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train_12200 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Federal inspectors general (IGs) have been granted substantial independence and powers to combat waste, fraud, and abuse within designated federal departments and agencies. To execute their missions, offices of inspector general (OIGs) conduct and publish audits and investigations—among other duties. Established by pub... | [
"Federal inspectors general (IGs) have been granted substantial independence and powers to combat waste, fraud, and abuse within designated federal departments and agencies. To execute their missions, offices of inspector general (OIGs) conduct and publish audits and investigations—among other duties. In some cases... |
train_12201 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The military construction (MilCon) appropriations bill provides funding for (1) militaryconstruction projects in the United States and overseas; (2) military family housing operations andconstruction; (3) U.S. contributions to the NATO Security Investment Program; and (4) the bulk ofbase realignment and closure (BRAC)c... | [
"The President signed H.R. 4837 , the Military Construction Appropriations andEmergency Hurricane Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2005 , into law on October 13, 2004 ( P.L.108-324 ). The President signed H.R. 4200 , the Ronald W. Reagan National DefenseAuthorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 , into law on October 2... |
train_12202 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly called the Food Stamp Program, is designed primarily to increase the food purchasing power of eligible low-income households to help them buy a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet. This report describes the rules related to eligibility for SNAP benefits as... | [
"The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly called the Food Stamp Program, is designed primarily to increase the food purchasing power of eligible low-income households to a point where they can buy a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet. This report describes the rules related to eligibility fo... |
train_12203 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States provides foreign assistance to the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean to support development and other U.S. objectives. U.S. policymakers have emphasized different strategic interests in the region at different times, from combating Soviet influence during the Cold War to promoting democracy a... | [
"Foreign assistance is one of the tools the United States employs to advance U.S. interests in Latin America and the Caribbean. The focus and funding levels of aid programs change along with broader U.S. policy goals. Current aid programs reflect the diverse needs of the countries in the region (see Figure 1 for a ... |
train_12204 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Financial CHOICE Act (FCA; H.R. 5983), sponsored by Chairman Jeb Hensarling, was ordered to be reported by the House Committee on Financial Services on September 13, 2016. The bill is a wide-ranging proposal with 11 titles that would alter many parts of the financial regulatory system. Much of the FCA is in respons... | [
"Representative Jeb Hensarling, chairman of the House Committee on Financial Services, released a discussion draft titled the Financial CHOICE Act (FCA) on June 23, 2016. On July 12, 2016, the committee held a hearing titled, \"Making a Financial Choice: More Capital or More Government Control?\" Much of the origin... |
train_12205 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Hardest Hit Fund (HHF), administered by the Department of the Treasury, is one of several temporary programs that were created to help prevent home foreclosures in the aftermath of housing and mortgage market turmoil that began around 2007-2008. It provided a total of $9.6 billion in Troubled Asset Relief Program (... | [
"The Hardest Hit Fund (HHF), created in 2010, is one of several temporary programs that were established to help prevent home mortgage foreclosures in the wake of housing and mortgage market turmoil that began around 2007-2008. It provided funding to 19 states (including the District of Columbia) to design locally ... |
train_12206 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report discusses the constitutionality of legislation, such as the District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2009, H.R. 157 (111th Congress), that would create an at-large congressional district. While it is not without doubt, based on the authority granted to Congress under the Constitution to regulate cong... | [
"On March 2, 2009, the House Judiciary Committee reported the District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2009, H.R. 157 (111 th Congress). The bill, as amended ( H.Rept. 111-22 ), among other provisions, would expand the U.S. House of Representatives by two members to a total of 437 members. The first of these... |
train_12207 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Nanotechnology—a term encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology—is focused on understanding, controlling, and exploiting the unique properties of matter that can emerge at scales of one to 100 nanometers. A key issue before Congress regarding nanotechnology is how best to protect human health, safety,... | [
"Nanotechnology—a term encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology—is focused on understanding, controlling, and exploiting the unique properties of matter that can emerge at scales of one to 100 nanometers. These properties are believed by many to offer substantial economic and societal benefits. A... |
train_12208 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Cuba was first added to the State Department's list of states sponsoring international terrorism in 1982, pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (P.L. 96-72). At the time, numerous U.S. government reports and statements under the Reagan Administration alleged Cuba's ties to international terr... | [
"The \"state sponsors of terrorism list\" is mandated under Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended ( P.L. 96-72 ; 50 U.S.C. app. 2405(j)), under which the Secretary of State makes a determination when a country \"has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism.\" Cuba ... |
train_12209 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Military medical care is a congressionally authorized entitlement that has expanded in size and scope since the late 19th century. Chapter 55 of Title 10 U.S. Code, entitles certain health benefits to military personnel, retirees, and their families. These health benefits are administered by a Military Health System (M... | [
"Military medical care is a congressionally authorized entitlement that has expanded in size and scope since the late 19 th century. Chapter 55 of Title 10 U.S. Code, entitles certain health benefits to military personnel, retirees, and their families. These health benefits are administered by a Military Health Sys... |
train_12210 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) is the main source of federal funding dedicated primarily to child care subsidies for low-income working families. The term "CCDF" was coined in regulation by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to encompass multiple child care funding streams, including fed... | [
"The Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) is the main source of federal funding dedicated primarily to child care subsidies for low-income working families. The term \"CCDF\" is not found in statute. Instead, it was coined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in regulations issued after the 1... |
train_12211 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (H.R. 7311), passed both the House and the Senate on December 10, 2008. The President signed it into law on December 23, 2008, P.L. 110-457, 122 Stat. 5044 (2008). Although much of the Wilberforce Act originated in H.R. 3887, most of its... | [
"Prior to the Wilberforce Act, only the peonage statute among the anti-trafficking proscriptions included an explicit obstruction component. Nevertheless, then as now federal law prohibited three forms of obstruction of justice generally. At least facially, however, these provisions are more narrowly tailored than ... |
train_12212 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On September 26, 2006, President Bush signed the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act (FFATA) into law (P.L. 109-282). In an attempt to expand oversight of federal spending, including earmarks, the new law required the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to establish a publicly available online website... | [
