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The chloronitramide anion , also known as chloro(nitro)azanide , is a chemical byproduct of the disinfectant chloramine first identified in 2024. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is present in the tap water of about 113 million people in the United States in varying concentrations. [ 1 ] Its toxicity has not yet been determined, [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClN2O2 |
Nitryl chloride is a volatile inorganic compound with formula ClNO 2 . At standard conditions it is a gas.
Nitryl chloride can be formed in the reaction of dinitrogen pentoxide with chlorides or hydrogen chloride : [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Nitryl chloride adds to olefins in a radical reaction . [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClNO2 |
Chlorine nitrate , with chemical formula ClONO 2 is an important atmospheric gas present in the stratosphere . It is an important sink of reactive chlorine and nitrogen, and thus its formation and destruction play an important role in the depletion of ozone. [ 2 ]
It explosively reacts with metals, metal chlorides, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClNO3 |
Sodium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na ClO 3 . It is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic . It decomposes above 300 °C to release oxygen [ 4 ] and leaves sodium chloride . Several hundred million tons are produced annually, mainly for applications... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClNaO3 |
In chemistry , hypochlorite , or chloroxide is an oxyanion with the chemical formula ClO − . It combines with a number of cations to form hypochlorite salts. Common examples include sodium hypochlorite (household bleach ) and calcium hypochlorite (a component of bleaching powder, swimming pool "chlorine"). [ 1 ] The Cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClO- |
The chlorite ion , or chlorine dioxide anion , is the halite with the chemical formula of ClO − 2 . A chlorite (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in the oxidation state of +3. Chlorites are also known as salts of chlorous acid .
The free acid, chlorous acid HClO 2 , is the least stable ox... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClO2- |
Chloryl fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula Cl O 2 F . This compound is a gas boiling at −6 °C. It is commonly encountered as side-product in reactions of chlorine fluorides with oxygen sources. [ 1 ] It is the acyl fluoride of chloric acid .
ClO 2 F was first reported by Schmitz and Schumacher in 1942,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClO2F |
Chlorine trifluoride dioxide is an inorganic compound of chlorine , fluorine , and oxygen with the chemical formula ClO 2 F 3 . [ 1 ]
Synthesis of chlorine trifluoride dioxide can be by a reaction of chlorine monofluoride with dioxygen difluoride : [ 2 ]
Alternatively it can be made by a reaction of chlorine trifluor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClO2F3 |
Chlorate is the common name of the ClO − 3 anion, whose chlorine atom is in the +5 oxidation state . The term can also refer to chemical compounds containing this anion, with chlorates being the salts of chloric acid . Other oxyanions of chlorine can be named "chlorate" followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses denoti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClO3- |
Perchloryl fluoride [ 6 ] is a reactive gas with the chemical formula Cl O 3 F . It has a characteristic sweet odor [ 7 ] that resembles gasoline and kerosene. It is toxic and is a powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent . It is the acid fluoride of perchloric acid .
In spite of its small enthalpy of formation (Δ f ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClO3F |
Chlorine perchlorate is a chemical compound with the formula Cl 2 O 4 . This chlorine oxide is an asymmetric oxide, with one chlorine atom in +1 oxidation state and the other +7, with proper formula Cl−O−ClO 3 . It is produced by the photodimerization of chlorine dioxide ( ClO 2 ) at room temperature by 436 nm ultravio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClOClO3 |
Chlorine oxide trifluoride or chlorine trifluoride oxide is a corrosive colorless liquid molecular compound with formula Cl O F 3 . It was developed secretly as a rocket fuel oxidiser.
Chlorine oxide trifluoride was originally made at Rocketdyne [ 3 ] by treating dichlorine monoxide with fluorine . Other substances th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClOF3 |
Chlorine nitrate , with chemical formula ClONO 2 is an important atmospheric gas present in the stratosphere . It is an important sink of reactive chlorine and nitrogen, and thus its formation and destruction play an important role in the depletion of ozone. [ 2 ]
It explosively reacts with metals, metal chlorides, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClONO2 |
Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate is the chemical compound ClSO 2 NCO, known as CSI. This compound is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis .
CSI is prepared by treating cyanogen chloride with sulfur trioxide , the product being distilled directly from the reaction mixture. [ 1 ]
In this transformation, both the carbon a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClSO2NCO |
Claasen's logarithmic law of usefulness [ 1 ] is named after technologist Theo A. C. M. Claasen, who introduced the idea in 1999 when he was CTO of Philips Semiconductors:
The law can also be expressed as:
System parameters (e.g. RAM, CPU speed, disk capacity) need to increase by a multiple to create a noticeable imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claasen's_law |
In biology , a clade (from Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos) ' branch ' ), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group , [ 1 ] is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. [ 2 ] Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics , a modern approach to taxonomy adopted by most... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade |
Cladistics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which has published research in cladistics since 1985. [ 1 ] It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Willi Hennig Society . Cladistics publishes papers relevant to evolution , systematics , and integrative biology . [ 2 ] Papers of both a conceptual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics_(journal) |
Cladogenesis is an evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species, forming a clade . [ 1 ]
This event usually occurs when a few organisms end up in new, often distant areas or when environmental changes cause several extinctions, opening up ecological niches for the survivors and causing populati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogenesis |
A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolution... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram |
A claim is a substantive statement about a thing, such as an idea, event, individual, or belief. Its truth or falsity is open to debate. Arguments or beliefs may be offered in support, and criticisms and challenges of affirming contentions may be offered in rebuttal. [ 1 ]
Philosophical claims are often categorized as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_(philosophy) |
Claims of the existence of other moons of Earth—that is, of one or more natural satellites with relatively stable orbits of Earth , other than the Moon —have existed for some time. Several candidates have been proposed, but none have been confirmed. Since the 19th century, scientists have made genuine searches for more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth |
Claire Vallance is a professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Oxford , Tutorial Fellow in Physical Chemistry at Hertford College , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and past President of the Faraday Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry . In collaboration with professor Mark Brouard and others, she created the PImMS ( Pixel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Vallance |
The Claisen condensation is a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction that occurs between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl compound in the presence of a strong base . The reaction produces a β-keto ester or a β- diketone . [ 1 ] It is named after Rainer Ludwig Claisen , who first published his work on the reac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen_condensation |
The Claisen rearrangement is a powerful carbon –carbon bond -forming chemical reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen . [ 1 ] The heating of an allyl vinyl ether will initiate a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl, driven by exergonically favored carbonyl CO bond formation with Δ(Δ f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen_rearrangement |
A clam garden (k’yuu kudhlk’aat’iija in the Haida language , [ 1 ] lux̌ʷxiwēys in the Kwakʼwala language [ 2 ] : 2 [ 3 ] ) is a traditional Indigenous management system used principally by Coast Salish peoples. [ 4 ] : 205 Clam gardens are a form of mariculture , [ 5 ] : 308 where First Nations peoples created an optim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam_garden |
A bucket (also called a scoop to qualify shallower designs of tools) is a specialized container attached to a machine, as compared to a bucket adapted for manual use by a human being. It is a bulk material handling component.
