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800 | Indeed, the integers are the substructure of the real numbers generated by the empty set, using this signature. The notion in abstract algebra that corresponds to a substructure of a field, in this signature, is that of a subring, rather than that of a subfield. The most obvious way to define a graph is a structure wit... | Interpretation function | 0.8468 |
801 | Seedling triple response, thickening and shortening of hypocotyl with pronounced apical hook. Stimulation of Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation In pollination, when the pollen reaches the stigma, the precursor of the ethylene, ACC, is secreted to the petal, the ACC releases ethylene with ACC oxidase. Stimulates leaf sene... | Ethylene as a plant hormone | 0.846789 |
802 | (1956) The Enthalpy Change of Adenosine Triphosphate Hydrolysis Journal of Biological Chemistry 218: 945–959 (pdf) Mendelson RA, Morales MF, Botts J. (1973) Segmental flexibility of the S-1 moiety of myosin. Biochemistry 12: 2250–2255 (doi:10.1021/bi00736a011) Morales MF, Botts J. | Manuel Morales | 0.846781 |
803 | Some graduate programs in the United States recommend taking this exam, while others require this exam score as a part of the application to their graduate programs. ETS sends a bulletin with a sample practice test to each candidate after registration for the exam. There are 180 questions within the biochemistry subjec... | GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test | 0.846781 |
804 | Two other options are available to satisfy the second requirement: having enough semester hours of specific science courses ("Category B") or passing the Fundamentals of Engineering exam ("Category C"). Note that the requirements for Category B eligibility are considerably more onerous than for Category A—not only must... | USPTO registration examination | 0.846772 |
805 | The kinematics and dynamics of rotation around a fixed axis of a rigid body are mathematically much simpler than those for free rotation of a rigid body; they are entirely analogous to those of linear motion along a single fixed direction, which is not true for free rotation of a rigid body. The expressions for the kin... | Rotation around a fixed axis | 0.846772 |
806 | Similar to the Senior Section, there are also two rounds, a written round (Round 1) and an invitational round (Round 2). The paper in Round 1 comprises 25 short answer questions, and is geared towards pre-university students. Topics tested include number theory, combinatorics, geometry, algebra, calculus (occasionally)... | Singapore Mathematical Olympiad | 0.846746 |
807 | In computer science, pathological has a slightly different sense with regard to the study of algorithms. Here, an input (or set of inputs) is said to be pathological if it causes atypical behavior from the algorithm, such as a violation of its average case complexity, or even its correctness. For example, hash tables g... | Pathological (mathematics) | 0.846725 |
808 | Named after Alan Turing, the game itself could (abstractly) duplicate the processes of any computer whatsoever if the game field itself were sufficiently large. This follows because the game is P-complete by the circuit value problem and PSPACE-complete if an exponential number of marbles is allowed. The device has imp... | Turing Tumble | 0.846719 |
809 | Data is a work written by Euclid for use at the schools of Alexandria and it was meant to be used as a companion volume to the first six books of the Elements. The book contains some fifteen definitions and ninety-five statements, of which there are about two dozen statements that serve as algebraic rules or formulas. ... | Greek geometric algebra | 0.846705 |
810 | Negation ¬x becomes ~X, complement relative to W. There is also set difference X\Y = X∩~Y, symmetric difference (X\Y)∪(Y\X), ternary union X∪Y∪Z, and so on. The atoms here are the singletons, those subsets with exactly one element. Examples 2 and 3 are special cases of a general construct of algebra called direct produ... | Boolean algebras canonically defined | 0.8467 |
811 | Graphical models, including electron density are a commonly employed tool in chemistry education. Note in the left-most image of aniline, high electron densities are associated with the carbons and nitrogen, but the hydrogens with only one proton in their nuclei, are not visible. This is the reason that X-ray diffracti... | Electronic density | 0.846698 |
812 | This caveat also applies to UV, even though almost all of it is not ionizing, because UV can damage molecules due to electronic excitation, which is far greater per unit energy than heating effects.Infrared radiation in the spectral distribution of a black body is usually considered a form of heat, since it has an equi... | Electromagnetic signal | 0.846694 |
813 | ⇒ 1. {\displaystyle 2.\Rightarrow 1. }: The implication is a direct generalization of a basic fact in linear algebra that a basis can be extracted from a spanning set of a vector space. | Semisimple representation | 0.846694 |
