry for the separation of racemic mixture into their enantiomers . [ 2 ] It is an important tool in the production of optically active compounds, including drugs . [ 3 ] Another term with the same meaning is optical resolution .
The use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_resolution |
A chiral switch is a chiral drug that has already approved as racemate but has been re-developed as a single enantiomer . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The term chiral switching was introduced by Agranat and Caner in 1999 [ 3 ] to describe the development of single enantiomers from racemate drugs. For example, levofloxacin is a chiral ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_switch |
Chiral thin-layer chromatography is a variant of liquid chromatography that is employed for the separation of enantiomers . It is necessary to use either
The chiral stationary phase can be prepared by mixing chirally pure reagents such as L-amino acid , or brucine , or a chiral ligand exchange reagent with silica gel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_thin-layer_chromatography |
Chirality ( / k aɪ ˈ r æ l ɪ t i / ) is a property of asymmetry important in several branches of science. The word chirality is derived from the Greek χείρ ( kheir ), "hand", a familiar chiral object.
An object or a system is chiral if it is distinguishable from its mirror image ; that is, it cannot be superposed (not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality |
Chirality-induced spin selectivity ( CISS ) refers to multiple phenomena where handedness of a chiral chemical compound influences the spin of transmitted or emitted electrons. This effect was discovered by Prof. Ron Naaman and co-workers. [ 1 ]
Experiments were able to demonstrate the effect in the form of polarizati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality-induced_spin_selectivity |
In chemistry , a molecule or ion is called chiral ( / ˈ k aɪ r əl / ) if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations , translations , and some conformational changes. This geometric property is called chirality ( / k aɪ ˈ r æ l ɪ t i / ). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The terms are derived fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry) |
In geometry , a figure is chiral (and said to have chirality ) if it is not identical to its mirror image , or, more precisely, if it cannot be mapped to its mirror image by rotations and translations alone. An object that is not chiral is said to be achiral .
A chiral object and its mirror image are said to be enanti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(mathematics) |
A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its mirror image (see the article on mathematical chirality ). The spin of a particle may be used to define a handedness , or helicity, for that particle, which, in the case of a massless particle, is the same as chirality. A symmetry transformation between the two is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(physics) |
Chirality timeline presents a timeline of landmark events that unfold the developments happened in the field of chirality .
Many molecules come in two forms that are mirror images of each other, just like our hands. This type of molecule is called chiral. In nature, one of these forms is usually more common than the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_timeline |
In digital communications, chirp spread spectrum ( CSS ) is a spread spectrum technique that uses wideband linear frequency modulated chirp pulses to encode information. [ 1 ] A chirp is a sinusoidal signal whose frequency increases or decreases over time (often with a polynomial expression for the relationship between... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum |
In mathematics , a function f of n variables x 1 , ..., x n leads to a Chisini mean M if, for every vector ⟨ x 1 , ..., x n ⟩, there exists a unique M such that [ 1 ]
The arithmetic , harmonic , geometric , generalised , Heronian and quadratic means are all Chisini means, as are their weighted variants.
While Oscar C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisini_mean |
Chitin ( C 8 H 13 O 5 N ) n ( / ˈ k aɪ t ɪ n / KY -tin ) is a long-chain polymer of N -acetylglucosamine , an amide derivative of glucose . Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose ); an estimated 1 billion tons of chitin are produced each year in the biosphere . [ 1 ] It is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin |
Chitin-glucan complex (CGC) is a copolymer ( polysaccharide ) that makes up fungal cell walls , consisting of covalently-bonded chitin and branched 1,3/1,6-ß-D-glucan . CGCs are alkaline - insoluble . Different species of fungi have different structural compositions of chitin and β-glucan making up the CGCs in their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin-glucan_complex |
Chiungtze C. Tsen ( Chinese : 曾炯之 ; pinyin : Zēng Jiǒngzhī ; Wade–Giles : Tseng Chiung-chih ; Chang-Du Gan : [tsɛn˦˨ tɕjuŋ˨˩˧ tsɹ̩˦˨], [ n 1 ] April 2, 1898 [ n 2 ] – October 1, 1940 [ 1 ] ), given name Chiung ( Chinese : 炯 ; pinyin : Jiǒng ), [ n 3 ] was a Chinese mathematician born in Nanchang, Jiangxi . He is known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiungtze_C._Tsen |
Chladni's law , named after Ernst Chladni , relates the frequency of modes of vibration for flat circular surfaces with fixed center as a function of the numbers m of diametric (linear) nodes and n of radial (circular) nodes. It is stated as the equation
where C and p are coefficients which depend on the properties o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chladni's_law |
Chlamydoabsidia is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Cunninghamellaceae . [ 1 ]
Species: [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydoabsidia |
Chlamydomonas moewusii is a species of unicellular green alga belonging to the genus Chlamydomonas . C. moewusii is typically a freshwater species and occupies a significant position as a model organism for various scientific studies due to its relatively simple cellular structure and ease of cultivation.