The bucket has an inner volume as compared to other types of machine attachments like blades ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamshell_bucket |
A clap-o-meter , clapometer or applause meter is a measurement instrument that purports to measure and display the volume of clapping or applause made by an audience. It can be used to indicate the popularity of contestants and decide the result of competitions based on audience popularity. Specific implementations may... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clap-o-meter |
In organic and physical organic chemistry , Clar's rule is an empirical rule that relates the chemical stability of a molecule to its aromaticity . It was introduced in 1972 by the Austrian organic chemist Erich Clar in his book The Aromatic Sextet . The rule states that given a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon , the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clar's_rule |
Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco (18 August 1925 – 23 July 2013 [ 1 ] ) was a Filipino chemist who was granted the title of National Scientist of the Philippines in 1994. Lim-Sylianco's research focused on mutagens , antimutagens , and bio-organic mechanisms. She has published articles, books, and monographs in organic chemistry ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Lim-Sylianco |
Clarence Stanley Coe (C. S. Coe)
(December 24, 1865 – March 5, 1939) was an American master bridge builder and railroad civil engineer, who supervised the planning and building of the Florida East Coast Railway 's Seven Mile Bridge , linking the Florida Keys to Marathon , Monroe County , which, when completed in Janua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_S._Coe |
Clarice Evone Phelps ( née Salone ) [ 1 ] is an American nuclear chemist researching the processing of radioactive transuranic elements at the US Department of Energy 's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). She was part of ORNL's team that collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to discover tennessi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarice_Phelps |
In winemaking , clarification and stabilization are the processes by which insoluble matter suspended in the wine is removed before bottling. This matter may include dead yeast cells ( lees ), bacteria , tartrates , proteins , pectins , various tannins and other phenolic compounds , as well as pieces of grape skin, pul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine |
Clarifying agents are used to remove suspended solids from liquids by inducing flocculation , causing the solids to form larger aggregates that can be easily removed after they either float to the surface or sink to the bottom of the containment vessel.
Particles finer than 0.1 μm (10 −7 m) in water remain continuousl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarifying_agent |
In decision analysis , the clarity test (or clairvoyant test ) is a test of how well a model element is defined. Although nothing (outside a formal system ) can be completely defined, the clarity test allows the decision participants to determine whether such elements as variables, events, outcomes, and alternatives ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarity_test |
Clark's rule is a medical term referring to a mathematical formula used to calculate the proper dosage of medicine for children aged 2–17 based on the weight of the patient and the appropriate adult dose. [ 1 ] The formula was named after Cecil Belfield Clarke (1894–1970), a Barbadian physician who practiced throughout... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark's_rule |
In combustion , Clarke's equation is a third-order nonlinear partial differential equation , first derived by John Frederick Clarke in 1978. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The equation describes the thermal explosion process, including both effects of constant-volume and constant-pressure processes, as well as the effects of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke's_equation |
Clarke number or clarke is the relative abundance of a chemical element , typically in Earth's crust . The technical definition of "Earth's crust" varies among authors, and the actual numbers also vary significantly.
In the 1930s, USSR geochemist Alexander Fersman defined the relative abundance of chemical elements in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_number |
In combustion , Clarke–Riley diffusion flame is a diffusion flame that develops inside a naturally convected boundary layer on a hot fuel surface with quiescent oxidizer environment, first studied and experimentally verified by John Frederick Clarke and Norman Riley in 1976. [ 1 ] This problem is an extension of Emmons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke–Riley_diffusion_flame |
In mathematics , Clarkson's inequalities , named after James A. Clarkson , are results in the theory of L p spaces . They give bounds for the L p - norms of the sum and difference of two measurable functions in L p in terms of the L p -norms of those functions individually.
Let ( X , Σ, μ ) be a measure space ; let f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson's_inequalities |
Class-based queuing ( CBQ ) is a queuing discipline for the network scheduler that allows traffic to share bandwidth equally, after being grouped by classes. The classes can be based upon a variety of parameters, such as priority, interface, or originating program.
CBQ is a traffic management algorithm developed by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-based_queueing |
A class II gene is a type of gene that codes for a protein . Class II genes are transcribed by RNAP II [ citation needed ] .
Class II genes have a promoter that may contain a TATA box .
Basal transcription of class II genes requires the formation of a preinitiation complex .
They are transcribed by RNA polymerase II... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_II_gene |
Class logic is a logic in its broad sense, whose objects are called classes. In a narrower sense, one speaks of a class logic only if classes are described by a property of their elements. This class logic is thus a generalization of set theory , which allows only a limited consideration of classes.
