id string | question string | answer string | documents list |
|---|---|---|---|
train_12100 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Islamic Republic of Iran, a resource-rich and labor-rich country in the Middle East, is a central focus of U.S. national security policy. The United States asserts that Iran is a state sponsor of terrorism and that Iran's uranium enrichment activities are for the development of nuclear weapons. To the extent that U... | [
"The downward pressure on international oil prices associated with the global economic downturn has highlighted vulnerabilities in Iran's economy. Due to Iran's isolation from the international financial system, the country has been relatively insulated from negative spillovers from the international financial cris... |
train_12101 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | When exercising its power to review the constitutionality of governmental action, the Supreme Court has relied on certain "methods" or "modes" of interpretation—that is, ways of figuring out a particular meaning of a provision within the Constitution. This report broadly describes the most common modes of constitutiona... | [
"Early in the history of the United States, the Supreme Court began to exercise the power that it is most closely and famously associated with—its authority of judicial review. In its 1803 decision in Marbury v. Madison , the Supreme Court famously asserted and explained the foundations of its power to review the c... |
train_12102 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | North Korea's apparently successful July 2017 tests of its intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities, along with the possibility that North Korea (DPRK) may have successfully miniaturized a nuclear warhead, have led analysts and policymakers to conclude that the window for preventing the DPRK from acquiring a nuc... | [
"Though North Korea has been a persistent U.S. foreign policy challenge for decades, during 2017 the situation evolved to become what many observers assess to be a potential direct security threat to the U.S. homeland. In July 2017, North Korea apparently successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic mis... |
train_12103 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Comparative clinical effectiveness research has been discussed as a source of information for health care decision makers that may aid them in reaching evidence-based decisions. The premise that "what is newest is not always the best" is the core of the rationale behind comparative effectiveness research. Diverse gover... | [
"Comparative clinical effectiveness research has been discussed as an avenue for producing information to help health care decision makers, such as patients, providers, and public and private payers, reach informed, evidence-based decisions. Proponents maintain that such information would aid in using limited resou... |
train_12104 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Challenges to Russia's democratic development have long been of concern to Congress as it has considered the course of U.S.-Russia cooperation on matters of mutual strategic interest and as it has monitored problematic human rights cases. Most recently, elections for the 450-member Russian State Duma (lower legislative... | [
"The trajectory of Russia's democratic development has long been of concern to Congress and successive Administrations as they have considered the course of U.S.-Russia cooperation on matters of mutual strategic interest and as they have monitored problematic human rights cases. A major question of U.S.-Russia rela... |
train_12105 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a squat, feathered, chicken-like bird that is currently found in 11 western states. For more than 25 years, there has been considerable controversy concerning whether to list sage-grouse for protection under the Endangered Species Act (ESA; P.L. 93-205). On October... | [
"There has been controversy for more than 25 years concerning whether to list sage-grouse for protection under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). As with many controversies over rare species, a theme in the sage-grouse controversy is the use of dwindling resources by both humans and sage-grouse—in this case, broad, ... |
train_12106 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Insider trading in securities may occur when a person in possession of material nonpublic information about a company trades in the company's securities and makes a profit or avoids a loss. Certain federal statutes have provisions that have been used to prosecute insider trading violations. For example, Section 16 of t... | [
"Insider trading in securities may occur when a person in possession of material nonpublic information about a company trades in the company's securities and makes a profit or avoids a loss. Federal statutes have provisions that either specifically forbid insider trading or have been interpreted by courts to prohib... |
train_12107 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Cyber Crime Protection Security Act (S. 2111) would enhance the criminal penalties for the cybercrimes outlawed in the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). Those offenses include espionage, hacking, fraud, destruction, password trafficking, and extortion committed against computers and computer networks. S. 2111 co... | [
"On February 15, 2012, Senator Leahy introduced the Cyber Crime Protection Act Security Act ( S. 2111 ). The bill, which was then placed on the calendar, is identical to some of the provisions of the Personal Data Privacy and Security Act of 2011 ( S. 1151 ), approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee earlier. It w... |
train_12108 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The sudden and unexpected collapse of Enron Corp. was the first in a series of majorcorporate accounting scandalsthat has shaken confidence in corporate governance and the stock market. Only months before Enron's bankruptcyfiling in December 2001, the firm waswidely regarded as one of the most innovative, fastest growi... | [
"RS21135 -- The Enron Collapse: An Overview of Financial Issues Updated August 12, 2004 Enron Corp., the first nationwide natural gas pipeline network, shifted its business focus during the 1990s from the regulated transportation of natural gas totrading in unregulated energy markets. Until late 2001, nearly all ob... |
train_12109 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | As of April 14, 2003, most health care providers (including doctors and hospitals) and health plans are required to comply with the new Privacy Rule mandated by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), and must comply with national standards to protect individually identifiable health ... | [
"In order to \"improve portability and continuity of health insurance coverage in the group and individual markets,\" Congress enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) on August 21, 1996, P.L. 104-191 , 110 Stat. 1936, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1320d et seq. Subtitle F of Title II of HIPAA... |
train_12110 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) of 1980 (5 U.S.C. §§601-612) requires federal agencies to assess the impact of their forthcoming regulations on "small entities" (i.e., small businesses, small governments, and small not-for-profit organizations). For example, the act requires the analysis to describe why a regulato... | [
"The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) of 1980 (5 U.S.C. §§601-612), requires federal agencies to assess the impact of their forthcoming rules on \"small entities,\" which the act defines as including small businesses, small governmental jurisdictions, and certain small not-for-profit organizations. Under the RFA, v... |
train_12111 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) became law on August 9, 2007. The act is intended to increase the nation's investment in research and development (R&D), and in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. It is intended to address two concerns believed to influence U.S. competitiveness: th... | [
"Congress passed the America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Act ( P.L. 110-69 ), known as the America COMPETES Act, in August 2007. In response to concerns about U.S. competitiveness, the act provides for investments in science and engineering researc... |
train_12112 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Compliance; Congressional Budget Office (CBO); Architect of the Capitol (AOC); Library of Congress (LOC), including the Congressional Research Service (CRS); Government Publishing... | [