814 | In practice, however, the algorithm is fairly slow and of little practical interest, though it provided inspiration for later work that turned out to be of much greater practical use. Specifically, Karmarkar's algorithm, an interior-point method, is much faster than the ellipsoid method in practice. Karmarkar's algorit... | Ellipsoidal method | 0.846693 |
815 | In terms of Cartesian coordinates, the points of a hyperplane satisfy a single linear equation, so planes in this 3-space are described by linear equations. A line can be described by a pair of independent linear equations—each representing a plane having this line as a common intersection. Varignon's theorem states th... | 3-dimensional Euclidean space | 0.84669 |
816 | In universal algebra, an algebra (or algebraic structure) is a set A together with a collection of operations on A. An n-ary operation on A is a function that takes n elements of A and returns a single element of A. Thus, a 0-ary operation (or nullary operation) can be represented simply as an element of A, or a consta... | Equational reasoning | 0.846672 |
817 | Repeat the previous two steps until the burnout time and/or velocity has been calculated for the final stage.It is important to note that the burnout time does not define the end of the rocket stage's motion, as the vehicle will still have a velocity that will allow it to coast upward for a brief amount of time until t... | Rocket stage | 0.846668 |
818 | In mathematics, a semigroup is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with an associative internal binary operation on it. The binary operation of a semigroup is most often denoted multiplicatively (just notation, not necessarily the elementary arithmetic multiplication): x·y, or simply xy, denotes the res... | Semigroup | 0.84666 |
819 | The author sometimes referred to the reader directly. Physics received the primary focus. Equations are derived and explained, and common misconceptions are addressed. | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.846656 |
820 | Memory barrier instructions address reordering effects only at the hardware level. Compilers may also reorder instructions as part of the program optimization process. Although the effects on parallel program behavior can be similar in both cases, in general it is necessary to take separate measures to inhibit compiler... | Memory barrier | 0.846636 |
821 | As noted above, for small deformations, most elastic materials such as springs exhibit linear elasticity and can be described by a linear relation between the stress and strain. This relationship is known as Hooke's law. A geometry-dependent version of the idea was first formulated by Robert Hooke in 1675 as a Latin an... | Elasticity (solid mechanics) | 0.846621 |
822 | )Example 4 Being at least 30 years old is necessary for serving in the U.S. Senate. If you are under 30 years old, then it is impossible for you to be a senator. That is, if you are a senator, it follows that you must be at least 30 years old.Example 5 In algebra, for some set S together with an operation ⋆ {\displayst... | Necessary cause | 0.846595 |
823 | Any expression containing a radical, whether it is a square root, a cube root, or a higher root, is called a radical expression, and if it contains no transcendental functions or transcendental numbers it is called an algebraic expression. The positive root of a number is the inverse operation of Exponentiation with po... | Seventh root | 0.846583 |
824 | In the C example in the previous section, optimization opportunities abound. The compiler may follow this sequence of steps: The tmp += 0 statements in the lines marked (2) and (3) do nothing. The compiler can remove them. | Method inlining | 0.846573 |
825 | High-throughput technology makes sequencing to assemble new genomes accessible to everyone. Sequence polymorphisms are typically discovered by comparing resequenced isolates to a reference, whereas analyses of coverage depth and mapping topology can provide details regarding structural variations such as chromosomal tr... | Draft sequence | 0.846559 |
826 | A*: special case of best-first search that uses heuristics to improve speed B*: a best-first graph search algorithm that finds the least-cost path from a given initial node to any goal node (out of one or more possible goals) Backtracking: abandons partial solutions when they are found not to satisfy a complete solutio... | List of algorithms | 0.846553 |
827 | An algebraic structure is a set equipped with operations that satisfy some axioms. These axioms may be identities. Some axioms may contain existential quantifiers ∃ ; {\displaystyle \exists ;} in this case it is worth to add some auxiliary operations in order that all axioms become identities or purely universally quan... | Reflexive transitive closure | 0.846553 |