The first class lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_logic |
In mathematics , the Gauss class number problem ( for imaginary quadratic fields ), as usually understood, is to provide for each n ≥ 1 a complete list of imaginary quadratic fields Q ( d ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} ({\sqrt {d}})} (for negative integers d ) having class number n . It is named after Carl Friedrich Gaus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_number_problem |
In electrical engineering class of accuracy is a figure which represents the error tolerance of a measuring device.
Measuring devices are labelled for the class of accuracy. This figure is the percentage of the inherent error of the measuring device with respect to full scale deflection. For example, if the class of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_of_accuracy_in_electrical_measurements |
Class A metals are metals that form hard acids . [ 1 ] Hard acids are acids with relatively ionic bonds . These metals, such as iron , aluminium , titanium , sodium , calcium , and the lanthanides , would rather bond with fluorine than iodine . They form stable products with hard bases , which are bases with ionic bond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_metals |
The classical-map hypernetted-chain method ( CHNC method ) is a method used in many-body theoretical physics for interacting uniform electron liquids in two and three dimensions, and for non-ideal plasmas . The method extends the famous hypernetted-chain method (HNC) introduced by J.M.J. van Leeuwen et al. [ 1 ] to qua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical-map_hypernetted-chain_method |
In statistical physics , the classical Heisenberg model , developed by Werner Heisenberg , is the n = 3 {\displaystyle n=3} case of the n -vector model , one of the models used to model ferromagnetism and other phenomena.
The classical Heisenberg model can be formulated as follows: take a d-dimensional lattice , and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Heisenberg_model |
Classical Mechanics is a textbook written by Herbert Goldstein , a professor at Columbia University . Intended for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students, it has been one of the standard references on its subject around the world since its first publication in 1950. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
In the second edition, G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Mechanics_(Goldstein) |
Classical Mechanics is a textbook written by Thomas Walter Bannerman Kibble and Frank Berkshire of the Imperial College Mathematics Department. The book covers the fundamental principles and techniques of classical mechanics , a long-standing subject which is at the base of all of physics .
The first edition was publ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Mechanics_(Kibble_and_Berkshire) |
In quantum information theory , the classical capacity of a quantum channel is the maximum rate at which classical data can be sent over it error-free in the limit of many uses of the channel. Holevo , Schumacher, and Westmoreland proved the following least upper bound on the classical capacity of any quantum channel N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_capacity |
In classical mechanics, the central-force problem is to determine the motion of a particle in a single central potential field . A central force is a force (possibly negative) that points from the particle directly towards a fixed point in space, the center, and whose magnitude only depends on the distance of the objec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_central-force_problem |
Classical control theory is a branch of control theory that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems with inputs, and how their behavior is modified by feedback , using the Laplace transform as a basic tool to model such systems.
The usual objective of control theory is to control a system, often called the plant ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_control_theory |
The classical definition of probability or classical interpretation of probability is identified [ 1 ] with the works of Jacob Bernoulli and Pierre-Simon Laplace :
The probability of an event is the ratio of the number of cases favorable to it, to the number of all cases possible when nothing leads us to expect that a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_definition_of_probability |
The classical electron radius is a combination of fundamental physical quantities that define a length scale for problems involving an electron interacting with electromagnetic radiation . It links the classical electrostatic self-interaction energy of a homogeneous charge distribution to the electron's relativistic ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_electron_radius |
A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more fields in physics interact with matter through field equations , without considering effects of quantization ; theories that incorporate quantum mechanics are called quantum field theories . In most contexts, 'classical field theory' is specifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_field_theory |
Classical fluids [ 1 ] are systems of particles which retain a definite volume, and are at sufficiently high temperatures (compared to their Fermi energy ) that quantum effects can be neglected. A system of hard spheres , interacting only by hard collisions (e.g., billiards, marbles), is a model classical fluid. Such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_fluid |
Classical interference microscopy , also called quantitative interference microscopy , uses two separate light beams with much greater lateral separation than that used in phase contrast microscopy or in differential interference microscopy (DIC).
In variants of the interference microscope where object and reference b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_interference_microscopy |
The classical limit or correspondence limit is the ability of a physical theory to approximate or "recover" classical mechanics when considered over special values of its parameters. [ 1 ] The classical limit is used with physical theories that predict non-classical behavior.