"On September 26, 2006, President Bush signed into law S. 2590 , the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act (FFATA; P.L. 109-282 ). According to supporters of the new law, the FFATA was an attempt to reduce \"wasteful and unnecessary spending\" by the federal government, including spending on funds ear... |
train_12213 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Some constituencies are urging Congress to allow insurers to become federally regulated, like banks. Other constituencies are urging Congress to instead ratify its 1945 delegation of insurance regulation to the states. In the past few years, various pieces of legislation have been introduced to implement some form of f... | [
"Proponents of federal regulation of insurers make analogies to banks and their regulation. They argue that insurers, like banks, should be allowed to elect whether to hold a state or a federal charter and to reap the perceived benefits of choosing their regulator. The analogy of insurers to banks is useful—insurer... |
train_12214 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S. livestock and poultry sector is presently confronting near-record high feed costs driven by the convergence of both current tight supply prospects and long-run market forces. The U.S. livestock sector, where feed costs account for 50% to 80% of cash operating expenses, has seen its profit margins steadily sque... | [
"The U.S. livestock and poultry sector is presently confronting near-record-high feed costs. These high feed costs—which account for 50% to 80% of cash operating expenses of livestock and poultry producers—pose significant consequences for the sector. First, feed cost increases have steadily squeezed the profit mar... |
train_12215 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | NATO held a summit in Bucharest, Romania, April 2-4, 2008. The summit did not become the occasion to adopt major new ideas or initiatives. A "Strategic Vision" paper on Afghanistan clarified several issues but did not lead to a greater sharing of the combat burden among NATO governments. Croatia and Albania, but not Ma... | [
"NATO held a summit in Bucharest, Romania, April 2-4, 2008. The allies face an enduring challenge in their effort to stabilize Afghanistan, and clarified elements of the mission there. The allies decided to begin negotiations to admit Croatia and Albania, but a dispute over the formal name of the Former Yugoslav Re... |
train_12216 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On April 28, 2006, the Department of State sent to Congress its annual report on global terrorism: Country Reports on Global Terrorism 2005. The 262-page report provides an annual strategic assessment of trends in terrorism and the evolving nature of the terrorist threat, coupled with detailed information on anti-terro... | [
"This report summarizes and discusses trends in terrorism as identified in recent analyses by the State Department, the National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC), and independent analysts. Potential issues for Congress arising out of these analyses are identified and discussed as well. This report is one of several ... |
train_12217 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in the 1985 farm bill, provides payments to farmers to take highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland out of production for 10 years or more. It is the federal government's largest private land retirement program. The program is administered by the Farm Servic... | [
"The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is the federal government's largest land retirement program for private land. The program just celebrated its 25 th year of operation. It was first enacted by Congress in 1985 to help control soil erosion, stabilize land prices, and control excessive agricultural production. ... |
train_12218 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Hobbs Act proscribes obstructing commerce by means of robbery or extortion or attempting or conspiring to do so. The Act applies to individuals and legal entities alike. It permits prosecutions, although the impact on commerce may be minimal. It condemns the robbery—knowingly taking the property of another by force... | [
"One defendant robbed local drug dealers. A second, a police officer, directed the victims of traffic accidents to a particular body shop for a kickback. A third, a state governor, accepted lavish gifts from a businessman who hoped to benefit from his largesse. All three were prosecuted under the Hobbs Act, the fed... |
train_12219 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A 2013 rifle attack on a critical electric power substation in Metcalf, CA, marked a turning point for the U.S. electric power sector. The attack prompted utilities across the country to reevaluate and restructure their physical security programs. It also set in motion proceedings in Congress and at the Federal Energy ... | [
"Securing the electric power grid is among the highest priorities for critical infrastructure protection in the United States. In the past, power grid facilities have had varying degrees of access control and surveillance depending upon the facility type and location. These measures were largely focused on public s... |
train_12220 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The sugar program, as reauthorized by the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246), is designed to guarantee that growers and processors of sugar beets and sugarcane receive a minimum price. To do this, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) limits the amount of domestically produced sugar that processors can sell under "marke... | [
"On April 23, 2010, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), after determining that additional supplies of raw cane sugar are required in the U.S. market, announced a 200,000 short ton (ST) increase in the FY2010 raw sugar import quota. Manufacturers of sugar-containing food products welcomed the news, but signal... |
train_12221 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Stationary sources—a term that includes power plants, petroleum refineries, manufacturing facilities, and other non-mobile sources of air pollution—are not yet subject to any greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards issued by the EPA; but because of the Clean Air Act's wording, such stationary sources will become subjec... | [
"Over the past year, there has been increasing congressional interest in steps being taken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to address emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). During that time, EPA has promulgated rules to (1) require reporting of GHG emissions by stationary sources that emit 25,000 tons o... |
train_12222 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report examines three labor issues and arguments related to the U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (CFTA), signed on October 21, 2011 (P.L. 112-42): violence against trade unionists; impunity (accountability for or punishment of the perpetrators); and worker rights protections for Colombians. For general issues re... | [
"The purpose of this report is to examine three labor issues and arguments related to the U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (CFTA): violence against trade unionists; impunity (accountability for or punishment of the perpetrators); and worker rights protections for Colombians. For general issues relating to the CFT... |
train_12223 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On October 9, 2006, North Korea conducted a nuclear test, with a yield of under 1 kiloton (vice the anticipated 4-kiloton yield). The United States and other countries condemned the test and the U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 1718 on October 14, which requires North Korea to refrain from nuclear or missile tes... | [
"In the early 1980s, U.S. satellites tracked a growing indigenous nuclear program in North Korea. A small nuclear reactor at Yongbyon (5MWe), capable of producing about 6kg of plutonium per year, began operating in 1986. Later that year, U.S. satellites detected high explosives testing and a new plant to separate p... |
train_12224 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Huge quantities of carbon are actively exchanged between the atmosphere and other storage pools, including the oceans, vegetation, and soils on the land surface. The exchange, or flux, of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, and land surface is called the global carbon cycle. Comparatively, human activities contribute ... | [
