id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 20 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 104 | similarity float32 0.8 0.91 |
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1,400 | Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be designed and operated to generate power from a mechanical proc... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.842282 |
1,401 | Some other register allocation approaches do not limit to one technique to optimize register's use. Cavazos et al., for instance, proposed a solution where it is possible to use both the linear scan and the graph coloring algorithms. In this approach, the choice between one or the other solution is determined dynamical... | Register allocation | 0.842275 |
1,402 | In computing, a memory barrier, also known as a membar, memory fence or fence instruction, is a type of barrier instruction that causes a central processing unit (CPU) or compiler to enforce an ordering constraint on memory operations issued before and after the barrier instruction. This typically means that operations... | Memory barrier | 0.842274 |
1,403 | In group theory, a branch of abstract algebra in pure mathematics, a cyclic group or monogenous group is a group, denoted Cn, that is generated by a single element. That is, it is a set of invertible elements with a single associative binary operation, and it contains an element g such that every other element of the g... | Infinite cyclic subgroup | 0.842259 |
1,404 | However, not all the genes in a given input sequence can be identified through homology alone, due to limits in the size of the database of known and annotated gene sequences. Therefore, an intrinsic search is needed where a gene prediction program attempts to identify the remaining genes from the DNA sequence alone.Ma... | Machine learning in bioinformatics | 0.842257 |
1,405 | An MV-algebra is an algebraic structure ⟨ A , ⊕ , ¬ , 0 ⟩ , {\displaystyle \langle A,\oplus ,\lnot ,0\rangle ,} consisting of a non-empty set A , {\displaystyle A,} a binary operation ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } on A , {\displaystyle A,} a unary operation ¬ {\displaystyle \lnot } on A , {\displaystyle A,} and a constant ... | MV-algebra | 0.842248 |
1,406 | Molecular biophysics typically addresses biological questions similar to those in biochemistry and molecular biology, seeking to find the physical underpinnings of biomolecular phenomena. Scientists in this field conduct research concerned with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, inclu... | Biophysics | 0.842245 |
1,407 | The differential and integral formulations are mathematically equivalent; both are useful. The integral formulation relates fields within a region of space to fields on the boundary and can often be used to simplify and directly calculate fields from symmetric distributions of charges and currents. On the other hand, t... | Maxwell's laws | 0.842242 |
1,408 | In modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set { 0 , 1 , … , n − 1 } {\displaystyle \{0,1,\dots ,n-1\}} of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. Equivalently, the elements of this group can be thought o... | Multiplicative group of integers modulo n | 0.842238 |
1,409 | In 2011, statistics of each post-translational modification experimentally and putatively detected have been compiled using proteome-wide information from the Swiss-Prot database. The 10 most common experimentally found modifications were as follows: | Post-translational modification | 0.842223 |
1,410 | In particular, "problems from calculus and elementary probability theory" may occur. The subjects of most of the problems that have been posed at the NMC actually lie within the traditional IMO curriculum. However, problem 4 in 2002 must be deemed outside this curriculum since its formulation involves the concept of pr... | Nordic Mathematical Contest | 0.842218 |
1,411 | The problem belongs to the complexity class P. Two algorithms are known to prove that. The first approach is given by the Kleitman–Wang algorithms constructing a special solution with the use of a recursive algorithm. The second one is a characterization by the Fulkerson–Chen–Anstee theorem, i.e. one has to validate th... | Digraph realization problem | 0.842217 |
1,412 | SI Units Scalar (physics) Euclidean vector Motion graphs and derivatives Pythagorean theorem Trigonometry | List of physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula | 0.842204 |
1,413 | In terms of the query, however, the complexity of this process is generally nonelementary. Thanks to Courcelle's theorem, we can also evaluate a Boolean MSO formula in linear time on an input graph if the treewidth of the graph is bounded by a constant. For MSO formulas that have free variables, when the input data is ... | Monadic second-order | 0.8422 |
1,414 | An asymptotic lower bound of Ω ( n log n ) {\displaystyle \Omega (n\log n)} of the Euclidean minimum spanning tree problem can be established in restricted models of computation. These include the algebraic decision tree and algebraic computation tree models, in which the algorithm has access to the input points only... | Euclidean minimum spanning tree | 0.842178 |
1,415 | In the third edition, the collection of units was expanded to cover Common Core Standards for both grade eight and Algebra I. Each CMP grade level course aims to advance student understanding, skills, and problem solving in every content strand with increasing sophistication and challenge over the middle school grades.... | Connected Mathematics | 0.842174 |
1,416 | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an especially well studied biological model organism, partly due to its ease of culturing and the ability to manipulate its genetics. When illuminated, C. reinhardtii can grow photoautotrophically, but it can also grow in the dark if supplied with organic carbon. Commercially, C. reinhardti... | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | 0.842167 |