A heuristic postulate called the correspon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_limit |
Classical logic (or standard logic ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] or Frege–Russell logic [ 3 ] is the intensively studied and most widely used class of deductive logic . [ 4 ] Classical logic has had much influence on analytic philosophy .
Each logical system in this class shares characteristic properties: [ 5 ]
While not entailed by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_logic |
In mathematics, the classical orthogonal polynomials are the most widely used orthogonal polynomials : the Hermite polynomials , Laguerre polynomials , Jacobi polynomials (including as a special case the Gegenbauer polynomials , Chebyshev polynomials , and Legendre polynomials [ 1 ] ).
They have many important applica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_orthogonal_polynomials |
In the field of drug discovery , classical pharmacology , [ 1 ] also known as forward pharmacology , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or phenotypic drug discovery (PDD), [ 5 ] relies on phenotypic screening (screening in intact cells or whole organisms) of chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules , natural products or extracts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_pharmacology |
A classical planet is an astronomical object that is visible to the naked eye and moves across the sky and its backdrop of fixed stars (the common stars which seem still in contrast to the planets), appearing as wandering stars . Visible to humans on Earth there are seven classical planets (the seven luminaries ). They... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_planet |
The classical probability density is the probability density function that represents the likelihood of finding a particle in the vicinity of a certain location subject to a potential energy in a classical mechanical system. These probability densities are helpful in gaining insight into the correspondence principle an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_probability_density |
In quantum computing , classical shadow is a protocol for predicting functions of a quantum state using only a logarithmic number of measurements . [ 1 ] Given an unknown state ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , a tomographically complete set of gates U {\displaystyle U} (e.g. Clifford gates ), a set of M {\displaystyle M} obse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_shadow |
Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein , have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory . Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics . In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_unified_field_theories |
In abstract algebra , in particular in the theory of nondegenerate quadratic forms on vector spaces , the finite-dimensional real and complex Clifford algebras for a nondegenerate quadratic form have been completely classified as rings . In each case, the Clifford algebra is algebra isomorphic to a full matrix ring ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Clifford_algebras |
In mathematics , Fatou components are components of the Fatou set . They were named after Pierre Fatou .
If f is a rational function
defined in the extended complex plane , and if it is a nonlinear function (degree > 1)
then for a periodic component U {\displaystyle U} of the Fatou set , exactly one of the followin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Fatou_components |
Continuous functions are of utmost importance in mathematics , functions and applications. However, not all functions are continuous. If a function is not continuous at a limit point (also called "accumulation point" or "cluster point") of its domain , one says that it has a discontinuity there. The set of all points o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_discontinuities |
This mathematics -related list provides Mubarakzyanov's classification of low-dimensional real Lie algebras , published in Russian in 1963. [ 1 ] It complements the article on Lie algebra in the area of abstract algebra .
An English version and review of this classification was published by Popovych et al. [ 2 ] in 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_low-dimensional_real_Lie_algebras |
In mathematics , specifically geometry and topology , the classification of manifolds is a basic question, about which much is known, and many open questions remain.
Formally, classifying manifolds is classifying objects up to isomorphism .