Chlamydomona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas_moewusii |
A chlamydospore is the thick-walled large resting spore of several kinds of fungi , including Ascomycota such as Candida , [ 1 ] Basidiomycota such as Panus , [ 2 ] and various Mortierellales species. [ 3 ] It is the life-stage which survives in unfavourable conditions, such as dry or hot seasons. Fusarium oxysporum wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydospore |
Chloracne is an acneiform eruption of blackheads , cysts , and pustules associated with exposure to certain halogenated aromatic compounds , such as chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans . [ 1 ] The lesions are most frequently found on the cheeks, behind the ears, in the armpits and groin region.
The condition was fir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloracne |
Chloragogen cells , also called y cells , are star-shaped cells in annelids involved with excretory functions and intermediary metabolism . These cells function similar to the liver found in vertebrates. Chloragogen tissue is most extensively studied in earthworms . [ 1 ]
These cells are derived from the inner coelomi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloragogen_cell |
Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula Cl 3 C −C H ( O H) 2 . It was first used as a sedative and hypnotic in Germany in the 1870s. Over time it was replaced by safer and more effective alternatives but it remained in usage in the United States until at least the 1970s. [ 4 ] It sometimes finds usage as a l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_hydrate |
The chloralkali process (also chlor-alkali and chlor alkali ) is an industrial process for the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. It is the technology used to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), [ 1 ] which are commodity chemicals required by industry. Thirty five million tons of chlori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloralkali_process |
Chloramination is the treatment of drinking water with a chloramine disinfectant . [ 1 ] Both chlorine and small amounts of ammonia are added to the water one at a time which react together to form chloramine (also called combined chlorine), a long lasting disinfectant . Chloramine disinfection is used in both small an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramination |
Chloranil is a quinone with the molecular formula C 6 Cl 4 O 2 . Also known as tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, it is a yellow solid. Like the parent benzoquinone, chloranil is a planar molecule [ 2 ] that functions as a mild oxidant.
Chloranil is produced by chlorination of phenol to give hexachlorocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloranil |
Chlorargyrite is the mineral form of silver chloride (AgCl). [ 5 ] Chlorargyrite occurs as a secondary mineral phase in the oxidation of silver mineral deposits. It crystallizes in the isometric–hexoctahedral crystal class. Typically massive to columnar in occurrence it also has been found as colorless to variably yell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorargyrite |
Chlordane , or chlordan , is an organochlorine compound that was used as a pesticide . It is a white solid. In the United States, chlordane was used for termite-treatment of approximately 30 million homes until it was banned in 1988. [ 4 ] Chlordane was banned 10 years earlier for food crops like corn and citrus , and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlordane |
Chlordecone , better known in the United States under the brand name Kepone , is an organochlorine compound and a colourless solid. It is an obsolete insecticide , now prohibited in the western world, but only after many thousands of tonnes had been produced and used. [ 3 ] Chlordecone is a known persistent organic pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlordecone |
The chloride process is used to separate titanium from its ores. The goal of the process is to win high purity titanium dioxide from ores such as ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ) and rutile (TiO 2 ). The strategy exploits the volatility of TiCl 4 , which is readily purified and converted to the dioxide. Millions of tons of TiO 2 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_process |
A chloridometer is a measuring instrument used to determine the concentration of chloride ions (Cl – ) in a solution . It uses a process known as coulometric titration or amperostatic coulometry , the accepted electrochemistry reference method to determine the concentration of chloride in biological fluids , including ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridometer |
