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1,000 | The equations in this section do not use axioms of quantum mechanics but instead use relations for which there exists a direct correspondence in classical mechanics. For example: a rigid regular, crystalline (not amorphous) lattice is composed of N particles. These particles may be atoms or molecules. N is a large numb... | Atom vibrations | 0.845097 |
1,001 | This is an example of a decision procedure, one more or less in the spirit of conventional truth tables. Given some primary algebra formula containing N variables, this decision procedure requires simplifying 2N primary arithmetic formulae. For a less tedious decision procedure more in the spirit of Quine's "truth valu... | Boundary algebra | 0.845096 |
1,002 | An extended version of their paper includes experimental results from an implementation of the algorithm, which show that the total running time of this method on several natural geometric optimization problems is similar to that of the best synchronized parametric search implementation (the quicksort-based method of v... | Parametric search | 0.845084 |
1,003 | Algebraic structures occur as both discrete examples and continuous examples. Discrete algebras include: boolean algebra used in logic gates and programming; relational algebra used in databases; discrete and finite versions of groups, rings and fields are important in algebraic coding theory; discrete semigroups and m... | Discrete Mathematics | 0.845081 |
1,004 | In fact, R needs to be only a semiring for Mn(R) to be defined. In this case, Mn(R) is a semiring, called the matrix semiring. Similarly, if R is a commutative semiring, then Mn(R) is a matrix semialgebra. For example, if R is the Boolean semiring (the two-element Boolean algebra R = {0, 1} with 1 + 1 = 1),: 7 then Mn(... | Matrix ring | 0.845066 |
1,005 | Two other important optimizations, also suggested by Sedgewick and widely used in practice, are: To make sure at most O(log n) space is used, recur first into the smaller side of the partition, then use a tail call to recur into the other, or update the parameters to no longer include the now sorted smaller side, and i... | Quick Sort | 0.845047 |
1,006 | Burnside (1911, Theorem II, section 243) showed that if a Sylow p-subgroup of a group G is in the center of its normalizer then G has a normal p-complement. This implies that if p is the smallest prime dividing the order of a group G and the Sylow p-subgroup is cyclic, then G has a normal p-complement. | Glauberman normal p-complement theorem | 0.845041 |
1,007 | In 1947, Markov and Post published independent papers showing that the word problem for semigroups cannot be effectively decided. Extending this result, Pyotr Novikov and William Boone showed independently in the 1950s that the word problem for groups is not effectively solvable: there is no effective procedure that, g... | Computability theory (computation) | 0.845034 |
1,008 | A concrete Boolean algebra or field of sets is any nonempty set of subsets of a given set X closed under the set operations of union, intersection, and complement relative to X. (As an aside, historically X itself was required to be nonempty as well to exclude the degenerate or one-element Boolean algebra, which is the... | Logic operation | 0.845006 |
1,009 | Professor W. Stephen Wilson from Johns Hopkins University evaluated the mathematical development and coherence of the Core-Plus program in 2009. In particular, he examined "the algebraic concepts and skills associated with linear functions because they are a critical foundation for the further study of algebra", and ev... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.84497 |
1,010 | Divide-and-conquer algorithms can also be implemented by a non-recursive program that stores the partial sub-problems in some explicit data structure, such as a stack, queue, or priority queue. This approach allows more freedom in the choice of the sub-problem that is to be solved next, a feature that is important in s... | Divide and conquer algorithm | 0.844953 |
1,011 | Suppose a six-sided die is thrown and that the result of the throw corresponds to quantum mechanics observable. All six possible ways the dice can fall correspond to six different universes. In the case of the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, both outcomes would be "real" in at least one "world". | Interdimensional travel | 0.844952 |
1,012 | As of 2009, the primary of the care physicians did not have adequate training in genetics or genomics. Although medical school curricula typically include medical genetics, fewer than half offer a standalone course, and the emphasis on practical applications is weak.In the United States, Stanford University was the fir... | Education in personalized medicine | 0.844949 |
