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mlfoundations-dev
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stackexchange_quant

instruction stringlengths 35 27.7k	completion stringlengths 2 27.7k	conversations listlengths 2 2
Ideally an intuitive explanation with an example, please.	Of course! Could you clarify what concept or topic you would like an intuitive explanation for? This will help me provide a relevant example.	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Ideally an intuitive explanation with an example, please.\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Of course! Could you clarify what concept or topic you would like an intuitive explanation for? This will help me provide a relevant example." } ]
Can Someone Explain to me what this term means, and how it's used?	Of course! However, it seems like you didn't specify which term you would like explained. Please provide the term you're curious about, and I'll be happy to help!	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Can Someone Explain to me what this term means, and how it's used?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Of course! However, it seems like you didn't specify which term you would like explained. Please provide the term you're curious about, and I'll be happy to help!" }...
Have a good quant joke? Share it here. The principle "should be of interest to quants" trumps. I would be particularly keen to learn jokes which involve some nontrivial finance/mathematics. I am looking for jokes which make you laugh and think at the same time. This is a community wiki question: One quant joke or pun p...	Sure, here's one for you: Why did the stochastic process break up with the deterministic one? Because it just needed some space to explore its own volatility!	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Have a good quant joke? Share it here. The principle \"should be of interest to quants\" trumps.\nI would be particularly keen to learn jokes which involve some nontrivial finance/mathematics. I am looking for jokes which make you laugh and think at the same time.\nThis is a com...
To get the ball rolling... I will answer this question this evening For people aware & unaware I think it would be a great way to introduce the group, resources for fundamental knowledge & concepts.	That sounds like a fantastic idea! Introducing the group and providing resources for fundamental knowledge and concepts can foster a collaborative and informed environment. You could consider starting with a brief overview of the main topics you plan to discuss, along with key resources such as articles, videos, or boo...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "To get the ball rolling... I will answer this question this evening\nFor people aware & unaware I think it would be a great way to introduce the group, resources for fundamental knowledge & concepts.\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "That sounds like a fantastic idea!...
What is a persistent variable in the context of regression analysis? For example, dividend to price ratio (D/P) is considered to be persistent variable when used to model future returns (Stambaugh Bias literature).	In the context of regression analysis, a persistent variable refers to a variable that exhibits a stable, long-term relationship with the dependent variable over time. This means that the variable tends to maintain its value or influence consistently, allowing it to provide useful predictive power for future outcom...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is a persistent variable in the context of regression analysis? For example, dividend to price ratio (D/P) is considered to be persistent variable when used to model future returns (Stambaugh Bias literature).\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In the context of r...
If a large sell order hits many bids from the book, is the order filled at once? Or is it filled one bid at a time with a chance for any new orders to come in between each trade?	When a large sell order hits many bids in the order book, it is typically filled one bid at a time. This means that the sell order will execute against the highest available bids in the order book sequentially, starting from the top bid and moving down until the entire sell order is filled or the available bids are exh...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "If a large sell order hits many bids from the book, is the order filled at once? Or is it filled one bid at a time with a chance for any new orders to come in between each trade?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "When a large sell order hits many bids in the order boo...
A recent article from Forbes seems to indicate that low volatility stocks outperform high volatility stocks over the long run. Does anyone have any supporting or contradicting evidence to this claim? The study cited studied returns for the entire stock market and the 1,000 largest stocks from 1968 to 2008. Note that th...	Yes, there is supporting evidence for the claim that low volatility stocks tend to outperform high volatility stocks over the long run. This phenomenon is often referred to as the "low volatility anomaly." Various studies have shown that low volatility stocks can provide higher risk-adjusted returns compared to their h...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "A recent article from Forbes seems to indicate that low volatility stocks outperform high volatility stocks over the long run. Does anyone have any supporting or contradicting evidence to this claim? The study cited studied returns for the entire stock market and the 1,000 large...
On average, how much slippage (measured in lost % return potential) is typical for an operating quant fund that trades in, say, major U.S. equities?	Slippage in quantitative trading can vary significantly depending on several factors, including the size of the fund, the liquidity of the stocks being traded, and the trading strategies employed. On average, slippage for quant funds trading in major U.S. equities is often estimated to be around 0.1% to 1% per trade. ...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "On average, how much slippage (measured in lost % return potential) is typical for an operating quant fund that trades in, say, major U.S. equities?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Slippage in quantitative trading can vary significantly depending on several factors,...