828 | In Cartesian geometry, equations are used to describe geometric figures. As the equations that are considered, such as implicit equations or parametric equations, have infinitely many solutions, the objective is now different: instead of giving the solutions explicitly or counting them, which is impossible, one uses eq... | Mathematical equation | 0.846551 |
829 | When searching for the minimum priority element, the search can start at L instead of at zero, and after the search L should be left equal to the priority that was found in the search. Alternatively, the eager version of this optimization keeps L updated so that it always points to the first non-empty bucket. When inse... | Bucket queue | 0.846543 |
830 | In computer science, a heap is a specialized tree-based data structure that satisfies the heap property: In a max heap, for any given node C, if P is a parent node of C, then the key (the value) of P is greater than or equal to the key of C. In a min heap, the key of P is less than or equal to the key of C. The node at... | Minimum-heap property | 0.84654 |
831 | For free atoms, electron configurations have been determined by atomic spectroscopy. Lists of atomic energy levels and their electron configurations have been published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for both neutral and ionized atoms.For neutral atoms of all elements, the ground-state ele... | D electron count | 0.846525 |
832 | Various methods of specifying memory geometry can be encountered, giving different types of information. | Memory geometry | 0.846507 |
833 | Educational: components for teaching machine learning concepts, such as k-means clustering, polynomial regression, stochastic gradient descent, ... Explain: provides an extension with components for the model explanation, including Shapley value analysis Geo: components for working with geospatial data. Image analytics... | Orange (software) | 0.846477 |
834 | First-year students meet daily for lectures in elementary number theory and thrice weekly for problem seminars. They are encouraged to think like scientists and devise their own proofs and conjectures to the problems posed, which occupies most of their free time. Ross designed the daily problem sets, and many questions... | Ross Program | 0.846473 |
835 | The analysis of the genomic features of ancient pathogen genomes allows researchers to understand the evolution of modern microbial strains that can hypothetically generate new pandemics or outbreaks. The analysis of aDNA is carried out by bioinformatic tools and molecular biology techniques to compare ancient pathogen... | Ancient pathogen genomics | 0.846467 |
836 | A common problem presented in introductory physics classes is a block subject to friction as it slides up or down an inclined plane. This is shown in the free body diagram to the right. The component of the force of gravity in the direction of the incline is given by: F g = m g sin θ {\displaystyle F_{g}=mg\sin {\the... | Sliding (motion) | 0.846465 |
837 | Skilled software engineers know a lot of computer science including what is possible and impossible, and what is easy and hard for software. Algorithms, well-defined methods for solving specific problems. Searching Sorting Parsing Numerical analysis Compiler theory Yacc/Bison Data structures, well-defined methods for s... | Outline of software engineering | 0.846465 |
838 | In universal algebra and in model theory, a structure consists of a set along with a collection of finitary operations and relations that are defined on it. Universal algebra studies structures that generalize the algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields and vector spaces. The term universal algebra is used f... | Interpretation function | 0.846445 |
839 | The primary goal of research in combinatorial computational geometry is to develop efficient algorithms and data structures for solving problems stated in terms of basic geometrical objects: points, line segments, polygons, polyhedra, etc. Some of these problems seem so simple that they were not regarded as problems at... | Computational Geometry | 0.846427 |
840 | Another dichotomy theorem for constraint languages is the Hell-Nesetril theorem, which shows a dichotomy for problems on binary constraints with a single fixed symmetric relation. In terms of the homomorphism problem, every such problem is equivalent to the existence of a homomorphism from a relational structure to a g... | Complexity of constraint satisfaction | 0.846425 |
841 | For example, the system x3 – 1 = 0, x2 – 1 = 0 is overdetermined (having two equations but only one unknown), but it is not inconsistent since it has the solution x = 1. A system is underdetermined if the number of equations is lower than the number of the variables. An underdetermined system is either inconsistent or ... | Polynomial system | 0.846416 |