1,013 | Metagenomics has been an invaluable tool to help characterise the diversity and ecology of pathogens that are vectored by hematophagous (blood-feeding) insects such as mosquitoes and ticks. Metagenomics is routinely used by public health officials and organisations for the surveillance of arboviruses. | Human metagenome | 0.844949 |
1,014 | Algorithms Unlocked is a book by Thomas H. Cormen about the basic principles and applications of computer algorithms. The book consists of ten chapters, and deals with the topics of searching, sorting, basic graph algorithms, string processing, the fundamentals of cryptography and data compression, and an introduction ... | Algorithms Unlocked | 0.844944 |
1,015 | Electric charges produce electric fields. A moving charge also produces a magnetic field. The interaction of electric charges with an electromagnetic field (a combination of an electric and a magnetic field) is the source of the electromagnetic (or Lorentz) force, which is one of the four fundamental interactions in ph... | Positive charge | 0.84494 |
1,016 | While these problems pose no computational complexity challenge, some of them are notable because of their ubiquity in computer applications of geometry. Distance between a pair of line segments. It cannot be expressed by a single formula, unlike, e.g., the distance from a point to a line. Its calculation requires care... | Proximity problems | 0.844939 |
1,017 | For example, a metre is a unit, while a metal bar is a standard. One metre is the same length regardless of temperature, but a metal bar will be exactly one metre long only at a certain temperature. There are certain rules that have to be used when dealing with units: Treat units algebraically. | Units of measure | 0.844933 |
1,018 | WHAT IF provides a flexible environment to display, manipulate, and analyze small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and their interactions. One notable use was detecting many millions of errors (often small, but sometimes catastrophic) in Protein Data Bank (PDB) files. WHAT IF also provides an environment for: homolo... | WHAT IF software | 0.844932 |
1,019 | C b,Physics = m C d A = ρ ℓ C d {\displaystyle C_{\text{b,Physics}}={\frac {m}{C_{\text{d}}A}}={\frac {\rho \ell }{C_{\text{d}}}}} where: Cb,Physics, ballistic coefficient as used in physics and engineering m, mass A, cross-sectional area Cd, drag coefficient ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , density ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } , ... | Ballistic coefficient | 0.844922 |
1,020 | Thus, for example, a Lithium atom is treated as two bodies – Li+ and e- – while oxygen is treated as three bodies, namely O2+ and 2e−. The “true” ground state of a crystal system is generally unsolvable. However, the variational theorem assures us that any guess as to the electronic state function of a system will over... | Prediction of crystal properties by numerical simulation | 0.844919 |
1,021 | In computer science, a parallel algorithm, as opposed to a traditional serial algorithm, is an algorithm which can do multiple operations in a given time. It has been a tradition of computer science to describe serial algorithms in abstract machine models, often the one known as random-access machine. Similarly, many c... | Parallel algorithm | 0.844913 |
1,022 | Burnside's theorem, proved using group characters, states that every group of order n is solvable when n is divisible by fewer than three distinct primes, i.e. if n = paqb, where p and q are prime numbers, and a and b are non-negative integers. By the Feit–Thompson theorem, which has a long and complicated proof, every... | Finite groups | 0.844912 |
1,023 | As of 2015, the company first amplified a portion of the bacterial gene that encodes 16S ribosomal RNA using PCR, then sequenced the amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene, in order to categorize the bacteria at the genus level. The company had proprietary machine learning algorithms that analyzed the sequence data and compa... | UBiome | 0.844906 |
1,024 | In statistics, some Monte Carlo methods require independent observations in a sample to be drawn from a one-dimensional distribution in sorted order. In other words, all n order statistics are needed from the n observations in a sample. The naive method performs a sort and takes O(n log n) time. There are also O(n) alg... | Sampling in order | 0.844892 |
1,025 | Proc. 10th Conf. on Machine Learning. | Anti-unification (computer science) | 0.844887 |
1,026 | packing (see set packing) padding argument pagoda pairing heap PAM (point access method) parallel computation thesis parallel prefix computation parallel random-access machine (PRAM) parametric searching parent partial function partially decidable problem partially dynamic graph problem partially ordered set partially ... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.844882 |
1,027 | == A == Abstract simplicial complex Addition chain Scholz conjecture Algebraic combinatorics Alternating sign matrix Almost disjoint sets Antichain Arrangement of hyperplanes Assignment problem Quadratic assignment problem Audioactive decay | Index of combinatorics articles | 0.844882 |