"The first section of this report provides an overview of the consideration of FY2017 legislative branch appropriations, with subsections covering each action, including the initial submission of the request on February 9, 2016; hearings held by the House and Senate Legislative Branch Subcommittees in March; the Ho... |
train_12113 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 ( P.L. 104-193 , PRWORA) restructured the major federal-state child care programs. It repealed three welfare-relatedchild care programs and initiated a new set of federal rules referred to as the Child Care andDevelopment Fund (CCDF). The CCDF ... | [
"In their CCDF state plans, states are required to describe their treatment ofTANF families, transitioning families, and families at risk of welfare dependencewith respect to CCDF subsidy receipt. State responses to this CCDF plan provisionvaried in detail and structure. Appendix A reflects the language used by sta... |
train_12114 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Uzbekistan gained independence at the end of 1991 with the breakup of the Soviet Union. The landlocked country is a potential Central Asian regional power by virtue of its population, the largest in the region, its substantial energy and other resources, and its location at the heart of regional trade and transport net... | [
"Uzbekistan gained independence at the end of 1991 with the breakup of the Soviet Union. The landlocked country is the largest in Central Asia in terms of population and the third-largest in territory (behind Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; see box and Figure 1 ). The existing president, Islam Karimov, retained his po... |
train_12115 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Modern consumer electronic devices and products often contain software programs that facilitate their operations or provide automation, Wi-Fi and smartphone connectivity, remote control, and other sophisticated functions. Equipment manufacturers have integrated software in televisions, refrigerators, thermostats, coffe... | [
"Moving beyond its traditional place in personal computers and corporate servers, software today may be integrated in everyday consumer goods such as televisions, refrigerators, thermostats, coffee makers, garage door openers, automobiles, vacuums, and printers, as well as personal medical devices (for example, glu... |
train_12116 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The 109 th Congress considered a number of housing-related issues in its two sessions. These included appropriations for the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD); assistance for families and communities affected by Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma; reform of the Government Sponsored EnterprisesâFannie... | [
"Two issues affecting housing were prominent in the 109 th Congress: the annual budget process and the effects of Hurricane Katrina. In addition to these overarching issues, other proposals addressed in the 109 th Congress included legislation to create a stronger regulator for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and revis... |
train_12117 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On June 29, 2012, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a proposal to revise the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) under the Clean Air Act (CAA) for particulate matter (PM), in response to a June 6, 2012, order issued by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Environme... | [
"The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator signed a proposal to strengthen the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for particulate matter (PM) on June 14, 2012, intended to address potential health effects (including chronic respiratory disease and premature mortality) associated with short-... |
train_12118 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Legislation enacted in 1980 gave the executive branch authority to limit advance notification of especially sensitive covert actions to eight Members of Congress—the "Gang of Eight"—when the President determines that it is essential to limit prior notice in order to meet extraordinary circumstances affecting U.S. vital... | [
"Under current statute, the President generally is required keep the congressional intelligence committees fully and currently informed of all covert actions and that any covert action \"finding\" shall be reported to the committees as soon as possible after such approval and before the initiation of the covert act... |
train_12119 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides a range of benefits and services to veterans and eligible dependents who meet certain criteria as authorized by law. These benefits include medical care, disability compensation and pensions, education, vocational rehabilitation and employment services, assistance to hom... | [
"This report focuses on FY2018 appropriations and FY2019 advance appropriations for the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Generally, the VA is funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies (MILCON-VA) Appropriations Act. This report begins by providing a brief overview of the V... |
train_12120 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since the 1980s, Guatemala has been consolidating its transition from a centuries-long tradition of mostly autocratic rule toward representative government. A democratic constitution was adoptedin 1985, and a democratically-elected government was inaugurated in 1986. Democratic institutionsremain fragile. A 36-year civ... | [
"Since the 1980s, Guatemala has been consolidating its transition from a centuries-long traditionof mostly autocratic rule toward representative government. A democratic constitution was adoptedin 1985, and a democratically-elected civilian government inaugurated in 1986. Eighteen years later,democratic institution... |
train_12121 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The extent to which residents of the United States who are not U.S. citizens should be eligible for federally funded public aid has been a contentious issue since the 1990s. This issue meets at the intersection of two major policy areas: immigration policy and welfare policy. The eligibility of noncitizens for public a... | [
"The extent to which residents of the United States who are not U.S. citizens should be eligible for federally funded public aid has been a contentious issue since the 1990s. This issue meets at the intersection of two major policy areas: immigration policy and welfare policy. Over the past 20 years, Congress has e... |
train_12122 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Many Members of Congress are actively interested in the question of possible U.N. action on Palestinian statehood. Congress could try to influence U.S. policy and the choices of other actors through the authorization and appropriation of foreign assistance to the Palestinians, the United Nations, and Israel and through... | [
"Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman and Palestinian Authority (PA) President Mahmoud Abbas cites a lack of progress on the two-decades-old peace process with Israel as the driving factor behind current PLO/PA consideration of alternative pathways toward a Palestinian state. In recent months, PLO and P... |
train_12123 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The American Taxpayer Relief Act (ATRA; P.L. 112-240) established permanent rules for the estate and gift tax for 2013 going forward. The tax revision of 2017 (P.L. 115-97) doubled the exemption levels. This increase expires after 2025. The estate tax is imposed on bequests at death as well as inter-vivos (during life)... | [
"The estate and gift tax is imposed on bequests at death and on inter-vivos (during lifetime) gifts. The rate of the tax and the level of exemption have been under discussion for some time, with temporary provisions in place for a number of years. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 ( P.L. 112-240 ) establishe... |
train_12124 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Bush Administration identified transformation as a major goal for the Department of Defense (DOD) soon after taking office, and initially justified many of its proposals for DOD on the grounds that they were needed for defense transformation. Although defense transformation is still discussed in administration defe... | [
"The Bush Administration identified transformation as a major goal for the Department of Defense (DOD) soon after taking office, and initially justified many of its proposals for DOD on the grounds that they are needed for defense transformation. The Administration's early emphasis on transformation altered the fra... |