What is the difference between the two? Today in the FT I see that UBS is the second biggest 'wealth manager' after BOA whilst I was always under the impression that Blackrock was the largest asset manager.	The confusion arises from the distinction between "wealth management" and "asset management," as they refer to different aspects of financial services. 1. Wealth Management: This service typically includes a range of financial services offered to high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs). Wealth management encompasses in...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the difference between the two?\nToday in the FT I see that UBS is the second biggest 'wealth manager' after BOA whilst I was always under the impression that Blackrock was the largest asset manager.\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The confusion arises from ...
Anyone can tell me what the first column and the last column in this FX tick dataset mean? The first seems like some kind of ID, and what D in the last column mean? 368412956 AUD/CAD 12/30/2007 17:00:03.000 0.8598 0.8604 D 368413005 AUD/CAD 12/30/2007 17:00:58.000 0.8599 0.8605 D 368413022...	In the FX tick dataset you provided, the first column likely serves as a unique identifier for each tick record, which could represent a sequential ID or a timestamp-based ID for tracking individual trades or price quotes in the dataset. The last column, which contains the letter "D," could indicate various things dep...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Anyone can tell me what the first column and the last column in this FX tick dataset mean? The first seems like some kind of ID, and what D in the last column mean?\n368412956 AUD/CAD 12/30/2007 17:00:03.000 0.8598 0.8604 D\n368413005 AUD/CAD 12/30/2007 17:0...
Has anybody else out there made this switch? I'm considering it right now. What were the negatives and positives of the switch?	It sounds like you're contemplating a significant change, though I’m not sure what specific switch you’re referring to—whether it’s related to a job, lifestyle, location, or even a product like a phone or software. If you can provide more details about the switch, I can help outline the potential positives and negative...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Has anybody else out there made this switch? I'm considering it right now. What were the negatives and positives of the switch?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "It sounds like you're contemplating a significant change, though I’m not sure what specific switch you’r...
There are a few things that form the common canon of education in (quantitative) finance, yet everybody knows they are not exactly true, useful, well-behaved, or empirically supported. So here is the question: which is the single worst idea still actively propagated? Please make it one suggestion per post.	One of the most commonly propagated yet fundamentally flawed ideas in quantitative finance is the assumption of market efficiency, particularly in the form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). The EMH posits that asset prices reflect all available information, meaning that it is impossible to consistently achieve ...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "There are a few things that form the common canon of education in (quantitative) finance, yet everybody knows they are not exactly true, useful, well-behaved, or empirically supported.\nSo here is the question: which is the single worst idea still actively propagated? \nPlease ...
I'm wondering what API methods there are to determine a company's market cap, i.e. (number of shares issued) * (price per share). I know IQfeed and perhaps Yahoo will do this - does anyone know of any other API's that will do the job?	There are several APIs that can help you determine a company's market capitalization by providing data on the number of shares issued and the price per share. Here are some popular options: 1. Alpha Vantage: This API provides a wide range of stock data, including price information. You can calculate market cap usi...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "I'm wondering what API methods there are to determine a company's market cap, i.e. (number of shares issued) * (price per share).\nI know IQfeed and perhaps Yahoo will do this - does anyone know of any other API's that will do the job?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value":...
It is well known that vanilla fixed for floating swaps usually have a bit of gamma, but does a floating for floating (basis) swap have any? For the sake of simplicity, let's assume that both legs of the swaps are in the same currency.	In a vanilla fixed-for-floating interest rate swap, the fixed leg has a degree of gamma, mainly because the value of the fixed leg is determined by a constant cash flow, while the floating leg’s cash flows fluctuate with the underlying benchmark interest rates (like LIBOR, SOFR, etc.). This creates a non-linear relatio...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "It is well known that vanilla fixed for floating swaps usually have a bit of gamma, but does a floating for floating (basis) swap have any? For the sake of simplicity, let's assume that both legs of the swaps are in the same currency.\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": ...