842 | Mathematics – NCAA basketball tournament: There are 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (263) possible ways to enter the bracket. Mathematics – Bases: 9,439,829,801,208,141,318 (≈9.44×1018) is the 10th and (by conjecture) largest number with more than one digit that can be written from base 2 to base 18 using only the digits 0 t... | Orders of magnitude (numbers) | 0.846415 |
843 | Many key research questions remain, as they have been since the 1990s, such as: What is the best way to integrate neural and symbolic architectures? How should symbolic structures be represented within neural networks and extracted from them? How should common-sense knowledge be learned and reasoned about? How can abst... | Neuro-symbolic AI | 0.84641 |
844 | This amplification step is followed by next-generation sequencing or third-generation sequencing, alignment comparisons, and taxonomic classification using large databases of thousands of pathogen and commensal reference genomes. Simultaneously, antimicrobial resistance genes within pathogen and plasmid genomes are seq... | Infectious disease | 0.846397 |
845 | Spectroscopic studies were central to the development of quantum mechanics, because the first useful atomic models described the spectra of Hydrogen which models include the Bohr model, the Schrödinger equation, and Matrix mechanics which all can produce the spectral lines of Hydrogen, therefore, providing the basis fo... | Spectroscopic analysis | 0.846393 |
846 | For example, the class of groups, in the signature consisting of the binary function symbol × and the constant symbol 1, is an elementary class, but it is not a variety. Universal algebra solves this problem by adding a unary function symbol −1. | Structure (model theory) | 0.846366 |
847 | The roots of a polynomial expression of degree n, or equivalently the solutions of a polynomial equation, can always be written as algebraic expressions if n < 5 (see quadratic formula, cubic function, and quartic equation). Such a solution of an equation is called an algebraic solution. But the Abel–Ruffini theorem st... | Algebraic formula | 0.846363 |
848 | Hence, it is also termed inverse folding. Protein design is then an optimization problem: using some scoring criteria, an optimized sequence that will fold to the desired structure is chosen. | Protein Design | 0.846334 |
849 | Prior to the 2017 reform, the basic A-Level course consisted of six modules, four pure modules (C1, C2, C3, and C4) and two applied modules in Statistics, Mechanics and/or Decision Mathematics. The C1 through C4 modules are referred to by A-level textbooks as "Core" modules, encompassing the major topics of mathematics... | Advanced level mathematics | 0.846331 |
850 | Permeability depends on solubility, charge, or chemistry, as well as solute size. Water molecules travel through the plasma membrane, tonoplast membrane (vacuole) or organelle membranes by diffusing across the phospholipid bilayer via aquaporins (small transmembrane proteins similar to those responsible for facilitated... | Osmotic gradient | 0.846297 |
851 | Deep learning has attracted both criticism and comment, in some cases from outside the field of computer science. | Deep neural networks | 0.846291 |
852 | : 24, 43 The first of the Boys to join them was Segrè, who had been studying engineering. Segrè had got to know Rasetti through mountaineering and then been drawn into physics by their gatecrashing the first Volta Conference on Lake Como together. : 66 Amaldi as a schoolboy already knew Fermi through his father, a math... | Via Panisperna boys | 0.84628 |
853 | Air temperatures may vary much more, and though the water has a moderating effect, the air temperature more variable and may be much more extreme. : Ch 1.4 Seawater and splash zone chemistry: Ch 1.5 Biofouling: Ch 1.5 Currents cause drag loading on structures and equipment. | Marine construction | 0.84627 |
854 | By virtue of J1a, it is a complemented lattice whose upper bound is . By J0, is the corresponding lower bound and identity element. J0 is also an algebraic version of A2 and makes clear the sense in which aliases with the blank page. | Laws of Form | 0.846253 |
855 | A question that arises in the case of a non-trivial intersection between a normal subgroup N and a subgroup K is what is the structure of the quotient NK/N. Although one might be tempted to just "cancel out" N and say the answer is K, that is not correct because a homomorphism with kernel N will also "collapse" (map to... | Product of group subsets | 0.846244 |
856 | Depending on the prime factorization of n, some restrictions may be placed on the structure of groups of order n, as a consequence, for example, of results such as the Sylow theorems. For example, every group of order pq is cyclic when q < p are primes with p − 1 not divisible by q. For a necessary and sufficient condi... | Finite groups | 0.84624 |
857 | Although cross-validation may seem to be free of bias, the "no free lunch" theorems show that cross-validation must be biased. Maximum margin: when drawing a boundary between two classes, attempt to maximize the width of the boundary. This is the bias used in support vector machines. | Inductive bias | 0.846216 |