train_12125 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the late 1920s, following action taken in a number of states in dealing with state contracts, the federal government began development of a body of labor standards protections for workers employed by private contractors in federal contract work. The first of these statutes, the Davis-Bacon Act (1931), set basic labo... | [
"During the past century, Congress adopted a series of labor standards statutes applicable to contract work for the federal government: construction, production of goods, or provision of services. These statutes do not apply to the private sector except when it is engaged in contract work for the federal government... |
train_12126 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress is generally interested in promoting a stable and prosperous world economy. Stable currency exchange rate regimes are a key component to stable economic growth. This report explains the difference between fixed exchange rates, floating exchange rates, and currency boards/unions, and outlines the advantages and... | [
"Aprosperous world economy is beneficial to the American economy, especially given our robust international trade sector, and it is thought to bring political benefits as well, through its salutary effect on the political stability of our allies. Congress plays a role in promoting a stable and prosperous world econ... |
train_12127 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, there has been a gradual warming of bilateral relations between the United States and Vietnam, culminating in the appointment of the first U.S. ambassador to Vietnam in 1996 and the granting of permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) to Vietnam in 2007. Over the last three deca... | [
"Since the mid-1990s, bilateral relations between the United States and Vietnam have become virtually normalized. The United States has granted Vietnam permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status and Vietnam has become a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)—two major objectives of the Vietnamese governme... |
train_12128 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Historically, the preservation of the public health has been the primary responsibility of state and local governments, and the authority to enact laws relevant to the protection of the public health derives from the state's general police powers. With regard to communicable disease outbreaks, these powers may include ... | [
"At the end of the 20 th century, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published its list of the \"Ten Great Public Health Achievements\" for the United States from 1900 to 1999. Number one on the list was vaccination. Vaccination has resulted in the eradication of smallpox worldwide, and in the con... |
train_12129 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On July 6, 2012, President Barack Obama signed into law the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (Division F, Title II, P.L. 112-141; 126 Stat. 918) to reauthorize the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) through September 30, 2017, and make significant program changes designed to make the program more ... | [
"This report examines legislative efforts in Congress to delay the gradual phase-out of subsidized flood insurance premiums, which is required under Sections 100205 and 100207 of P.L. 112-141 , the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform and Modernization Act of 2012. This new law extended the authorization for the N... |
train_12130 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On January 23, 2004, the President signed into law an FY2004 consolidated appropriations measure ( P.L. 108-199 , H.R. 2673 ) that includes annual funding for the U.S.Department of Agriculture and Related Agencies. The full House approved the conference agreementof the measure on December 8, 2003. Senate floor action o... | [
"On January 22, 2004, the Senate adopted a cloture motion and approved theconference agreement on the FY2004 consolidated appropriations bill ( H. Rept.108-401 , H.R. 2673). The measure combined six annual appropriations measureswith the spending bill for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and RelatedAgencie... |
train_12131 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Medicaid program, which served an estimated 56.7 million people in FY2012, finances the delivery of a wide variety of preventive, primary, and acute care services as well as long-term services and supports for certain low-income populations. Benefits are available to beneficiaries through two avenues: traditional c... | [
"Medicaid was established in 1965 to provide basic medical services to certain low-income populations. It is a means-tested entitlement program that financed the delivery of primary and acute medical services, as well as long-term services and supports, to an estimated 56.7 million people in FY2012, at a total cost... |
train_12132 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A number of U.S. agencies and departments implement U.S. government global health interventions. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) plays a particularly central role. The agency is responsible for coordinating two important presidential health initiatives—the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) and ... | [
"The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) plays a central role in shaping and implementing U.S. global health policy. The agency is one of three agencies tasked with leading the Global Health Initiative (GHI), an initiative created by the Obama Administration to coordinate ongoing presidential health i... |
train_12133 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S. Congress and successive U.S. administrations have supported the European Union (EU) and the process of European integration as ways to foster a stable Europe, democratic states, and strong trading partners. In recent years, a number of trade and foreign policy conflicts have strained the U.S.-EU relationship. ... | [
"The European Union (EU) is a treaty-based, institutional framework that defines and manages economic and political cooperation among its 27 member states (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembou... |
train_12134 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | As the incoming Obama Administration conducts a review of U.S. policy toward North Korea, addressing the issue of human rights and refugees remains a priority for many members of Congress. The passage of the reauthorization of the North Korean Human Rights Act in October 2008 (P.L. 110-346) reasserted congressional int... | [
"North Korea's systematic violation of its citizens' human rights and the plight of North Koreans trying to escape their country have been well documented in multiple reports issued by governments and other international bodies. The Bush Administration initially highlighted and later de-emphasized Pyongyang's human... |
train_12135 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Changes enacted by Congress during the appropriations process in each of the past several years have significantly altered the way that public housing authorities (PHAs) receive funding to administer the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program. Prior to FY2003, PHAs received funding for each voucher they were authoriz... | [
"Each year, Congress provides funding to the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to renew the more than 2.1 million Section 8 vouchers—also called Housing Choice Vouchers—authorized by Congress (see Table 1 below). The Section 8 voucher program is federally funded and governed by federal rules, but is... |
train_12136 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Agencies promulgate rules to implement statutorily authorized regulatory programs. These rules, although established by an administrative agency, maintain the force and effect of law. To be able to promulgate rules, an agency must be granted by Congress the power to do so, either explicitly or implicitly, through statu... | [
"Agencies promulgate rules to implement statutorily authorized regulatory programs. These rules, although established by an administrative agency, maintain the force and effect of law. To be able to promulgate rules, an agency must be granted by Congress the power to do so, either explicitly or implicitly, through ... |
train_12137 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal Pell Grant program, authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (HEA; P.L. 89-329), is the single largest source of federal grant aid supporting postsecondary education students. The program provided approximately $31 billion to approximately 8.2 million undergraduate students in ... | [
