id string | question string | answer string | documents list |
|---|---|---|---|
train_14100 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since Bitcoin was introduced a decade ago, about 2,100 cryptocurrencies have been developed. Cryptocurrencies are digital representations of value that have no status as legal tender and are administered using distributed ledger technology, running on a network of independent, peer-to-peer computers. Cryptocurrencies a... | [
"Since their creation a decade ago, cryptocurrencies have become more prominent in the global economy. Cryptocurrencies are digital representations of value that have no status as legal tender and are administer ed using distributed ledger technology, running on a network of independent, peer-to-peer computers. Bit... |
train_14101 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The National Hurricane Center (NHC), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Weather Service (NWS), is responsible for forecasting hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean. The NHC provides estimates of the path of a storm (i.e., hurricane track), the intens... | [
"I n 2017, three hurricanes—Harvey, Irma, and Maria—caused extensive damage to several states within the continental United States and to the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) and Puerto Rico. The three storms were part of an active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season (June 1-November 30) that produced 17 named storms, of whic... |
train_14102 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act; P.L. 111-203) substantially overhauled the U.S. financial regulatory system. Title X of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFP Act), established the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB or Bureau) within the ... | [
"The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act; P.L. 111-203 ) substantially overhauled the U.S. financial regulatory system. Title X of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFP Act), established the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB or Bureau) withi... |
train_14103 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The security of federal government buildings and court facilities affects not only the daily operations of the federal government but also the health, well-being, and safety of federal employees and the public. Early in the 112th Congress, legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives and Senate to improve... | [
"Prior to the April 19, 1995, bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Building in Oklahoma City, the federal government had no formally established security standards for federally owned or leased facilities. Immediately following the bombing, President William J. Clinton directed the Department of Justice (DOJ) to assess ... |
train_14104 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides an overview of actions taken by Congress and the President to provide FY2017 appropriations for accounts funded by the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies (LHHS) appropriations bill. This bill provides funding for all accounts funded through the annu... | [
"This report provides an overview of FY2017 appropriations actions for accounts traditionally funded in the appropriations bill for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies (LHHS). This bill provides discretionary and mandatory appropriations to three federal departme... |
train_14105 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The 108th Congress will be faced early on with a number of pressing foreign affairs, defense, and trade issues. This report provides background information on the issues most likely to be takenup in the first session, analyzes the congressional role in shaping U.S. policy on these key issues, andlists CRS products that... | [
"[author name scrubbed], Specialist in International Relations ([phone number scrubbed]) [author name scrubbed], Specialist in National Defense ([phone number scrubbed]) In 2003, the 108th Congress is expected to face early challenges in foreign, defense and trade policy. As the global campaign against terrorism co... |
train_14106 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress and the Obama Administration are seeking to manage longstanding bilateral and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-based defense cooperation with Turkey at a time when a more independent Turkish foreign policy course and changes in regional security conditions are creating new challenges for both countrie... | [
"The United States enjoys a strong legacy of defense cooperation with Turkey, both bilaterally and in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), dating from the onset of the Cold War. For both countries, mutual cooperation has major implications for national security priorities in Turkey's surrounding region—pa... |
train_14107 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Senate frequently enters into unanimous consent agreements (sometimes referred to as "UC agreements" or "time agreements") that establish procedures for the consideration of legislation that the Senate is considering or will soon consider. In recent practice, such unanimous consent agreements have sometimes include... | [
"The Senate's emphasis on individual and minority rights, reflected in both its standing rules and chamber custom, can make it challenging for the chamber to achieve its various goals in a timely manner. For this reason, the Senate routinely chooses to set aside its standing rules by unanimous consent. This is done... |
train_14108 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In each of the past four fiscal years (FY1996-FY1999), Congress has directed the Administration to reduce the size of the Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition workforce—defined as the employees who participate in the development and procurement of weapons, equipment, and provisions for the military services. These m... | [
"In each of the past four fiscal years, Congress has directed the Administration to reduce the size of the Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition workforce—the DOD employees who participate in the development and procurement of weapons and equipment for the military services. In the FY1996 defense authorization ac... |
train_14109 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the past few years, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has experienced rising social unrest, including protests, demonstrations, picketing, and group petitioning. According to PRC official sources, "public order disturbances" grew by nearly 50% from 58,000 incidents in 2003 to 87,000 in 2005. Although political ob... | [
"As the economy of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has boomed in the past decade, raising living standards for many of its citizens, incidents of social protest also have risen dramatically. Economic development has brought about or exacerbated a host of economic, social, and political problems, including inco... |
train_14110 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Functions that federal law and policy require to be performed by government personnel, not contractor employees, are known as "inherently governmental functions." Such functions have been a topic of interest in recent Congresses, in part, because of questions about sourcing policy (i.e., whether specific functions shou... | [
"Functions that federal law and policy require to be performed by government personnel, not contractor employees, are known as \"inherently governmental functions.\" Such functions have been a topic of interest in recent Congresses, in part, because of questions about sourcing policy (i.e., whether specific functio... |
train_14111 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress enacted two restitution provisions in the 110th Congress, one as part of the Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act of 2008 (Title II of P.L. 110-326)(H.R. 5938), and the other as part of the Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-403)(S. 3325). It also ... | [
"Restitution is the act of restoring an individual or entity in whole or in part to the lost circumstances they might have once enjoyed. In a federal criminal context, it is the order of a sentencing court directing a defendant to reimburse or otherwise compensate the victims of his crimes. Restitution is based on ... |
train_14112 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A robust discussion has arisen around U.S. policy towards Burma. Some Members of Congress, senior officials in the Obama Administration, noted Burma scholars, and representatives of various interest groups have weighed in on this discussion, offering their views on the merits of current U.S. policy towards Burma and wh... | [
