id string | question string | answer string | documents list |
|---|---|---|---|
train_12000 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The 113th Congress is actively considering reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSFCMA). The MSFCMA governs the management and conservation of commercial and recreational fisheries in U.S. federal waters (3-200 nautical miles from shore). The MSFCMA was last reauthorized and ... | [
"The Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSFCMA, 16 U.S.C. §§1801 et seq.) governs the management and conservation of commercial and recreational fisheries in U.S. federal waters (3-200 nautical miles from shore). Although the MSFCMA has been amended a least 30 times since it was enacted in 19... |
train_12001 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report tracks and describes actions taken by the Administration and Congress to provide FY2015 appropriations for the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. It also provides an overview of FY2014 appropriations for agencies and bureaus funded as a part of the annual appropriation for CJS.... | [
"This report tracks and provides an overview of actions taken by the Administration and Congress to provide FY2015 appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. It also provides an overview of enacted FY2014 appropriations for agencies and bureaus funded as a part of the annual... |
train_12002 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (ERA), which declares that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex," was approved by Congress for ratification by the states in 1972. The proposal included a seven-year deadline for... | [
"On July 20, 1923, the National Woman's Party (NWP) met in Seneca Falls, New York, to commemorate the 75 th anniversary of the historic Seneca Falls Convention and celebrate the 1920 ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, by which women won the right to vote. At the meeting, NWP leader Alice Paul announced her n... |
train_12003 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress reauthorized the sugar price support program with some changes in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-246, the enacted 2008 farm bill). The sugar program is designed to guarantee the price received by sugar crop growers and processors and is intended to operate at "no cost" to the U.S. Tre... | [
"The sugar program is designed to guarantee the minimum price received by growers of sugarcane and sugar beets, and by the firms (raw sugar mills and beet refiners) that process these crops into sugar. To accomplish this, the USDA limits the amount of sugar that processors can sell domestically under \"marketing al... |
train_12004 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the aftermath of a major disaster, communities may need to rebuild, replace, or possibly even relocate a multitude of structures. When recovery activities take place on such a potentially large scale, compliance with any of a number of local, state, and federal laws or regulations may apply. For example, when federa... | [
"The federal government administers various programs to assist individuals and communities in responding to, recovering from, and preparing for disasters. For example, after a disaster, some level of federal assistance may be available to rebuild damaged bridges or roads, demolish and dispose of damaged buildings, ... |
train_12005 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Wildfires are getting more severe, with more acres and houses burned and more people at risk. This results from excess biomass in the forests, due to past logging and grazing and a century of fire suppression, combined with an expanding wildland-urban interface—more people and houses in and near the forests—and climate... | [
"Wildfires have been getting more severe in recent fire seasons; the 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011, and 2012 seasons were the most severe since 1960. An escaped prescribed fire that burned 239 houses in Los Alamos, NM, in May 2000 focused national attention on the growing wildfire problem. The fire in Los Alamos hig... |
train_12006 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In recent years, there has been increased attention paid to the political activities of churches. Churches and other houses of worship qualify for tax-exempt status as Internal Revenue Code § 501(c)(3) organizations. Under the tax laws, these organizations may not participate in political campaign activity. Separate fr... | [
"Churches jeopardize their tax-exempt status under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) § 501(c)(3) if they participate in campaign activity. Legislation has been introduced in the past several Congresses that would allow churches to engage in at least some campaign activity without risking their § 501(c)(3) status. Churche... |
train_12007 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Unlike other executive agencies, the United States Postal Service is governed not by a single presidentially appointed, Senate-confirmed agency head, but rather by an entity known as the Board of Governors. The Board of Governors of the U.S. Postal Service (hereinafter, the Board) was created by the Postal Reorganizati... | [
"The Board of Governors of the U.S. Postal Service (hereinafter, the Board) was created by the Postal Reorganization Act in 1970 (PRA, 39 U.S. C. §202). The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) describes the Board as \" comparable to a board of directors of a private corporation .\" Guided by statute and its bylaws , the Boa... |
train_12008 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | India's population is expected to surpass China as the world's largest by 2022, reaching approximately 1.4 billion people, creating greater demand for energy. India has the potential to be a much larger producer and consumer of natural gas. Competing political and economic factors have limited the government's effectiv... | [
"As India's economy continues to grow, its energy needs, including for natural gas, will likely grow as well. India's economy is expected to grow fivefold by 2040, according to Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Its population is expected to surpass China as the world's largest by 2022, reaching approximately 1.4 billio... |
train_12009 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S.-led effort to end Afghanistan's role as host to Osama bin Laden and other anti-western Islamic terrorists requires not only the defeat of the Taliban but also the reconstruction of a stable,effective, and ideologically moderate Afghan state. Otherwise, the country could continue to be apotential base for terro... | [
"The U.S.-led effort to end permanently Afghanistan's role as a base for anti-western Islamicterrorists requires not only the defeat of the Taliban-which has been achieved through American,allied, and Afghan military action, but also the reconstruction of a stable, effective and ideologicallymoderate Afghan state. ... |
train_12010 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report summarizes and compares climate change adaptation-related provisions in the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (H.R. 2454) and the Clean Energy, Jobs, and Power Act (S. 1733). H.R. 2454 was introduced by Representatives Waxman and Markey and passed the House on June 26, 2009. S. 1733 was introdu... | [
"Congress is currently considering major legislation related to climate change. Climate change responses have typically been categorized into two broad types: mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation measures attempt to slow down the occurrence of climate change by, for example, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Adap... |
train_12011 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Maine adopted two laws regarding shipping and delivery sales of tobacco products that were aimed at preventing minors from acquiring tobacco products. In Rowe v. New Hampshire Motor Transport Association, the Supreme Court held that the two Maine laws were preempted by the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization ... | [
"In 2003, Maine passed laws that instituted requirements for shipping and delivery sales of tobacco products that attempted to end sales to minors. The state argued that such laws helped the state \"prevent minors from obtaining cigarettes.\" The first law at issue, the \"recipient-verification\" provision, stated:... |
train_12012 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Most of the provisions in the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act (WIIN Act; P.L. 114-322), enacted on December 16, 2016, relate to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. However, the WIIN Act also includes a subtitle (Title II, Subtitle J, §§4001-4013) with the potential to affect western water infrastruct... | [