There are many different notions of "manifold", and corresponding notions of
"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_manifolds |
A train accident or train wreck is a type of disaster involving one or more trains . Train wrecks often occur as a result of miscommunication , as when a moving train meets another train on the same track, when the wheels of train come off the track or when a boiler explosion occurs. Train accidents have often been wid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_railway_accidents |
A clathrate is a chemical substance consisting of a lattice that traps or contains molecules. The word clathrate is derived from the Latin clathratus ( clatratus ), meaning 'with bars, latticed '. [ 1 ] Most clathrate compounds are polymeric and completely envelop the guest molecule, but in modern usage clathrates als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_compound |
The clathrate gun hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the periods of rapid warming during the Quaternary . The hypothesis is that changes in fluxes in upper intermediate waters in the ocean caused temperature fluctuations that alternately accumulated and occasionally released methane clathrate on upper continental... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis |
Clathrate hydrates , or gas hydrates , clathrates , or hydrates , are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice , in which small non-polar molecules (typically gases ) or polar molecules with large hydrophobic moieties are trapped inside "cages" of hydrogen bonded , frozen water molecules . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate |
Clathrin is a protein that plays a role in the formation of coated vesicles . Clathrin was first isolated by Barbara Pearse in 1976. [ 1 ] It forms a triskelion shape composed of three clathrin heavy chains and three light chains. When the triskelia interact they form a polyhedral lattice that surrounds the vesicle. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin |
Clathrin-independent endocytosis refers to the cellular process by which cells internalize extracellular molecules and particles through mechanisms that do not rely on the protein clathrin , playing a crucial role in diverse physiological processes such as nutrient uptake, membrane turnover, and cellular signaling .
W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin-independent_endocytosis |
In coordination chemistry , clathrochelates are ligands that encapsulate metal ions. Chelating ligands bind to metals more strongly than related monodentate ligands , and macrocyclic ligands bind more strongly than typical chelating ligands. It follows that bi- or polymacrocyclic ligands would bind to metals particular... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrochelate |
Claude Langlois (c. 1700 – 1756) was a French maker of precision scientific instruments and the foremost among them in the period. His instruments included draughtsman's tools like an improved pantograph , measuring instruments, and six-foot quadrants for astronomical angle measurement. He was appointed official instru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Langlois |
Claude Schwob (1910–2000) was an American nuclear chemist who worked on the Manhattan Project . After the end of World War II , he was employed at the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory . Schwob, who was gay, was open about his sexuality throughout his life.
Schwob was born on June 16, 1910, in New York, and lived ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Schwob |
Claudia Felser (28 July 1962 in Aachen ) is a German solid state chemist and materials scientist. She is currently a director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids . Felser was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2020 for the prediction and discovery of engineered quantu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Felser |
Claudia Mitchell (born 1980) is a former United States Marine whose left arm was amputated near the shoulder following a motorcycle crash in 2004. She became the first woman to be outfitted with a bionic arm. [ 1 ] The arm is controlled through muscles in her chest and side, which in turn are controlled by the nerves t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Mitchell |
Claudine Helen Stirling FRSNZ is a New Zealand isotope geochemistry academic. As of 2018, she is a full professor at the University of Otago . [ 1 ] In 2024 she was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi .
After a 1996 PhD titled 'High-precision U-series dating of corals from Western Australia : implicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Stirling |
Claudio Luchinat (born February 15, 1952, in Florence ) is an Italian chemist. He is author of about 550 publications in Bioinorganic Chemistry, NMR and Structural Biology, and of four books. According to Google scholar , his h-index is 90 and his papers have been quoted more than 33,000 times (As of 2022 [update] ). [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Luchinat |
Claudio Procesi (born 31 March 1941 in Rome ) is an Italian mathematician, known for works in algebra and representation theory .
Procesi studied at the Sapienza University of Rome , where he received his degree (Laurea) in 1963. In 1966 he graduated from the University of Chicago advised by Israel Herstein , with a t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Procesi |
Claus' benzene (C 6 H 6 ) is a hypothetical hydrocarbon and an isomer of benzene . [ 1 ] It was proposed by Adolf Karl Ludwig Claus in 1867 [ 2 ] as a possible structure for benzene at a time when the structure of benzene was still being debated. The molecule can be described as a hexagon with carbon atoms positioned a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus'_benzene |
The Claus process is the most significant gas desulfurizing process, recovering elemental sulfur from gaseous hydrogen sulfide . First patented in 1883 by the chemist Carl Friedrich Claus , the Claus process has become the industry standard.