1,028 | A solution of a polynomial system is a tuple of values of (x1, ..., xm) that satisfies all equations of the polynomial system. The solutions are sought in the complex numbers, or more generally in an algebraically closed field containing the coefficients. In particular, in characteristic zero, all complex solutions are... | Polynomial system of equations | 0.844879 |
1,029 | The Algebra FX series is capable of generating different types of two-dimensional plots. Compatible graphs include rectangular one-variable functions, polar equations, parametric equations, and inequalities, where users can store and plot simultaneously up to 20 graphs. The composite functions made of up to 5 other fun... | Casio Algebra FX Series | 0.84487 |
1,030 | The exam is 209 minutes and consists of 170 items (150 scored items and 20 unscored items), drawn from a TEAS Test Bank consisting of thousands of questions that are given on several versions of the exam. The topics covered are reading, mathematics, science, and English language and usage.The reading section consists o... | Test of Essential Academic Skills | 0.844853 |
1,031 | In plasma physics, electric-field screening is also called Debye screening or shielding. It manifests itself on macroscopic scales by a sheath (Debye sheath) next to a material with which the plasma is in contact. The screened potential determines the inter atomic force and the phonon dispersion relation in metals. The... | Debye shielding | 0.844849 |
1,032 | However, less than 1% of the microorganisms present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using current means. With the emergence of biotechnology, Microbiologists currently rely on molecular biology tools such as DNA sequence-based identification, for example, the 16S rRNA gene sequence used for bacteria... | Microbiology | 0.844844 |
1,033 | Being an automatic group. Being a simple group. (One can take A + {\displaystyle A_{+}} to be the trivial group and A − {\displaystyle A_{-}} to be a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem whose existence is provided by the Novikov-Boone theorem. | Adian–Rabin theorem | 0.844818 |
1,034 | SSCP used to be a way to discover new DNA polymorphisms apart from DNA sequencing but is now being supplanted by sequencing techniques on account of efficiency and accuracy. These days, SSCP is most applicable as a diagnostic tool in molecular biology. It can be used in genotyping to detect homozygous individuals of di... | Single-strand conformation polymorphism | 0.844817 |
1,035 | Optical astronomy - UV and IR measurements above the Earth's atmosphere to aid in the determination of the spatial distribution of hydrogen. Solar astronomy - UV, X-ray and possible infrared measurements of the solar spectrum and space monitoring of solar events. | Manned Venus Flyby | 0.844803 |
1,036 | B is a partially ordered set and the elements of B are also its bounds. An operation of arity n is a mapping from Bn to B. Boolean algebra consists of two binary operations and unary complementation. The binary operations have been named and notated in various ways. Here they are called 'sum' and 'product', and notated... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.844803 |
1,037 | In the past, alternate subunits were used in old historical texts; "mf" and "mfd" for microfarad (µF); "mmf", "mmfd", "pfd", "µµF" for picofarad (pF); but are now considered obsolete.Capacitance can be calculated if the geometry of the conductors and the dielectric properties of the insulator between the conductors are... | Stray capacitance | 0.844792 |
1,038 | Phase formation of HEA is determined by thermodynamics and geometry. When phase formation is controlled by thermodynamics and kinetics are ignored. ΔGmix (Gibbs free energy of mixing) is defined as: ΔGmix = ΔHmix - TΔSmixwhere Hmix is defined as enthalpy of mixing, T is temperature, and Smix is entropy of mixing respec... | High-entropy alloys | 0.844786 |
1,039 | It may, for instance, consist of randomly chosen group elements that all protocol parties use. Although the group elements are random, the reference string is not as it contains a certain structure (e.g., group elements) that is distinguishable from randomness. Subsequently, Feige, Lapidot, and Shamir introduced multi-... | Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof | 0.844771 |
1,040 | Gorenstein (1980, 16.5) gives a summary of Thompson's classification of N-groups. The primes dividing the order of the group are divided into four classes π1, π2, π3, π4 as follows π1 is the set of primes p such that a Sylow p-subgroup is nontrivial and cyclic. π2 is the set of primes p such that a Sylow p-subgroup P i... | N-group (finite group theory) | 0.844763 |
1,041 | This can be important for some manufacturing or engineering computation applications. By comparison, when creating geometry based upon boundary representations, additional topological data is required, or consistency checks must be performed to assure that the given boundary description specifies a valid solid object.A... | Boolean operations in computer-aided design | 0.844758 |
