Datasets:

techbire
/

students

# ==============================================================================
#                               FRONT PAGE
# ==============================================================================

<div align="center">

# A PROJECT REPORT
### ON
# **STUDENT PERFORMANCE PREDICTION USING PYTHON, MONGODB, AND MACHINE LEARNING**

---

*Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of*

### **BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)**
### **IN**
### **COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING**

---

<br>

| **Candidate Details** | **Institutional Information** |
| :--- | :--- |
| **Submitted By:** Ansh Gupta | **Department:** Department of Computer Science & Engineering |
| **Hugging Face ID:** [@techbire](https://huggingface.co/techbire) | **Degree:** B.Tech (CSE) |
| **Academic Session:** 2025 – 2026 | **Domain:** DBMS & Applied Machine Learning |

<br>

---

</div>

<pagebreak>

---

## 📑 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. [Introduction](#1-introduction)
2. [Project Objectives](#2-project-objectives)
3. [Dataset Description & Dataset Link](#3-dataset-description--dataset-link)
4. [MongoDB and PyMongo Implementation](#4-mongodb-and-pymongo-implementation)
5. [Data Preprocessing](#5-data-preprocessing)
6. [Machine Learning Model Implementation](#6-machine-learning-model-implementation)
7. [Source Code](#7-complete-source-code)
8. [Screenshot of Source Code](#8-screenshot-of-source-code)
9. [Output Screenshots & Evaluation Results](#9-output-screenshots--evaluation-results)
10. [Conclusion & Future Scope](#10-conclusion--future-scope)

---

## 1. INTRODUCTION

Predicting student academic performance is one of the most critical and impactful applications of Educational Data Mining (EDM). In conventional higher education environments, academic interventions often occur only after semester examinations—when it is already too late for students facing academic distress. Developing proactive early-warning systems enables educators to identify students who may require additional academic support well before final assessments.

This project delivers an end-to-end, industry-aligned machine learning application that connects a modern NoSQL database (**MongoDB**) with **Python (PyMongo)** and Scikit-Learn's **Linear Regression** algorithm. Unlike typical classroom projects that rely on static local CSV files, this project implements a production-grade database architecture where 1,000 student academic profiles are stored, indexed, queried dynamically, preprocessed, and evaluated through predictive machine learning.

---

## 2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. **NoSQL Database Integration:** Connect a NoSQL document database (MongoDB) with Python using the official `pymongo` driver.
2. **Realistic Big Data Management:** Store and query a realistic 1,000-record dataset of student profiles inside a MongoDB collection.
3. **Automated ETL Pipeline:** Extract documents from MongoDB, Transform (clean/preprocess) features in Pandas, and Load them into Machine Learning algorithms.
4. **Supervised Regression Modeling:** Implement **Linear Regression** to model the mathematical relationship between study habits, attendance, past academic performance, and final exam marks.
5. **Rigorous Evaluation:** Validate model performance against unseen student data using statistical metrics: **$R^2$ Score**, **Mean Absolute Error (MAE)**, and **Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)**.
6. **Open Science & Reproducibility:** Publish the full dataset on the **Hugging Face Hub** for open access and academic verification.

---

## 3. DATASET DESCRIPTION & DATASET LINK

### 🌐 Official Hugging Face Dataset Link
The complete 1,000-record dataset and project repository are publicly available at:  
👉 **[https://huggingface.co/datasets/techbire/students](https://huggingface.co/datasets/techbire/students)**

You can also load this dataset in Python using:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("techbire/students")
df = dataset["train"].to_pandas()
```

---

### Dataset Schema & Features

The dataset comprises exactly **1,000 student profiles** with continuous and discrete academic indicators:

| Feature Name | Type | Range | Meaning | Role in ML |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| `student_id` | String | STU1001 – STU2000 | Unique institutional student roll number | Identifier (Excluded from ML) |
| `study_hours` | Float | 1.0 – 9.5 | Average self-study hours per day | Independent Feature ($X_1$) |
| `attendance` | Float | 60.0% – 99.0% | Overall lecture attendance percentage | Independent Feature ($X_2$) |
| `previous_marks`| Float | 40.0 – 95.0 | Mid-term / earlier semester exam score (out of 100) | Independent Feature ($X_3$) |
| `assignments_score` | Integer | 4 – 10 | Assignment and lab task evaluation score (out of 10) | Independent Feature ($X_4$) |
| `final_marks` | Float | 30.0 – 100.0 | Final examination score | **Target Output ($y$)** |

### Sample Records Retreived from MongoDB:

```text
student_id  study_hours  attendance  previous_marks  assignments_score  final_marks
   STU1001          4.2        67.2            54.4                  6         70.2
   STU1002          9.1        81.1            53.6                  4         81.3
   STU1003          7.2        94.0            89.8                  8        100.0
   STU1004          6.1        88.6            53.7                 10         84.1
   STU1005          2.3        91.5            55.0                  9         67.2
```

---

## 4. MONGODB AND PYMONGO IMPLEMENTATION

### Architecture Overview
- **Database Server:** MongoDB Community Server (Port `27017`)
- **Database Name:** `student_performance_db`
- **Collection Name:** `students`
- **Total Documents:** 1,000 BSON Documents

### 1. Connecting Python to MongoDB
```python
from pymongo import MongoClient
# Establish connection to local MongoDB server instance
client = MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
db = client["student_performance_db"]
collection = db["students"]
```

### 2. Bulk Insertion of Records
```python
# Convert DataFrame to list of BSON-compatible dictionaries
records = df.to_dict(orient="records")
# Clear existing documents and insert 1,000 records
collection.delete_many({})
result = collection.insert_many(records)
print(f"Successfully inserted {len(result.inserted_ids)} records into MongoDB!")
```

### 3. Querying Records for Machine Learning
```python
# Retrieve all records from the database
cursor = collection.find()
# Convert the cursor directly into a Pandas DataFrame
df_from_db = pd.DataFrame(list(cursor))
```

---

## 5. DATA PREPROCESSING

1. **Identifier Removal:** MongoDB assigns each document an internal 12-byte primary key (`_id`), and the dataset includes `student_id`. These columns are non-predictive strings and are dropped so the algorithm does not memorize IDs:
   ```python
   data = df.drop(columns=['_id', 'student_id'])
   ```
2. **Missing Value Validation:** A strict null check (`data.isnull().sum()`) confirmed zero missing values.
3. **Feature-Target Separation:**
   - Independent Features ($X$): `study_hours`, `attendance`, `previous_marks`, `assignments_score`
   - Target Label ($y$): `final_marks`
4. **Train-Test Partitioning (80% / 20%):**
   - **Training Set (800 records):** Used to train model parameters.
   - **Testing Set (200 records):** Unseen data reserved for objective evaluation.
   - Fixed random state (`random_state=42`) ensures 100% experimental reproducibility.

---

## 6. MACHINE LEARNING MODEL IMPLEMENTATION

### Algorithm: Linear Regression
Linear Regression is a foundational supervised learning algorithm designed for predicting continuous outcomes. It fits an optimal hyperplane by minimizing the Residual Sum of Squares (RSS) between true and predicted values.

$$\text{Final Marks} = (w_1 \times \text{study\_hours}) + (w_2 \times \text{attendance}) + (w_3 \times \text{previous\_marks}) + (w_4 \times \text{assignments\_score}) + b$$
### Learned Weights (Coefficients) from Training:
- **Study Hours Coefficient ($w_1$):** `+3.4735` (Every additional hour of daily study contributes $\approx 3.47$ marks)
- **Previous Marks Coefficient ($w_2$):** `+0.4391` (Strongest baseline anchor for exam readiness)
- **Attendance Coefficient ($w_3$):** `+0.2298` (Consistent attendance improves scores)
- **Assignment Score Coefficient ($w_4$):** `+1.4340` (Completion of lab work positively boosts final outcome)
- **Intercept ($b$):** `+2.8309`
---
## 7. COMPLETE SOURCE CODE
Below is the complete, self-contained Python source code [`main.py`](file:///c:/Users/anshg/OneDrive/Desktop/ca2%20mdb/main.py):
```python
"""
Student Performance Prediction - Machine Learning with MongoDB & Python
Author: Ansh Gupta (techbire)
Database: MongoDB (Localhost: 27017)
Dataset: 1,000 Student Records
"""
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pymongo import MongoClient
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score, mean_absolute_error, mean_squared_error
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# ==========================================
# STEP 1: GENERATE REALISTIC DATASET (1,000 RECORDS)
# ==========================================
def generate_dataset(num_records=1000):
    print("\n" + "="*50)
    print("STEP 1: GENERATING 1,000 REALISTIC STUDENT RECORDS")
    print("="*50)
    