Suffixes indicating class, preferred, new, etc., are well defined for NASDAQ and NYSE, but I can't find anything documenting the meanings of the trailing punctuation. For example, here's some that I saw in today's feed from NASDAQ: OHI-D* REN+ RTN+ SGS= F+ AIG+ BLL# AA-	The trailing punctuation you see in stock symbols typically indicates specific attributes or statuses of the securities in the NASDAQ and NYSE markets. Here’s a general overview of what some of these symbols mean: 1. *Asterisk ()**: Generally indicates that the security is subject to a dividend, typically suggesting...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Suffixes indicating class, preferred, new, etc., are well defined for NASDAQ and NYSE, but I can't find anything documenting the meanings of the trailing punctuation. For example, here's some that I saw in today's feed from NASDAQ:\n\nOHI-D*\nREN+\nRTN+\nSGS=\nF+\nAIG+\nBLL#\nAA...
There are few methods like Copeland-Antikarov, Herath-Park, Cobb-Charnes etc. to compute project volatility, however these methods compute upward biased volatility. What is the best method I could use to compute project volatility for real option valuation?	When it comes to calculating project volatility for real option valuation, particularly to avoid upward biases, it's essential to choose a method that accurately reflects the underlying uncertainty without artificially inflating the volatility estimates. Here are some approaches and best practices you might consider: ...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "There are few methods like Copeland-Antikarov, Herath-Park, Cobb-Charnes etc. to compute project volatility, however these methods compute upward biased volatility. \nWhat is the best method I could use to compute project volatility for real option valuation?\n" }, { "fr...
Do you have historical market/pricing ticket data that you would like to donate to the Open Source Trader project (OST)?? Please: upload your files! Once we gather some data, we'll do our best to help create an excellent web-service (RESTFul API) based repository of free market tick data. If we can afford the services...	It sounds like you're working on an exciting project with the Open Source Trader initiative! Unfortunately, I can't upload files or provide any historical market/pricing ticket data, as I don't have the capability to store or share files. However, I can provide some suggestions on where you might be able to find open s...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Do you have historical market/pricing ticket data that you would like to donate to the Open Source Trader project (OST)?? \nPlease: upload your files! Once we gather some data, we'll do our best to help create an excellent web-service (RESTFul API) based repository of free marke...
There is a concept of trading or observing the market with signal processing originally created by John Ehler. He wrote three books about it. Cybernetic Analysis for Stocks and Futures Rocket Science for Traders MESA and Trading Market Cycles There are number of indicators and mathematical models that are widely accept...	The application of digital signal processing (DSP) concepts in financial markets is indeed an intriguing area, and John Ehlers’ work provides a unique perspective on how these concepts can be leveraged to analyze price data. Learning DSP can provide you with valuable tools and methodologies that can be applied to tradi...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "There is a concept of trading or observing the market with signal processing originally created by John Ehler. He wrote three books about it.\nCybernetic Analysis for Stocks and Futures\nRocket Science for Traders\nMESA and Trading Market Cycles\nThere are number of indicators a...
Does anyone know what time the Bloomberg Open Symbology precanned files are updated every day? I am planning on upating my view of them at 9 AM EST every morning. Furthermore, will the files for equities have any IPOs from the day listed?	The Bloomberg Open Symbology (BOS) files are typically updated daily, but the exact time can vary. They are often available by around 9 AM EST, but it's best to verify this as it may change. If you're planning to update your view at that time, you should be in a good position to access the latest files. Regarding IPOs...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Does anyone know what time the Bloomberg Open Symbology precanned files are updated every day? I am planning on upating my view of them at 9 AM EST every morning. Furthermore, will the files for equities have any IPOs from the day listed?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "valu...
I'm looking to find a free source of tick by tick data (<1sec) for training purposes. It doesn't need to be longer than a day, and I don't care what instrument, or exchange, or time it is. I just want real numbers with a high frequency. Is such a data set freely available?	Finding free tick-by-tick data for any financial instrument can be challenging, but there are some sources where you might find what you need. Here are a few options to consider: 1. Yahoo Finance API: While Yahoo Finance primarily provides end-of-day data, they sometimes offer minute-level data for certain stocks....	[ { "from": "human", "value": "I'm looking to find a free source of tick by tick data (<1sec) for training purposes. It doesn't need to be longer than a day, and I don't care what instrument, or exchange, or time it is. I just want real numbers with a high frequency.\nIs such a data set freely available?\n" ...