1,042 | Then, in class, the instructor engages students by posing prepared conceptual questions or ConcepTests that are based on student difficulties. The questioning procedure outlined by Eric Mazur is as follows: Instructor poses question based on students' responses to their pre-class reading Students reflect on the questio... | Peer Instruction | 0.844758 |
1,043 | qm sort qsort quadratic probing quadtree quadtree complexity theorem quad trie quantum computation queue quicksort | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.844758 |
1,044 | In contrast to the other models mentioned above, this model is closer in duplicating human insight while grading essays. Due to the growing popularity of deep neural networks, deep learning approaches have been adopted for automated essay scoring, generally obtaining superior results, often surpassing inter-human agree... | Automated essay scoring | 0.844749 |
1,045 | Faraday paradox (electrochemistry): Diluted nitric acid will corrode steel, while concentrated nitric acid will not. Levinthal paradox: The length of time that it takes for a protein chain to find its folded state is many orders of magnitude shorter than it would be if it freely searched all possible configurations. SA... | Self-referential paradoxes | 0.844747 |
1,046 | The hidden subgroup problem (HSP) is a topic of research in mathematics and theoretical computer science. The framework captures problems such as factoring, discrete logarithm, graph isomorphism, and the shortest vector problem. This makes it especially important in the theory of quantum computing because Shor's quantu... | Hidden subgroup problem | 0.844744 |
1,047 | The AP examination for AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism is separate from the AP examination for AP Physics C: Mechanics. Before 2006, test-takers paid only once and were given the choice of taking either one or two parts of the Physics C test. | AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism | 0.844704 |
1,048 | Here are the subjects on the test in different years by problem number (i.e. what subject each problem was from). Calculus, although allowed, is never required in solutions. | United States of America Mathematical Olympiad | 0.844693 |
1,049 | In computer science, an algorithm is said to be asymptotically optimal if, roughly speaking, for large inputs it performs at worst a constant factor (independent of the input size) worse than the best possible algorithm. It is a term commonly encountered in computer science research as a result of widespread use of big... | Asymptotically optimal algorithm | 0.844686 |
1,050 | Subgroups with certain properties form lattices, but other properties do not. Normal subgroups always form a modular lattice. In fact, the essential property that guarantees that the lattice is modular is that subgroups commute with each other, i.e. that they are quasinormal subgroups. Nilpotent normal subgroups form a... | Lattice of subgroups | 0.844677 |
1,051 | Computational learning theory – studying the design and analysis of machine learning algorithms. Grammar induction Meta-learning | Machine learning algorithms | 0.844676 |
1,052 | A further aspect of a frame of reference is the role of the measurement apparatus (for example, clocks and rods) attached to the frame (see Norton quote above). This question is not addressed in this article, and is of particular interest in quantum mechanics, where the relation between observer and measurement is stil... | Reference frames | 0.844674 |
1,053 | In the theory of finite groups the Sylow theorems imply that, if a power of a prime number p n {\displaystyle p^{n}} divides the order of a group, then the group has a subgroup of order p n {\displaystyle p^{n}} . By Lagrange's theorem, any group of prime order is a cyclic group, and by Burnside's theorem any group who... | Prime number | 0.844671 |
1,054 | Cloze test is often used as an evaluation task in natural language processing (NLP) to assess the performance of the trained language models. The tasks have a few different variants, like predicting the answer for the blank with and without providing the right options, predicting the ending sentence of a story or passa... | Cloze test | 0.844669 |
1,055 | These issues are common in neural networks that must decide from amongst a wide variety of responses, but can be dealt with in several ways, for example by randomly shuffling the training examples, by using a numerical optimization algorithm that does not take too large steps when changing the network connections follo... | Neural networks | 0.844667 |
1,056 | Methods from modern molecular biology allow the extraction of nucleic acids, lipids and proteins from cells, DNA sequencing, and the physical and chemical analysis of molecules using mass spectrometry and flow cytometry. A lot can be learned about the microbial communities using these methods even when the individuals ... | Deep biosphere | 0.844663 |