In organic chemistry , chlorins are tetrapyrrole pigments that are partially hydrogenated porphyrins . [ 2 ] The parent chlorin is an unstable compound which undergoes air oxidation to porphine . [ 3 ] The name chlorin derives from chlorophyll . Chlorophylls are magnesium-containing chlorins and occur as photosynthetic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorin |
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n -alkanes ( paraffin wax ). The chlorination degree of CPs can vary between 30 and 70 wt% . CPs are subdivided according to their carbon chain length into short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C 10–13 ), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs, C 14–17 ) and long-chain CPs (LCCPs,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_paraffins |
Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( Cl-PAH s) are a group of compounds comprising polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more aromatic rings and one or more chlorine atoms attached to the ring system. Cl-PAHs can be divided into two groups: chloro-substituted PAHs, which have one or more hydrogen atoms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon |
Chlorine-36 ( 36 Cl) is an isotope of chlorine . Chlorine has two stable isotopes and one naturally occurring radioactive isotope, the cosmogenic isotope 36 Cl. Its half-life is 301,300 ± 1,500 years. [ 1 ] 36 Cl decays primarily (98%) by beta-minus decay to 36 Ar , and the balance to 36 S . [ 1 ]
Trace amounts of ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine-36 |
Chlorine-free germanium processing are methods of germanium activation to form useful germanium precursors in a more energy efficient and environmentally friendly way compared to traditional synthetic routes. Germanium tetrachloride is a valuable intermediate for the synthesis of many germanium complexes. Normal synthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine-free_germanium_processing |
Chlorine azide ( Cl N 3 ) is an inorganic compound that was discovered in 1908 by Friedrich Raschig . [ 2 ] Concentrated ClN 3 is notoriously unstable and may spontaneously detonate at any temperature. [ 3 ]
Chlorine azide is prepared by passing chlorine gas over silver azide , or by an addition of acetic acid to a so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_azide |
Chlorine bombings in Iraq began as early as October 2004, when insurgents in Al Anbar province started using chlorine gas in conjunction with conventional vehicle-borne explosive devices.
The inaugural chlorine attacks in Iraq were described as poorly executed, probably because much of the chemical agent was rendered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_bombings_in_Iraq |
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO 2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 °C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 °C and −59 °C, and as bright orange crystals below −59 °C. It is usually handled as an aqueous solution. It is commonly used as a bleach . More recent developments have exten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide |
Chlorine monofluoride is a volatile interhalogen compound with the chemical formula Cl F . It is a colourless gas at room temperature and is stable even at high temperatures. When cooled to −100 °C, ClF condenses as a pale yellow liquid. Many of its properties are intermediate between its parent halogens , Cl 2 and F 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_monofluoride |
Chlorine monoxide is a chemical radical with the chemical formula ClO • . It plays an important role in the process of ozone depletion . In the stratosphere , chlorine atoms react with ozone molecules to form chlorine monoxide and oxygen .
This reaction causes the depletion of the ozone layer . [ 1 ] The resulting ClO... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_monoxide |
Chlorine nitrate , with chemical formula ClONO 2 is an important atmospheric gas present in the stratosphere . It is an important sink of reactive chlorine and nitrogen, and thus its formation and destruction play an important role in the depletion of ozone. [ 2 ]
It explosively reacts with metals, metal chlorides, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_nitrate |
Chlorine pentafluoride is an interhalogen compound with formula ClF 5 . This colourless gas is a strong oxidant that was once a candidate oxidizer for rockets. The molecule adopts a square pyramidal structure with C 4v symmetry , [ 2 ] as confirmed by its high-resolution 19 F NMR spectrum . [ 3 ] It was first synthesiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_pentafluoride |
Chlorine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the formula ClF 3 . It is a colorless, poisonous, corrosive, and extremely reactive gas that condenses to a pale-greenish yellow liquid, the form in which it is most often sold (pressurized at room temperature). It is notable for its extreme oxidation properties. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on Chlorobenzene .