"Congress is considering several legislative strategies that would reduce U.S. emissions of greenhouse gases—primarily carbon dioxide (CO 2 )—and/or increase uptake and storage of CO 2 from the atmosphere. Both approaches are viewed by many observers as critical to forestalling global climate change caused, in part... |
train_12225 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S. military has a long and complicated history in developing directed energy (DE) weapons. Many past efforts have failed for a variety of reasons and not all failures were attributed to scientific or technological challenges associated with weaponizing DE. At present, a number of U.S. military DE weapons-related ... | [
"Congress has had a long-standing interest in Department of Defense (DOD) efforts to develop directed energy (DE) weapons. Past DOD programs, such as the U.S. Air Force's Airborne laser (ABL) program and the Reagan-era Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), and current programs, such as the U.S. Navy's Laser Weapon Sy... |
train_12226 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The unauthorized immigrant (illegal alien) population in the United States is a key and controversial immigration issue. Competing views on how to address this population have been, and continue to be, a major obstacle to enacting immigration reform legislation. It is unknown, at any point in time, how many unauthorize... | [
"The unauthorized immigrant (illegal alien) population in the United States is a key and controversial immigration issue. Competing views on how to address this population proved to be a major obstacle to enacting comprehensive immigration reform legislation in past Congresses. The unauthorized immigrant issue rema... |
train_12227 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The process by which lower federal court judges are nominated by the President and considered by the Senate is of continuing interest to Congress. Recent Senate debates in Congress over judicial nominations have focused on issues such as the relative degree of success of President Barack Obama's nominees in gaining Sen... | [
"The process by which lower federal court judges are nominated by the President and considered by the Senate has, in recent decades, been of continuing interest to Senators. During recent Senate debates over judicial nominations, differing perspectives have been expressed about the relative degree of success of a P... |
train_12228 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal government has a long history of investing in early childhood care and education. As early as the 1930s, the government was supporting nursery schools for low-income children. Over time, the federal role in early childhood care and education has evolved, and today's federal investments in this area come in ... | [
"Federal investments in early childhood care and education come in many forms. These investments stretch across multiple federal agencies and congressional committee jurisdictions. They vary from targeted to flexible funding streams, from grant programs to tax provisions. Some programs primarily or exclusively prov... |
train_12229 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Puerto Rico's financial circumstances, including uncertainty about its ability to service its large public debt, have drawn attention in recent months. As Congress examines Puerto Rico's finances, questions have arisen about how federal health care programs (Medicare, Medicaid, and the State Children's Health Insurance... | [
"P uerto Rico's financial circumstances, including uncertainty about its ability to service its large public debt, have drawn attention in recent months. As Congress examines Puerto Rico's finances, questions have arisen about how federal health care programs (Medicare, Medicaid, and the State Children's Health Ins... |
train_12230 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On February 9, 2018, President Donald Trump signed into law the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (BBA 2018; P.L. 115-123). Division E of that law is titled the Advancing Chronic Care, Extenders, and Social Services (ACCESS) Act. This report provides a brief summary of each of the provisions included in the ACCESS Act, alo... | [
"This report briefly summarizes the Advancing Chronic Care, Extenders, and Social Services (ACCESS) Act, enacted February 9, 2018, as Division E of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (BBA 2018; P.L. 115-123 ). The provisions discussed in this report are part of a larger legislative package that was enacted to addres... |
train_12231 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Until recently, the Russian economy was one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The growth brought an improvement in the standard of living of the average Russian citizen and also brought economic stability that Russia had not experienced in at least a decade. This strong economic performance had been a majo... | [
"As has been the case with most of the world's economies, the Russian economy has been hit hard by the global financial crisis and resulting recession that became readily apparent in the last quarter of 2008. Even before the financial crisis, Russia was showing signs of economic problems when world oil prices plumm... |
train_12232 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill provides funding for civil works projects of the Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation, the Department of Energy (DOE), and a number of independent agencies. As with other funding bills, the FY2011 Energy and Water De... | [
"Energy and Water Development funding for FY2010 was provided in H.R. 3183 , which became P.L. 111-85 when signed by President Obama on October 28, 2009. Appropriations for these programs in P.L. 111-85 totaled $33.5 billion. In addition, some of the $44.3 billion included in the American Recovery and Reinvestment ... |
train_12233 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Federally led law enforcement task forces and intelligence information sharing centers are ubiquitous in domestic policing. They are launched at the local, state, and national levels and respond to a variety of challenges such as violent crime, criminal gangs, terrorism, white-collar crime, public corruption, even inte... | [
"Task forces, and more broadly inter-agency cooperation, have become familiar law enforcement tools to combat innovative, aggressive, and far reaching criminal and homeland security adversaries in the last three decades. One would be hard-pressed to identify a part of the United States with a greater proliferation ... |
train_12234 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This analysis identifies those nations that have combined the highest per capita GDPs with the lowest intensities of greenhouse gas emissions. Taking those nations as exemplars, it then examines possible outcomes from pursuing competing goals—economic growth and development versus constraining greenhouse gases—that are... | [
"Long-term international efforts to address future global climate change have had to struggle with significant country and region-specific differences in possible policy responses related to differing economic, technical, and political circumstances. Foremost among these regional differences is the divide between d... |
train_12235 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | International child custody disputes are likely to increase in frequency as the global society becomes more integrated and mobile. A child custody dispute between two parents can become a diplomatic imbroglio between two countries. Since 1988, the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (... | [
"International child abduction is not new. However, one can argue that incidents of child abduction continue to increase due to the ease of international travel as well as an increase in bicultural marriages. Parental child abduction across international boundaries often garners global attention and demands for int... |
train_12236 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act (CDSOA), commonly known as the "ByrdAmendment," is a U.S. law providing for the distribution of import duties collected as a result ofantidumping (AD) or countervailing duty (CVD) orders to petitioners and other interested partiesin the investigations that resulted in the or... | [
"The Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act (CDSOA, 19 U.S.C. 1675c), (1) commonly known as the \"ByrdAmendment,\" requires that duties collected due to antidumping or countervailing duty orders mustbe distributed to petitioners and interested parties in the investigations that resulted in the impositionof the or... |
train_12237 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In re Davis presented the Supreme Court with another opportunity to decide whether a state death row inmate, who on the basis of newly available evidence establishes that he is actually innocent, is entitled to habeas corpus relief to prevent his execution. Under existing law, newly discovered evidence of innocence may... | [