"The Federal Pell Grant program, authorized by Title IV-A-1 of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (HEA; P.L. 89-329), is the single largest source of federal grant aid supporting postsecondary education students. The program provided approximately $31 billion to approximately 8.2 million undergraduate stu... |
train_12138 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Small businesses (usually defined as companies with 500 or fewer employees) are an important part of the nation's economy. At various times during the business cycle, concern is voiced about the difficulties that small businesses have obtaining loans. There can be many reasons for periodic declines in small business le... | [
"Most economic and financial analysts view the market for business loans in the U.S. economy in a traditional supply and demand framework that takes into consideration alternative ways to finance a business and various ways for those controlling capital to invest. A business—large or small—with a project it thinks ... |
train_12139 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Private immigration bills warrant careful consideration with regard to precedent since they are a special form of relief allowing the circumvention of the public laws concerning immigration and nationality in uniquely meritorious cases. This report will give an overview of the congressional subcommittee procedure and p... | [
"Congressional authority over immigration is not explicit in the U.S. Constitution, but generally is considered to derive from several constitutional clauses. The U.S. Supreme Court has noted that, \"The Constitution grants Congress the power to 'establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization.' Art. I., § 8, cl. 4. Dr... |
train_12140 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy, or ARPA-E, was established within the Department of Energy to "overcome the long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the development of energy technologies" (P.L. 110-69, §5012). Patterned after the widely lauded Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)—wh... | [
"The Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy, or ARPA-E, was established to \"overcome the long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the development of energy technologies\" ( P.L. 110-69 , §5012). This budget and appropriations tracking report summarizes the Administration's FY2016 budget request for ARPA... |
train_12141 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Major highway and transit facilities can take somewhere on the order of 10 to 15 years to plan and build. The environmental review process required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other federal environmental laws and regulations is often cited as the main culprit for long delivery times. Available d... | [
"Budgetary pressures at all levels of government have increased concern about using resources for transportation projects as effectively as possible. The speed with which transportation projects are delivered, and the role the federal government plays in the project delivery process, have received particular attent... |
train_12142 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The 115th Congress has expressed interest in monitoring the use of special envoys, representatives, and coordinator positions by the Department of State, as well as any changes to their status. Special, temporary diplomatic appointments originated during the presidency of George Washington, and the number of special re... | [
"President George Washington set the precedent for making special, temporary diplomatic appointments in 1789 when he named Gouverneur Morris as a private agent to establish normal diplomatic relations with British officials. From that point on, the number of these temporary special representatives expanded and cont... |
train_12143 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Federal habeas corpus is a procedure under which a federal court may review the legality of an individual's incarceration. It is most often the stage of the criminal appellate process that follows direct appeal and any available state collateral review. The law in the area is an intricate weave of statute and case law.... | [
"This is an overview of the most prominent features of federal habeas corpus law. Federal habeas corpus as we know it is by and large a procedure under which a court may review the legality of an individual's incarceration. It is most often invoked after conviction and the exhaustion of the ordinary means of appeal... |
train_12144 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Drought is a natural hazard with potentially significant economic, social, and ecological consequences. History suggests that severe and extended droughts are inevitable and part of natural climate cycles. Drought has for centuries shaped the societies of North America and will continue to do so into the future. The li... | [
"D rought can affect any region of the country, and can have severe and long-lasting impacts on agriculture, energy production, environment, health and safety, fishing, recreation, and many other facets of the economic and social well-being of communities. The likelihood of extended periods of severe drought and it... |
train_12145 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | President Obama signed the legislation implementing the U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) on October 21, 2011 (P.L. 112-41), and the Korean National Assembly passed the agreement on November 22, 2011. The KORUS FTA entered into force on March 15, 2012. With the KORUS FTA now in force for over two years,... | [
"The U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) entered into force on March 15, 2012. It includes provisions to reduce and eliminate bilateral tariff and non-tariff barriers and enhance the rules and disciplines governing the bilateral trade and investment relationship, including issues such as: trade in man... |
train_12146 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Three royalty debates may be revived in the 114th Congress: (1) whether to increase the statutory minimum rate for onshore federal oil and gas leases from 12.5% to 18.75%, (2) whether to enact revenue sharing laws for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) leases to include all coastal states, and (3) whether to charge a royalt... | [
"Three royalty debates may be revived in the 114 th Congress: (1) whether to increase the statutory minimum rate for onshore federal oil and gas leases from 12.5% to 18.75%, (2) whether to enact revenue sharing laws for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) leases to include all coastal states, and (3) whether to charge a ... |
train_12147 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In November 2003, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted a rule that required all digital devices capable of receiving digital television (DTV) broadcasts over the air, and sold after July 1, 2005, to incorporate technology that would recognize and abide by the broadcast video flag, a content-protection si... | [
"Technological advances, a looming statutory deadline, and the need to reclaim analog spectrum occupied by television broadcasters have put digital television (DTV) on a fast track. At the same time, development of digital television has necessitated balancing the competing interests of content holders and consumer... |
train_12148 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Because modern-day criminals are constantly developing new tools and techniques to facilitate their illicit activities, law enforcement is challenged with leveraging its tools and authorities to keep pace. For instance, interconnectivity and technological innovation have not only fostered international business and com... | [
"F ast-changing technology creates a challenging environment for crime-fighting. According to former Attorney General Eric Holder, \" [r]ecent technological advances have the potential to greatly embolden online criminals, providing new methods ... to avoid detection. \" Technology is a two-faced creature. On the o... |
train_12149 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | As the world begins the second decade of the twenty-first century, the United States holds what should be a winning hand of a preeminent military, large economy, strong alliances, and democratic values. The nation's security should be secure. Yet the debate over national security seems to be both intensifying and broad... | [
"U.S. national security underpins the system in which Americans live. National security is essential to an environment and geographical space in which people can reside without fear. It consists, first, of physical security on both the international and domestic sides. This includes protection from threats external... |