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet ( MSDS ) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. An external MSDS is available here .
e ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobenzene_(data_page) |
Chlorocarbonylsulfenyl chloride is the chemical compound with the formula Cl−C(=O)−S−Cl . It is a colorless, distillable liquid that is related to phosgene . It features two reactive functional groups, an acyl chloride and a sulfenyl chloride . According to X-ray crystallography , the molecule is planar. [ 1 ]
Chloroc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorocarbonylsulfenyl_chloride |
Chlorococcum amblystomatis , (previously Oophila amblystomatis ), [ 1 ] is a species of single-celled green algae known for its symbiotic relationship with the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum . It grows symbiotically inside salamander eggs, primarily in the eggs of the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorococcum_amblystomatis |
Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22 , or R-22 , or CHClF 2 . It was commonly used as a propellant and refrigerant . These applications were phased out under the Montreal Protocol in developed countries in 2020 due to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethane |
Chloroeremomycin is a member of the glycopeptide family of antibiotics, such as vancomycin . [ 1 ] The molecule is a non-ribosomal polypeptide that has been glycosylated. It is composed of seven amino acids and three saccharide units. Although chloroeremomycin has never been used in human medicine, oritavancin , a sem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroeremomycin |
Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) are fully or partly halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F). They are produced as volatile derivatives of methane , ethane , and propane .
The most common example of a CFC is dichlorodifluorometh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon |
Chloroform , [ 9 ] or trichloromethane (often abbreviated as TCM ), is an organochloride with the formula C H Cl 3 and a common solvent . It is a volatile , colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid produced on a large scale as a precursor to refrigerants and PTFE . [ 10 ] Chloroform was once used as an inhalational anes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on chloroform .
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Safety Data Sheet ( SDS ) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform_(data_page) |
Chloroformates are a class of organic compounds with the formula ROC(O)Cl. They are formally esters of chloroformic acid . Most are colorless, volatile liquids that degrade in moist air. A simple example is methyl chloroformate , which is commercially available.
Chloroformates are used as reagents in organic chemist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroformate |
Chloromethane , also called methyl chloride , Refrigerant-40 , R-40 or HCC 40 , is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH 3 Cl . One of the haloalkanes , it is a colorless, sweet-smelling, flammable gas. Methyl chloride is a crucial reagent in industrial chemistry, although it is rarely present in consumer pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloromethane |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on chloromethane .
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the safety data sheet for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI , and follow its directions. SDS for chloromethane is available at Sup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloromethane_(data_page) |
In organic chemistry , the chloromethyl group is a functional group that has the chemical formula −CH 2 −Cl . The naming of this group is derived from the methyl group (which has the formula −CH 3 ), by replacing one hydrogen atom by a chlorine atom. Compounds with this group are a subclass of the organochlorines .
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloromethyl_group |
Chloromethyl methyl ether ( CMME ) is a compound with formula CH 3 OCH 2 Cl. A colorless liquid, it is a chloroalkyl ether . It is used as an alkylating agent . In organic synthesis , it is used for introducing the methoxymethyl ether (MOM) protecting group , [ 3 ] and is thus often called MOM-Cl or MOM chloride. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloromethyl_methyl_ether |
The chloronitramide anion , also known as chloro(nitro)azanide , is a chemical byproduct of the disinfectant chloramine first identified in 2024. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is present in the tap water of about 113 million people in the United States in varying concentrations. [ 1 ] Its toxicity has not yet been determined, [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloronitramide_anion |
Chloropentafluoroethane is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) once used as a refrigerant and also known as R-115 and CFC-115 . Its production and consumption has been banned since 1 January 1996 under the Montreal Protocol because of its high ozone depletion potential and very long lifetime when released into the environment.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropentafluoroethane |
Chloropentammineplatinum chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula [PtCl(NH 3 ) 5 ]Cl 3 . It is a chloride salt of the coordination complex [PtCl(NH 3 ) 5 ] + . It is a white, water soluble solid.
The compound is prepared by treating potassium hexachloroplatinate with aqueous ammonia : [ 1 ]
The title compl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropentammineplatinum_chloride |
Chlorophenol red is an indicator dye that changes color from yellow to violet in the pH range 5.4 to 6.8. [ 2 ] The pH of a substance is determined by taking the negative logarithm of the Hydronium ion concentration and the indictor changes color due to the dissociation of H + ions. [ 3 ] The lambda max is at 572 nm. [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophenol_red |
1-(4-Chlorophenyl)silatrane is an extremely toxic [ 2 ] organosilicon compound which was developed by M&T Chemicals as a single-dose rodenticide . [ 1 ] It was never registered as rodenticide, [ 2 ] except for experimental use. [ 1 ] 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)silatrane was one of the chemicals studied in the Project Coast . [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophenylsilatrane |
The chlorophycean mitochondrial code (translation table 16 ) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Chlorophyceae .