"Thus far, the Supreme Court has held in abeyance the two-part question of whether \"a truly persuasive demonstration of actual innocence made after [a state] trial would render the execution a defendant unconstitutional, and warrant federal habeas relief.\" In August 2009, the Supreme Court transferred to the U.S.... |
train_12238 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Drug trafficking is viewed as a primary threat to citizen security and U.S. interests in Latin America and the Caribbean despite decades of anti-drug efforts by the United States and partner governments. The production and trafficking of popular illicit drugs—cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and methamphetamine—generate a ... | [
"In recent decades, Latin America has played a central role in several major global illicit drug markets. Multiple aspects of the drug supply chain take place in the region, including drug crop cultivation, drug production, drug trafficking, and, ultimately, drug consumption. Today, South America is the sole produc... |
train_12239 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the United States, how a business is taxed at the federal level is partly dependent on how it is organized. The income of subchapter C corporations, also known as "regular" corporations, is taxed once at the corporate level according to the corporate tax system, and then a second time at the individual-shareholder l... | [
"In the United States, how a business is taxed at the federal level is partly dependent on how it is organized. The income of subchapter C corporations, also known as \"regular\" corporations, is taxed once at the corporate level according to the corporate tax system, and then a second time at the individual-shareh... |
train_12240 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides an overview of major budget estimates and projections for the FY2011 federal budget cycle. The report presents and compares budget projections calculated by the Obama Administration's Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). In addition, the report discusses ... | [
"The federal budget outlines spending levels for government programs and how that spending will be funded, reflecting the policy priorities of Congress and the President. This report provides an overview of major budget estimates and projections for the FY2011 federal budget cycle. The report presents and compares ... |
train_12241 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act authorizes the President to issue declarations that provide states, tribes, and localities with a range of federal assistance in response to natural and man-made incidents. Since 1953 the frequency of declarations has increased. For example, the averag... | [
"When a state is overwhelmed by an emergency or major disaster, the governor may request assistance from the federal government. In general, when a request is submitted, representatives from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) meet with the state and compile a Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA). FEMA th... |
train_12242 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The economic substance doctrine was judicially developed. A number of bills introduced in the 110 th Congress would codify the definition of "economic substance," provide a strict liability penalty for underpayments resulting from disallowed transactions that lack economic substance, and prohibit deduction of interest ... | [
"The economic substance doctrine is a judicial rather than statutory tax doctrine that has been used by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and applied by the courts for many years to disallow, for tax purposes, transactions that technically comply with the Internal Revenue Code (the Code), but produce tax benefits ... |
train_12243 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On June 28, 2010, the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) announced its uniform criteria, or "standards," for delineating metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas in the decade 2010 to 2020. Together, these areas are known informally as "metropolitan areas" and officially as "core-based statistical areas"... | [
"The U.S. Office of Management and Budget's (OMB's) designations of metropolitan areas—officially called \"core-based statistical areas\" (CBSAs)—can attract congressional attention in part because they can be important to congressional constituents. OMB observed in 2000 that CBSAs \"represent areas in which people... |
train_12244 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Public and private health care spending is growing due to increased enrollment in health insurance, demographic changes of an aging society, and the expansion of government programs, among other reasons. While much attention is being paid to the budgetary cost of outlays from the largest federally funded health program... | [
"Public and private health care spending is growing due to increased enrollment in health insurance, demographic changes of an aging society, and the expansion of government programs, among other reasons. While much attention is being paid to the budgetary cost of outlays from the largest federally funded health pr... |
train_12245 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Department of Defense (DOD) is responsible for performing a wide range of expeditionary missions, including domestic emergency operations and military operations outside of the continental United States. DOD increasingly relies on contractors during expeditionary operations to perform a wide range of services. For ... | [
"The Department of Defense (DOD) has a long history of relying on contractors to support troops during wartime and expeditionary operations. Generally, from the Revolutionary War through the Vietnam War, contractors provided traditional logistical support such as medical care, transportation, and engineering to U.S... |
train_12246 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The rising cost of attending U.S. colleges and universities is a growing concern, as most Americans believe that college is out of financial reach for qualified students. For federal policymakers, concerns focus on issues of affordability, access for low-income students, and whether federal student financial aid is kee... | [
"The rising cost of attending U.S. colleges and universities is a growing concern, as three out of five Americans believe many qualified people will not have the opportunity to pursue a college education, and a large majority of Americans believe that the students who do make it to college have to borrow too much t... |
train_12247 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | From its beginning in the First Congress, Congress has viewed asset forfeiture as an integral part of federal crime fighting: It takes contraband off the streets, ensures that "crime doesn't pay," and deprives criminals of their "tools of the trade." In short, asset forfeiture is the process of confiscating money or pr... | [
"Asset forfeiture has a long and storied history in Anglo-Saxon law, beginning hundreds of years ago in the common law of England and developing in the United States into a complex body of federal statutes. For purposes of this report, \"asset forfeiture\" is the process of confiscating either property or money fro... |
train_12248 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 2007, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Massachusetts v. EPA, its first pronouncement on climate change and a singularly important environmental law decision. This report reviews that decision, but leaves coverage of the many EPA actions based on the decision to other CRS reports. Massachusetts v. EPA was a c... | [
"I n 2007, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Massachusetts v. EPA , its first pronouncement on climate change and still one of the most important environmental law decisions in the past decade. By a vote of 5-4, the Court held that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2003 had improperly denied a pet... |
train_12249 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress has expressed its concern with rural communities most directly through periodic omnibus farm bill legislation, most recently in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-246). Congress uses periodic farm bills to address emerging rural issues as well as to reauthorize and/or amend a wide range o... | [