"Most of the provisions in the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act (WIIN Act; P.L. 114-322 ), enacted on December 16, 2016, relate to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. However, the WIIN Act also includes a subtitle (Subtitle J, §§4001-4013) with the potential to affect western water infrastructure ... |
train_12013 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 (Vacancies Act) generally provides the exclusive means by which a government employee may temporarily perform the nondelegable functions and duties of a vacant advice and consent position in an executive agency. Unless an acting officer is serving in compliance with the Vacancie... | [
"The Appointments Clause of the Constitution generally requires high-level \"officers of the United States\" to be appointed through nomination by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. However, appointment to these advice and consent positions can be a lengthy process, and officers sometimes une... |
train_12014 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA) as amended, authorizes the federal government's major federal student aid programs (Title IV), as well as other programs which provide institutional aid and support (Titles II, III and V). In addition, the HEA authorizes services and support to less-advantaged students (select Tit... | [
"The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA) as amended, authorizes the federal government's major federal student aid programs (Title IV), as well as other programs which provide institutional aid and support (Titles II, III and V). In addition, the HEA authorizes services and support to less-advantaged students (selec... |
train_12015 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On December 21, 2011, EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson announced final standards aimed at reducing mercury and other air toxics emissions from electric generating units (EGUs) by about 90%. The rule, commonly referred to as the "Utility MACT" or the "Mercury and Air Toxics Standards" (MATS), has been more than a decade i... | [
"On December 21, 2011, EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson announced final standards for mercury and other air toxics emissions from electric generating units (EGUs). The rule, commonly referred to as the \"Utility MACT\" or the \"Mercury and Air Toxics Standards\" (MATS), has been a long time in the making: Congress au... |
train_12016 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Protecting Americans From Tax Hikes (PATH) Act, considered as an amendment to the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113), was signed into law on December 18, 2015. That legislation made some tax provisions that had expired at the end of 2014 permanent... | [
"The Protecting Americans From Tax Hikes (PATH) Act, considered as an amendment to the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016 ( P.L. 114-113 ), was signed into law on December 18, 2015. That legislation made some tax provisions that had expired at the end of 2014 pe... |
train_12017 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Beginning in summer 2013, media reports of foreign intelligence activities conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA) have been widely published. The reports have focused on two main NSA collection activities approved by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) established under the Foreign Intelligence ... | [
"Beginning in summer 2013, media reports of foreign intelligence activities conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA) have been published and are apparently based on unauthorized disclosures of classified information by Edward Snowden, a former NSA contractor. The reports have focused on two main NSA collecti... |
train_12018 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the wake of recent disclosures concerning various National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance and data collection programs, several legislative changes to the government's intelligence operations authority have been suggested. Under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), the Foreign Intelligence S... | [
"Recent disclosures of various National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance and data collection programs have prompted increased attention on the government's collection of foreign intelligence. Pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) r... |
train_12019 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) is a formula grant program that provides financial assistance to states and localities for correctional officer salary costs incurred for incarcerating "undocumented criminal aliens." Currently, SCAAP funds do not cover all of the costs for incarcerating immigrants or... | [
"The State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) was created by §20301 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, and it is currently codified in §241(I) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The program is administered by the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), which is part of the D... |
train_12020 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act (Reauthorization Act), P.L. 109-177 , 120 Stat. 192 (2006) contains a number of death penalty related provisions. Some create new federal capital offenses making certain death-resulting maritime offenses punishable by death. Some add the death penalty as a sentencing ... | [
"The Reauthorization Act changes procedures associated with federal capital cases including those relating to air piracy cases arising before 1994 and habeas procedures for state capital petitioners. In the early 1970s, the U.S. Supreme Court held unconstitutional the imposition of capital punishment under the proc... |
train_12021 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal government supports research and development (R&D) that is conducted by a wide variety of performers, including federally owned and operated laboratories, universities, private companies, and other research institutions. A special class of research institutions referred to as federally funded research and d... | [
"Federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) are a special type of government-owned, contractor-operated research centers—commonly referred to as \"GOCOs\"—that conduct research and development (R&D) and related activities in support of a federal agency's mission. FFRDCs operate under the framework o... |
train_12022 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Farm bills, like many other pieces of legislation, have become more complicated and politically sensitive. They are taking longer to enact than in previous decades. Legislative delays have caused the past two farm bills (the 2002 and 2008 farm bills) to expire for short periods, and to be extended for months or a year ... | [
"Congress periodically establishes agricultural and food policy in a multiyear omnibus farm bill. Provisions in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (2008 farm bill; P.L. 110-246 ) generally expired beginning on September 30, 2012. But the American Taxpayer Relief Act ( P.L. 112-240 ; January 2, 2013) ext... |
train_12023 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Concern that government documents obtained by WikiLeaks and disclosed to several newspapers could reveal the identities of United States intelligence agents or informants focused attention on whether the disclosure or publication of such information could give rise to criminal liability. This report summarizes the Inte... | [
"Concern that government documents obtained by WikiLeaks and disclosed to several newspapers could reveal the identities of United States intelligence agents or informants focused attention on whether the disclosure or publication of such information could give rise to criminal liability. This report provides backg... |
train_12024 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Typically, each Congress, hundreds of legislative measures are introduced to recognize, support, honor, or acknowledge certain days, weeks, and months. Some scholars have observed that commemorative legislation has universal and patriotic appeal and also provides an opportunity to connect directly with constituents, wh... | [
"Each Congress, hundreds of measures are introduced to recognize, support, honor, or acknowledge individuals, groups, and events with a national day, week, or month of recognition. As scholars Lawrence Dodd and Scot Schraufnagel observed, \"this type of legislation generally has universal appeal with patriotism, al... |