If you are interested in determining whether there is a correlation between the Federal Reserve Balance Sheet and PPI, would you calculate the correlation between values (prices) or period-to-period change (returns)? I've massaged both data sets to be of equal length and same date range and have labeled them WWW (WRESC...	When determining the correlation between the Federal Reserve Balance Sheet and the Producer Price Index (PPI), the choice of whether to analyze the actual values (prices) or the period-to-period changes (returns) can significantly impact the results. Here's a breakdown of the two approaches: 1. **Correlation of Valu...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "If you are interested in determining whether there is a correlation between the Federal Reserve Balance Sheet and PPI, would you calculate the correlation between values (prices) or period-to-period change (returns)?\nI've massaged both data sets to be of equal length and same d...
Where can I find the standard discount curves for the standard CDS model? In particular I'm keen to see if ZAR is a supported currency yet...	To find standard discount curves for the Credit Default Swap (CDS) model, you typically have a few options: 1. Bloomberg Terminal: If you have access to Bloomberg, you can obtain discount curves for various currencies, including ZAR (South African Rand). You can look for CDS curves under the relevant functions, su...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Where can I find the standard discount curves for the standard CDS model?\nIn particular I'm keen to see if ZAR is a supported currency yet...\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "To find standard discount curves for the Credit Default Swap (CDS) model, you typically hav...
Imagine a British investor with $10-100k in her pocket. She wants to see the previous performance of various British and overseas funds to choose the one to invest. And she wants to filter out the ones which accept minimum one million investment. Is there a website to help her to make the informed choice?	Yes, there are several websites that can help a British investor filter and analyze funds based on their performance and minimum investment requirements. Here are a few recommended platforms: 1. Morningstar: This website provides comprehensive data on mutual funds, ETFs, and investment trusts. You can filter funds...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Imagine a British investor with $10-100k in her pocket. She wants to see the previous performance of various British and overseas funds to choose the one to invest. And she wants to filter out the ones which accept minimum one million investment. Is there a website to help her t...
Can anyone point me to some Hedge Fund index data - daily levels of the HFRX or something similar, that is available for free and has history back to 2007? The data available through my broker seems to only go back to beginning of 2010.	Finding free hedge fund index data, especially with historical records going back to 2007, can be challenging, but there are several sources you might consider: 1. HFR's Official Website: The Hedge Fund Research (HFR) website often provides some historical data, but it may be limited to specific periods or reports...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Can anyone point me to some Hedge Fund index data - daily levels of the HFRX or something similar, that is available for free and has history back to 2007? The data available through my broker seems to only go back to beginning of 2010.\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value"...
http://billing.finance.yahoo.com/realtime_quotes/signup?.src=quote&.refer=quote Can i get real time data(from NSE india) using Yahoo finance API after subscribing to their service ?	As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, Yahoo Finance provides various financial data services, but they do not officially offer a public API for real-time stock data. Their data is accessible through their website and some may have been available via unofficial APIs or scraping techniques, but this often viola...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "http://billing.finance.yahoo.com/realtime_quotes/signup?.src=quote&.refer=quote\nCan i get real time data(from NSE india) using Yahoo finance API after subscribing to their service ?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, Yah...
I'd like to expand on the Data Sources Online question. I found this site for a German convertible bond, all free and not requiring a sign-up. Börse Stuttgart German Google I am looking for similar information for a Norwegian bond.	For finding information on Norwegian bonds, similar to the Börse Stuttgart site for German convertible bonds, you can explore the following online resources: 1. Oslo Stock Exchange (Oslo Børs): The official website of the Oslo Stock Exchange provides detailed information on listed bonds, including prices, trading ...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "I'd like to expand on the Data Sources Online question. I found this site for a German convertible bond, all free and not requiring a sign-up. \n\nBörse Stuttgart\nGerman Google\n\nI am looking for similar information for a Norwegian bond.\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "val...
I am building a global tactical equity allocation model. The model will help determine an optimal allocation amongst a number of major developed and emerging stock markets (represented for my purposes by the MSCI country indices). The model will use inputs such as macroeconomic indicators, local currency yield curves a...	When building a global tactical equity allocation model, the decision to use currency-hedged versus unhedged returns hinges on a few key factors, particularly focusing on how you want to evaluate the underlying performance of the equity markets relative to your inputs and objectives. ### Considerations for Currency He...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "I am building a global tactical equity allocation model. The model will help determine an optimal allocation amongst a number of major developed and emerging stock markets (represented for my purposes by the MSCI country indices). The model will use inputs such as macroeconomic ...