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophycean_mitochondrial_code |
Chlorophyll fluorescence is light re-emitted by chlorophyll molecules during return from excited to non-excited states . It is used as an indicator of photosynthetic energy conversion in plants , algae and bacteria . Excited chlorophyll dissipates the absorbed light energy by driving photosynthesis (photochemical energ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll_fluorescence |
Chloroplast DNA ( cpDNA ), also known as plastid DNA ( ptDNA ) is the DNA located in chloroplasts , which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid , contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus . The existence of chloroplas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA |
Chloropolymers are macromolecules synthesized from alkenes in which one or more hydrogens of the polymer were replaced by chlorine . [ 1 ] A common example of a chloropolymer is polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and poly(dichlorophosphazene) which has a polymer formula of (PNCl 2 ) n , [ 2 ] the precursor of which is hexachloro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropolymer |
Chloroprene ( IUPAC name 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene ) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CH 2 =CCl−CH=CH 2. [ 3 ] Chloroprene is a colorless volatile liquid, almost exclusively used as a monomer for the production of the polymer polychloroprene, better known as neoprene , a type of synthetic rubber .
Althou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroprene |
Chlororespiration is a respiratory process that takes place within plants. Inside plant cells there is an organelle called the chloroplast which is surrounded by the thylakoid membrane. This membrane contains an enzyme called NAD(P)H dehydrogenase which transfers electrons in a linear chain to oxygen molecules. [ 1 ] T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlororespiration |
A chlorosome is a photosynthetic antenna complex found in green sulfur bacteria (GSB) and many green non-sulfur bacteria (GNsB), together known as green bacteria . [ 2 ] They differ from other antenna complexes by their large size and lack of protein matrix supporting the photosynthetic pigments. Green sulfur bacteria ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosome |
Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate is the chemical compound ClSO 2 NCO, known as CSI. This compound is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis .
CSI is prepared by treating cyanogen chloride with sulfur trioxide , the product being distilled directly from the reaction mixture. [ 1 ]
In this transformation, both the carbon a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosulfonyl_isocyanate |
Chlorosulfuric acid ( IUPAC name: sulfurochloridic acid ) is the inorganic compound with the formula HSO 3 Cl. It is also known as chlorosulfonic acid , being the sulfonic acid of chlorine . It is a distillable, colorless liquid which is hygroscopic and a powerful lachrymator . Commercial samples usually are pale brown... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosulfuric_acid |
Chlorotrifluoromethane , R-13 , CFC-13 , or Freon 13 , is a non-flammable, non-corrosive, nontoxic chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and also a mixed halomethane . It is a man-made substance used primarily as a refrigerant . When released into the environment, CFC-13 has a high ozone depletion potential , and long atmospheric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorotrifluoromethane |
Chlorprothixene , sold under the brand name Truxal among others, is a typical antipsychotic of the thioxanthene group.
Chlorprothixene's principal indications are the treatment of psychotic disorders (e.g. schizophrenia ) and of acute mania occurring as part of bipolar disorders .
Other uses are pre- and postoperativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene |
Chlorpyrifos ( CPS ), also known as chlorpyrifos ethyl , is an organophosphate pesticide that has been used on crops, animals, in buildings, and in other settings, to kill several pests , including insects and worms. It acts on the nervous systems of insects by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpyrifos |
ChoKyun Rha (October 5, 1933 – March 2, 2021) was a Korean-born American food technologist, inventor, and professor of biomaterials science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She was the first Asian woman awarded tenure at MIT.
ChoKyun Rha was born in Seoul , [ 1 ] the daughter of SaeJ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChoKyun_Rha |
Chocolate bloom is either of two types of whitish coating that can appear on the surface of chocolate : fat bloom, caused by changes in the fat crystals in the chocolate; and sugar bloom, due to crystals formed by the action of moisture on the sugar. Fat and sugar bloom damage the appearance of chocolate but do not lim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_bloom |
In mathematics , Choi's theorem on completely positive maps is a result that classifies completely positive maps between finite-dimensional (matrix) C*-algebras . The theorem is due to Man-Duen Choi . An infinite-dimensional algebraic generalization of Choi's theorem is known as Belavkin 's " Radon–Nikodym " theorem fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi's_theorem_on_completely_positive_maps |
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