"While farm commodity issues may occupy center stage in policy discussions of the periodic omnibus farm bills, rural community and economic development are also topics of congressional concern and a separate title within the farm bill. Since 1973, omnibus farm bills have included a rural development title. The most... |
train_12250 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | December 2007 marked the fifth anniversary of the passage of the E-Government Act of 2002. Shortly before this anniversary, authorization of appropriations for several key provisions expired on September 30, 2007. Some of the activities and offices affected by the expiring authorizations include, but are not limited to... | [
"On December 17, 2002, President George W. Bush signed the E-Government Act of 2002 into law. Building upon the Clinger-Cohen Act, the E-Government Act serves as the primary legislative vehicle to guide evolving federal IT management practices and to promote initiatives to make government information and services a... |
train_12251 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States has experienced difficulty in closing military bases to match therequirements of downsized forces with changed composition. During the decade of the 1980s, majormilitary base closures were seriously hampered by procedural requirements established by Congress,to the point that none occurred. The mismat... | [
"This report (1) discusses a concerted effort to close unneeded military bases as part of wide-ranging efforts duringthe 1980s and 1990s to balance the budget. This effort had been supported by a broad consensusthat, among the approximately 3,800 military bases (1990 est.) in the United States, many could beclosed ... |
train_12252 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The March 11, 2011, earthquake and tsunami that occurred in Japan followed by the nuclear crisis are having a large negative impact on the economy of Japan but a lesser effect on world trade and financial markets. Japan has lost considerable physical and human capital. Physical damage has been estimated to be from $195... | [
"The March 11, 2011, earthquake and tsunami that occurred in Japan followed by the nuclear crisis at the Fukushima Nuclear Complex, evacuations, and shortage of electricity are having a large negative economic impact on the country but a lesser effect on world markets. Japan has lost considerable physical and human... |
train_12253 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, P.L. 110-289, is likely to affect most owner-occupied housing in the United States through a variety of channels. The act creates a new, stronger, unified regulator for Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks (the housing GSEs). As a result of various prov... | [
"The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, P.L. 110 - 289 , changes many laws that affect both the housing and mortgage markets. Included in the act are provisions to strengthen and to unify oversight of the housing government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs—Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Federal Home Loan Banks)... |
train_12254 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal three strikes provision calls for a mandatory term of life imprisonment for defendants convicted of a serious violent felony who have two or more federal or state serious violent felony convictions or one or more of such felony conviction plus one or more federal or state serious drug conviction, 18 U.S.C. ... | [
"A defendant convicted of a federal \"serious violent felony\" must be sentenced to life imprisonment under the so-called three strikes law, 18 U.S.C. 3559(c), if he has two prior state or federal violent felony convictions or one such conviction and a serious drug offense conviction. In the recently enacted hate c... |
train_12255 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) was a trilateral initiative that was launched in March 2005 by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to increase cooperation and information sharing for the purpose of increasing and enhancing security and prosperity in North America. President Obama met wi... | [
"The Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) was a trilateral initiative, launched in March 2005, that was intended to increase cooperation and information sharing in an effort to increase and enhance prosperity in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The SPP was a government initiative that wa... |
train_12256 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States welcomed the successful October conclusion of 2002 elections inthe Indian state of Jammu andKashmir, where nearly half of the electorate cast ballots. The elections resulted in the ousting of the long-dominantNational Conference party, allies of thenational coalition-leading Bharatiya Janata Party, th... | [
"RS21300 -- Elections in Kashmir Updated December 5, 2002 Domestically, Indian efforts to defeat an armed insurrection in the predominantly Muslim Kashmir valley and to obtain greater political participation in the statehave been hindered by the position taken by both hardline Muslim and Hindu groups. Hardline Kash... |
train_12257 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal Health Center Program is authorized in Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act (PHSA) (42 U.S.C. §254b) and administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) within the Department of Health and Human Services. The program awards grants to support outpatient primary care facilities... | [
"The federal Health Center Program awards grants to support health centers: outpatient primary care facilities that provide care to primarily low-income individuals. The program is administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)—specifically by its Bureau of Primary Health Care—within the De... |
train_12258 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the more than three decades since the death of Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco, Spain has become a mature democracy and has experienced rapid economic growth. It has also become an increasingly important player internationally, including in NATO and the European Union. The United States and Spain have gene... | [
"Due to the repressive regime of Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco, Spain was isolated from key developments elsewhere in Europe after World War II, such as the success of democracy, free market economics, and the establishment of the European Union and NATO. Franco's death in 1975 sparked a sea change in S... |
train_12259 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 2014, two major global threats—the Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the Islamic State (IS) in the Middle East—caused serious concern within the Obama Administration and among Members of Congress. In November 2014, the President requested a total of $11.7 billion for responding to the Ebola crisis and combatting the... | [
"In the context of legislative action to fund the government through September 30, 2015, Congress considered new funding requests from the President to counter two global issues—the Ebola crisis and the Islamic State (IS). In 2014 these two threats became major concerns within the Obama Administration and among man... |
train_12260 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA; P.L. 105-220), which succeeded the Job Training Partnership Act (P.L. 97-300) as the main federal workforce development legislation, was enacted to bring about increased coordination among federal workforce development and related programs. WIA authorized the appropriation of ... | [
"The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA; P.L. 105-220 ) is the primary federal program that supports workforce development. WIA includes five titles: Title I—Workforce Investment Systems—provides job training and related services to unemployed or underemployed individuals; Title II—Adult Education and Literacy—p... |
train_12261 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Commonly known as the Spending Clause, Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution has been widely recognized as providing the federal government with the legal authority to offer federal grant funds to states and localities that are contingent on the recipients engaging in, or refraining from, certain acti... | [
"A January 2017 executive order that could render certain state and local governments ineligible to receive federal grants has generated interest in the federal government's power to condition funding on recipients taking or refraining from certain actions. This particular executive order raises the prospect of wit... |