858 | Many mathematical objects consist of a set, often called the underlying set, equipped with some additional structure, such as a mathematical operation or a topology. It is a common abuse of notation to use the same notation for the underlying set and the structured object (a phenomenon known as suppression of parameter... | Abuse of notation | 0.846212 |
859 | The method of image charges is used in electrostatics to simply calculate or visualize the distribution of the electric field of a charge in the vicinity of a conducting surface. It is based on the fact that the tangential component of the electrical field on the surface of a conductor is zero, and that an electric fie... | Method of images | 0.846201 |
860 | The main property of linear underdetermined systems, of having either no solution or infinitely many, extends to systems of polynomial equations in the following way. A system of polynomial equations which has fewer equations than unknowns is said to be underdetermined. It has either infinitely many complex solutions (... | Underdetermined system | 0.846196 |
861 | Applications are far-reaching because set theory is the standard foundations of mathematics.Boolean algebra thus permits applying the methods of abstract algebra to mathematical logic and digital logic. Unlike groups of finite order, which exhibit complexity and diversity and whose first-order theory is decidable only ... | Power set algebra | 0.84619 |
862 | Even though the system is overdetermined there are typically infinitely many solutions. For example, the system of differential equations { ∂ f ∂ x + ∂ f ∂ y = 0 ∂ f ∂ y + ∂ f ∂ z = 0 {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}=0\\{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}+{\fra... | Frobenius integration theorem | 0.846181 |
863 | Every finite group whose order is divisible by p contains a subgroup which is a non-trivial p-group, namely a cyclic group of order p generated by an element of order p obtained from Cauchy's theorem. In fact, it contains a p-group of maximal possible order: if | G | = n = p k m {\displaystyle |G|=n=p^{k}m} where p doe... | P-primary group | 0.846175 |
864 | According to Wildt (see also Essex), current versions of non-equilibrium thermodynamics ignore radiant heat; they can do so because they refer to laboratory quantities of matter under laboratory conditions with temperatures well below those of stars. At laboratory temperatures, in laboratory quantities of matter, therm... | Nonequilibrium thermodynamics | 0.846161 |
865 | Hans van Halteren, Jakub Zavrel, Walter Daelemans. 2001. Improving Accuracy in NLP Through Combination of Machine Learning Systems. | Part-of-speech tagger | 0.846157 |
866 | Source: ACS - Division of Biological Chemistry | Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes | 0.846155 |
867 | Equations can be classified according to the types of operations and quantities involved. Important types include: An algebraic equation or polynomial equation is an equation in which both sides are polynomials (see also system of polynomial equations). These are further classified by degree: linear equation for degree... | Equation | 0.846152 |
868 | The SNAP gene finder is HMM-based like Genscan, and attempts to be more adaptable to different organisms, addressing problems related to using a gene finder on a genome sequence that it was not trained against. A few recent approaches like mSplicer, CONTRAST, or mGene also use machine learning techniques like support v... | Gene prediction | 0.84615 |
869 | Common uses of bioinformatics include the identification of candidate genes and nucleotides, SNPs. Often, such identification is made with the aim of better understanding the genetic basis of disease, unique adaptations, desirable properties, or differences between populations. In a less formal way, bioinformatics also... | Gene Disease Database | 0.846128 |
870 | A corresponding decision problem would be "is there a path from u to v that uses 10 or fewer edges?" This problem can be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no'. In the field of approximation algorithms, algorithms are designed to find near-optimal solutions to hard problems. The usual decision version is then an inadequa... | Optimization problem | 0.846124 |
871 | Lastly, Book VIII principally treats mechanics, the properties of the center of gravity, and some mechanical powers. Interspersed are some propositions on pure geometry. Proposition 14 shows how to draw an ellipse through five given points, and Prop. 15 gives a simple construction for the axes of an ellipse when a pair... | Pappus of Alexandria | 0.846121 |
872 | Researchers are asking questions such as "why do we have laboratory work in the curriculum? What is distinctive about laboratory work that cannot be met elsewhere in the curriculum?" Researchers are asking for evidence that the investment of space, time and resources in chemistry laboratories provides value to student ... | Chemistry education | 0.846115 |