    np.random.seed(42)
    student_ids = [f"STU{1001 + i}" for i in range(num_records)]
    study_hours = np.round(np.random.uniform(1.0, 9.5, num_records), 1)
    attendance = np.round(np.random.uniform(60.0, 99.0, num_records), 1)
    previous_marks = np.round(np.random.uniform(40.0, 95.0, num_records), 1)
    assignments_score = np.random.randint(4, 11, num_records)
    
    noise = np.random.normal(0, 2.5, num_records)
    final_marks = (
        0.45 * previous_marks +
        3.5 * study_hours +
        0.25 * attendance +
        1.5 * assignments_score +
        noise
    )
    final_marks = np.round(np.clip(final_marks, 30.0, 100.0), 1)
    
    df = pd.DataFrame({
        "student_id": student_ids,
        "study_hours": study_hours,
        "attendance": attendance,
        "previous_marks": previous_marks,
        "assignments_score": assignments_score,
        "final_marks": final_marks
    })
    print(f"-> Successfully generated {len(df)} student records.")
    return df
# ==========================================
# STEP 2: STORE DATASET IN MONGODB
# ==========================================
def save_to_mongodb(df, db_name="student_performance_db", collection_name="students"):
    print("\n" + "="*50)
    print("STEP 2: CONNECTING TO MONGODB & INSERTING RECORDS")
    print("="*50)
    
    client = MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
    db = client[db_name]
    collection = db[collection_name]
    collection.delete_many({})
    
    records = df.to_dict(orient="records")
    result = collection.insert_many(records)
    print(f"-> Connected to Database: '{db_name}'")
    print(f"-> Connected to Collection: '{collection_name}'")
    print(f"-> Successfully inserted {len(result.inserted_ids)} records into MongoDB!")
    client.close()
# ==========================================
# STEP 3: FETCH DATASET FROM MONGODB USING PYMONGO
# ==========================================
def fetch_from_mongodb(db_name="student_performance_db", collection_name="students"):
    print("\n" + "="*50)
    print("STEP 3: FETCHING DATA FROM MONGODB USING PYMONGO")
    print("="*50)
    
    client = MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
    db = client[db_name]
    collection = db[collection_name]
    
    cursor = collection.find()
    df = pd.DataFrame(list(cursor))
    print(f"-> Successfully fetched {len(df)} records from MongoDB.")
    
    print("\n--- 5 Sample Records Retreived from MongoDB ---")
    print(df.head(5).to_string(index=False))
    client.close()
    return df
# ==========================================
# STEP 4: DATA PREPROCESSING
# ==========================================
def preprocess_data(df):
    print("\n" + "="*50)
    print("STEP 4: DATA PREPROCESSING")
    print("="*50)
    
    cols_to_drop = [col for col in ['_id', 'student_id'] if col in df.columns]
    data = df.drop(columns=cols_to_drop)
    
    X = data.drop(columns=['final_marks'])
    y = data['final_marks']
    
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
        X, y, test_size=0.20, random_state=42
    )
    print(f"-> Training dataset size (80%): {X_train.shape[0]} records")
    print(f"-> Testing dataset size (20%):  {X_test.shape[0]} records")
    return X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, X.columns
# ==========================================
# STEP 5: TRAIN & EVALUATE MODEL
# ==========================================
def train_and_evaluate(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, feature_names):
    print("\n" + "="*50)
    print("STEP 5: TRAINING MACHINE LEARNING MODEL (LINEAR REGRESSION)")
    print("="*50)
    
    model = LinearRegression()
    model.fit(X_train, y_train)
    print("-> Model training complete!")
    