train_12150 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast region coming ashore just eastof New Orleans. On September 24, 2005, Hurricane Rita hit the Gulf Coast region making land fallnear the border of Texas and Louisiana. Both hurricanes left behind widespread devastation. Ritaappears to have done most of its damag... | [
"Hurricane Katrina damaged much of the nation's grain marketing infrastructure located in theNew Orleans region including port facilities, river traffic infrastructure (buoys, moorings, channels,etc.), and grain elevators, as well as those barges and ships in the region at the time of landfall. Agricultural traffic... |
train_12151 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Several bills to establish a national infrastructure bank have been introduced in the 112th Congress. This report examines three such bills, the Building and Upgrading Infrastructure for Long-Term Development Act (S. 652), the American Infrastructure Investment Fund Act of 2011 (S. 936), and the National Infrastructure... | [
"The central policy objective of a national infrastructure bank is to increase investment in infrastructure. Greater investment is desired because high-quality, well maintained infrastructure is believed to increase private-sector productivity and improve public health and welfare. The magnitude of the increased pr... |
train_12152 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The practice of "authorized generics" has recently been the subject of considerable attention by the pharmaceutical industry, regulators, and members of Congress alike. An "authorized generic" (sometimes termed a "branded," "flanking," or "pseudo" generic) is a pharmaceutical that is marketed by or on behalf of a brand... | [
"Rising health care costs have for many years focused congressional attention upon the development and availability of prescription drugs. Recently, the presence of \"authorized generic\" pharmaceuticals in the drug marketplace has been the subject of congressional concern. An \"authorized generic\" is a pharmaceut... |
train_12153 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Alvarez v. Smith became moot while pending before the United States Supreme Court. At the time, the Court had agreed to decide whether a six-month delay between a state's seizure of property and its forfeiture hearing requires additional procedural safeguards. Traditionally, forfeiture hearing delays have been judged b... | [
"How long may a city hold property, seized for forfeiture purposes, before it must justify either the validity of its seizure or its right to confiscation? And should the delay be judged by speedy trial or general due process standards? The speedy trial standards focus on which party is most responsible for the del... |
train_12154 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The National Security Education Program (NSEP), authorized by the David L. BorenNational Security Education Act of 1991 (NSEA, Title VIII of P.L. 102-183 ), provides aid forinternational education and foreign language studies by American undergraduate and graduatestudents, plus grants to institutions of higher educatio... | [
"The National Security Education Program (NSEP), authorized by the David L. BorenNational Security Education Act (NSEA), (1) provides aid for international education and foreign languagestudies by American undergraduate and graduate students, plus grants to institutions of highereducation (IHEs). The statement of p... |
train_12155 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended) includes a number of provisions intended to improve access to health insurance coverage. Among these are provisions that apply to the small group market to address perceived problems in the market, including low offer rates among smaller emp... | [
"Most individuals in the United States obtain health insurance coverage in the group market (e.g., employer-sponsored insurance). The predominance of group coverage can mask differences in its availability. Historically, access to coverage has been more limited in the small group market than in the large group mark... |
train_12156 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Recent advances in North Korea's nuclear and missile programs have led to discussions, both within South Korea and, reportedly, between the United States and South Korean officials, about the possible redeployment of U.S. nuclear weapons on the Korean Peninsula. The United States deployed nuclear weapons on the Korean ... | [
"The United States deployed nuclear weapons on the Korean Peninsula between 1958 and 1991. Most of these weapons were intended to deter a ground invasion from North Korea by providing capabilities needed to slow or stop advancing troops and by convincing North Korea that any attack would invite unacceptable damage ... |
train_12157 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Narrowing or eliminating the 1945 McCarran-Ferguson Act's antitrust exemption for the "business of insurance" has been pursued for many years in many Congresses, and in the 111th Congress, there have been at least four measures—three stand-alone bills, and a provision in the House health care reform bill. Unlike prior ... | [
"Since 1945, the McCarran-Ferguson Act has provided the \"business of insurance\" generally with a statutory exemption, albeit one limited over the past 30 years or so by the courts, from the federal antitrust laws. Although Congress has on several occasions considered repealing the exemption in its entirety, curre... |
train_12158 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since FY2001, Congress has conditioned U.S. aid to Serbia on a presidential certification that Serbia has met certain conditions, including cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The second session of the 110th Congress may consider similar certification provisions in the... | [
"Since FY2001, Congress has conditioned part of U.S. aid to Serbia after a certain date of the year on a presidential certification that Serbia has met three conditions: they are cooperating with the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY); ending support for separate Bosnian Serb institutions; and pr... |
train_12159 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Premium conversion allows employees to pay their share of employment-based health insurance premiums on a pre-tax basis. The tax treatment is difficult for people who are not tax experts to understand, as are the rules that limit its use in a manner some consider arbitrary and unfair. Premium conversion is sometimes re... | [
"Premium conversion allows employees to pay their share of employment-based health insurance premiums on a pre-tax basis. Although plans vary, on average employers pay about 84% of the premium for single coverage and 73% of the premium for family coverage, leaving employees to pay the remaining portion. The employe... |
train_12160 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress passed comprehensive food safety legislation in December 2010 (FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, or FSMA, P.L. 111-353), representing the largest expansion and overhaul of U.S. food safety authorities since the 1930s. FSMA greatly expanded food safety oversight authority at the Food and Drug Administration (F... | [
"C ongress passed comprehensive food safety legislation in December 2010 (FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, or FSMA, P.L. 111-353 ), which was signed into law on January 4, 2011. FSMA represented the largest expansion and overhaul of U.S. food safety authorities since the 1930s. FSMA greatly expanded food safety o... |
train_12161 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Border security has emerged as an area of public concern, particularly after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Although recent public concerns pertaining to border security may be attributed to the threat of potential terrorists coming into the country, past concerns that centered around drug and human smugglin... | [
"Border security has emerged as an area of concern for many, particularly after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Although recent concerns pertaining to border security may be attributed to the threat of potential terrorists coming into the country, past concerns that centered around drug and human smugglin... |
train_12162 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The level of pay for congressional staff is a source of recurring questions among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. There may be interest in congressional pay data from multiple perspectives, including assessment of the costs of congressional operations; guidance in setting pay levels for staff ... | [