In the interest of having "canonical questions" on this site ... What is a Quant?	A "Quant" is short for "quantitative analyst," a professional who applies mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques to financial and risk management problems. Quants are often employed by investment banks, hedge funds, asset management firms, and other financial institutions to develop models that predict...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the interest of having \"canonical questions\" on this site ... What is a Quant?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A \"Quant\" is short for \"quantitative analyst,\" a professional who applies mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques to financial and...
Mr. Soros in his books talked about principles which are not used by today's financial mathematics — namely reflexivity of all actions on the market. Simply it can be given by following: expectations of traders are based on the news and historical prices. They trade based on their expectations and hence influence price...	Yes, the concept of reflexivity as discussed by George Soros has influenced various fields, including finance and economics, but it is often not integrated into traditional financial mathematics. Reflexivity suggests that the perceptions of market participants can influence market fundamentals, and in turn, those funda...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Mr. Soros in his books talked about principles which are not used by today's financial mathematics — namely reflexivity of all actions on the market. Simply it can be given by following: expectations of traders are based on the news and historical prices. They trade based on the...
Assume we decompose the daily (log) returns of a stock as beta times market movement plus an idiosyncratic part. If this is done ex-ante, what proportion of the variance is explained by the market component vs. the idiosyncratic part? I am looking more for rule of thumb/experience of others, based on, say, U.S. equitie...	In the context of asset pricing and stock returns, particularly for U.S. equities, a commonly referenced relationship is captured by the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). In this model, the total return of a stock can be decomposed into a systematic (market-related) component and an idiosyncratic (firm-specific) comp...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Assume we decompose the daily (log) returns of a stock as beta times market movement plus an idiosyncratic part. If this is done ex-ante, what proportion of the variance is explained by the market component vs. the idiosyncratic part? I am looking more for rule of thumb/experien...
How many trades per second are we talking about? What kind of strategies are used in this time frame? Can the small guy play the game?	The number of trades per second in financial markets can vary widely depending on the market segment and the trading strategies being employed. In high-frequency trading (HFT), for example, firms may execute thousands to millions of trades per second. Some exchanges can handle over a million transactions per second, bu...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "How many trades per second are we talking about?\nWhat kind of strategies are used in this time frame?\nCan the small guy play the game?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The number of trades per second in financial markets can vary widely depending on the market segm...
Assume a stock Foo with a single share class. Furthermore, assume a dual class stock Bar with classes I and II with different voting rights. The shares in the different classes have equal cash flow rights. The market for shares in class I are substantially more liquid than the market for shares in class II. Why would a...	Market makers provide liquidity in financial markets by facilitating the buying and selling of securities. When comparing a single class stock like Foo to a dual-class stock like Bar, there are several reasons why a market maker might prefer making markets in Bar, particularly in the context of the market characteristi...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Assume a stock Foo with a single share class.\nFurthermore, assume a dual class stock Bar with classes I and II with different voting rights.\nThe shares in the different classes have equal cash flow rights.\nThe market for shares in class I are substantially more liquid than th...
It was pointed in an other question that ensemble methods can help to reduce curve fitting. What are your experience with these and which one seems the most appropriate? If I had two forecasters that give reasonably good results. Would it be better to use both and invest half in each (diversification) or use one of th...	Ensemble methods are a powerful approach in machine learning that can help improve predictive performance by combining the strengths of multiple models. The basic premise is that by aggregating the predictions of several models, you can achieve better accuracy and reduce the risk of overfitting (curve fitting) that mig...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "It was pointed in an other question that ensemble methods can help to reduce curve fitting. \nWhat are your experience with these and which one seems the most appropriate? If I had two forecasters that give reasonably good results. Would it be better to use both and invest half ...
What are the most effective techniques for reject inference in the context of retail credit scoring. Parcelling is something I use frequently... Any other approaches out there?	Reject inference is a critical aspect of credit scoring, especially in retail credit, as it helps lenders make informed decisions about applicants that were previously rejected. In addition to parceling, which is a useful technique, several other methods can enhance reject inference. Here are some effective techniques:...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the most effective techniques for reject inference in the context of retail credit scoring. Parcelling is something I use frequently... Any other approaches out there?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Reject inference is a critical aspect of credit scoring,...