"Current U.S. policy towards Burma (Myanmar) can be characterized as the balancing of bilateral engagement and an assortment of political and economic sanctions—an approach sometimes referred to as \"pragmatic engagement.\" In addition, the Obama Administration is attempting to convince other nations to adopt a sim... |
train_14113 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Portions of all 50 states and the District of Columbia are vulnerable to earthquake hazards, although risks vary greatly across the country and within individual states. Seismic hazards are greatest in the western United States, particularly in California, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska and Hawaii. California has more ... | [
"Close to 75 million people in 39 states face some risk from earthquakes. Earthquake hazards are greatest in the western United States, particularly in California, but also in Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and Hawaii. Earthquake hazards are also prominent in the Rocky Mountain region and the New Madrid Seismic Zone (... |
train_14114 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140), also known as the 2007 energy bill, significantly expands existing programs to promote biofuels. The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-246), also known as the 2008 farm bill, contains a distinct energy title (Title IX) that covers... | [
"Recent high energy prices, concerns over energy security, and the desire to promote rural business and to reduce air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions have sparked congressional interest in promoting greater use of alternatives to petroleum fuels. Biofuels—transportation fuels produced from plant and animal m... |
train_14115 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Numerous communities across the United States imposed bans on the sounding of train whistles at highway-rail grade crossings beginning in the late 1970s to address complaints and concerns of nearby residents about noise from train whistles. In 1990, a Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) study of train whistle bans in... | [
"On June 24, 2005, 11 years after Congress directed the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to issue a regulation on the sounding of train horns at grade crossings, FRA's Rule on the Use of Locomotive Horns at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings took effect. The train horn rule requires that locomotive horns be sounded ... |
train_14116 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Obama Administration released a new National Security Strategy (NSS) on February 6, 2015. It was the second NSS document to be published by the Administration; the first was published in May 2010. The 2015 document states that its purpose is to "set out the principles and priorities to guide the use of American pow... | [
"The National Security Strategy (NSS) is a congressionally mandated document, originating in the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 ( P.L. 99-433 , §603/50 U.S.C §3043). Section 3043 appears in the text box below. The NSS has been an unclassified document published by the President s... |
train_14117 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Recent Congresses and the Obama Administration have taken numerous actions to promote "insourcing," or the use of government personnel to perform functions that contractors have performed on behalf of federal agencies. Among other things, the 109th through the 111th Congresses enacted statutes requiring the development... | [
"While agencies are prohibited by federal law and policy from contracting out functions that are \"inherently governmental,\" other functions could potentially be contracted out. There has long been debate over both general government policies promoting the use of the private sector to perform \"commercial function... |
train_14118 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Recent increases in energy prices and a steady escalation in global energy demand—expected to rise by nearly 60% over the next 20 years—have led U.S. policy-makers to engage in a wide ranging debate over how best to address the country's future energy requirements. Similarly, energy security has become a policy priorit... | [
"Although the European Union's (EU) 27 member states have ceded some national sovereignty (or competency) to EU institutions in a variety of areas, including economic and trade policy, energy policy remains primarily the responsibility of the member states. Decisions regarding long-term oil or gas purchases, the de... |
train_14119 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report describes the Department of Defense (DOD) process which discloses to theSenate adverse information about senior military officers awaiting confirmation of a General or Flag Officer (GFO)personnel action,such as a promotion or appointment. It also describes the DOD mechanism used to investigate administrativ... | [
"RS21714 -- Generals and Flag Officers: Senior Military Officer Confirmations January 20, 2004 The role of the Senate in confirming senior military officer promotions and appointments stems directly from the U.S. Constitution. Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution states that the President \"shall nominate... |
train_14120 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Energy policy in the United States has focused on three major goals: assuring a secure supply of energy, keeping energy costs low, and protecting the environment. In pursuit of those goals, government programs have been developed to improve the efficiency with which energy is utilized, to promote the domestic productio... | [
"U.S. energy policy since the Arab oil embargo in the 1970s has been aimed at a long-term goal with three major dimensions: to assure a secure supply of energy, to keep energy costs low enough to meet the needs of a growing economy, and to protect the environment while producing and consuming that energy. A continu... |
train_14121 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides an overview of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and discusses current legal and legislative developments. The ADEA, which prohibits employment discrimination against persons over the age of 40, was enacted "to promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age... | [
"The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967, as amended, seeks to address the longstanding problem of age discrimination in the workplace. The ADEA, which prohibits employment discrimination against persons over the age of 40, was enacted \"to promote employment of older persons based on their ability ... |
train_14122 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In May 2015, Charter Communications, Inc. announced that it reached agreements with Time Warner Cable Inc. (TWC) to merge the two companies in a deal valued at $78.7 billion, including the assumption of debt, and with Advance/Newhouse Partnership to acquire Bright House Networks (BHN) for $10.4 billion. The combination... | [
"In May 2015, Charter Communications, Inc. announced that it reached agreements with Time Warner Cable Inc. (TWC) to merge the two companies in a deal valued at $78.7 billion, including the assumption of debt, and with Advance/Newhouse Partnership to acquire Bright House Networks (BHN) for $10.4 billion. The combin... |
train_14123 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides benefits to veterans who meet certain eligibility rules. Benefits to veterans range from disability compensation and pensions to hospital and medical care. The VA provides these benefits through three major operating units: the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the V... | [
"The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 ( H.R. 2764 ), was passed by the House on December 17, 2007, and the Senate passed a measure the next day, December 18, with an amendment (McConnell Amendment—adding funding for the Iraq war). The House agreed to the McConnell Amendment on December 19. The bill was signed ... |
train_14124 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Reports of harassment in schools, including examples based on religious identity and practices, have raised public attention and congressional interest in the issue of religious discrimination in schools. Congressional attention to the issue has focused on efforts to prevent discrimination in programs receiving federal... | [
"The issue of religious discrimination in public schools has been a subject of congressional attention in a variety of contexts over the past several years. In 2010, legislation was introduced in both the House of Representatives and Senate addressing religious discrimination in schools in response to a number of i... |