train_12025 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | At the end of 2017, President Trump signed into law P.L. 115-97, which substantially changed the U.S. federal tax system. This report describes the federal tax structure and system in effect for 2018, incorporating these recent changes. The report also provides selected statistics on the tax system as a whole. Historic... | [
"T he U.S. federal tax system includes several elements. Income taxes are the primary component, and the United States has an income tax that applies to the income of individuals and a separate tax for corporations. The United States also levies payroll taxes on employment earnings, with most of this revenue used t... |
train_12026 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The impact of foreign direct investment on U.S. employment continues to attract national attention. While local communities compete with one another for investment projects, many of the residents of those communities fear losing their jobs as U.S. companies seek out foreign locations and foreign workers to perform work... | [
"The United States is the largest foreign direct investor in the world and the largest recipient of such investment funds. This active role in foreign investment continues to drive a national debate over various aspects of foreign investment, including the impact on employment; the implications for national securit... |
train_12027 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (FLTFA), which expired on July 25, 2011, provided for the sale or exchange of lands owned by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) that have been identified for disposal under BLM's land use plans. Most of the proceeds were to be used for land acquisition. The law's goals inc... | [
"Historically, proceeds from the sale of lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) under various laws were deposited in the general fund of the Treasury. However, certain laws have provided for the proceeds of land sales to be deposited in separate Treasury accounts, with funds available to agencies for ... |
train_12028 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The budget resolution sets forth aggregate levels of spending, revenue, and public debt. It is not intended to establish details of spending or revenue policy and does not provide levels of spending for specific agencies or programs. Instead, its purpose is to create enforceable parameters within which Congress can con... | [
"The Constitution grants Congress the power of the purse and provides that \"No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law.\" It does not, however, establish any specific procedures by which Congress must consider spending legislation. Instead, Congress has developed ru... |
train_12029 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) authorizes the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regulate the safety and effectiveness of drug products sold in the United States. The statutory standard for FDA approval is that a drug is safe and effective for its intended use. FDA's determination that a drug is sa... | [
"The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) authorizes the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regulate the safety and effectiveness of drug products sold in the United States. Prior to marketing a drug, a manufacturer must submit to FDA a new drug application (NDA) demonstrating that the drug is safe and e... |
train_12030 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The majority leader in the contemporary House is second-in-command behind the Speaker of the majority party. Typically, the majority leader functions as the Speaker's chief lieutenant or "field commander" for day-to-day management of the floor. Although the majority leader's duties are not especially well-defined, they... | [
"The majority leader in the contemporary House is second-in-command behind the Speaker of the majority party. Typically, the majority leader functions as the Speaker's chief lieutenant or \"field commander\" for day-to-day management of the floor. \"I'm the Speaker's agent,\" stated a recent majority leader. Anothe... |
train_12031 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Almost 51 million people, or 16.7% of the U.S. population, had no health insurance for at least some of 2009. In fact, the aggregate uninsurance rate over the past decade was never less than 13.4%. Individuals living in poorer families, young adults between ages 19 and 25, and Hispanics were especially likely to be uni... | [
"In the United States, 50.7 million people, or 16.7% of the U.S. population, had no health insurance for at least some of 2009. This is the highest rate of uninsurance over the past decade. In fact, during the past decade, the aggregate uninsurance rate was never less than 13.4%. Uninsured individuals are, on avera... |
train_12032 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The issue of missile defense cooperation with Japan intersects with several issues of directconcern to Congress, ranging from support for developing a capability to protect U.S. regionalforces, Asia-Pacific allies, and Taiwan, from Chinese short- and medium-range missiles, tocountering a possible future threat to U.S. ... | [
"Japan's August 1999 agreement to engage in ballistic missile defense cooperation with theUnited States has the potential for contributing materially to the ability of the U.S. Navy to field anAsian regional defense against intermediate-range ballistic missiles, a goal that has long receivedstrong support from Cong... |
train_12033 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in 1998 in an effort to adapt copyright law to emerging digital technologies that potentially could be used to exponentially increase infringing activities online. Title II of the DMCA, titled the "Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act," added... | [
"Online service providers (OSPs) and Internet service providers (ISPs) provide critical infrastructure support to the Internet, allowing millions of people to access online content and electronically communicate and interact with each other. The potential for computer users to infringe intellectual property rights ... |
train_12034 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean and Central America has begun to have negative consequences for economic and social development in several countries, and continued increases in HIV infection rates threaten future development prospects. In contrast to other parts of Latin America, the mode of HIV transmission in seve... | [
"Although the AIDS epidemic in the broader Latin America and Caribbean region is not as pervasive as in Africa, over 1.8 million people were estimated to be living with HIV in the region in 2007, including 230,000 in the Caribbean and 1.6 million in Latin America. Moreover, the adult prevalence rate in several coun... |
train_12035 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The decennial apportionment process determines the number of seats in the House of Representatives for which each state qualifies, based on population counts (for more on the apportionment process, see CRS Report R41357, The U.S. House of Representatives Apportionment Formula in Theory and Practice, by [author name scr... | [
"Every 10 years, through the apportionment and redistricting processes within each state, Congress and the states attempt to create a U.S. House of Representatives that reflects a fair representation of the people of the United States. It is, generally, a complex, volatile, and highly political process, but one tha... |
train_12036 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | At its most basic level of organization, the Treasury Department is a collection of departmental offices and operating bureaus. The bureaus as a whole account for 95% of Treasury's budget and workforce. Most bureaus and offices are funded through annual appropriations. Treasury appropriations were distributed among 10 ... | [
"This report examines FY2016 appropriations for the Treasury Department and its operating bureaus, including the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). More specifically, it describes the President's budget request for Treasury in FY2016 and the current status of legislation in the House and Senate to fund the agency. In ... |
train_12037 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA), as amended, establishes a process for the federal government to designate a site for a permanent repository forcivilian nuclear waste. In February 2002, this process culminated in a presidential recommendation for a repositoryat Yucca Mountain, Nevada. On April 8, theState o... | [