train_12262 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Army's enlisted recruiting shortfall in 2005 generated significant congressional and media interest, and served as the impetus for several legislative initiatives. However, until very recently, there has been little mention or visibility of potential shortages in the Army's officer corps. This problem is currently ... | [
"Army personnel estimates point toward a future shortage of active duty officers, especially in the ranks of \"senior\" captain and major. Since it currently takes 10 years to \"grow\" or promote to the rank of major (from lieutenant to promotion to major) and 14 years if a major is an academy or ROTC graduate, thi... |
train_12263 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides context on the political crisis in Burundi, which is rooted in President Pierre Nkurunziza's decision to run for a third term in 2015, in violation of a landmark peace accord. The crisis has spurred a low-intensity conflict and serious human rights violations, sparking a refugee influx into neighbo... | [
"The unresolved political crisis in the tiny central African nation of Burundi is among several threats to stability and humanitarian welfare in the turbulent Great Lakes region of central Africa. In 2015, President Pierre Nkurunziza—age 53, in office since 2005—was reelected to a third term, despite domestic and i... |
train_12264 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are chartered by Congress as government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) to provide liquidity in the mortgage market and to promote homeownership for underserved groups and locations. They purchase mortgages, guarantee them, and package them in mortgage-backed securities (MBSs), which they either... | [
"Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are stockholder-owned, government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), which purchase existing mortgages and pool the mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBSs), which they guarantee will be paid on time. The GSEs either keep the MBSs as an investment or sell the MBSs to investors. Their ... |
train_12265 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a hazardous fuel shipped in large tankers to U.S. ports from overseas. While LNG has historically made up a small part of U.S. natural gas supplies, rising price volatility, and the possibility of domestic shortages have significantly increased LNG demand. To meet this demand, energy comp... | [
"Liquefied natural gas (LNG) historically has played a minor role in U.S. energy markets, but in reaction to rising natural gas prices, price volatility, and the possibility of domestic shortages, demand for LNG imports has increased significantly in recent years. To meet anticipated growth in LNG demand, new onsho... |
train_12266 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report tracks and describes actions taken by the Administration and Congress to provide FY2016 appropriations for the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. It also provides an overview of FY2015 appropriations for agencies and bureaus funded as part of the annual appropriation for CJS. T... | [
"This report tracks and provides an overview of actions taken by the Administration and Congress to provide FY2016 appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. It also provides an overview of enacted FY2015 appropriations for agencies and bureaus funded as part of the annual a... |
train_12267 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States and Mexico have a special relationship as neighbors and partners under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The friendly relationship has been strengthenedby President Bush's meetings with President Fox but has been weakened by disagreements over Iraqand other issues. Major congressional i... | [
"On November 3, 2004, President Fox congratulated President Bush on his re-election and calledfor attention to major bilateral issues. On November 9, 2004, the cabinet-level BinationalCommission meetings were held in Mexico City, Mexico, after which Secretary of State Powellstressed the growing bilateral cooperatio... |
train_12268 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Climate change is viewed as a global issue, but proposed responses generally require action at the national level. In 1992, the United States ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which called on industrialized countries to take the lead in reducing greenhouse gases. Over the past... | [
"Climate change is viewed as a global issue, but proposed responses generally require action at the national level. In 1992, the United States ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which called on industrialized countries to take the lead in reducing greenhouse gases. Over the ... |
train_12269 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Spam, also called unsolicited commercial email (UCE) or "junk email," aggravates many computer users. Not only can spam be a nuisance, but its cost may be passed on to consumers through higher charges from Internet service providers who must upgrade their systems to handle the traffic. Also, some spam involves fraud, o... | [
"One aspect of increased use of the Internet for electronic mail (e-mail) has been the advent of unsolicited advertising, also called \"unsolicited commercial e-mail\" (UCE), \"unsolicited bulk e-mail,\" \"junk e-mail, \"or \"spam.\" Complaints often focus on the fact that some spam contains, or has links to, porno... |
train_12270 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | When issuing regulations that have the full force and effect of law, agencies are required to follow certain procedures. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) of 1946 set up the basic framework for rulemaking: agencies are required to publish a notice of rulemaking in the Federal Register, take comments on the propose... | [
"When Congress enacts a statute, it often delegates rulemaking authority to federal agencies to implement the statute. When issuing regulations, agencies are required to follow certain procedures. The first and arguably most significant requirements of the rulemaking process were established by the Administrative P... |
train_12271 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Beginning with the widespread use of e-mail by Congress in the mid-1990's, the development of new electronic technologies has altered the traditional patterns of communication between Members of Congress and constituents. Many Members now use e-mail, official websites, blogs, YouTube channels, and Facebook pages to com... | [
"Beginning with the widespread use of e-mail by Congress in the mid-1990's, the development and adoption of new electronic technologies has altered the traditional patterns of communication between Members of Congress and constituents. Many Members now use e-mail, official websites, blogs, YouTube channels, and Fac... |
train_12272 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides an overview of the elements of federal criminal money laundering statutes and the sanctions imposed for their violation. The most prominent is 18 U.S.C. § 1956. Section 1956 outlaws four kinds of money laundering—promotional, concealment, structuring, and tax evasion laundering of the proceeds gene... | [
"Money laundering is commonly understood as the process of cleansing the taint from the proceeds of cr ime. In federal criminal law, however, it is more. In the principal federal criminal money laundering statutes, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956 and 1957, and to varying degrees in several other federal criminal statutes, money ... |
train_12273 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Transportation fuels are required by federal law to contain a minimum amount of renewable fuel each year. The renewable fuel standard (RFS), established by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct, P.L. 109-58) and amended by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140), required that a total of 16... | [
"The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct, P.L. 109-58 ) established a renewable fuel standard (RFS), requiring the use of biofuels (such as ethanol) in the nation's fuel supply. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140 ) significantly expanded this mandate. The RFS mandate has been a major ... |
train_12274 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Virtually every federal criminal statute has a hidden feature; primary offenders and even their most casual accomplices face equal punishment. This results from 18 U.S.C. 2, which visits the same consequences on anyone who orders or assists in the commission of a federal crime. Aiding and abetting means assisting in th... | [