873 | Detailed information about the physical properties of objects, gases, or even stars can be obtained from this type of device. Spectroscopes are widely used in astrophysics. For example, many hydrogen atoms emit a radio wave photon that has a wavelength of 21.12 cm. Also, frequencies of 30 Hz and below can be produced b... | Solar Light | 0.846099 |
874 | A Boolean algebra is a set A, equipped with two binary operations ∧ (called "meet" or "and"), ∨ (called "join" or "or"), a unary operation ¬ (called "complement" or "not") and two elements 0 and 1 in A (called "bottom" and "top", or "least" and "greatest" element, also denoted by the symbols ⊥ and ⊤, respectively), suc... | Boolean algebra (structure) | 0.846099 |
875 | He refused to accept it for infinite sets because if the set S is infinite, we cannot—even in principle—examine each member of the set. If, during the course of our examination, we find a member of the set with the property P, the first alternative is substantiated; but if we never find such a member, the second altern... | Principle of excluded middle | 0.846094 |
876 | The solution of some problems, typically in computer algebra and computational algebraic geometry, may be very large. In such a case, the complexity is lower bounded by the maximal size of the output, since the output must be written. For example, a system of n polynomial equations of degree d in n indeterminates may h... | Computational complexity | 0.846068 |
877 | This constant is denoted as -kx2. Reasoning in a similar way for the y and z quotients, three ordinary differential equations are obtained for the fx, fy and fz, along with one separation condition: Each of these 3 differential equations has the same solution form: sines, cosines or complex exponentials. We'll go with ... | Fourier optics | 0.846064 |
878 | This generalises the analogous concepts from algebra; for instance, a subgroup is a substructure in the signature with multiplication and inverse. A substructure is said to be elementary if for any first-order formula φ and any elements a1, ..., an of A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} , A ⊨ φ ( a 1 , . | Model Theory | 0.846033 |
879 | Although the RBF kernel is more popular in SVM classification than the polynomial kernel, the latter is quite popular in natural language processing (NLP). The most common degree is d = 2 (quadratic), since larger degrees tend to overfit on NLP problems. Various ways of computing the polynomial kernel (both exact and a... | Polynomial kernel | 0.846019 |
880 | It can have any length. AB therefore becomes the same as an algebraic variable, such as x (the unknown), to which any value might be assigned; e.g., x=3. Variables are defined in Apollonius by such word statements as “let AB be the distance from any point on the section to the diameter,” a practice that continues in al... | Apollonius of Perga | 0.846016 |
881 | A similar issue appears in rematerialization, a compiler optimization. In some environments, such as the Java programming language, table lookups can be even more expensive due to mandatory bounds-checking involving an additional comparison and branch for each lookup. There are two fundamental limitations on when it is... | Table lookup | 0.846014 |
882 | If we further assume that the relations { ∧ , ∨ } {\displaystyle \left\{\land ,\lor \right\}} are defined for all Q i {\displaystyle Q_{i}} , then W ( S ) {\displaystyle W\left(S\right)} is an orthomodular lattice, while all the possible unions of sets of complete questions form a Boolean algebra with the Q c ( i ) {\d... | Relational quantum mechanics | 0.846012 |
883 | A quadric, or quadric surface, is a 2-dimensional surface in 3-dimensional space defined as the locus of zeros of a quadratic polynomial. In coordinates x1, x2,x3, the general quadric is defined by the algebraic equation Quadric surfaces include ellipsoids (including the sphere), paraboloids, hyperboloids, cylinders, c... | Analytical geometry | 0.845991 |
884 | In universal algebra one studies algebraic structures consisting of a generating set A, a collection of operations on A of finite arity, and a finite set of identities that these operations must satisfy. The word problem for an algebra is then to determine, given two expressions (words) involving the generators and ope... | Word problem (mathematics) | 0.845989 |
885 | Example. Let a0 = 2, a = (−1, 0, 0) and b0 = −7, b = (0, 7, −2). Then (d: m) = (0: −2: −7: −7: 14: −4).Although the usual algebraic definition tends to obscure the relationship, (d: m) are the Plücker coordinates of L. | Plucker coordinates | 0.845975 |