"The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA) (1) enacted a system for the federal government to establish a deep underground \"geologic repository\" forpermanent storage of radioactive waste from civilian nuclear power plants. Pursuant to the NWPA and subsequentamendments, consideration of a location forthis reposi... |
train_12038 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The number of children coming to the United States who are not accompanied by parents or legal guardians and who lack proper immigration documents has raised complex and competing sets of humanitarian concerns and immigration control issues. This report focuses on the demographics of unaccompanied alien children while ... | [
"The sheer number of children coming to the United States who are not accompanied by parents or legal guardians has raised considerable concern. Overwhelmingly, the children are coming from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. This report focuses on the demographics of unaccompanied alien children while they are i... |
train_12039 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S. Coast Guard's environmental activities focus on prevention programs, accompanied by enforcement and educational activities. A key component of the Coast Guard's environmental activities involves maritime oil spill prevention. As required by several environmental statutes, including the Clean Water Act and the ... | [
"Environmental activities of the U.S. Coast Guard fall within the service's program for protection of natural resources, and consist of maritime oil spill prevention, marine debris, and pollution response preparedness. Protection of living marine resources and fisheries also falls in this category, but is not discu... |
train_12040 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Interagency collaboration among federal agencies with overlapping jurisdictions and shared responsibilities is not a new phenomenon. Attempts to foster cooperation among agencies, reduce their number in particular policy areas, or clarify the division of labor among them date to the early days of the republic. Such arr... | [
"Interagency coordinative arrangements and activities—called for in public laws, executive orders, and administrative directives—appear to be growing in number, prominence, and proposals throughout virtually all individual policy areas and across-the-board. Underlying this growth are several developments: the incre... |
train_12041 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, all the newly independent Eurasian states faced economic dislocations, conflicts and population shifts, and more porous borders that contributed to rising communicable and non-communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and drug addiction. At the same time, the inherited healt... | [
"The rulers of the former Soviet Union proclaimed the high quality of their socialized healthcare system. During this period, health information was closely guarded and some official health statistics were viewed by outside experts as highly suspect. Soviet data showed numbers of hospital beds and doctors per capit... |
train_12042 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Carbon capture and sequestration (or storage)—known as CCS—is a process that involves capturing man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) at its source and storing it permanently underground. (CCS is sometimes referred to as CCUS—carbon capture, utilization, and storage.) CCS could reduce the amount of CO2—an important greenhouse ... | [
"C arbon capture and sequestration (or storage)—known as CCS—is a process that involves capturing man-made carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at its source and storing it to avoid its release to the atmosphere. (CCS is sometimes referred to as CCUS—carbon capture, utilization , and storage.) CCS could reduce the amount of CO 2... |
train_12043 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Over the past couple of decades, the courts and Congress have been grappling with tobacco-related issues, among them, the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) authority to regulate certain tobacco products under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA); the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) that resulted from... | [
"Over the past couple of decades, the courts and Congress have been grappling with tobacco-related issues, among them, the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) authority to regulate tobacco under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA); the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) that resulted from lawsuits by... |
train_12044 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Though Congress has debated the significance of global climate change and what federal policies, if any, should address them, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) since 2013 has identified the changing climate as one of the 30 most significant risks facing the federal government. President Obama established adapt... | [
"For many years, Congress has debated the risks of projected climate change and what, if any, federal action might be appropriate to address those risks. In 2013, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) identified the changing climate (see Text Box below) as one of the 30 most significant risks facing the federa... |
train_12045 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since Israel unilaterally dismantled its settlements and withdrew its troops from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, it has repeatedly expressed concern over the security of the Egypt-Gaza border. Israel claims that ongoing smuggling of sophisticated weaponry into the Gaza Strip could dramatically strengthen the military c... | [
"Since Israel unilaterally dismantled its settlements and withdrew its troops from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, it has repeatedly expressed concern over the security of the Egypt-Gaza border. Israel claims that ongoing smuggling of sophisticated weaponry into the Gaza Strip could presumably shift the balance of p... |
train_12046 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The appointment process for advice and consent positions consists of three main stages. The first stage is selection, clearance, and nomination by the President. This step includes preliminary vetting, background checks, and ethics checks of potential nominees. At this stage, the President may also consult with Senator... | [
"This report explains the process for filling positions to which the President makes appointments with the advice and consent of the Senate (PAS positions). It also identifies, for the 110 th Congress, all nominations to full-time positions requiring Senate confirmation in 39 organizations in the executive branch (... |
train_12047 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Federal Election Commission (FEC) is responsible for civil enforcement of the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) and other campaign finance statutes. Enforcement, one of the FEC's principal functions, is perhaps the most controversial thing the agency does. Enforcement matters not only for encouraging compliance ... | [
"Even as Congress finalized legislation creating the FEC in 1974, some Members of the House and Senate disagreed over how the agency should be constituted, what powers it should have, and how broad its enforcement authority should be. Perhaps unsurprisingly, almost immediately, the FEC's enforcement activities gene... |
train_12048 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The European Union (EU) is one of the United States' chief agricultural trading partners and also a major competitor in world food markets. Both the United States and the EU provide significant government support for their agricultural sectors. In the United States, a large share of support is concentrated on wheat, fe... | [
"The European Union (EU) is one of the United States' chief agricultural trading partners and also a major competitor in world food markets. Both the United States and the EU provide significant government support for their agricultural sectors. In the United States, a large share of support is concentrated on whea... |
train_12049 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Regardless of the outcome of the ongoing debate about the proposed Yucca Mountain geologic waste repository in Nevada, the storage of spent nuclear fuel (SNF)—also referred to as "high-level nuclear waste"—will continue to be needed and the issue will continue to be debated. The need for SNF storage, even after the fir... | [
"Recent events have renewed long-standing congressional interest in safe management of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and other high-level nuclear waste. These issues have been examined and debated for decades, sometimes renewed by world events like the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The incident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nucle... |