Does anyone know of a utility that can download historical Implied Volatility (IV) data from Interactive Brokers' Trader Workstation?	Yes, to download historical Implied Volatility (IV) data from Interactive Brokers' Trader Workstation (TWS), you can use the Interactive Brokers API along with some scripting in Python or another programming language. Here are a few approaches you can take: 1. Interactive Brokers API: The IB API allows you to prog...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Does anyone know of a utility that can download historical Implied Volatility (IV) data from Interactive Brokers' Trader Workstation?\n" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Yes, to download historical Implied Volatility (IV) data from Interactive Brokers' Trader Workstatio...
Pseudorandom number generators are often tested using e.g. a test suite like Diehard tests or Dieharder. If one would run these tests e.g. on stock market time series or other financial data, would you expect your financial data to qualify as being a good random number generator or would it fail in many of these tests?...	Financial data, such as stock market time series, typically exhibits characteristics that are quite different from those of a good pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). The main reasons financial data would likely fail tests like the Diehard tests or Dieharder include: 1. Autocorrelation: Financial time series oft...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Pseudorandom number generators are often tested using e.g. a test suite like Diehard tests or Dieharder. If one would run these tests e.g. on stock market time series or other financial data, would you expect your financial data to qualify as being a good random number generator...
I'm sure there is a simple answer to this but I haven't had any luck with searches. I'm just wondering when someone places a market order which order(s) from the limit order book are selected to fill that? Let's say the order book has the highest bid at 100 and the lowest ask at 101 and I place a limit order to buy a...	When you place a market order to sell, that order is matched with the highest existing bids on the order book. In the scenario you've described, where the highest bid is $100 and you place a limit order to buy at $100, your order would sit in the order book among other existing orders that are also at the $100 price le...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "I'm sure there is a simple answer to this but I haven't had any luck with searches. I'm just wondering when someone places a market order which order(s) from the limit order book are selected to fill that? Let's say the order book has the highest bid at 100 and the lowest ask ...
I'm just trying to determine the appropriate naming convention for a category that holds cap or spread, or in other words, what category can I put cap and spread (in this context) into? Are they "Features" of a monthly sum option, or "Limits" ... I really don't know.	In the context of categorizing "cap" and "spread" for a monthly sum option, it’s important to consider how they function within your framework. Here are a couple of naming conventions you might consider: 1. Features: If "cap" and "spread" are aspects that modify or enhance the nature of the monthly sum option, cat...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "I'm just trying to determine the appropriate naming convention for a category that holds cap or spread, or in other words, what category can I put cap and spread (in this context) into? Are they \"Features\" of a monthly sum option, or \"Limits\" ... I really don't know. \n" ...
The nice list of free online data sources What data sources are available online? does not mention any data from ratings agencies. Are historical time series available for sovereign credit ratings (other than as proprietary datasets)? I realise that the ratings agencies probably would claim their ratings of sovereign...	Finding free historical data on sovereign credit ratings can indeed be challenging, as the major ratings agencies like Moody's, S&P, and Fitch consider their ratings proprietary. However, there are some potential sources where you might find what you're looking for: 1. World Bank and IMF: While they may not provid...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "The nice list of free online data sources What data sources are available online? does not mention any data from ratings agencies.\n\nAre historical time series available for sovereign credit ratings (other than as proprietary datasets)?\n\nI realise that the ratings agencies pr...
Can the CAPM beta of emerging markets be less than the beta of the developed markets? As part of my research, I run regressions using market indices. I estimate the beta using a regression of MSCI country/region excess returns on the excess returns of the MSCI ACWI. Excess returns are returns minus the risk-free rate...	The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) beta measures the sensitivity of an asset's returns to the overall market returns. A beta less than 1 indicates that the asset is less volatile than the market, while a beta greater than 1 indicates that it is more volatile. The observation that the beta of emerging markets (like...	[ { "from": "human", "value": "Can the CAPM beta of emerging markets be less than the beta of the developed markets?\nAs part of my research, I run regressions using market indices. I estimate the beta using a regression of MSCI country/region excess returns on the excess returns of the MSCI ACWI. Excess re...