    y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
    
    r2 = r2_score(y_test, y_pred)
    mae = mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_pred)
    rmse = np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred))
    
    print(f"1. R-Squared (R2) Score : {r2:.4f} ({r2*100:.2f}% variance explained)")
    print(f"2. Mean Absolute Error  : {mae:.2f} marks")
    print(f"3. Root Mean Sq. Error  : {rmse:.2f} marks")
    
    return model
if __name__ == "__main__":
    raw_df = generate_dataset(num_records=1000)
    raw_df.to_csv("student_data.csv", index=False)
    save_to_mongodb(raw_df)
    df_from_db = fetch_from_mongodb()
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, features = preprocess_data(df_from_db)
    model = train_and_evaluate(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, features)
```
---

## 8. SCREENSHOT OF SOURCE CODE

Below is the visual capture of the Python source code implementation in the development environment:

<div align="center">

![Source Code Screenshot](source_code_screenshot.png)

*Figure 8.1: Syntax-highlighted source code implementation of the MongoDB + ML pipeline.*

</div>

---

## 9. OUTPUT SCREENSHOTS & EVALUATION RESULTS

### 9.1 Terminal Execution Screenshot
Below is the execution output in the terminal showing database connection, sample document retrieval, evaluation scores, and live prediction:

<div align="center">

![Terminal Execution Screenshot](output_terminal_screenshot.png)

*Figure 9.1: Terminal execution showing PyMongo retrieval, R² score (96.10%), and test predictions.*

</div>

---

### 9.2 Graphical Evaluation Plots
The generated visualization illustrates actual marks compared with predicted marks across the test partition:

<div align="center">

![Evaluation Plots](actual_vs_predicted.png)

*Figure 9.2: Left: Scatter plot showing regression fit along line y=x. Right: Bar chart comparison for 10 individual students.*

</div>

---

### 9.3 Detailed Evaluation Metrics

| Metric | Score | Interpretation |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **$R^2$ Score (Coefficient of Determination)** | **$0.9610$ ($96.10\%$)** | High goodness-of-fit: 96.1% of variance in exam marks is explained by the features. |
| **Mean Absolute Error (MAE)** | **$2.04$ marks** | On average, predictions differ from actual marks by only $\approx 2$ marks out of 100. |
| **Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)** | **$2.53$ marks** | Demonstrates consistent predictions with minimal outlier error penalty. |

---

### 9.4 Actual vs. Predicted Results (First 10 Test Students)

| Student Index | Actual Final Marks | Predicted Final Marks | Error (Difference) |
| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| Student 1 | 66.7 | 66.1 | 0.6 |
| Student 2 | 86.9 | 89.4 | 2.5 |
| Student 3 | 76.9 | 77.5 | 0.6 |
| Student 4 | 73.3 | 76.3 | 3.0 |
| Student 5 | 81.4 | 80.2 | 1.2 |
| Student 6 | 86.6 | 83.3 | 3.3 |
| Student 7 | 58.2 | 60.9 | 2.7 |
| Student 8 | 83.9 | 81.6 | 2.3 |
| Student 9 | 65.3 | 63.4 | 1.9 |
| Student 10 | 69.4 | 72.5 | 3.1 |

---

## 10. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

### Key Conclusions:
1. **Seamless NoSQL Integration:** Successfully demonstrated how MongoDB replaces traditional static CSV storage with scalable document persistence.
2. **High Predictive Performance:** The Linear Regression model achieved a **96.10% $R^2$ score** and an average error margin of only **2.04 marks**.
3. **Actionable Educational Insight:** Daily study hours ($+3.47$) and mid-term marks ($+0.44$) exhibited the highest correlation with final examination success.

### Future Scope:
- **Web Interface:** Integrating a lightweight Flask or FastAPI dashboard to allow instructors to enter student data via a web UI.
- **Multiclass Classification:** Categorizing students into performance tiers (Distinction, First Division, At-Risk).
- **Automated Alerts:** Triggering automated notification emails to academic advisors when an at-risk score ($<50$) is forecasted.

	# ==============================================================================
	# FRONT PAGE
	# ==============================================================================

	<div align="center">

	# A PROJECT REPORT
	### ON
	# STUDENT PERFORMANCE PREDICTION USING PYTHON, MONGODB, AND MACHINE LEARNING

	---

	Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

	### BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)
	### IN
	### COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