The multi-step Claus process recovers sulfur from the gaseous hydrogen sulfid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_process |
In electromagnetism , the Clausius–Mossotti relation , named for O. F. Mossotti and Rudolf Clausius , expresses the dielectric constant (relative permittivity , ε r ) of a material in terms of the atomic polarizability , α , of the material's constituent atoms and/or molecules, or a homogeneous mixture thereof. It is e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius–Mossotti_relation |
Clavibacter michiganensis is an aerobic non-sporulating Gram-positive plant pathogenic actinomycete of the genus Clavibacter . Clavibacter michiganensis has several subspecies. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causes substantial economic losses worldwide by damaging tomatoes and potatoes . [ 2 ]
Clavibac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavibacter_michiganensis |
Clavin–Garcia equation or Clavin–Garcia dispersion relation provides the relation between the growth rate and the wave number of the perturbation superposed on a planar premixed flame , named after Paul Clavin and Pedro Luis Garcia Ybarra, who derived the dispersion relation in 1983. [ 1 ] The dispersion relation accou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavin–Garcia_equation |
Clay chemistry is an applied subdiscipline of chemistry which studies the chemical structures , properties and reactions of or involving clays and clay minerals . It is a multidisciplinary field, involving concepts and knowledge from inorganic and structural chemistry, physical chemistry, materials chemistry, analytica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_chemistry |
Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates (e.g. kaolin , Al 2 Si 2 O 5 ( OH ) 4 ), sometimes with variable amounts of iron , magnesium , alkali metals , alkaline earths , and other cations found on or near some planetary surfaces .
Clay minerals form in the presence of water [ 1 ] and have been important to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_mineral |
Clay-water interaction is an all-inclusive term to describe various progressive interactions between clay minerals and water . [ 1 ] In the dry state, clay packets exist in face-to-face stacks like a deck of playing cards, but clay packets begin to change when exposed to water. Five descriptive terms describe the progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay–water_interaction |
Clean-in-place ( CIP ) is an automated method of cleaning the interior surfaces of pipes, vessels, equipment, filters and associated fittings, without major disassembly. CIP is commonly used for equipment such as piping, tanks, and fillers. CIP employs turbulent flow through piping, and/or spray balls for tanks or vess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean-in-place |
Clean-room design (also known as the Chinese wall technique) is the method of copying a design by reverse engineering and then recreating it without infringing any of the copyrights associated with the original design. Clean-room design is useful as a defense against copyright infringement because it relies on independ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean-room_design |
CleanMyMac is a macOS maintenance and optimisation utility developed by MacPaw , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] first released in 2008. The software is designed to optimize system performance by removing unnecessary files and managing disk space . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
As of 2023, the software has been downloaded over 20 million times... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CleanMyMac |
The Clean Energy Finance Corporation ( CEFC ) is an Australian Government-owned green bank that invests in clean energy , to help achieve Australia's national goal of net zero emissions by 2050. The CEFC invests billions of dollars on behalf of the Australian Government in economy-wide decarbonisation opportunities. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Energy_Finance_Corporation |
Clean agent FS 49 C2 is an environmentally engineered, human safe, fast acting Clean Agent fire extinguishing gas for gaseous fire suppression installed in a suited fire suppression system . The gas consists of tetrafluoroethane , pentafluoroethane and carbon dioxide . [ 1 ]
FS 49 C2 maintains breathable concentrati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_agent_FS_49_C2 |
The clean air delivery rate ( CADR ) is a figure of merit that is the cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air that has had all the particles of a given size distribution removed. For air filters that have air flowing through them, it is the fraction of particles (of a particular size distribution) that have been removed fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate |
Clean configuration is the flight configuration of a fixed-wing aircraft when its external equipment is retracted to minimize drag , and thus maximize airspeed for a given power setting.
For most airplanes , clean configuration means simply that the wing flaps and landing gear are retracted, as these are the cause of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_configuration |
Cleaner fish are fish that show a specialist feeding strategy [ 1 ] by providing a service to other species, referred to as clients, [ 2 ] by removing dead skin , ectoparasites , and infected tissue from the surface or gill chambers. [ 2 ] This example of cleaning symbiosis represents mutualism and cooperation behaviou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaner_fish |
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