"Levels of pay for congressional staff are a source of recurring questions among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. In House committees, the chair and ranking member set the terms and conditions of employment for majority and minority staff, respectively. This includes job titles and descript... |
train_12163 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Both the United States and the European Union (EU) maintain that they are committed to upholding individual privacy rights and ensuring the protection of personal data. Nevertheless, data privacy and protection issues have long been sticking points in U.S.-EU economic and security relations, in part because of differen... | [
"On October 6, 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered a judgment that invalidated the Safe Harbor Agreement between the United States and the 28-member European Union (EU). Safe Harbor was a 15-year-old accord, under which personal data could legally be transferred between EU member count... |
train_12164 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Sacramento, California, is among the U.S. cities most vulnerable to flooding, and regional growth is increasing the potential losses from flooding. A major flood could inundate developed and agricultural areas, disrupting the economy and damaging infrastructure and property. How to reduce flood risks in developed and d... | [
"The city of Sacramento is located northeast of San Francisco Bay in California at the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers. The city's location puts it among the U.S. cities most vulnerable to significant flooding. Potential flood losses grow as development in the area places more lives and properties ... |
train_12165 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Indian Ocean Region (IOR), a key geostrategic space linking the energy-rich nations of the Middle East with economically vibrant Asia, is the site of intensifying rivalry between China and India. This rivalry has significant strategic implications for the United States. Successive U.S. administrations have enunciat... | [
"This report provides background information and potential issues for Congress regarding the growing strategic competition between China and India—the world's two most populous nations—in South Asia and the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The issue for Congress is how the United States should respond to this strategic r... |
train_12166 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has long operated programs that directly assist farmers and others with the production and marketing of numerous crops, including tobacco. In most cases, the crops themselves have not been controversial. However, where tobacco is involved, the use of federal funds has been call... | [
"From the late 1930s through the 2004 crop, the USDA operated the tobacco price support program. It was designed to raise and stabilize farm tobacco prices at higher levels than they otherwise would have reached. This was accomplished through a combination of farm marketing quotas and federal nonrecourse commodity ... |
train_12167 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | U.S. immigration policy is governed largely by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which was first codified in 1952 and has been amended significantly several times since. At a fundamental level, U.S. immigration policy can be viewed as two sides of a coin. One side emphasizes the faciliation of migration flows ... | [
"This report provides a broad overview of U.S. immigration policy. The first section addresses policies governing how foreign nationals enter the United States either to reside permanently or to stay temporarily. Related topics within this section include visa issuance and security, forms of quasi-legal status, and... |
train_12168 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | It is not a crime to attempt to commit most federal offenses. Unlike state law, federal law has no generally applicable crime of attempt. Congress, however, has outlawed the attempt to commit a substantial number of federal crimes on an individual basis. In doing so, it has proscribed the attempt, set its punishment, a... | [
"Attempt is a crime of general application in every state in the Union, and is largely defined by statute in most. The same cannot be said of federal law. There is no general applicable federal attempt statute. In fact, it is not a federal crime to attempt to commit most federal offenses. Here and there, Congress h... |
train_12169 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since 1908, the Forest Service (USFS) in the Department of Agriculture has paid 25% of its receipts to the states for use on roads and schools in the counties where the national forests are located. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in the Department of the Interior has paid 50% of its receipts to the Oregon counties... | [
"Since 1908, the Forest Service (USFS) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture has paid 25% of its gross receipts from timber sales and most other revenue-generating activities to the states for use on roads and schools in the counties where the national forests are located. This was intended to compensate localities... |
train_12170 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides a basic overview of interim continuing resolutions (CRs) and highlights some specific issues pertaining to operations of the Department of Defense (DOD) under a CR. As with regular appropriations bills, Congress can draft a CR to provide funding in many different ways. Under current practice, a CR ... | [
"Congress uses an annual appropriations process to fund the routine activities of most federal agencies. This process anticipates the enactment of 12 regular appropriations bills to fund these activities before the beginning of the fiscal year. When this process is delayed beyond the start of the fiscal year, one o... |
train_12171 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Whistleblowing is "the act of reporting waste, fraud, abuse and corruption in a lawful manner to those who can correct the wrongdoing." Intelligence Community (IC) whistleblowers are those employees or contractors working in any of the seventeen elements of the IC who reasonably believe there has been a violation of la... | [
"Whistleblowing is \"the act of reporting waste, fraud, abuse and corruption in a lawful manner to those who can correct the wrongdoing.\" Intelligence Community (IC) whistleblowers are those employees or contractors working in any of the seventeen elements of the IC who reasonably believ e there has been a violati... |
train_12172 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Trump Administration announced on April 2, 2018, its intent to revise through rulemaking the federal standards that regulate fuel economy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from new passenger cars and light trucks. These standards include the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards promulgated by the U.S. D... | [
"T his report addresses frequently asked questions about the federal and state standards that regulate fuel economy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from new passenger cars and light trucks. The regulations include the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards promulgated by the U.S. Department of Transport... |
train_12173 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A discussion draft of legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions was released March 31, 2009, by Representative Waxman, Chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, and Representative Markey, Chairman of the Energy and Environment Subcommittee. The draft legislation, titled the American Clean Energy and ... | [
"A discussion draft of broad legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions was released March 31, 2009, by Representative Waxman, Chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, and Representative Markey, Chairman of the Energy and Environment Subcommittee. The draft legislation, titled the American Clean ... |
train_12174 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | According to the Federal Trade Commission, identity theft is the most common complaint from consumers in all fifty states, and complaints regarding identity theft have grown for seven consecutive years. Victims of identity theft may incur damaged credit records, unauthorized charges on credit cards, and unauthorized wi... | [
"According to the Federal Trade Commission, identity theft is the most common complaint from consumers in all 50 states, and accounts for over 35% of the total number of complaints the Identity Theft Data Clearinghouse received for calendar years 2004, 2005, and 2006. In calendar year 2006, of the 674,354 complaint... |