train_12050 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S. government and private firms alike seek high technology solutions to detect and prevent future terrorist attacks, as well as to respond to any future attacks that do occur. Some concerns exist, however, that patents, trade secrets or other intellectual rights may impede the prompt, widespread and cost-effectiv... | [
"Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, resulted in significant endeavors to combat terrorism and ensure homeland security. Among other efforts, the U.S. government and private firms are seeking high technology solutions to detect and prevent such attacks, as well as to ... |
train_12051 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The changing structure of U.S. agriculture has generated concerns about reduced competition in a wide variety of agricultural products markets, including dairy. Two primary areas of concern in the dairy industry are consolidation—the shift to fewer and larger firms—and industry concentration—the extent to which a small... | [
"The changing structure of U.S. agriculture has generated concerns about reduced competition in a wide variety of agricultural product markets, including dairy. Two primary areas of concern in the dairy industry are consolidation—the shift to fewer and larger firms—and industry concentration—the extent to which a s... |
train_12052 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report describes the FY2011 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Administration requested a net appropriation of $45.0 billion in budget authority for FY2011. This amounts to a $1.1 billion, or a 2.4% increase from the $43.9 billion enacted for FY2010. Total budget authority requested ... | [
"On April 15, 2011, the President signed H.R. 1473 into law as P.L. 112-10 . This public law represents the final appropriations act for FY2011. P.L. 112-10 includes roughly $41.6 billion in non-emergency discretionary spending for the Department of Homeland Security, while mandating a 0.2% across-the-board resciss... |
train_12053 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In combination, patents and regulatory exclusivities provide the fundamental framework of intellectual property incentives for pharmaceutical innovation in the United States. Patents, which are administered by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), provide their owner with the ability to exclude others ... | [
"Congressional interest in stimulating innovation within the pharmaceutical industry has been reflected in legislative activity in the areas of patent law and regulatory exclusivities. In particular, the 112 th Congress enacted the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, P.L. 112-29 , which made numerous changes to the na... |
train_12054 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides a range of benefits and services to veterans and eligible dependents who meet certain criteria as authorized by law. These benefits include medical care, disability compensation and pensions, education, vocational rehabilitation and employment services, assistance to hom... | [
"The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides a range of benefits and services to veterans and eligible dependents who meet certain criteria as authorized by law. These benefits include medical care, disability compensation and pensions, education, vocational rehabilitation and employment services, assistance t... |
train_12055 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Organization of American States (OAS) is a regional multilateral organization that includes all 35 independent countries of the Western Hemisphere (though Cuba currently does not participate). It was established in 1948 as a forum in which the nations of the hemisphere could engage one another and address issues of... | [
"The 115 th Congress has continued to debate the role of the Organization of American States (OAS) in the Western Hemisphere and its utility for advancing U.S. objectives in the region. The United States helped found the OAS in 1948 to establish a multilateral forum in which the nations of the hemisphere could enga... |
train_12056 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Superfund is the federal government's principal program for cleaning up the nation's contaminated waste sites and protecting public health and the environment from releases of hazardous substances. Enacted into law as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA, P.L. 96-510... | [
"The Superfund program had its 25 th anniversary in 2005. Although Superfund debate has lessened, as compared with past years, particular aspects of the program continue to generate debate. Policymakers are faced with broad programmatic concerns, as well as more specific issues concerning program implementation. Th... |
train_12057 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Federal support for child care comes in many forms, ranging from grant programs to tax provisions. Some programs serve as specifically dedicated funding sources for child care services (e.g., the Child Care and Development Block Grant, or CCDBG), while for others (e.g., Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, or TANF)... | [
"The 109 th Congress adjourned with the FY2007 appropriations process still under way. A third continuing resolution (CR), P.L. 109-383 , signed into law December 9, 2006, provided funding for government operations (including the Departments of Health and Human Services and Education) through February 15, 2007, bas... |
train_12058 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Energy is crucial to the operation of a modern industrial and services economy. Concerns about the availability and cost of energy and about environmental impacts of fossil energy use have led to the establishment of a wide variety of federal incentives for renewable energy and energy efficiency. These incentives are a... | [
"The United States has an abundance of natural resources. For much of the nation's history, energy availability was not a concern as commerce and industry needs could be met by domestic supplies. However, industrialization and population growth, and the continuing development of a consumer-oriented society, led to ... |
train_12059 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal budget is a central component of the congressional "power of the purse." Each fiscal year, Congress and the President engage in a number of practices that influence short- and long-run revenue and expenditure trends. This report offers context for the current budget debate, and tracks legislative events rel... | [
"F ederal budget decisions express the priorities of Congress and reinforce its influence on federal policies. Making budgetary decisions for the federal government is a complex process and requires the balance of competing goals. The recent economic recession adversely affected federal budget outcomes through decl... |
train_12060 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S. military has been involved in Afghanistan since the fall of 2001 when Operation Enduring Freedom toppled the Taliban regime and attacked the Al Qaeda terrorist network hosted by the Taliban. A significant U.S. military presence in the country could continue for many years as U.S., North Atlantic Treaty Organiz... | [
"The U.S. military has been involved in Afghanistan since the fall of 2001 when Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) toppled the Taliban regime and attacked the Al Qaeda terrorist network hosted by the Taliban. A significant U.S. military presence in the country could continue for a number of years as U.S., North Atlan... |
train_12061 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report is prepared annually to provide Congress with official, unclassified, quantitativedata on conventional arms transfers to developing nations by the United States and foreign countriesfor the preceding eight calendar years for use in its policy oversight functions. All agreement anddelivery data in this repor... | [
"This report provides Congress with official, unclassified, background data from U.S.government sources on transfers of conventional arms to developing nations by major suppliers forthe period 2000 through 2007. It also includes some data on worldwide supplier transactions. Itupdates and revises CRS Report RL34187(... |
train_12062 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides summary data on the number of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives who first entered Congress between the 64th Congress (1915-1917) and the 114th Congress (2015-2016). First-term membership is divided into two broad categories in each chamber: Members chosen prior to the convening o... | [