train_14125 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides broad nondiscrimination protection in employment, public services, public accommodations and services operated by private entities, transportation, and telecommunications for individuals with disabilities. As stated in the act, its purpose is "to provide a clear and co... | [
"The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has often been described as the most sweeping nondiscrimination legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It provides broad nondiscrimination protection in employment, public services, public accommodations, and services operated by private entities, transportation, ... |
train_14126 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Many forests, especially the national forests, are widely thought to have unnaturallyhighamounts of dead and dying trees, dense undergrowth, and dense stands of small trees. This biomass can exacerbateinsect and diseaseinfestations and wildfire threats. Because much of this biomass has little or no commercial value, so... | [
"RS20985 -- Stewardship Contracting for Federal Forests Updated April 10, 2003 Procurement contracts are used by federal agencies to perform a wide variety of tasks, and could be used for many forest stewardshipservices. Typically, a contract proposal identifies the tasks to be performed: the unmerchantable trees o... |
train_14127 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Numerous provisions in federal law are intended to support manufacturing in the United States. Almost without exception, these provisions define manufacturing as the process of physically transforming goods. Physical transformation involves what might be thought of as traditional manufacturing activities such as moldin... | [
"Since 1790, when President George Washington told the first session of Congress that the \"safety and interest\" of a free people \"require that they should promote such manufactures as tend to render them independent of others for essential, particularly military supplies,\" Congress has taken a special interest ... |
train_14128 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | International trade is a critical component of the U.S. economy, with U.S. merchandise imports amounting to $2.4 trillion and exports to $1.6 trillion in 2014. The efficient flow of legally traded goods in and out of the United States is thus a vital element of the country's economic security. U.S. Customs and Border P... | [
"International trade is a critical component of the U.S. economy, with U.S. goods trade amounting to about $4 trillion in 2014, with merchandise imports of $2.4 trillion and exports of $1.6 trillion (see Appendix B ). The efficient flow of legally traded goods in and out of the United States is thus a vital element... |
train_14129 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Two major U.S. trade remedies are antidumping (AD) law, which combats the sale of imported products at less than their fair market value, and countervailing duty (CVD) law, which aims to offset foreign government subsidization of imported goods. If dumped or subsidized imports are found to cause or threaten material in... | [
"Two major U.S. trade remedies, each set out in Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, are antidumping (AD) law, which combats the sale of imported goods at less than their fair market value, and countervailing duty (CVD) law, which is aimed at offsetting foreign government subsidization of imported items. If dumped ... |
train_14130 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The three-way contest for control of Nepal—among King Gyanendra, a coalition of seven parties seeking democracy for the country, and the Maoists—ended with the king relinquishing power to the democrats in April 2006 after large scale popular demonstrations against him. King Gyanendra's inability to subdue the Maoist in... | [
"Relations between the United States and Nepal have traditionally been friendly. U.S. policy objectives toward Nepal include supporting democratic institutions and economic liberalization, promoting peace and stability in South Asia, supporting Nepalese independence and territorial integrity, and alleviating povert... |
train_14131 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report discusses Ricci v. DeStefano, a recent Supreme Court case involving allegations of reverse discrimination by a group of white firefighters who challenged city officials in New Haven, Connecticut, over their refusal to certify a promotional test on which black and Hispanic firefighters had performed poorly r... | [
"In June 2009, the Supreme Court issued a decision in Ricci v. DeStefano , a case involving allegations of reverse discrimination by a group of white firefighters who challenged city officials in New Haven, Connecticut, over their refusal to certify a promotional test on which black and Hispanic firefighters had pe... |
train_14132 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Nuclear energy issues facing Congress include reactor safety and regulation, radioactive waste management, research and development priorities, federal incentives for new commercial reactors, nuclear weapons proliferation, and security against terrorist attacks. The earthquake and resulting tsunami that severely damage... | [
"Agreements for the first loan guarantees for nuclear power plants under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 were signed February 20, 2014, by Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz. The federal loan guarantees total $6.5 billion for two reactors being constructed at the Vogtle nuclear plant in Waynesboro, GA. Southern Company, t... |
train_14133 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States government has implemented a range of programs to counter violent extremist threats in East Africa in response to Al Qaeda's bombing of the U.S. embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998 and subsequent transnational terrorist activity in the region. These programs include regional and bilateral efforts,... | [
"In 1998, Al Qaeda (AQ) conducted its first U.S.-documented terrorist attacks against U.S. interests, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans, and injuring over 4,500 in the bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Al Qaeda and related groups have executed subsequent terrorist attacks in East Africa... |
train_14134 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Sex offenses are usually state crimes. Federal law, however, outlaws sex offenses when they occur on federal lands or in federal prisons, when they involve interstate or foreign travel, or when they involve child pornography whose production or distribution is associated in some way with interstate or foreign commerce.... | [
"A mandatory minimum sentencing statute is a law that requires a judge to impose a statutorily prescribed sentence. It is most commonly understood to mean a statute that requires imposition of a specific minimum term of imprisonment. The statutes that outlaw most federal crimes do not call for a mandatory minimum s... |
train_14135 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Encryption exports are controlled under the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) and the Export Administration Act (EAA),the latter statute to expire August 20, 2001. The more stringent AECA controls, administered by the StateDepartment,apply to encryption items classified as defense articles or services. Items not so classi... | [
"Encryption is a means of scrambling data so that parties may send and receive private messages. (1) It may also be used forauthentication (confirming the identity of the sender) and data integrity (ensuring that a message has not beenchanged intransit). Contemporary encryption is generally based on an algorithm pa... |
train_14136 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress has long supported efforts to identify, detain, and remove criminal aliens, defined as noncitizens who have been convicted of crimes in the United States. The apprehension and expeditious removal of criminal aliens has been a statutory priority since 1986, and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and one ... | [
"Congress has long supported efforts to identify, detain, and remove noncitizens who have been convicted of crimes in the United States. More generally, all unauthorized aliens within the United States are potentially subject to removal, and \"interior enforcement\" (i.e., alien removals originating from within the... |
train_14137 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Conventional wisdom holds that the federal government plays relatively little role in U.S. campaigns and elections. Although states retain authority for most aspects of election administration, a closer look reveals that the federal government also has steadily increased its presence in campaigns and elections in the p... | [