train_12175 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The health of the U.S. manufacturing sector has long been of great concern to Congress. The decline in manufacturing employment since the start of the 21st century has stimulated particular congressional interest, leading Members to introduce hundreds of bills over many sessions of Congress intended to support domestic... | [
"The health of the U.S. manufacturing sector has long been of great concern to Congress. The large decline in manufacturing employment since the start of the 21 st century has stimulated particular congressional interest. Over the years, Members have introduced hundreds of bills intended to support domestic manufac... |
train_12176 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress delegates rulemaking authority to agencies for a variety of reasons and in a variety of ways. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA; P.L. 111-148) is a particularly noteworthy example of congressional delegation of rulemaking authority to federal agencies. A previous CRS report identified more ... | [
"Federal regulations generally result from an act of Congress and are the means by which statutes are implemented and specific requirements are established. Congress delegates rulemaking authority to agencies for a variety of reasons and in a variety of ways. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA; P... |
train_12177 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The budget reconciliation process is an optional procedure under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 that operates as an adjunct to the annual budget resolution process. The chief purpose of the reconciliation process is to enhance Congress's ability to change current law in order to bring revenue and spending levels ... | [
"T he budget reconciliation process has been one of the chief tools used by Congress since 1980 to implement major changes in budget policy. Following a brief overview of the budget reconciliation process, this report provides information on the timing of House and Senate action on reconciliation measures. Under th... |
train_12178 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On May 15, 2008, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) listed the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). At the same time, it published a "special rule" limiting the application of ESA prohibitions to activities affecting the bear. The listing and special rule attracted attention due t... | [
"On May 15, 2008, the deadline imposed by court order, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) listed the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). At the same time, it published an ESA \"special rule\" limiting the application of ESA prohibitions to activities affecting the bear. The l... |
train_12179 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Advances in genomics technology and information technology infrastructure, together with policies regarding the sharing of research data, support new approaches to genomic research but also raise new issues with respect to privacy. The development of new genomic sequencing technologies has allowed for the generation of... | [
"Advances in genomics technology and information technology infrastructure, together with policies regarding the sharing of research data, support expanded genomic research efforts but also raise new issues with respect to privacy, and specifically the effort to balance \"the potential of scientific progress with p... |
train_12180 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A corporation is criminally liable for the federal crimes its employees or agents commit in its interest. Corporate officers, employees, and agents are individually liable for the crimes they commit, for the crimes they conspire to commit, for the foreseeable crimes their coconspirators commit, for the crimes whose com... | [
"Under federal law, corporations or most other legal entities may be criminally liable for the crimes of their employees and agents. This is true in the case of regulatory offenses, like crimes in violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; it is true in the case of economic offenses, like crimes in viol... |
train_12181 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The filibuster is widely viewed as one of the Senate's most characteristic procedural features. Filibustering includes any use of dilatory or obstructive tactics to block a measure by preventing it from coming to a vote. The possibility of filibusters exists because Senate rules place few limits on Senators' rights and... | [
"The filibuster is widely viewed as one of the Senate's most distinctive procedural features. Today, the term is most often used to refer to Senators holding the floor in extended debate. More generally, however, filibustering includes any tactics aimed at blocking a measure by preventing it from coming to a vote. ... |
train_12182 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-267) authorized major changes of direction for NASA. Among these, it called for the development of a new, crew-capable, heavy-lift rocket, and it provided for the development of commercial services to transport NASA crews into low Ear... | [
"The idea of human spaceflight beyond Earth orbit has captivated many Americans for more than half a century. As U.S. space policy has evolved, new opportunities have emerged, and new challenges have arisen. From 2004 to 2010, the priorities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) were governed ... |
train_12183 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In recent years, there has been significant congressional interest in the states' ability to impose sales and use taxes on sales made over the Internet. While these taxes are imposed on the consumer, states generally prefer that retailers collect and remit them, rather than relying on the consumer to pay the tax. State... | [
"I n recent years, there has been significant congressional interest in the states' ability to impose sales and use taxes on sales made over the Internet. A use tax is the companion to a sales tax—in general, the sales tax is imposed on the sale of goods and services within the state's borders, while the use tax is... |
train_12184 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Perhaps the most contentious electricity transmission financing issue is cost allocation for new interstate transmission lines—that is, deciding which electricity customers pay how much of the cost of building and operating a new transmission line that crosses several states. This report provides background and analysi... | [
"Construction of new long-distance transmission lines has become a hotly debated energy policy issue. Advocates see enhancements to the transmission grid as necessary for exploiting remote sources of renewable power and improving the reliability of the transmission system. Others argue that there are less costly an... |
train_12185 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Quality gaps in the care delivered by the U.S health care system result in preventable mortality and morbidity and contribute costs to the system, with multiple indicators showing that quality of care could be improved. Although no single definition of high-quality health care has been agreed upon, the Institute of Med... | [
"Quality gaps in the care delivered by the U.S health care system result in preventable mortality and morbidity and contribute costs to the system. Multiple indicators show that quality of care could be improved; these indicators include high rates of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and a lack of adherence ... |
train_12186 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since September 11, 2001, several bills introduced in the U.S. Congress have included provisions to assist emergency communications. Key provisions from a number of these bills have become law. Legislation addressing communications among first responders focused first on interoperability—the capability of different sys... | [
"Members of the 2 nd Session of the 110 th Congress who support sustaining and improving emergency communications have a body of recent legislation on which to build. Since September 11, 2001, successive Congresses have passed legislation regarding technology, funding, spectrum access and other areas critical to em... |
train_12187 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A major issue facing the United Nations, the United States, and the 111th Congress is the extent to which the United Nations has the capacity to restore or keep the peace in the changing world environment. Associated with this issue is the expressed need for a reliable source of funding and other resources for peacekee... | [