"This report provides summary data on the number of Senators and Members of the House who first entered Congress between the 64 th Congress (1915-1917) and the 114 th Congress (2015-2016). Since the convening of the 64 th Congress, 4,201 individuals have entered the House of Representatives for their first, or \"fr... |
train_12063 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, authorized by Title XVI of the Social Security Act, is a means-tested income assistance program financed from general tax revenues. Under SSI, disabled, blind, or aged individuals who have low incomes and limited resources are eligible for benefits regardless of their wor... | [
"The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, authorized by Title XVI of the Social Security Act, is a means-tested income assistance program financed from general tax revenues. Under SSI, disabled, blind, or aged individuals who have low incomes and limited resources are eligible for benefits regardless of thei... |
train_12064 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Cuba remains a hard-line Communist state, with a poor record on human rights. Fidel Castro has ruled since he led the Cuban Revolution, ousting the corrupt government of Fulgencio Batistafrom power in 1959. With the cutoff of assistance from the former Soviet Union, Cuba experiencedsevere economic deterioration from 19... | [
"On October 18, the Senate agreed to the conference report ( H.Rept. 106-948 ) on H.R. 4461 , the FY2001 agriculture appropriations bill, by a vote of 86-8. It was signedinto law October 28 ( P.L. 106-387 ). Title IX of this bill allows the export of food and medicine toCuba and other countries against whom the Uni... |
train_12065 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | U.S. dairy farmers are facing low returns in 2009 following a sharp decline in milk prices since late 2008 and continuation of relatively high feed costs that have adversely affected their businesses. Organizations representing dairy farmers are seeking assistance to deal with the situation. Among the requests has been... | [
"U.S. dairy farmers are facing low returns in 2009 following a sharp decline in milk prices since late 2008 and continuation of relatively high feed costs that have adversely affected their businesses. Organizations representing dairy farmers are seeking assistance to deal with the situation. Among the requests has... |
train_12066 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill provides funding for civil works projects of the Army Corps of Engineers (Corps); the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP); the Department of Energy (DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); and several... | [
"The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes funding for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), the Department of the Interior's Central Utah Project (CUP) and Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), the Department of Energy (DOE), and a number of independent agencies, incl... |
train_12067 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The functioning of the natural gas market in 2007 appeared relatively stable and infrastructure development continued at an appropriate pace. A tighter demand/supply balance for 2008, however, has generated more upward spot price movement in this latest period. From the beginning to the end of the 2007-2008 heating sea... | [
"Natural gas markets in North America remained relatively stable compared to oil markets in 2007. The situation has tightened and prices have regained some upward momentum in 2008. This report examines current conditions and trends in the U.S. natural gas markets. Key market elements examined include prices, consum... |
train_12068 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The space industry refers to economic activities related to the manufacture and delivery of components that go into Earth's orbit or beyond. The space industry is a subset of the U.S. aerospace industry and U.S. strength in aerospace has helped to provide U.S. strength in space. The space industry was originally develo... | [
"The space industry refers to economic activities related to the manufacture and delivery of components that go into Earth's orbit or beyond. The space industry is a subset of the U.S. aerospace industry and U.S. strength in aerospace has helped to provide U.S. strength in space. Bolstered by a large research and d... |
train_12069 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | China established its major sovereign wealth fund, the China Investment Corporation (CIC) on September 29, 2007—six months after it first announced its intention to create such a fund. Financed with $200 billion in initial capital, the CIC is one of the largest sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in the world. The creation o... | [
"China announced in March 2007 that it would create a sovereign wealth fund (SWF) to invest its accumulated foreign exchange reserves more profitably. In May 2007, China Jianyin Investment Company, a government agency that was designated to manage any asset purchases until the SWF was set up, bought a nearly 10% no... |
train_12070 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Antitrust law does not mandate either that markets be competitive, or that they contain some predetermined number of participants/competitors; it is concerned, rather, with the operation of markets, on the assumption that a properly functioning market (i.e., one in which there is an opportunity for viable competition, ... | [
"Antitrust doctrine holds that robust competition will best protect consumers; it is concerned with the viability of individual competitors only insofar as their fates affect marketplace competitiveness. There is neither an arbitrary antitrust directive concerning the requisite amount of competition deemed acceptab... |
train_12071 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Native Americans living in tribal areas experience some of the poorest housing conditions in the United States. Native Americans in tribal areas are several times more likely to live in housing that is physically substandard or overcrowded than the U.S. population as a whole. They are also more likely to live in povert... | [
"Native Americans living on reservations or other tribal lands are more likely to experience poor housing conditions, such as living in housing that is physically substandard or overcrowded, than the population as a whole. One reason for this is that a disproportionate number of Native Americans are low-income, mak... |
train_12072 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Indian Health Service (IHS), an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), provides health care for eligible American Indians/Alaskan Natives through a system of programs and facilities located on or near Indian reservations and in certain urban areas. The IHS health delivery program is organized ... | [
"The Indian Health Service (IHS), part of the Public Health Service (PHS) of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), funds health services to about 1.8 million Indians, members of the nation's 562 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) tribes in IHS service delivery areas. Health ... |
train_12073 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In tax policy discussions it is not uncommon for the terms pass-through and small business to be interchanged, or, similarly, for the terms corporation and large business to be interchanged. This report uses 2015 U.S. Census data to investigate how the size of businesses varies by legal form (corporate versus pass-thro... | [
"Small businesses have always been of interest to Congress when discussing tax policies to promote economic growth and job creation. Within these discussions it is common to equate, or at least associate, \"small\" businesses with pass-through businesses (e.g., sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability ... |
train_12074 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The pace of economic recovery from the 2007-2009 recession has been historically slow. Over four years of recovery, the annual rate of growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) has averaged 2%, well below the 3% to 5% typical of other post-WWII recoveries. As a result, the output gap—the difference between what the e... | [
"Congress was an active participant in the policy responses to the 2007-2009 recession and its aftermath and has an ongoing interest in macroeconomic conditions. Current macroeconomic concerns include whether the economy is in a sustained recovery, rapidly reducing unemployment, and speeding a return to normal outp... |