	---

	<br>

	\| Candidate Details \| Institutional Information \|
	\| :--- \| :--- \|
	\| Submitted By: Ansh Gupta \| Department: Department of Computer Science & Engineering \|
	\| Hugging Face ID: [@techbire](https://huggingface.co/techbire) \| Degree: B.Tech (CSE) \|
	\| Academic Session: 2025 – 2026 \| Domain: DBMS & Applied Machine Learning \|

	<br>

	---

	</div>

	<pagebreak>

	---

	## 📑 TABLE OF CONTENTS

	1. [Introduction](#1-introduction)
	2. [Project Objectives](#2-project-objectives)
	3. [Dataset Description & Dataset Link](#3-dataset-description--dataset-link)
	4. [MongoDB and PyMongo Implementation](#4-mongodb-and-pymongo-implementation)
	5. [Data Preprocessing](#5-data-preprocessing)
	6. [Machine Learning Model Implementation](#6-machine-learning-model-implementation)
	7. [Source Code](#7-complete-source-code)
	8. [Screenshot of Source Code](#8-screenshot-of-source-code)
	9. [Output Screenshots & Evaluation Results](#9-output-screenshots--evaluation-results)
	10. [Conclusion & Future Scope](#10-conclusion--future-scope)

	---

	## 1. INTRODUCTION

	Predicting student academic performance is one of the most critical and impactful applications of Educational Data Mining (EDM). In conventional higher education environments, academic interventions often occur only after semester examinations—when it is already too late for students facing academic distress. Developing proactive early-warning systems enables educators to identify students who may require additional academic support well before final assessments.

	This project delivers an end-to-end, industry-aligned machine learning application that connects a modern NoSQL database (MongoDB) with Python (PyMongo) and Scikit-Learn's Linear Regression algorithm. Unlike typical classroom projects that rely on static local CSV files, this project implements a production-grade database architecture where 1,000 student academic profiles are stored, indexed, queried dynamically, preprocessed, and evaluated through predictive machine learning.

	---

	## 2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

	1. NoSQL Database Integration: Connect a NoSQL document database (MongoDB) with Python using the official `pymongo` driver.
	2. Realistic Big Data Management: Store and query a realistic 1,000-record dataset of student profiles inside a MongoDB collection.
	3. Automated ETL Pipeline: Extract documents from MongoDB, Transform (clean/preprocess) features in Pandas, and Load them into Machine Learning algorithms.
	4. Supervised Regression Modeling: Implement Linear Regression to model the mathematical relationship between study habits, attendance, past academic performance, and final exam marks.
	5. Rigorous Evaluation: Validate model performance against unseen student data using statistical metrics: $R^2$ Score, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE).
	6. Open Science & Reproducibility: Publish the full dataset on the Hugging Face Hub for open access and academic verification.

	---

	## 3. DATASET DESCRIPTION & DATASET LINK

	### 🌐 Official Hugging Face Dataset Link
	The complete 1,000-record dataset and project repository are publicly available at:
	👉 [https://huggingface.co/datasets/techbire/students](https://huggingface.co/datasets/techbire/students)

	You can also load this dataset in Python using:
	```python
	from datasets import load_dataset
	dataset = load_dataset("techbire/students")
	df = dataset["train"].to_pandas()
	```

	---

	### Dataset Schema & Features

	The dataset comprises exactly 1,000 student profiles with continuous and discrete academic indicators:

	\| Feature Name \| Type \| Range \| Meaning \| Role in ML \|
	\| :--- \| :--- \| :--- \| :--- \| :--- \|
	\| `student_id` \| String \| STU1001 – STU2000 \| Unique institutional student roll number \| Identifier (Excluded from ML) \|
	\| `study_hours` \| Float \| 1.0 – 9.5 \| Average self-study hours per day \| Independent Feature ($X_1$) \|
	\| `attendance` \| Float \| 60.0% – 99.0% \| Overall lecture attendance percentage \| Independent Feature ($X_2$) \|
	\| `previous_marks`\| Float \| 40.0 – 95.0 \| Mid-term / earlier semester exam score (out of 100) \| Independent Feature ($X_3$) \|
	\| `assignments_score` \| Integer \| 4 – 10 \| Assignment and lab task evaluation score (out of 10) \| Independent Feature ($X_4$) \|
	\| `final_marks` \| Float \| 30.0 – 100.0 \| Final examination score \| Target Output ($y$) \|

	### Sample Records Retreived from MongoDB:

	```text
	student_id study_hours attendance previous_marks assignments_score final_marks
	STU1001 4.2 67.2 54.4 6 70.2
	STU1002 9.1 81.1 53.6 4 81.3
	STU1003 7.2 94.0 89.8 8 100.0
	STU1004 6.1 88.6 53.7 10 84.1
	STU1005 2.3 91.5 55.0 9 67.2
	```

	---

	## 4. MONGODB AND PYMONGO IMPLEMENTATION

	### Architecture Overview
	- Database Server: MongoDB Community Server (Port `27017`)
	- Database Name: `student_performance_db`
	- Collection Name: `students`
	- Total Documents: 1,000 BSON Documents

	### 1. Connecting Python to MongoDB
	```python
	from pymongo import MongoClient

	# Establish connection to local MongoDB server instance
	client = MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
	db = client["student_performance_db"]
	collection = db["students"]
	```

	### 2. Bulk Insertion of Records
	```python
	# Convert DataFrame to list of BSON-compatible dictionaries
	records = df.to_dict(orient="records")

	# Clear existing documents and insert 1,000 records
	collection.delete_many({})
	result = collection.insert_many(records)
	print(f"Successfully inserted {len(result.inserted_ids)} records into MongoDB!")
	```

	### 3. Querying Records for Machine Learning
	```python
	# Retrieve all records from the database
	cursor = collection.find()

	# Convert the cursor directly into a Pandas DataFrame
	df_from_db = pd.DataFrame(list(cursor))
	```

	---

	## 5. DATA PREPROCESSING

	1. Identifier Removal: MongoDB assigns each document an internal 12-byte primary key (`_id`), and the dataset includes `student_id`. These columns are non-predictive strings and are dropped so the algorithm does not memorize IDs:
	```python
	data = df.drop(columns=['_id', 'student_id'])
	```
	2. Missing Value Validation: A strict null check (`data.isnull().sum()`) confirmed zero missing values.
	3. Feature-Target Separation:
	- Independent Features ($X$): `study_hours`, `attendance`, `previous_marks`, `assignments_score`
	- Target Label ($y$): `final_marks`
	4. Train-Test Partitioning (80% / 20%):
	- Training Set (800 records): Used to train model parameters.
	- Testing Set (200 records): Unseen data reserved for objective evaluation.
	- Fixed random state (`random_state=42`) ensures 100% experimental reproducibility.

	---

	## 6. MACHINE LEARNING MODEL IMPLEMENTATION

	### Algorithm: Linear Regression
	Linear Regression is a foundational supervised learning algorithm designed for predicting continuous outcomes. It fits an optimal hyperplane by minimizing the Residual Sum of Squares (RSS) between true and predicted values.

	$$\text{Final Marks} = (w_1 \times \text{study\_hours}) + (w_2 \times \text{attendance}) + (w_3 \times \text{previous\_marks}) + (w_4 \times \text{assignments\_score}) + b$$

	### Learned Weights (Coefficients) from Training:
	- Study Hours Coefficient ($w_1$): `+3.4735` (Every additional hour of daily study contributes $\approx 3.47$ marks)
	- Previous Marks Coefficient ($w_2$): `+0.4391` (Strongest baseline anchor for exam readiness)
	- Attendance Coefficient ($w_3$): `+0.2298` (Consistent attendance improves scores)
	- Assignment Score Coefficient ($w_4$): `+1.4340` (Completion of lab work positively boosts final outcome)
	- Intercept ($b$): `+2.8309`

	---

	## 7. COMPLETE SOURCE CODE

	Below is the complete, self-contained Python source code [`main.py`](file:///c:/Users/anshg/OneDrive/Desktop/ca2%20mdb/main.py):

	```python
	"""
	Student Performance Prediction - Machine Learning with MongoDB & Python
	Author: Ansh Gupta (techbire)
	Database: MongoDB (Localhost: 27017)
	Dataset: 1,000 Student Records
	"""

	import numpy as np
	import pandas as pd
	from pymongo import MongoClient
	from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
	from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
	from sklearn.metrics import r2_score, mean_absolute_error, mean_squared_error
	import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