1,057 | As opposed to traditional structural biology, the determination of a protein structure through a structural genomics effort often (but not always) comes before anything is known regarding the protein function. This raises new challenges in structural bioinformatics, i.e. determining protein function from its 3D structu... | Structural proteomics | 0.84464 |
1,058 | One consequence of the theorem is that testing whether a graph is planar may be formulated as solving a system of linear equations over the finite field of order two. These equations may be solved in polynomial time, but the resulting algorithms are less efficient than other known planarity tests. | Hanani–Tutte theorem | 0.844636 |
1,059 | For the Pythagorean hammers, the following ratio numbers apply for similar geometry (values in arbitrary units): Pitch in relation to string tension The assumption that the vibration frequency of a string is proportional to the tension is not correct. Rather, the vibration frequency is proportional to the square root o... | Pythagorean hammers | 0.844635 |
1,060 | In: Algebra, Logic and Combinatorics. LTTC Advanced Mathematical Series, vol. | Robert Arnott Wilson | 0.844633 |
1,061 | In electrochemistry, the electrode-electrolyte interface is generally charged. If the electrode is polarizable, then its surface charge depends on the electrode potential. IUPAC defines the potential at the point of zero charge as the potential of an electrode (against a defined reference electrode) at which one of the... | Point of zero charge | 0.844629 |
1,062 | Massively parallel next generation sequencing platforms like DNA nanoball sequencing may contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of many genetic diseases. The cost of sequencing an entire human genome has fallen from about one million dollars in 2008, to $4400 in 2010 with the DNA nanoball technology. Sequencing the ... | DNA nanoball sequencing | 0.844627 |
1,063 | : 171 Socrates also makes it clear that the sun cannot be looked at, so it cannot be known from sense perception alone. Even today, we still use all kinds of mathematical models, the physics of electromagnetic measurements, deductions, and logic to further know and understand the real sun as a fascinating being. | Analogy of the sun | 0.844622 |
1,064 | The finite group G {\displaystyle G} is abelian if and only if p ( G ) = 1 {\displaystyle p(G)=1} . One has p ( G ) = k ( G ) # G {\displaystyle p(G)={\frac {k(G)}{\#G}}} where k ( G ) {\displaystyle k(G)} is the number of conjugacy classes of G {\displaystyle G} .If G {\displaystyle G} is not abelian then p ( G ) ≤ 5 ... | Commuting probability | 0.844619 |
1,065 | Electromagnetism 538.9 Condensed matter physics. Solid state physics 539 Physical nature of matter 54 Chemistry. Crystallography. | Universal Decimal Classification | 0.844612 |
1,066 | The enzymatic chemistry involved in the formation of isopeptides for structural purposes is different from the case of ubiquitin and ubiquitin related proteins. In that, instead of sequential steps involving multiple enzymes to activate, conjugate and target the substrate. The catalysis is performed by one enzyme and t... | Isopeptide bond | 0.84461 |
1,067 | He re-stated it in a Nature paper published in 1970: "The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid." A second version of the central dogma is... | Central dogma of molecular biology | 0.844603 |
1,068 | This is commonly done with measurement of the rotational constant, the energy of the rotational transitions, or a measurement of the dissociation energy. These spectra can either be generated ab initio from a computational chemistry program or, such as with the more stable cyanoacetylene, by direct measurement of the s... | Cyanopolyyne | 0.844591 |
1,069 | However, one of these coefficients is redundant in determining the curve, because we can always divide through the polynomial equation by any one of the coefficients, giving an equivalent equation with one coefficient fixed at 1, and thus − 1 = n(n + 3) / 2 remaining coefficients. For example, a fourth degree equation... | Cramer's theorem (algebraic curves) | 0.844584 |
1,070 | The periodic table therefore ignores these and considers only idealised configurations.At zinc ( 3d10 4s2), the 3d orbitals are completely filled with a total of ten electrons. Next come the 4p orbitals, completing the row, which are filled progressively by gallium ( 3d10 4s2 4p1) through krypton ( 3d10 4s2 4p6), in a ... | Table of elements | 0.844581 |
1,071 | The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in computer science. Informally, it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified by a computer can also be quickly solved by a computer; it is widely conjectured that the answer is no. It was essentially first mentioned in a 1956 letter written by... | Conjecture | 0.844574 |