train_12075 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On October 16, 2002, President Bush signed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002. Since the March 2003 invasion of Iraq, Congress has enacted appropriation bills to fund the continuation of the Iraq war, including military training, reconstruction, and other aid for the government ... | [
"On May 1, 2007, President George W. Bush vetoed the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, H.R. 1591 , in part because of measures designed to limit the U.S. military role in Iraq. He called the bill \"unconstitutional because it purports to direct the c... |
train_12076 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Under Title IV-E of the Social Security Act, states, territories, and tribes are entitled to claim partial federal reimbursement for the cost of providing foster care, adoption assistance, and kinship guardianship assistance to children who meet federal eligibility criteria. The Title IV-E program, as it is commonly ca... | [
"Under Title IV-E of the Social Security Act, states, territories, and tribes are entitled to claim partial federal reimbursement for the cost of providing foster care, adoption assistance, and kinship guardianship assistance to children who meet federal eligibility criteria. The Title IV-E program, as it is common... |
train_12077 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 2007, Brazil and Canada, independently of each other, requested consultations with the United States under the auspices of the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) Dispute Settlement process concerning similar grievances regarding U.S. domestic agricultural support programs and the U.S. export credit guarantee program... | [
"In 2007, Canada and Brazil initiated separate but similar WTO cases against certain U.S. farm programs as they relate to U.S. commitments made to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Both Canada's (DS357) and Brazil's (DS365) cases make two broad charges. First, they contend that the United States has exceeded the ... |
train_12078 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | For several years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working with states and cities to develop and implement new approaches that will achieve water quality goals cost-effectively and in a manner that "addresses the most pressing public health and environmental protection issues first." Two recent ... | [
"Many state and local governments face difficult economic challenges with limited resources and financial capability to meet their water quality goals and compliance obligations. According to the most recent estimate by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the states, the nation's wastewater treatment faci... |
train_12079 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Civil society organizations (CSOs) around the world are confronting ever stricter limitations on their ability to operate, a phenomenon often referred to "closing space" for civil society work. From restrictions on the types of funding they are allowed to receive to draconian registration requirements, the measures tar... | [
"Civil society organizations (CSOs), which are often viewed as an important component of sustainable democracy, are confronting growing limitations on their ability to operate around the world. This phenomenon is referred to by researchers and advocates as \"closing space\" for civil society work. Many experts asse... |
train_12080 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was established by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA, 42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.), and was reauthorized until February 8, 2018 (H.R. 195). Unless reauthorized or amended by Congress, the following will occur after February 8, 2018: (1) the authority to provide new f... | [
"The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is authorized by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, and was reauthorized until September 30, 2017, by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (BW-12). Congress amended elements of BW-12, but did not extend the NFIP's authorization further in the Home... |
train_12081 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Veterans Disability Compensation (VDC)—administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) respectively—are two of the largest federal disability programs, but strongly differ along several dimensions, including the populat... | [
"Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) replaces a portion of earnings for an eligible worker whose illness or injury—while not necessarily caused by a work-related incident—results in an inability to work. As an insurance program, workers (including active-duty military) and employers in covered occupations, ... |
train_12082 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Ten years after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. government does not have a single definition for "homeland security." Currently, different strategic documents and mission statements offer varying missions that are derived from different homeland security definitions. Historically, the strategic docu... | [
"Ten years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, policymakers continue to grapple with the definition of homeland security. Prior to 9/11, the United States addressed crises through the separate prisms of national defense, law enforcement, and emergency management. 9/11 prompted a strategic process that included a deba... |
train_12083 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Taxes collected by countries around the world can be reduced through various avoidance mechanisms that shift corporate profits out of higher-tax-rate jurisdictions into lower-tax-rate jurisdictions and through other mechanisms that reduce taxes on interest, dividends, and royalties. The Organization for Economic Cooper... | [
"Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) are \"tax-avoidance strategies that exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules to artificially shift profits to low or no-tax locations.\" For example, countries worldwide can experience reduced tax collections through various mechanisms that firms use to shift corporate profi... |
train_12084 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) pose the greatest crime threat to the United States, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA's) National Drug Threat Assessment published in October 2017. These organizations have for years been identified for their strong links to drug trafficking, mon... | [
"Mexico shares a nearly 2,000-mile border with the United States, and the two countries have historically close trade, cultural, and demographic ties. Mexico's stability is of critical importance to the United States, and the nature and intensity of violence in Mexico has been of particular concern to the U.S. Cong... |
train_12085 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress, which annually oversees and appropriates $1.55 billion in bilateral foreign aid to Egypt, is following the political and economic situation in Egypt closely. Economic conditions in Egypt have deteriorated rapidly since the 2011 "revolution." Political uncertainty abruptly reduced foreign capital flows into Eg... | [
"After more than two years of social unrest and economic stagnation following the 2011 popular uprising, the government of Egypt is facing serious economic pressures that, if not remedied, could lead to economic collapse and possibly new levels of violence. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has been in negotiat... |
train_12086 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The growing number and modernization of ballistic missiles in the Asia-Pacific region poses a security challenge for the United States and its allies and is thus a concern for many in Congress. The United States has made ballistic missile defense (BMD) a central component of protection for forward-deployed U.S. forces ... | [
"This report presents background information and discusses potential issues for Congress relating to U.S. ballistic missile defense (BMD) efforts in the Asia-Pacific region. These efforts pose several potential policy, funding, and oversight issues for Congress. Decisions that Congress makes on these issues could a... |
train_12087 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In April and May 2001, the Bush Administration proposed $882.29 million in FY2002 economic and counter-narcotics assistance, as well as extension of trade preferences and othermeasures, for Colombia and regional neighbors in an initiative called the "Andean RegionalInitiative" (ARI). Critics of the Andean Regional Init... | [