"On December 22, 2010, President Barack Obama signed H.R. 3082 , amending the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 ( P.L. 111-242 ), to replace December 3, 2010, in Section 106 (3), with March 4, 2011. In effect, spending levels would be \"at a rate for operations as provided in the applicable appropriations Acts fo... |
train_12188 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Effective sharing of information in cybersecurity is generally considered an important tool for protecting information systems and their contents from unauthorized access by cybercriminals and other adversaries. Five bills on such sharing have been introduced in the 114th Congress—H.R. 234, H.R. 1560, H.R. 1731, S. 456... | [
"This report compares provisions in two bills in the House of Representatives that address information sharing and related activities in cybersecurity: H.R. 1560 , the Protecting Cyber Networks Act (PCNA), as passed by the House on April 22; and H.R. 1731 , the National Cybersecurity Protection Advancement Act of 2... |
train_12189 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) provisions in H.R. 2454 and S. 1733 are similar (some sections are identical), and both bills appear to share the goal of fostering the commercial development and deployment of CCS projects as an important component of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. The bills call for a ... | [
"This report summarizes and compares provisions for carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) contained in H.R. 2454 and S. 1733 , the two leading cap-and-trade bills aimed at reducing U.S. emissions of greenhouse gases. CCS receives considerable attention in both bills because of its potential for substantially reduc... |
train_12190 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Media accounts of increasing violent crime rates, especially homicides, in some cities raise broad concerns about decreasing levels of public safety. This report provides an analysis of changes in violent crime since 1960, with a focus on changes from 2014 to 2016 in violent crime and homicide rates in the 48 largest c... | [
"A ccounts of increasing violent crime, especially homicides, in some cities have raised questions about whether the United States has reached the end of the \"great American crime decline;\" the decrease in crime rates during the 1990s and 2000s that was the longest and largest since World War II. The decline occu... |
train_12191 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Estimates derived from the March Supplement of the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey (CPS) indicate that the unauthorized resident alien population (commonly referred to as illegal aliens) rose from 3.2 million in 1986 to 12.4 million in 2007, before leveling off at 11.7 million in 2012. The estimated numb... | [
"The number of foreign-born people residing in the United States (an estimated 40 million) is at the highest level in our history and, as a portion of the U.S. population, has reached a percentage (12.9%) not seen since the early 20 th century. The actual number of unauthorized aliens in the United States is unknow... |
train_12192 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The demise of the long-ruling Stroessner military dictatorship in 1989 initiated a political transition in Paraguay that has been difficult at times. Current President Nicanor Duarte Frutos has implemented some reforms that have addressed corruption and contributed to economic growth. Yet, due in large part to the coun... | [
"Paraguay is a landlocked South American country bordering Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil and has a population of about 6.5 million, predominately concentrated in and around the capital city of Asunción. The majority of the population is of mixed Spanish and Guaraní Indian descent. Both Spanish and Guaraní are the ... |
train_12193 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The economic substance doctrine is a judicially developed doctrine that has become one of the IRS's primary tools in fighting abusive tax shelters. The doctrine permits transactions lacking in economic substance to be disregarded for tax purposes. In 2006, four significant decisions dealing with the doctrine were issue... | [
"An abusive tax shelter is generally defined as a transaction that technically complies with the Internal Revenue Code but results in unreasonable tax consequences that are not intended under the Code. The economic substance doctrine is one tool that the IRS has for fighting abusive tax shelters. It is a judicially... |
train_12194 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since FY1996, the Dickey amendment in Labor-Health and Human Services (HHS) appropriations acts has prohibited the use of federal funds for the creation of human embryos for research purposes or for research in which human embryos are destroyed. At the time, the Dickey amendment halted the development of guidelines by ... | [
"On March 9, 2009, President Barack Obama signed Executive Order 13505, \"Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells.\" The Obama executive order permits the Secretary of HHS through NIH to \"support and conduct responsible, scientifically worthy human stem cell research, includ... |
train_12195 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 1996 Congress amended the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) to allow U.S. victims of terrorism to sue designated State sponsors of terrorism for their terrorist acts. The courts have handed down large judgments against the terrorist State defendants, generally in default, and successive Administrations have in... | [
"Prior to 1996, foreign States were immune from civil liability in U.S. courts for injuries caused by acts of terrorism carried out by their agents and proxies. In 1996, Congress amended the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) to allow civil suits by U.S. victims of terrorism against certain States responsible ... |
train_12196 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | To conduct foreign relations and promote the interests of their nationals located abroad, diplomatic and consular officers must be free to represent their respective States (i.e., countries) without hindrance by their hosts. Recognizing this, States receiving foreign diplomats and consular officers have long accorded s... | [
"In order to conduct foreign relations and promote the interests of their nationals located abroad, States (i.e., countries) require secure means of communicating with their diplomats (i.e., representatives of a government who conduct relations with another government on its behalf) and consular officers (i.e., rep... |
train_12197 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) is the lead federal law enforcement agency charged with administering and enforcing federal laws related to the manufacture, importation, and distribution of firearms and explosives. Congress transferred ATF's enforcement and regulatory functions for firearm... | [
"This report provides an overview of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) budget and operations for FY2008, FY2009, and FY2010. It chronicles congressional action on the annual Commerce, Justice, Science (CJS), and Related Agencies Appropriations bills for those fiscal years, as well as act... |
train_12198 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA 1935) was repealed in the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Prior to repeal, PUHCA 1935 required "holding companies" (i.e., companies with subsidiaries engaged in the electric utility business or the retail distribution of natural or manufactured gas) to register with the ... | [
"Congress has imposed ownership and operational limitations on the utility industry since early in the 20 th century. Different statutes have targeted different industry practices, all with the general goal of ensuring dependable utility services for the public at reasonable rates. The most recent legislative effor... |
train_12199 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The growth of the international insurance market and trade in insurance products and services has created opportunities and new policy issues for U.S. insurers, Congress, and the U.S. financial system. Insurance regulation is centered on the states, with the federal government having a limited role. While the risks of ... | [
"U.S. insurers and Congress face new policy issues and questions related to the opportunities and risks presented by the growth in the international insurance market and trade in insurance products. Insurance is often seen as a localized product and U.S. insurance regulation has addressed this through a state-centr... |
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