"Virtually every federal criminal statute has a hidden feature; helpers and hands-on offenders face the same punishment. This results from 18 U.S.C. 2, which visits the same consequences on anyone who orders or assists in the commission of a federal crime. This secondary liability is much like that which accompanie... |
train_12275 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | DNA technology can provide useful identifying information in many situations, such as in solving crimes, determining paternity, and identifying human remains. Research is resulting inimprovements in sensitivity and power and reductions in cost. Such use and improvements areraising several policy issues. The use of DNA ... | [
"As our understanding of human genetics has become more and more sophisticated, scientistshave developed increasingly powerful tools using genetic information to aid in identifying individualpeople. DNA can be helpful in many situations where identification is at question: For example,in criminal cases, forensic DN... |
train_12276 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Most of the funding for the activities of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) comes from discretionary appropriations provided each year in the annual appropriations acts, typically as a part of the Transportation, HUD, and Related Agencies appropriations bill (THUD). HUD's programs are primarily desi... | [
"Most of the funding for the activities of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) comes from discretionary appropriations provided each year in the annual appropriations acts, typically as a part of the Transportation, HUD and Related Agencies appropriations bill (THUD). HUD's programs are primarily ... |
train_12277 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since 2000, the U.S. military has been building up forward-deployed forces on the westernmost U.S. territory of Guam (west of Hawaii) to increase U.S. operational presence, deterrence, and power projection for potential responses to crises, disasters, or other contingencies to support Japan, Republic of Korea (ROK), th... | [
"Guam is the westernmost U.S. territory long valued as strategically significant to U.S. forward deployments in the Western Pacific. Historically, the United States acquired Guam from Spain in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. In the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii is about 2,400 miles west of California, and Guam is abou... |
train_12278 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since the 1971 creation of the user-supported airport and airway trust fund in the Airport and Airway Development and Revenue Acts of 1970 (P.L. 91-259) there has been disagreement over the appropriate use of the trust fund's revenues. Some Members of Congress viewed the trust fund as primarily a capital account that w... | [
"Since the 1971 creation of the user-supported airport and airway trust fund under provisions of the Airport and Airway Development and Revenue Acts of 1970 (P.L. 91-259; the 1970 Act) there has been disagreement over the appropriate use of the trust fund's revenues. The disagreement centered on differing views of ... |
train_12279 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), which have traditionally educated a significant number of the nation's blacks, have faced, and continue to face, substantial challenges in attempting to enhance their academic and research capabilities. Some of these institutions have a myriad of problems—aging ... | [
"The historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), which have traditionally educated a significant number of the nation's blacks, have faced and continue to face substantial challenges in attempting to enhance their academic and research capabilities and develop programs to compete with other institutions o... |
train_12280 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of 2006 (Perkins IV; P.L. 109-270) supports the development of academic and career and technical skills among secondary education students and postsecondary education students who elect to enroll in career and technical education (CTE) programs, sometim... | [
"The Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of 2006 (Perkins IV; P.L. 109-270 ) is intended to develop the academic and career and technical skills of secondary and postsecondary education students who elect to enroll in career and technical education (CTE) programs, particularly programs th... |
train_12281 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Recipients of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits are eligible for Medicare benefits after a 24-month waiting period. This report explains this waiting period and its legislative history. This report also provides information on other programs that may provide access to health insurance during the requ... | [
"Section 1811 of the Social Security Act provides that Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries are eligible for Medicare hospital insurance (Part A). Individuals are also eligible to purchase Medicare supplementary medical insurance (Part B) or enroll in a Medicare Advantage plan (formerly known a... |
train_12282 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On July 9, 2005, President Bush signed S. 714, the Junk Fax Prevention Act ("the act" or JFPA) (P.L. 109-21) and on April 5, 2006, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued its final rules in the related proceeding. These rules provided an established business relationship (EBR) exemption to the prohibition on... | [
"President Bush signed S. 714 , the Junk Fax Prevention Act (\"the act\" or JFPA), on July 9, 2005. This law vacated previous rules promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in July 2003 relating to unsolicited facsimile (fax) advertising; those rules amended section 227 of the Communications Act o... |
train_12283 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Both the market and government have important roles in ensuring the availability, affordability, and adequacy of private health insurance. These roles complement one another, but even together the market and government have limitations. The market provides a variety of insurance products for consumers and employers wit... | [
"Health insurance coverage facilitates access to health care and protects individuals and families from catastrophic health expenses. Both the market and government have important roles in helping ensure the availability, affordability, and adequacy of private health insurance. In 2006, about two-thirds of American... |
train_12284 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress has comprehensively dealt with the legal effect of World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements and dispute settlement results in the United States in the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), P.L. 103-465. The act provides that domestic law prevails over conflicting provisions of WTO agreements and prohibits priv... | [
"The Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, initiated in 1986 under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concluded in 1994 with the signing of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement). The WTO Agreement, which entered into force Janua... |
train_12285 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The recent fiscal crisis and recession have accentuated debt collection issues, prompted federal regulatory and enforcement activities regarding the debt collection industry, and motivated assessments of the effectiveness of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (Burea... | [
"The recent fiscal crisis and recession have accentuated debt collection issues, prompted federal regulatory and enforcement activities regarding the debt collection industry, and motivated assessments of the effectiveness of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (... |
train_12286 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | President Trump's budget request for FY2018 includes $117.697 billion for research and development (R&D). This represents a $30.605 billion (20.6%) decrease from the FY2016 actual level of $148.302 billion (FY2017 enacted levels were not available at the time of publication). Adjusted for inflation, the President's FY2... | [
"The 115 th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in evaluating support for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies, from jet aircraft and the Internet to... |
train_12287 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (FTA), implemented as P.L. 107-43, which went into effect December 17, 2001, breaks new ground by including multiple worker rights provisions inthe bodyof a U.S. trade agreement, rather than as a side agreement, for the first time. For this reason, it adds somecontroversy to thecong... | [