"Since the 2016 election cycle, the policy community has focused on what roles the federal government plays—or could play—in protecting U.S. elections from foreign interference. Recent reports suggest that attempts to interfere with the 2018 election cycle also are under way. Congress is responsible for overseeing ... |
train_14138 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On September 28, 2007, a proposed Medicaid rule was published that would (1) change the definition of outpatient hospital and rural health clinic services and (2) change the methods states must use to demonstrate compliance with the federal upper payment limit on outpatient hospital services provided in private outpati... | [
"Hospitals provide a range of outpatient health care services in different settings (such as outpatient departments, clinics, and ambulatory surgery centers) under various organizational and ownership arrangements. These outpatient facilities may be located on or off the hospital campus or in satellite facilities. ... |
train_14139 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides an overview of the federal government agencies that participate in U.S. export promotion efforts and the issues that they raise for Congress. The recent global economic downturn has renewed congressional debate over the role of the federal government in promoting exports. This debate has been heigh... | [
"In times of economic crisis, including the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and ensuing economic downturn, Congress often has debated on how best to promote U.S. commercial exports as a policy tool for economic growth and job creation. Congressional interest in U.S. export promotion policy has risen with Presi... |
train_14140 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On January 26, 2012, senior DOD leadership unveiled a new defense strategy based on a review of potential future security challenges, current defense strategy, and budgetary constraints. This new strategy envisions a smaller, leaner Army that is agile, flexible, rapidly deployable, and technologically advanced. This st... | [
"The Administration's proposal to reduce the size of the Army as well as restructure units and headquarters has national security implications that Congress will need to consider as part of its oversight and authorizations and appropriations role. In terms of size of the force, Congress sets the endstrength for bot... |
train_14141 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The recession that began in the United States in December 2007 and officially ended in June 2009 was one of the deepest and the longest since the Great Depression. One feature that distinguishes the recent recession from its postwar predecessors is the historically high percentage of workers who have been unemployed fo... | [
"The recession that began in the United States in December 2007 and officially ended in June 2009 was one of the deepest and the longest since the Great Depression. In response, Congress enacted legislation to stimulate aggregate demand and provide assistance to unemployed workers and their families. The American R... |
train_14142 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Bush Administration has proposed eliminating the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program and replacing it with a new program in each of the past several years. While the specifics have changed, each proposal would significantly alter key features of the current program, including its administration, funding distri... | [
"The Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program has come under increasing criticism from the Administration and Congress for its cost and its complexity. Recent changes in the way the program is funded have largely addressed concerns at the federal level about \"spiraling costs\"; however, the new funding structure h... |
train_14143 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 2018, Congress and 911 advocates celebrated the 50th anniversary of the first 911 call. Over the past 50 years, states and localities have adopted 911 as the number to call during emergencies, established 911 centers (also known as Public Safety Answering Points or PSAPs) to receive and manage 911 calls, managed and... | [
"Since 1968, state and local 911 systems have provided assistance to people in need. 911 systems are fast, reliable, and effective, and are credited with saving many lives. However, many 911 centers (also known as Public Safety Answering Points or PSAPs) continue to use legacy telephone technologies that can receiv... |
train_14144 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) provides workers with minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor protections. The FLSA covers most, but not all, private and public sector employees. In addition, certain employers and employees are exempt from coverage. Provisions of the FLSA that are of current interest to Congres... | [
"In 1937, the United States was recovering from the Great Depression. As part of the recovery effort, President Franklin D. Roosevelt endorsed a series of economic programs, known as the New Deal, to help stimulate and rebuild the U.S. economy. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was the major statute enact... |
train_14145 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...." The language is commonly referred to as the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The two clauses serve to balance the collective fr... | [
"The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that \"Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof....\" The language is commonly referred to as the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The two clauses serve to balance the collec... |
train_14146 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On April 27, 2018, the House of Representatives passed the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (H.R. 4), a six-year Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reauthorization measure that does not include a controversial proposal to privatize air traffic control laid (ATC) out in an earlier bill, H.R. 2997. On May 9, 2018, the ... | [
"On April 27, 2018, the House of Representatives passed the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 ( H.R. 4 ), a measure to reauthorize federal civil aviation programs, including the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), for a six-year period. H.R. 4 does not include a controversial proposal to privatize air traffic cont... |
train_14147 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In September 2003, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) published a proposedbulletin on "Peer Review and Information Quality" in the Federal Register that sought to establisha process by which all "significant regulatory information" would be peer reviewed. The scope ofthe proposed bulletin was very broad, coverin... | [
"There is no official, government-wide definition of \"peer review,\" even in the OMBbulletins. (5) Agency-specific definitions and descriptions of the term differ, but all of them contain the basicconcept of a review of scientific or technical merit by individuals with both sufficient technicalcompetence and no un... |
train_14148 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Recent threats to water availability as a result of moderate to exceptional drought in several states have raised questions about agricultural water use and efficiencies across the United States. An understanding of common irrigation technologies and the impacts of best management practices in irrigation may be useful ... | [
"A griculture is a major user of water in the United States. How the industry utilizes water resources through irrigation technologies and best management practices continues to be a focal point of agriculture policy. Recent droughts and water shortages have resulted in agricultural producers and conveyance institu... |
train_14149 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | U.S. wind projects that use large turbines—greater than 100 kilowatts (kW)—are eligible to receive federal tax incentives in the form of production tax credits (PTC) and accelerated depreciation. Originally established in 1992, the PTC has played a role in the evolution and growth of the U.S. wind industry. Under exist... | [
"Federal incentives for operational renewable electricity projects have generally been in the form of tax benefits, including production tax credits (PTC), investment tax credits (ITC), and accelerated depreciation. Renewable energy production tax credits were first introduced in the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Sect... |