886 | If each of the features makes an independent contribution to the output, then algorithms based on linear functions (e.g., linear regression, logistic regression, support-vector machines, naive Bayes) and distance functions (e.g., nearest neighbor methods, support-vector machines with Gaussian kernels) generally perform... | Supervised learning | 0.845967 |
887 | See the main article at Optimization (computer science).Some optimizations include improving the code so that work is done once before a loop rather than inside a loop or replacing a call to a simple selection sort with a call to the more complicated algorithm for a quicksort. | Performance tuning | 0.845961 |
888 | For example, consider a conductive cantilever tip and sample which are separated a distance z usually by a vacuum. A bias voltage between tip and sample is applied by an external battery forming a capacitor, C, between the two. The capacitance of the system depends on the geometry of the tip and sample. The total energ... | Electrostatic force microscope | 0.845959 |
889 | The results of learning need to be stored. Stored information will later be used by the learner for future inferences. Inferences are split into multiple categories including conclusive, deduction, and induction. In order for an inference to be considered complete it was required that all categories must be taken into ... | Inferential theory of learning | 0.845953 |
890 | A decision problem is EXPTIME-complete if it is in EXPTIME and every problem in EXPTIME has a polynomial-time many-one reduction to it. In other words, there is a polynomial-time algorithm that transforms instances of one to instances of the other with the same answer. Problems that are EXPTIME-complete might be though... | Exponential running time | 0.845953 |
891 | These are second-order structures.More complicated non-algebraic structures combine an algebraic component and a non-algebraic component. For example, the structure of a topological group consists of a topology and the structure of a group. Thus it belongs to the product of P(P(X)) and another ("algebraic") set in the ... | Equivalent definitions of mathematical structures | 0.845952 |
892 | In the second construction, the constructed DTM effectively performs a breadth-first search of the NTM's computation tree, visiting all possible computations of the NTM in order of increasing length until it finds an accepting one. Therefore, the length of an accepting computation of the DTM is, in general, exponential... | Nondeterministic model of computation | 0.845939 |
893 | He then agreed that something like an enzyme or ribosome would be capable of precise chemistry, but asked how the nanorobot would be able to obtain, control, and repair such an enzyme, and noted the incompatibility of many reactions with water-based biological systems, stating that "biology is wonderous in the vast div... | Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology | 0.84593 |
894 | There are at least two structurally equivalent formal definitions of quasigroup. One defines a quasigroup as a set with one binary operation, and the other, from universal algebra, defines a quasigroup as having three primitive operations. The homomorphic image of a quasigroup defined with a single binary operation, ho... | Inverse property loop | 0.845929 |
895 | : 307 One way of resolving the trade-off is to use mixture models and ensemble learning. For example, boosting combines many "weak" (high bias) models in an ensemble that has lower bias than the individual models, while bagging combines "strong" learners in a way that reduces their variance. Model validation methods su... | Bias–variance decomposition | 0.845903 |
896 | In coarse-grain models, each site can represent several water molecules. Many-body models. Water models built using training-set configurations solved quantum mechanically, which then use machine learning protocols to extract potential-energy surfaces. These potential-energy surfaces are fed into MD simulations for an ... | Water model | 0.845887 |
897 | Note that there are 3 translation "windows", or reading frames, depending on where you start reading the code. Finally, use the table at Genetic code to translate the above into a structural formula as used in chemistry. This will give you the primary structure of the protein. | Protein translation | 0.845887 |
898 | Given the cosine or sine of an angle, finding the cosine or sine of the angle that is half as large involves solving a quadratic equation. The process of simplifying expressions involving the square root of an expression involving the square root of another expression involves finding the two solutions of a quadratic e... | Quadratic equations | 0.845879 |
899 | This trichotomy comes about because quadratic equations of the form x 2 + p x + q = 0 , {\displaystyle x^{2}+px+q=0,} with p {\displaystyle p} and q {\displaystyle q} positive, have no positive roots.In between the rhetorical and syncopated stages of symbolic algebra, a geometric constructive algebra was developed by c... | Syncopated algebra | 0.845877 |
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