"In April 2001 budget submissions, President Bush requested $882.29 million in FY2002economic and counter-narcotics assistance for Colombia and regional neighbors in an initiativecalled the \"Andean Regional Initiative,\" with $731 million of the counter-narcotics assistance calledthe \"Andean Counterdrug Initiativ... |
train_12088 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM), as federal law and a program activity, began in 1997. Congress established a pilot program, within the Appropriations Act, which FEMA named Project Impact, to test the concept of investing prior to disasters to reduce the vulnerability of communities to future disasters. Several years lat... | [
"The purpose of the original pre-disaster hazard mitigation pilot program, known as Project Impact, as well as the successor Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program, has been to implement hazard reduction measures prior to a disaster event. Those measures are similar to those actions taken following a disaster under ... |
train_12089 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The TRIO programs are the primary federal programs providing support services to disadvantaged students to promote achievement in postsecondary education. The Higher Education Amendments of 1968 (P.L. 90-575) consolidated a "trio" of programs under one overall program. This report provides a description of the TRIO pro... | [
"Since its inception, the Higher Education Act (HEA) of 1965 has had a focus on increasing the postsecondary access and achievement of disadvantaged students, including low-income and first-generation college students. The two major approaches are financial support and supportive services. The Pell Grant program is... |
train_12090 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has a renewed focus on defense and deterrence in Europe. In the past, NATO relied at least in part on its military technological superiority over potential adversaries for defense and deterrence in Europe, but some policymakers are increasingly concerned that NATO's technol... | [
"The year 2014 was pivotal for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, or the alliance). Russia's annexation of Crimea, the conflict in Ukraine, and instability in Europe's southern neighborhood sparked recognition of NATO's need to adapt to a changing security environment. NATO shifted its focus from what ha... |
train_12091 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report presents various governmental and non-governmental estimates of Iraqi civilian deaths. The Department of Defense (DOD) regularly updates total U.S. military deaths statistics from Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), as reflected in CRS Report RS21578, Iraq: U.S. Casualties, by [author name scrubbed]. However, no... | [
"The Department of Defense (DOD) has not released a composite estimate of Iraqi civilian deaths during Operation Iraqi Freedom. However, in the report Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq , it has released a chart containing two separate estimates of Iraqi civilian deaths from January 2006 to August 2008. The f... |
train_12092 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The 2014 farm bill (P.L. 113-79), which was signed into law on February 7, 2014, makes significant changes to the structure of U.S. dairy support programs, including the elimination of several major price and income support programs from the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246), the extension of several smaller dairy programs... | [
"After several years of growing producer discontent with the apparent ineffectiveness of the federal dairy price support program and growing concerns about rapidly escalating dairy feed costs, the U.S. dairy industry advocated for substantial changes in the nature of federal dairy support. As a result, the 2014 far... |
train_12093 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In May 2003, the United States, Canada, and Argentina initiated a dispute with the European Union concerning the EU's de facto moratorium on biotechnology product approvals, in place since 1998. Although the EU effectively lifted the moratorium in May 2004 by approving a genetically engineered (GE) corn variety (MON810... | [
"In May 2003, the United States, Canada, and Argentina requested consultations—the first step in WTO dispute settlement—with the European Union (EU) concerning the latter's de facto moratorium since 1998 on approving new genetically engineered (GE) products. U.S. agricultural interests contended that these policies... |
train_12094 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is Southeast Asia's primary multilateral organization. Established in 1967, it has grown into one of the world's largest regional fora, representing a strategically important group of 10 nations that spans critical sea lanes and accounts for 5% of U.S. trade. This repo... | [
"The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is Southeast Asia's primary multilateral organization, a 10-member grouping of nations with a combined population of 580 million and an annual gross domestic product (GDP) of around $1.5 trillion. Established in 1967 to foster regional dialogue during the turbulen... |
train_12095 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress established the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) through the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-282). The act states that "The primary function of the OSTP Director is to provide, within the Executive Office of the President [EOP], advice on ... | [
"The National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 ( P.L. 94-282 ) established the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), including the position of its Director, within the Executive Office of the President (EOP) to provide scientific and technological analysis and advice... |
train_12096 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Over the past two decades, the Latin America and Caribbean region has made enormous strides in terms of political and economic development. In 2006, elections for head of government were held in 12 countries in the region, including the close election in Mexico in July, the re-election of presidents in Brazil, Colombia... | [
"The Latin America and Caribbean region has made enormous strides over the past two decades in political development, with all countries but Cuba having regular free and fair elections for head of state. Despite this democratic progress, several nations face considerable challenges that could threaten political sta... |
train_12097 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides a short summary of selected federal laws, executive orders, and presidential directives, currently in force, that govern computer security. The report focuses on the major roles and responsibilities assigned various federal agencies in the area of computer security. This report will not be updated.... | [
"To summarize, the Director of OMB is authorized to oversee the development of, and ensure compliance with, policies, principles, standards and guidelines governing the security of all federal computer systems, except for national security computer systems. The Committee on National Security Systems has that author... |
train_12098 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Veterans Health Administration (VHA), an operating unit of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), is a direct service provider of health care, similar in many ways to a large private sector health care system. In addition to providing inpatient, outpatient, and a range of other medical care services, the VHA prov... | [
"The United States has a long history of providing benefits to those who have served in the defense of the nation. What began as a disability compensation and pension program for veterans during the early years of the republic has grown into a comprehensive veteran benefits and services system. The federal responsi... |
train_12099 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress has dealt repeatedly with issues related to sub-Saharan Africa since the late 1950s. This report provides basic background on Africa and its history, U.S.policy, and congressional involvement, for the general congressional reader. The modern human species is believed to have emerged in Africa approximately 200... | [
"Human history is believed to have begun in Africa, probably in the eastern and southern part of the continent,as human ancestors evolved into the species homosapiens , perhaps 200,000 years ago, and began peopling the sub-Saharan region. (1) About 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, according to most current scientificth... |
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