train_14150 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress passed the Nunn-Lugar amendment, authorizing U.S. threat reduction assistance to the former Soviet Union, in November 1991, after a failed coup in Moscow and the disintegration of the Soviet Union raised concerns about the safety and security of Soviet nuclear weapons. The annual program has grown from $400 mi... | [
"In its FY2013 budget request, the Obama Administration is seeking around $880 million for threat reduction and nonproliferation programs in Russia and the other states of the former Soviet Union. This includes $519.1 million for DOD's Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, around $291.4 million for nonproliferation... |
train_14151 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Effective sharing of information in cybersecurity is generally considered an important tool for protecting information systems from unauthorized access. Five bills on such sharing have been introduced in the 114th Congress—H.R. 234, H.R. 1560, H.R. 1731, S. 456, and S. 754, and relevant provisions have appeared in othe... | [
"T his report compares two House bills and one Senate bill that address information sharing and related activities in cybersecurity. It also discusses some of the issues that those and other legislative proposals address. The three bills compared are the Protecting Cyber Networks Act (PCNA, H.R. 1560 as passed by t... |
train_14152 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Carbon capture and sequestration (or carbon capture and storage, CCS) is widely seen as a critical strategy for limiting atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)—the principal "greenhouse gas" linked to global climate change—from power plants and other large industrial sources. This report focuses on the first com... | [
"Congressional interest has grown in carbon capture and sequestration (or carbon capture and storage, CCS) as part of legislative strategies to mitigate global climate change. The promise of CCS lies in the potential for technology to capture CO 2 emitted from large, industrial sources, thus significantly decreasin... |
train_14153 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) program, authorized under Title IV, Part D of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA), is the primary federal student loan program. It makes available loans to undergraduate and graduate students and the parents of dependent undergraduate students to help them financ... | [
"The William D. Ford Direct Loan (Direct Loan) program is authorized under Title IV, Part D of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA) and is the primary federal student loan program. It makes available loans to undergraduate and graduate students and the parents of dependent undergraduate students to help them fina... |
train_14154 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report examines the process and problems associated with demilitarizing significant military equipment in the United States. The demilitarization of military equipment is an important issue today; evidence has shown that because of some failures in enforcement, potentially harmful weaponry and parts are finding th... | [
"The effort to dispose of, and demilitarize, surplus military equipment dates back to the end of World War II, when the federal government decided to reduce a massive inventory of surplus military equipment by making such equipment available to civilians. Through the establishment of the defense surplus program, th... |
train_14155 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal government invests significant resources in cybersecurity across every agency through a variety of activities. Although a methodologically rigorous total for these investments has not been calculated and may not be possible, an understanding of how the federal government applies resources to protect U.S. pu... | [
"There is a great deal of interest in the cybersecurity activities of the federal government. Cyberattacks against the U.S. government and the nation have been reported with increasing frequency since 2006. Recent high profile breaches of federal government systems, including those of the White House, State Departm... |
train_14156 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | FY2011 funding levels were not enacted in the 111th Congress. Thus, the debate over FY2011 appropriations continued into the 112th Congress and FY2011 spending proposals became a key focal point in the budget debates between the now-Republican-controlled House of Representatives and the Obama Administration. This repor... | [
"The extended appropriations process for FY2011 began with the Obama Administration's FY2011 budget requested in February 2010 and culminated with the enactment of P.L. 112-10 on April 15, 2011. During that time, Congressional debate centered around two proposals, H.R. 1 , which was approved by the House on Februar... |
train_14157 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Nepal is a poor country of an estimated 31 million people that has undergone a radical political transformation since 2006, when a 10-year armed struggle by Maoist insurgents, which claimed at least 13,000 lives, officially came to an end. The country's king stepped down in 2006, and two years later Nepal declared itse... | [
"A 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck the Central and Western Regions of Nepal on April 25, 2015. More than 8,000 people were killed and an estimated 3 million people were displaced by the earthquake. An estimated half a million homes were destroyed. The cost of the disaster has been estimated at approximately $7 bill... |
train_14158 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress appropriates several billion dollars annually to support and sustain a broad footprint of military bases, reflecting both a federal investment in local communities and a local investment in national defense. Specific military construction project authorizations―provided through the annual National Defense Auth... | [
"The military missions of Department of Defense (DOD) units and organizations drive the need for facilities and the supporting infrastructure on any given military installation. Therefore, as the missions assigned to those organizations change, as organizations move to or away from an installation, or as buildings ... |
train_14159 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal government plays a role in the management of sex offenders. In a law enforcement capacity, it enforces federal laws involving sexual abuse, online predatory offenses, or other related federal crimes. In addition, Congress has enacted legislation that encourages the development of state sex offender registri... | [
"The federal government plays a role in the management of sex offenders. In a law enforcement capacity, it enforces federal laws involving sexual abuse, online predatory offenses, or other related federal crimes. In addition, Congress has enacted legislation that encourages the development of state sex offender reg... |
train_14160 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A terrorist nuclear attack on a U.S. seaport could cause local devastationand affect the global economy. Terrorists might obtain a bomb in several ways, though each poses difficulties. Ability to detect a bomb appears limited. The United States is using technology, intelligence, internationalcooperation, etc., to try t... | [
"RS21293 -- Terrorist Nuclear Attacks on Seaports: Threat and Response Updated January 24, 2005 Terrorists have tried to obtain weapons of mass destruction (WMD) -- chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclearweapons. While it would probably be more difficult for terrorists to obtain or fabricate a nuclear weapo... |
train_14161 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Energy Independence and Security Act (P.L. 110-140, H.R. 6) is an omnibus energy policy law that consists mainly of provisions designed to increase energy efficiency and the availability of renewable energy. This report describes the key provisions of the enacted law, summarizes the legislative action on H.R. 6, an... | [
"The Energy Independence and Security Act ( P.L. 110-140 , H.R. 6 ) is an omnibus energy policy law that consists mainly of provisions designed to increase energy efficiency and the availability of renewable energy. This report describes the key provisions of the enacted law, summarizes the legislative action on H.... |
train_14162 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The annual State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs appropriations bill has been the primary legislative vehicle through which Congress reviews the U.S. international affairs budget and influences executive branch foreign policy making in recent years, as Congress has not regularly considered these issues throug... | [