1,417 | The AP examination for AP Physics C: Mechanics is separate from the AP examination for AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism. Before 2006, test-takers paid only once and were given the choice of taking either one or two parts of the Physics C test. | AP Physics C: Mechanics | 0.842167 |
1,418 | : 22–23 Sequence overlap between two genetic elements (genes or coding sequences), called overlapping genes, can prevent their individual manipulation. To increase genome modularity, the practice of genome refactoring or improving "the internal structure of an existing system for future use, while simultaneously mainta... | Synthetic life | 0.842157 |
1,419 | These algorithms run faster than the naïve algorithm, some of them proportional to the square root of the size of the group, and thus exponential in half the number of digits in the size of the group. However none of them runs in polynomial time (in the number of digits in the size of the group). Baby-step giant-step F... | Discrete log problem | 0.842149 |
1,420 | for easy calculation. Formally, this is described in algebraic notation like this: (19 + 1) + (15 − 1) = x, but even a young student might use this technique without calling it algebra. The PSSM recommends that all students complete pre-algebra coursework by the end of eighth grade and take an algebra class during high... | NCTM standards | 0.842148 |
1,421 | There has also been interest in measuring the complexity of classification problems in supervised machine learning. This can be useful in meta-learning to determine for which data sets filtering (or removing suspected noisy instances from the training set) is the most beneficial and could be expanded to other areas. Fo... | Complexity | 0.842132 |
1,422 | It contains no computer exercises. Nevertheless, it is perfectly adequate for undergraduate instruction in physics. As of June 2005, Inglefield has taught three semesters using this book.Physicists Yoni Kahn of Princeton University and Adam Anderson of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory indicated that Griffiths'... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.842123 |
1,423 | D. nigroviridis has the smallest known vertebrate genome, roughly 340 million base pairs, and has thus been selected as a model organism for genetics. In 2004, a draft of its genome sequence was published. | Dichotomyctere nigroviridis | 0.842118 |
1,424 | For example, in code coverage: has a particular statement ever been executed? how many times has a statement been executed? have all the statements in a program been executed, at least once? have all the decision points in the code been exercised such that every decision path has been taken? has the last optimization r... | Test coverage | 0.842107 |
1,425 | There is a trade-off between the amount of time spent figuring out the best query plan and the quality of the choice; the optimizer may not choose the best answer on its own. Different qualities of database management systems have different ways of balancing these two. Cost-based query optimizers evaluate the resource ... | Query optimizer | 0.842094 |
1,426 | In this approach, the body is modeled as a set of point masses (nodes) connected by ideal weightless elastic springs obeying some variant of Hooke's law. The nodes may either derive from the edges of a two-dimensional polygonal mesh representation of the surface of the object, or from a three-dimensional network of nod... | Soft body dynamics | 0.842084 |
1,427 | A frequent theme was that ability to predict protein structures accurately based on the constituent amino acid sequence is expected to have a wide variety of benefits in the life sciences space including accelerating advanced drug discovery and enabling better understanding of diseases. Writing about the event, the MIT... | AlphaFold | 0.84208 |
1,428 | The largest infrared telescopes for infrared astronomy are listed in terms of diameter of primary mirror. The infrared spectrum with its longer wavelength than visible light has a number of challenges, especially for ground-based observatories but also in space. Notably infrared radiation is emitted by all physical obj... | List of largest infrared telescopes | 0.84208 |
1,429 | Computational chemistry – molecular dynamics simulation, molecular docking, quantum chemistry Bioinformatics – sequence alignment, structural alignment, protein structure prediction Mathematics – graph/network theory, population modeling, dynamical systems, phylogenetics. Medicine – biophysical research that emphasizes... | Biophysics | 0.842068 |
1,430 | training requirement – application programmers are not usually trained to produce generic solutionsThe following mainly apply to their use in multi-dimensional tables, not the one-dimensional tables discussed earlier. overhead – some increase because of extra level of indirection caused by virtual instructions having t... | Control table | 0.842068 |
1,431 | De Finetti emphasized a predictive inference approach to statistics; he proposed a thought experiment along the following lines (described in greater detail at coherence): You must set the price of a promise to pay $1 if there was life on Mars 1 billion years ago, and $0 if there was not, and tomorrow the answer will b... | Bruno de Finetti | 0.842055 |
1,432 | The 35s provides 30k bytes of user memory, which is shared among data, stored equations, and programs. Since complex numbers and vectors of up to three elements can be stored as a single value, each data variable occupies 37 bytes, enough for a type indicator and three floating-point numbers.The 26 alpha-labelled varia... | HP 35s | 0.842045 |
1,433 | The operations need not be all explicitly stated. A basis is any set from which the remaining operations can be obtained by composition. A "Boolean algebra" may be defined from any of several different bases. | Power set algebra | 0.842024 |
1,434 | Maxwell's equations are partial differential equations that relate the electric and magnetic fields to each other and to the electric charges and currents. Often, the charges and currents are themselves dependent on the electric and magnetic fields via the Lorentz force equation and the constitutive relations. These al... | Maxwell's theory | 0.842019 |