1,072 | What do you see when you look out the same window? In order to proceed with a verification, you will need a prior notion (a template) of both "cow" and "blue", and an ability to match the templates against the object of sensation (if indeed there is one).Truth values in engineering Engineers try to avoid notions of tru... | Sentential formula | 0.84457 |
1,073 | By using additional amino acids from among the over 700 known to biochemistry, the capabilities of proteins may be altered to give rise to more efficient catalytical or material functions. The EC-funded project Metacode, for example, aims to incorporate metathesis (a useful catalytical function so far not known in livi... | Xenobiology | 0.844567 |
1,074 | The Java memory model describes how threads in the Java programming language interact through memory. On modern platforms, code is frequently not executed in the order it was written. It is reordered by the compiler, the processor and the memory subsystem to achieve maximum performance. The Java programming language do... | Java concurrency | 0.844567 |
1,075 | Step 1: x = 6 {\displaystyle x=6} h = 10 {\displaystyle h=10} d x d t = 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {dx}{dt}}=3} d h d t = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {dh}{dt}}=0} d y d t = ? {\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dt}}={\text{?}}} Step 2: From the Pythagorean theorem, the equation x 2 + y 2 = h 2 , {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=h^{2},} desc... | Related rates | 0.844542 |
1,076 | Other approaches have been developed which do not fit neatly into this three-fold categorization, and sometimes more than one is used by the same machine learning system. For example, topic modeling, meta-learning.As of 2022, deep learning is the dominant approach for much ongoing work in the field of machine learning. | Statistical learning | 0.844541 |
1,077 | The following conditions comprise the classification theorem for Max CSP problems. If setting all variables true or all variables false satisfies all clauses, it is in PO. If all clauses, when converted to disjunctive normal form, have two terms, one consisting of all positive (unnegated) variables and the other all ne... | Max/min CSP/Ones classification theorems | 0.844534 |
1,078 | According to the Rouché–Capelli theorem, a system of equations is consistent if and only if the rank of the coefficient matrix is equal to the rank of the augmented matrix (the coefficient matrix augmented with a column of intercept terms), and the system has a unique solution if and only if that common rank equals the... | Concurrent lines | 0.844533 |
1,079 | In computer science, X + Y {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {X}}+{\boldsymbol {Y}}} sorting is the problem of sorting pairs of numbers by their sums. Applications of the problem include transit fare minimisation, VLSI design, and sparse polynomial multiplication. As with comparison sorting and integer sorting more generally... | X + Y sorting | 0.84453 |
1,080 | Source: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | William C. Rose Award | 0.844518 |
1,081 | In computer science, adaptive heap sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm of the adaptive sort family. It is a variant of heap sort that performs better when the data contains existing order. Published by Christos Levcopoulos and Ola Petersson in 1992, the algorithm utilizes a new measure of presortedness, Osc, a... | Adaptive heap sort | 0.844516 |
1,082 | Some key players in several neural systems include Ca2+ions (see Calcium in biology) that send negative feedback in second messenger pathways that allow the neural receptor cells to close or open channels in response to the changes of ion flow. There are also mechanoreception systems that use calcium inflow to physical... | Sensory adaptation | 0.844514 |
1,083 | In computational complexity theory, a branch of computer science, bounded-error probabilistic polynomial time (BPP) is the class of decision problems solvable by a probabilistic Turing machine in polynomial time with an error probability bounded by 1/3 for all instances. BPP is one of the largest practical classes of p... | P = BPP problem | 0.844501 |
1,084 | Electrical engineering — for describing the quality of an AC power waveform Vibration analysis — for estimating the amount of impact wear in a bearing Radio and audio electronics — for estimating the headroom required in a signal chainMusic has a widely varying crest factor. Typical values for a processed mix are aroun... | Crest factor | 0.844499 |
1,085 | Algebra studies two main families of equations: polynomial equations and, among them, the special case of linear equations. When there is only one variable, polynomial equations have the form P(x) = 0, where P is a polynomial, and linear equations have the form ax + b = 0, where a and b are parameters. To solve equatio... | Mathematical equation | 0.844492 |