"Congress has passed a series of continuing resolutions (CRs) to fund government programs since FY2011 began on October 1, 2010. In the meantime, the House and Senate majority leadership each proposed comprehensive legislation, H.R. 1 and Senate Amendment #149 to H.R. 1 , respectively, to fund the government for th... |
train_14163 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Law enforcement officials in the United States and abroad increasingly seek access to electronic communications, such as emails and social media posts, stored on servers and in data centers in foreign countries. Because the architecture of the internet allows technology companies to store data at a great distance from ... | [
"L aw enforcement officials in the United States and abroad increasingly seek access to electronic communications, such as emails and social media posts, stored on servers and in data centers located in foreign countries. The architecture of the internet allows technology companies significant flexibility as to the... |
train_14164 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The 2014 farm bill (Agricultural Act of 2014, P.L. 113-79) authorizes farm safety-net programs for the five crop years of 2014 through 2018. This includes revenue support for 20 "covered commodities" under either the Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) program or the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) program and interim financing... | [
"The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) operates several programs that supplement the incomes of farmers and ranchers in times of low farm prices and helps them to manage risks associated with natural disasters and with variability in crop and pasture yields and commodity prices. These programs—referred to as th... |
train_14165 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | According to Census Bureau data, approximately 1% of small businesses in the United States currently export. With roughly three-quarters of world purchasing power and almost 95% of world consumers living outside U.S. borders, more attention is being paid to the potential of small business export promotion programs to g... | [
"Some Members of Congress believe the contributions of small businesses to commercial innovation and economic growth could be enhanced through greater access to growing international markets. According to U.S. Census Bureau data, small businesses (i.e., firms with fewer than 500 employees) comprised 97.7% of all U.... |
train_14166 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | As part of its strategy to rebalance toward Asia the Obama Administration has greatly expanded cooperation and reestablished close ties with New Zealand. Changes in the security realm have been particularly notable as the two sides have restored close defense cooperation, which was suspended in the mid-1980s due to dif... | [
"The return of security cooperation between the United States and New Zealand to a high level has forged a new security partnership between the two countries. The two nations, which fought together in many of America's wars and established the Australia-New Zealand-United States (ANZUS) alliance in 1951, are once a... |
train_14167 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Legal Services Corporation (LSC) is a private, nonprofit, federally funded corporation that helps provide legal assistance to low-income people in civil (i.e., noncriminal) matters. The primary responsibility of the LSC is to manage and oversee the congressionally appropriated federal funds that it distributes in t... | [
"The Legal Services Corporation (LSC) is a private, nonprofit, federally funded corporation that helps provide legal assistance to low-income people in noncriminal (i.e., civil) matters. The LSC is governed by an 11-member board appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, of whom no more than six member... |
train_14168 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report summarizes the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) and the major regulatory programs that mandate reporting by industrial facilities of releases of potentially hazardous chemicals to the environment, as well as local planning to respond in the event of significant, accidental releases... | [
"The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) establishes requirements and a framework to ensure that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), state and local governments, and the private sector will work together to control and, if necessary, respond to releases of hazardous chemicals to t... |
train_14169 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Constitution vests Congress with broad authority to discipline its Members. Only since 1967, however, have both houses established formal rules of conduct and disciplinary procedures whereby allegations of illegal or unethical conduct may be investigated and punished. In 1964, the Senate established its first perma... | [
"Congressional authority to discipline Members is found in Article I, Section 5, clause 2 of the Constitution, which provides that \"Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.\" Through the years, disor... |
train_14170 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The FY2013 budget debate will take place within the context of growing concerns about the need to address federal budget deficits, the national debt, and a sluggish economic recovery following the longest and deepest recession since the Great Depression. The 112th Congress will continue to consider and debate a number ... | [
"On April 19, 2012, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported S. 2322 , a bill appropriating funds for the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development and Related Agencies for FY2013 ( S.Rept. 112-157 ). The bill recommends $3.210 billion for activities funded under the Community Development ... |
train_14171 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Mongolia is a sparsely populated young democracy in a remote part of Asia, sandwiched between two powerful large neighbors, China and Russia. It made its transition to democracy and free market reforms peacefully in 1990, after nearly 70 years as a Soviet satellite state. A quarter of a century later, the predominantly... | [
"Mongolia is a vast, sparsely populated, mineral-rich nation sandwiched between Russia and China. Formerly a Soviet satellite state, the country peacefully ended one-party Communist rule and launched democratic and free market reforms in 1990. Congress has shown strong support for Mongolia since that date through f... |
train_14172 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Supreme Court is expected to issue a decision in King v. Burwell by the end of June. The central issue in the case is whether the Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended) gives authority to the U.S. Department of the Treasury to make premium tax credits available to eligible individuals in every state (i... | [
"On March 4, 2015, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in King v. Burwell . A final decision is expected by the end of June. The central issue in the case is whether the Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148 , as amended) gave authority to the U.S. Department of the Treasury to make premium tax credits availabl... |
train_14173 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) contains several requirements related to student assessments for states and local educational agencies (LEAs) participating in Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) Title I-A (Education for the Disadvantaged). Under the NCLB, in addition to previous requirements for s... | [
"The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB, P.L. 107-110 ), signed into law on January 8, 2002, contains a number of new requirements related to student assessments for states and local educational agencies (LEAs) participating in Title I-A (Education for the Disadvantaged) of the Elementary and Secondary Educatio... |
train_14174 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | It is estimated that HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria together kill more than 6 million people each year. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), at the end of 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people were living with HIV/AIDS, of whom 2.5 million were newly infected, and 2.1 million died in the cour... | [
"It is estimated that HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria together kill more than 6 million people each year. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), at the end of 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people were living with HIV/AIDS, of whom 2.5 million were newly infected, and 2.1 million died in the... |