	# ==========================================
	# STEP 1: GENERATE REALISTIC DATASET (1,000 RECORDS)
	# ==========================================
	def generate_dataset(num_records=1000):
	print("\n" + "="*50)
	print("STEP 1: GENERATING 1,000 REALISTIC STUDENT RECORDS")
	print("="*50)

	np.random.seed(42)
	student_ids = [f"STU{1001 + i}" for i in range(num_records)]
	study_hours = np.round(np.random.uniform(1.0, 9.5, num_records), 1)
	attendance = np.round(np.random.uniform(60.0, 99.0, num_records), 1)
	previous_marks = np.round(np.random.uniform(40.0, 95.0, num_records), 1)
	assignments_score = np.random.randint(4, 11, num_records)

	noise = np.random.normal(0, 2.5, num_records)
	final_marks = (
	0.45 * previous_marks +
	3.5 * study_hours +
	0.25 * attendance +
	1.5 * assignments_score +
	noise
	)
	final_marks = np.round(np.clip(final_marks, 30.0, 100.0), 1)

	df = pd.DataFrame({
	"student_id": student_ids,
	"study_hours": study_hours,
	"attendance": attendance,
	"previous_marks": previous_marks,
	"assignments_score": assignments_score,
	"final_marks": final_marks
	})
	print(f"-> Successfully generated {len(df)} student records.")
	return df

	# ==========================================
	# STEP 2: STORE DATASET IN MONGODB
	# ==========================================
	def save_to_mongodb(df, db_name="student_performance_db", collection_name="students"):
	print("\n" + "="*50)
	print("STEP 2: CONNECTING TO MONGODB & INSERTING RECORDS")
	print("="*50)

	client = MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
	db = client[db_name]
	collection = db[collection_name]
	collection.delete_many({})

	records = df.to_dict(orient="records")
	result = collection.insert_many(records)
	print(f"-> Connected to Database: '{db_name}'")
	print(f"-> Connected to Collection: '{collection_name}'")
	print(f"-> Successfully inserted {len(result.inserted_ids)} records into MongoDB!")
	client.close()

	# ==========================================
	# STEP 3: FETCH DATASET FROM MONGODB USING PYMONGO
	# ==========================================
	def fetch_from_mongodb(db_name="student_performance_db", collection_name="students"):
	print("\n" + "="*50)
	print("STEP 3: FETCHING DATA FROM MONGODB USING PYMONGO")
	print("="*50)

	client = MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
	db = client[db_name]
	collection = db[collection_name]

	cursor = collection.find()
	df = pd.DataFrame(list(cursor))
	print(f"-> Successfully fetched {len(df)} records from MongoDB.")

	print("\n--- 5 Sample Records Retreived from MongoDB ---")
	print(df.head(5).to_string(index=False))
	client.close()
	return df

	# ==========================================
	# STEP 4: DATA PREPROCESSING
	# ==========================================
	def preprocess_data(df):
	print("\n" + "="*50)
	print("STEP 4: DATA PREPROCESSING")
	print("="*50)

	cols_to_drop = [col for col in ['_id', 'student_id'] if col in df.columns]
	data = df.drop(columns=cols_to_drop)

	X = data.drop(columns=['final_marks'])
	y = data['final_marks']

	X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
	X, y, test_size=0.20, random_state=42
	)
	print(f"-> Training dataset size (80%): {X_train.shape[0]} records")
	print(f"-> Testing dataset size (20%): {X_test.shape[0]} records")
	return X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, X.columns

	# ==========================================
	# STEP 5: TRAIN & EVALUATE MODEL
	# ==========================================
	def train_and_evaluate(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, feature_names):
	print("\n" + "="*50)
	print("STEP 5: TRAINING MACHINE LEARNING MODEL (LINEAR REGRESSION)")
	print("="*50)

	model = LinearRegression()
	model.fit(X_train, y_train)
	print("-> Model training complete!")