1,086 | thread: In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by an operating system scheduler. The scheduler itself is a light-weight process. The implementation of threads and processes differs from one operating system to another, but in most... | Glossary of operating systems terms | 0.84449 |
1,087 | On the other hand, there are NP-problems with at most one solution that are NP-hard under randomized polynomial-time reduction (see Valiant–Vazirani theorem). "Solving NP-complete problems requires exponential time." First, this would imply P ≠ NP, which is still an unsolved question. | NP-complete problem | 0.844478 |
1,088 | Part B of the book discusses the potential-based method by which the Erdős–Selfridge theorem was proven, and extends it to additional examples, including some in which the maker wins. Part C covers more advanced techniques of determining the outcome of a positional game, and introduces more complex games of this type, ... | Combinatorial Games: Tic-Tac-Toe Theory | 0.844472 |
1,089 | Another algorithm for 0-1 knapsack, discovered in 1974 and sometimes called "meet-in-the-middle" due to parallels to a similarly named algorithm in cryptography, is exponential in the number of different items but may be preferable to the DP algorithm when W {\displaystyle W} is large compared to n. In particular, if t... | Knapsack constraints | 0.844465 |
1,090 | In general, a machine learning system can usually be trained to recognize elements of a certain class given sufficient samples. For example, machine learning methods can be trained to identify specific visual features such as splice sites.Support vector machines have been extensively used in cancer genomic studies. In ... | Machine learning in bioinformatics | 0.844462 |
1,091 | Competition is divided into six levels or divisions, Calculus, Pre-calculus, Algebra II, Geometry, Algebra I, and Statistics. At state and national competitions, only three levels are used: Theta (Geometry and Algebra II), Alpha (Pre-Calculus), and Calculus. There is only a Mu division at the nationals level. | Mu Alpha Theta | 0.844457 |
1,092 | Upper and Lower Dimension together require that any model of these axioms have a specific finite dimensionality. Suitable changes in these axioms yield axiom sets for Euclidean geometry for dimensions 0, 1, and greater than 2 (Tarski and Givant 1999: Axioms 8(1), 8(n), 9(0), 9(1), 9(n) ). Note that solid geometry requi... | Tarski's axioms | 0.844451 |
1,093 | Impedance control: This type of control is suitable for environment interaction and object manipulation, such as in robotics. Electronic gearing (or cam profiling): The position of a slave axis is mathematically linked to the position of a master axis. A good example of this would be in a system where two rotating drum... | Motion control system | 0.844434 |
1,094 | Specifically, it asks questions about where microbes live, their local and global abundance, their structural and functional biochemistry, how they have evolved, biomineralization, and their preservation potential and presence in the rock record. In many ways, GMG appears to be equivalent to geobiology, but differs in ... | Geobiology | 0.844426 |
1,095 | In computer science, reference counting is a programming technique of storing the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource, such as an object, a block of memory, disk space, and others. In garbage collection algorithms, reference counts may be used to deallocate objects that are no longer needed. | Reference counting | 0.844426 |
1,096 | The P versus NP problem, one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems, is dedicated to the field of computational complexity.Closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is t... | Complexity theory (computation) | 0.844421 |
1,097 | When geometry is normally controlled by gage sizes or by code (e.g. stock materials), the dimension(s) shall be included with the Gage or code number in parentheses following or below the dimension. Angles of 90° are assumed when lines (including center lines) are shown at right angles, but no angular dimension is expl... | Geometrical product specification | 0.844419 |
1,098 | For programs that handle large matrices and multidimensional databases, array functional languages (such as J and K) were designed with speed optimizations. Immutability of data can in many cases lead to execution efficiency by allowing the compiler to make assumptions that are unsafe in an imperative language, thus in... | Functional Programming | 0.844419 |
1,099 | According to Kardashev, our ignorance of the physical possibilities of communicating through space is great. We know only a negligible fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum and, therefore, of the existing sources of information in the Universe. Thus, among the 89% of information that we lack, 42% concern the region ... | Kardashev scale | 0.844401 |
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