train_14175 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Military uniforms are procured through the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), an agency of the Department of Defense (DOD). DLA is DOD's largest combat support agency, providing worldwide logistics support for the United States military services, civilian agencies, and foreign countries. With headquarters in Fort Belvoir,... | [
"DLA Troop Support's Clothing and Textile Directorate (C&T) supplies more than 8,000 different items ranging from uniforms and body armor to tents and canteens. Many C&T products, such as uniforms, are unique to the military. The Directorate collaborates with military service customers and private vendors to design... |
train_14176 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste gained independence on May 20, 2002, after a long history of Portuguese colonialism and, more recently, Indonesian rule. The young nation, with a population of 1.1 million, has been aided by the United Nations under several different mandates under which the U.N. has provided peac... | [
"On May 20, 2002, the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste gained its independence, and on September 27 of the same year it became the 191 st member of the United Nations. With the help of the U.N. Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), Timor-Leste's independence marked the end of three centuries of Port... |
train_14177 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report summarizes the evidence on the relationship between tax rates and economic growth, referring in a number of cases to other CRS reports providing more substance and detail. Potentially negative effects of tax rates on economic growth have been an issue in the debates about whether to increase taxes to reduce... | [
"This report summarizes the evidence on the relationship between tax rates and economic growth, referring in a number of cases to more-detailed CRS reports. Potentially negative effects of tax rates on economic growth have been an issue in the debate about whether to increase taxes to address the budget deficit and... |
train_14178 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | United States-China relations, since 1969, when the process of normalization began under President Richard M. Nixon, have advanced to a point that relatively few restrictions affecting trade remain. This report summarizes the United States' economic sanctions on China. The United States, in its relationship with China,... | [
"United States-China relations, since 196 9, when the process of normalization began under President Richard M. Nixon, have advanced to a point that relatively few restrictions affecting trade remain. This report summarizes the United States' economic sanctions on China, including limits on U.S. foreign assistance ... |
train_14179 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Although the United States remains the leading host country for international students in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) fields, the global competition for talent has intensified. A record number of STEM graduates—both U.S. residents and foreign nationals—are entering the U.S. labor market, and... | [
"Congress has renewed its interest in facilitating the immigration of foreign professional workers in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) fields. The STEM workforce is seen by many as a catalyst of U.S. global economic competitiveness and is likewise considered a key element of the legislative o... |
train_14180 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On August 5, 2011, Standard & Poor's (S&P) lowered the credit rating of long-term U.S. government debt from AAA (the highest possible rating) to AA+. The downgrade reflects S&P's judgment that (1) the recent Budget Control Act (P.L. 112-25) falls short of what is needed to stabilize the government's fiscal situation an... | [
"On August 5, 2011, Standard & Poor's (S&P), a prominent credit rating agency, lowered the rating of long-term U.S. government debt from AAA to AA+. The lowered rating reflects S&P's view that the risk that holders of U.S. debt will not receive interest and principal in a timely fashion has increased slightly. In t... |
train_14181 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The European Union (EU) is a political and economic partnership that represents a unique form of cooperation among sovereign countries. The EU is the latest stage in a process of integration begun after World War II, initially by six Western European countries, to foster interdependence and make another war in Europe u... | [
"The European Union (EU) is a unique political and economic partnership that currently consists of 28 member states (see the map in the Appendix ). Built through a series of binding treaties, the Union is the latest stage in a process of integration begun after World War II to promote peace and economic recovery in... |
train_14182 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill funds more than two dozen independent agencies performing a wide range of functions, such as managing federal real property, regulating financial institutions, and delivering mail. These agencies include Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)... | [
"The Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill includes funding for more than two dozen independent agencies in Title V. These agencies perform a wide range of functions, including the management of federal real property, the regulation of financial institutions and markets, and mail deli... |
train_14183 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report examines the growing threat of transnational organized crime to U.S. nationalsecurity and global stability. The end of the Cold War -- along with increasing globalizationbeginning in the 1990s -- has helped criminal organizations expand their activities and gain globalreach. Criminal networks are believed t... | [
"Starting in the 1990s with the end of the Cold War and the advent of globalization, manycriminal organizations ramped up their operations and expanded them worldwide. Theseorganizations are believed to have been helped by weakening government institutions in somecountries, more open borders, and the resurgence of ... |
train_14184 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 2004, Congress passed the Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act, SHVERA, as part of the FY2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 4818, P.L. 108-447). Among its many provisions, the law modified subscriber eligibility for distant and local analog broadcast network television signals. Some satell... | [
"Since 1988, Congress has passed several laws concerning television reception via satellite: the 1988 Satellite Home Viewer Act (SHVA, P.L. 100-667 ), amendments to the act in 1994, the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999 (SHVIA, P.L. 106-113 ) , and the most recent law, the Satellite Home Viewer Extensio... |
train_14185 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Federal departments and agencies create federal records in the course of their daily operations. Congress first enacted the Federal Records Act (FRA; 44 U.S.C. Chapters 21, 29, 31, and 33) in 1950. Congress deemed federal records worthy of preservation for their "informational value," and also because they document "th... | [
"The Federal Records Act of 1950 (FRA; 44 U.S.C. Chapters 21, 29, 31, and 33) provided the Administrator of General Services authority to \"make provisions for the economical and efficient management of records of the federal agencies.\" The FRA, as amended, assigns these duties to the Archivist of the United State... |
train_14186 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The salaries of Members of Congress, certain high-level federal officials (those paid at Level II of the Executive Schedule (EX)), and certain federal Justices and judges have, until recently, generally been in parity for many years. The Ethics Reform Act of 1989 provides for annual pay adjustments to be established fo... | [
"The salaries of Members of Congress and certain high-level federal officials (those paid at EX Level II) have, until recently, generally been in parity since the Executive Schedule was established in 1964. The Member salaries were in parity with those of district judges from 1955 to 1969 and have been again since ... |
train_14187 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 1993, Russia formally applied for accession to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). In 1995, its application was taken up by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the successor organization of the GATT. Russia is the largest economy not in the WTO; after a number of fits and starts during the 18-year pro... | [