"RS20968 -- Jordan-U.S. Free Trade Agreement: Labor Issues Updated July 15, 2003 Labor issues over the agreement revolved around two sets of provisions: labor provisions and dispute settlement provisions. The labor provisions of the U.S.-Jordan FTA, located in the body of the agreement, are relatively straightforwa... |
train_12288 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), created in 1974, regulates futures, most options, and swaps markets. The CFTC administers the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA; P.L. 74-765, 7 U.S.C. §§1 et seq.), enacted in 1936, to monitor trading in certain derivatives markets. The CFTC was last reauthorized in 2008 as pa... | [
"The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) was created in 1974 through the enactment of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act to regulate commodities futures and options markets. At the time, these markets were poised to expand beyond their traditional base in agricultural commodities to encompass cont... |
train_12289 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Kazakhstan is an important power in Central Asia by virtue of its geographic location, large territory, ample natural resources, and economic growth, but it faces ethnic, political, and other challenges to stability. Kazakhstan gained independence at the end of 1991 after the break-up of the former Soviet Union. Kazakh... | [
"Kazakhstan's moves toward democracy have been halting. The 1995 constitution establishes strong presidential power. As further fleshed out by a presidential edict, the legislature cannot control the budget, initiate constitutional changes, or exercise oversight over the executive branch. Most bills are initiated b... |
train_12290 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | House rules and precedents structure Members' opportunities to speak on the floor about pending legislation. Under some circumstances, Members arrange to speak on legislation by communicating with the leaders of the committee that reported the bill. Sometimes the arrangements can be made on the floor during the debate,... | [
"Under House rules and precedents, opportunities to speak on the House floor about pending legislation are restricted and highly structured. Every time a legislator is recognized on the floor to speak, his or her time is limited. Furthermore, when debating legislation, Members generally must confine their comments ... |
train_12291 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In recent practice, the Senate generally cedes to its majority leader the prerogative of calling up items of business for floor consideration. Most measures are brought to the floor by unanimous consent, but when this consent cannot be obtained, a motion to proceed to consider can be used to accomplish the same purpose... | [
"In contemporary practice, bills and resolutions (collectively, \"measures\") normally reach the floor of the Senate for consideration either by unanimous consent or through agreement on a motion to proceed to consider (often called simply a \"motion to proceed\" or \"MTP\"). Most measures considered today reach th... |
train_12292 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Liberia, a small coastal West African country on the Gulf of Guinea, has made substantial development gains since the end of the second of two civil wars (1989-1997 and 1999-2003). In late 2017, Liberia held its third post-war general election. George Weah, a former soccer star, won the presidential election in a runof... | [
"Liberia is a small West African country of about 4.7 million people. Its government continues to pursue a transition toward a national policy agenda focused on alleviation of poverty, which is widespread, long-term growth and development, and the reconstruction of infrastructure and public service institutions dev... |
train_12293 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The agricultural and food infrastructure of the United States may be susceptible to terrorist attack using biological pathogens. In addition to the economic effects of such an attack, some animal pathogens could cause illness in humans. Diseases that can spread from animals to people are known as zoonotic diseases. Sci... | [
"The U.S. agricultural and food infrastructure is a key component of economic productivity and growth. A terrorist attack on this infrastructure could damage the public's trust in agricultural safety and quality and the nation's ability to provide food and other agricultural products. Additionally, many animal dise... |
train_12294 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) serve as the raw material used by plant breeders and farmers to create new crop varieties. As such, they are viewed by many as the foundation for modern agriculture and as essential for achieving global food security. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organ... | [
"Humans depend on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) for many aspects of survival, including food, fuel, and fiber. A study conducted by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) concluded that plants contribute the vast proportion of the world's food supply, particularly for ... |
train_12295 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Section 2250 of Title 18 of the United States Code outlaws an individual's failure to comply with federal Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) requirements. SORNA demands that an individual—previously convicted of a qualifying federal, state, or foreign sex offense—register with state, territorial, or... | [
"Federal law punishes convicted sex offenders for failure to register or to update their registration as the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) demands. The offense consists of three elements: (1) a continuing obligation to report to the authorities in any jurisdiction in which the individual re... |
train_12296 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Smithsonian Institution (SI) is a complex of museum, education, research, and revenue-generating entities primarily located in the Washington, DC, region, with additional facilities and activities across the United States and world, that reportedly employs 6,500 staff, supplemented by 6,300 volunteers. In fiscal ye... | [
"By statute, \"the President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of executive departments are constituted an establishment by the name of the Smithsonian Institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.\" Congress created the Smithsonian Institution (SI) in 1846, 10 years after i... |
train_12297 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Soon after the 111th Congress convened, it began drafting H.R. 1, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, generally referred to as the "economic stimulus" bill. This bill added a total of $8.5 billion to amount previously appropriated for DOD in FY2009. Of the additional funds provided by H.R. 1, $4.6 billi... | [
"Soon after the 111 th Congress convened, it began drafting H.R. 1 , the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, generally referred to as the \"economic stimulus\" bill. On January 28, the House passed a version of the bill which would have provided, in Title III, $4.9 billion for accounts funded by the reg... |
train_12298 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Bangladesh (the former East Pakistan) gained its independence in 1971, following India's intervention in a rebellion against West Pakistan (currently called Pakistan). Democratic elections in 1991 ended two decades of authoritarian rule in Dhaka. The Bangladesh National Party (BNP), which led the ruling coalition of th... | [
"Emergency rule by a military-backed caretaker government, currently headed by Fakhruddin Ahmed, is likely to continue through 2007 and into 2008. Under a unique set of rules, the government in Bangladesh is to hand over power to a caretaker government in the months immediately preceding national elections. The Ban... |
train_12299 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | As is evidenced by the name of the program, "choice" is one of the key components of the nation's largest federal housing assistance program, the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher (HCV, or voucher) program. The choice aspect of the program—that eligible families can use their federal subsidies to rent the housing they c... | [
"Choice and mobility are key aspects of the of the nation's largest federal housing assistance program, the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher (HCV, or voucher) program. The choice aspect of the program—that eligible families can use their federal subsidies to rent the housing they choose in the private market—differ... |
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