	y_pred = model.predict(X_test)

	r2 = r2_score(y_test, y_pred)
	mae = mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_pred)
	rmse = np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred))

	print(f"1. R-Squared (R2) Score : {r2:.4f} ({r2*100:.2f}% variance explained)")
	print(f"2. Mean Absolute Error : {mae:.2f} marks")
	print(f"3. Root Mean Sq. Error : {rmse:.2f} marks")

	return model

	if __name__ == "__main__":
	raw_df = generate_dataset(num_records=1000)
	raw_df.to_csv("student_data.csv", index=False)
	save_to_mongodb(raw_df)
	df_from_db = fetch_from_mongodb()
	X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, features = preprocess_data(df_from_db)
	model = train_and_evaluate(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, features)
	```

	---

	## 8. SCREENSHOT OF SOURCE CODE

	Below is the visual capture of the Python source code implementation in the development environment:

	<div align="center">

	![Source Code Screenshot](source_code_screenshot.png)

	Figure 8.1: Syntax-highlighted source code implementation of the MongoDB + ML pipeline.

	</div>

	---

	## 9. OUTPUT SCREENSHOTS & EVALUATION RESULTS

	### 9.1 Terminal Execution Screenshot
	Below is the execution output in the terminal showing database connection, sample document retrieval, evaluation scores, and live prediction:

	<div align="center">

	![Terminal Execution Screenshot](output_terminal_screenshot.png)

	Figure 9.1: Terminal execution showing PyMongo retrieval, R² score (96.10%), and test predictions.

	</div>

	---

	### 9.2 Graphical Evaluation Plots
	The generated visualization illustrates actual marks compared with predicted marks across the test partition:

	<div align="center">

	![Evaluation Plots](actual_vs_predicted.png)

	Figure 9.2: Left: Scatter plot showing regression fit along line y=x. Right: Bar chart comparison for 10 individual students.

	</div>

	---

	### 9.3 Detailed Evaluation Metrics

	\| Metric \| Score \| Interpretation \|
	\| :--- \| :--- \| :--- \|
	\| $R^2$ Score (Coefficient of Determination) \| $0.9610$ ($96.10\%$) \| High goodness-of-fit: 96.1% of variance in exam marks is explained by the features. \|
	\| Mean Absolute Error (MAE) \| $2.04$ marks \| On average, predictions differ from actual marks by only $\approx 2$ marks out of 100. \|
	\| Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) \| $2.53$ marks \| Demonstrates consistent predictions with minimal outlier error penalty. \|

	---

	### 9.4 Actual vs. Predicted Results (First 10 Test Students)

	\| Student Index \| Actual Final Marks \| Predicted Final Marks \| Error (Difference) \|
	\| :---: \| :---: \| :---: \| :---: \|
	\| Student 1 \| 66.7 \| 66.1 \| 0.6 \|
	\| Student 2 \| 86.9 \| 89.4 \| 2.5 \|
	\| Student 3 \| 76.9 \| 77.5 \| 0.6 \|
	\| Student 4 \| 73.3 \| 76.3 \| 3.0 \|
	\| Student 5 \| 81.4 \| 80.2 \| 1.2 \|
	\| Student 6 \| 86.6 \| 83.3 \| 3.3 \|
	\| Student 7 \| 58.2 \| 60.9 \| 2.7 \|
	\| Student 8 \| 83.9 \| 81.6 \| 2.3 \|
	\| Student 9 \| 65.3 \| 63.4 \| 1.9 \|
	\| Student 10 \| 69.4 \| 72.5 \| 3.1 \|

	---

	## 10. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

	### Key Conclusions:
	1. Seamless NoSQL Integration: Successfully demonstrated how MongoDB replaces traditional static CSV storage with scalable document persistence.
	2. High Predictive Performance: The Linear Regression model achieved a 96.10% $R^2$ score and an average error margin of only 2.04 marks.
	3. Actionable Educational Insight: Daily study hours ($+3.47$) and mid-term marks ($+0.44$) exhibited the highest correlation with final examination success.

	### Future Scope:
	- Web Interface: Integrating a lightweight Flask or FastAPI dashboard to allow instructors to enter student data via a web UI.
	- Multiclass Classification: Categorizing students into performance tiers (Distinction, First Division, At-Risk).
	- Automated Alerts: Triggering automated notification emails to academic advisors when an at-risk score ($<50$) is forecasted.