"In 1993, Russia formally applied for accession to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Its application was taken up by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, when it was established to succeed the GATT. The WTO is a 153-member organization that administers a set of multilaterally negotiated rule... |
train_14188 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On March 10, 2008, a series of demonstrations began in Lhasa and other Tibetan regions of China to mark the 49th anniversary of an unsuccessful Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule in 1959. The demonstrations appeared to begin peacefully with small groups that were then contained by security forces. Both the protests ... | [
"The political and cultural status of Tibet remains a difficult issue in U.S.-China relations, and appropriate U.S. actions continue to generate debate among U.S. policymakers. Controversy continues over Tibet's current political status as part of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the role of the Dalai Lama and... |
train_14189 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | President Obama's budget request for FY2013 included $140.820 billion for research and development (R&D), a $1.951 billion (1.4%) increase from the FY2012 estimated funding level of $138.869 billion. The FY2013 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 113-6), signed into law on March 26, 2013, provi... | [
"The 112 th Congress continued to take a strong interest in the health of the U.S. research and development (R&D) enterprise and in providing support for federal R&D activities. However, widespread concerns about the federal debt and recent and projected federal budget deficits drove difficult decisions involving p... |
train_14190 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On June 27, the Administration submitted an amended fiscal year 2002 defense budget request to Congress. The request totaled $343.5 billion in funding for the national defense budget function,$32.9 billion above the amount originally enacted for FY2001, an 11% increase. The total includedfunding for the Department of D... | [
"On January 10, 2002, the President signed P.L. 107-117 , the FY2002 DOD Appropriations Act( H.R. 3338 ). On December 20, 2001, the House and the Senate passed H.R. 3338 by 408 to 6 and 94 to 2, respectively. In addition to providing the fundingrequested by the Administration for DOD, the act allocates $20 billion ... |
train_14191 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Medicaid program, which served 72 million people in FY2012, finances the delivery of a wide variety of preventive, primary, and acute care services as well as long-term services and supports for certain low-income populations. Benefits are available to beneficiaries through two avenues. First, the traditional Medic... | [
"Medicaid was established in 1965 to provide basic medical services to certain low-income populations. It is a means-tested entitlement program that financed the delivery of primary and acute medical services, as well as long-term services and supports, to more than an estimated 72 million people in FY2012. The est... |
train_14192 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Questions about the personal security and safety of Members of Congress and their staffs are of enduring concern for the House, Senate, and the United States Capitol Police (USCP). Broader interest in the media and among the public arises in the aftermath of incidents such as the June 14, 2017, attack on at least 17 Me... | [
"Q uestions about the personal security and safety of Members of Congress and their staffs are of enduring concern for the House, Senate, and the United States Capitol Police (USCP). Broader interest in the media and among the public arises in the aftermath of incidents such as the June 14, 2017, attack on at least... |
train_14193 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal government owns about 650 million acres (29%) of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four agencies administer 617.5 million acres of the federal land: the Forest Service in the Department of Agriculture, and the Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service... | [
"Ownership and use of federal lands have stirred controversy for decades. Conflicting public values concerning federal lands raise many questions and issues: how much land the federal government should own, how managers should balance conflicting uses (e.g., grazing, timber, habitat, recreation), whether Congress s... |
train_14194 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a statute that authorizes grant programs that support special education services. Under the IDEA, a series of conditions are attached to the receipt of grant funds. These conditions aim to provide certain educational and procedural guarantees for students with d... | [
"Part C (Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities) of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, P.L. 108-446 ) authorizes a formula grant program for infants and toddlers with disabilities (ages birth through two) and their families. A general purpose of these grants is to aid states in developing and im... |
train_14195 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Under the U.S. Constitution, each House of Congress has the express authority to be the judge of the "elections and returns" of its own Members (Article I, Section 5, clause 1). Although initial challenges and recounts for House elections are conducted at the state level under the state's authority to administer federa... | [
"The U.S. Constitution provides at Article I, Section 5, clause 1, that each House of Congress shall be the judge of the \"elections, returns and qualifications\" of its own Members. Under the federal system, primary authority over the procedures and the administration of elections to Congress within the several st... |
train_14196 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal government's wildfire (or wildland fire) management responsibilities are fulfilled primarily by the Forest Service (FS, in the U.S. Department of Agriculture) and the Department of the Interior (DOI). These responsibilities include prevention, detection, response, and recovery related to fires that begin on... | [
"Wildfire (or wildland fire), an unplanned and unwanted fire, can have beneficial and harmful impacts on human, historical, cultural, and ecological resources. Wildfires can reduce fuel loads, increase ecosystem health and functioning, and restore fire-adapted ecosystems. At the same time, wildfires can damage timb... |
train_14197 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The gross federal debt, which represents the federal government's total outstanding debt, consists of (1) debt held by the public and (2) debt held in government accounts, also known as intragovernmental debt. Federal government borrowing increases for two primary reasons: (1) budget deficits and (2) investments of any... | [
"The federal government's statutory debt limit was reinstated on March 16, 2015, at a level that accommodated the borrowing incurred during the suspension period, which ended on March 15, 2015 ( P.L. 113-83 ). Treasury immediately began using its authority outside of its typical cash management practices to pay fed... |
train_14198 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States has seen continued growth of electronic card payments (and a simultaneous decrease in check payments). From 2009 through 2012, debit card transactions have outpaced other payment forms. When a consumer uses a debit card in a transaction, the merchant pays a "swipe" fee, which is also known as the inte... | [
"The United States has seen continued growth of electronic card payments (and a simultaneous decrease in check payments). From 2009 through 2012, debit card transactions have outpaced other payment forms. When a consumer uses a debit card in a transaction, the merchant pays a \"swipe\" fee, also known as the interc... |
train_14199 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Superfund Act contains several mechanisms that eliminate or contain liability, or reduce liability-related transaction costs, normally incurred under the Act by persons that acquirecontaminated land. This report covers three of them. Two mechanisms use innocent landowner status -- "innocent" referring to a landowne... | [
"Put most simply, the innocent landowner defense allows owners of contaminated property toescape CERCLA liability if the contamination was placed on the property before acquisition, andthe landowner did not know, or have reason to know, at the time of acquisition of thecontamination's presence. As discussed below, ... |
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