1,435 | Once the color is recorded the fluorophore is washed away and another dNTP is washed over the flow cell and the process is repeated. Starting with the launch of the NextSeq and later the MiniSeq, Illumina introduced a new two-color sequencing chemistry. Nucleotides are distinguished by either one of two colors (red or ... | Illumina dye sequencing | 0.842001 |
1,436 | The BPhO Round 1 is a two-sectioned paper consisting of Section A and Section B, both lasting for 1 hour and 20 minutes (+5 mins reading for section B). Section A has only one question, with many independent parts that test the candidate on a variety of topics in physics. Section A can be awarded a maximum of 50 marks,... | British Physics Olympiad | 0.841996 |
1,437 | In algebra, this problem can be expressed in three system equations with three unknowns. { 3 x + 2 y + z = 39 2 x + 3 y + z = 34 x + 2 y + 3 z = 26 {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}3x+2y+z=39\\2x+3y+z=34\\x+2y+3z=26\end{cases}}} This problem was solved in Jiuzhang suanshu with counting rods laid out on a counting board in ... | Rod calculus | 0.841992 |
1,438 | This product turns Z into an associative ring whose identity element is the class of the trivial double coset . In general, this ring is non-commutative. For example, if H = {1}, then the ring is the group algebra Z, and a group algebra is a commutative ring if and only if the underlying group is abelian. | Double coset | 0.841989 |
1,439 | 44 (1): 41. doi:10.2307/2688865. JSTOR 2688865. A challenge problem in geometry —— (November–December 1971). | Ted Kaczynski | 0.841989 |
1,440 | Beyond that, operations like the converse of a relation and the composition of relations are available, satisfying the laws of a calculus of relations, for which there are textbooks by Ernst Schröder, Clarence Lewis, and Gunther Schmidt. A deeper analysis of relations involves decomposing them into subsets called conce... | Left-unique relation | 0.841982 |
1,441 | In computer science, an enumeration algorithm is an algorithm that enumerates the answers to a computational problem. Formally, such an algorithm applies to problems that take an input and produce a list of solutions, similarly to function problems. For each input, the enumeration algorithm must produce the list of all... | Enumeration algorithm | 0.841981 |
1,442 | Maths C can be a pre-requisite to tertiary courses with a heavy maths/science basis. Some skills learned in Maths C would be found in business and economics degrees.The course is divided into four (4) semesters. The areas learned are in the following: Semester 1 (Year 11/Form 5): Real and Complex Numbers Matrices Vecto... | Mathematics education in Australia | 0.841974 |
1,443 | Elementary Mathematical Theory of Electricity. On Electrical Work and Energy in a System of Conductors. General Theorems. | A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism | 0.841974 |
1,444 | After Maxwell proposed the differential equation model of the electromagnetic field in 1873, the mechanism of action of fields came into question, for instance in the Kelvin’s master class held at Johns Hopkins University in 1884 and commemorated a century later.The requirement that the equations remain consistent when... | Relativistic electromagnetism | 0.841971 |
1,445 | Limited protein sequence libraries are made by generating proteins where groups of amino acids may be replaced by a single amino acid. For instance, several non-polar amino acids within a protein can all be replaced with a single non-polar amino acid. One project demonstrated that an engineered version of Chorismate mu... | Artificial lifeform | 0.841971 |
1,446 | The study of photon-mediated interactions among charged particles is called quantum electrodynamics.The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C) named after French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. In electrical engineering it is also common to use the ampere-hour (A⋅h). In physics and chemistry it is... | Positive charge | 0.841967 |
1,447 | There is no commonly accepted such description. In fact there are many different "relevant properties", which involve almost every subfield of algebraic geometry. A natural example of such a question concerning positive-dimensional systems is the following: decide if a polynomial system over the rational numbers has a ... | Polynomial system solving | 0.841967 |
1,448 | This can result in a signal that runs along the axon (see action potential) and is passed along at a synapse to another neuron and possibly on to a neural network. On presynaptic cells, there are receptors known as autoreceptors that are specific to the neurotransmitters released by that cell, which provide feedback an... | Neurotransmitter receptor | 0.841961 |
1,449 | The chosen reference frame determines whether an electromagnetic phenomenon is viewed as an electric or magnetic effect or a combination of the two. Authors usually derive magnetism from electrostatics when special relativity and charge invariance are taken into account. The Feynman Lectures on Physics (vol. 2, ch. | Classical electromagnetism and special relativity | 0.84196 |
1,450 | Discrete dynamic programming (see also Transfer-matrix method) 7.8. Branch-and-bound techniques 7.9. Herculean tasks (aka NP-hard problems) 7.10. Near-optimization Chapter 8 – Recursion (chapter 22 of "Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms") | The Art of Computer Programming | 0.841958 |
1,451 | The value of two components in parallel is often represented in equations by the parallel operator, two vertical lines (∥), borrowing the parallel lines notation from geometry. This simplifies expressions that would otherwise become complicated by expansion of the terms. For instance: If n components are in parallel, t... | Capacitors in series | 0.841957 |
1,452 | Robinson arithmetic with an axiom schema of induction. Most ring and field axioms bearing on the properties of addition and multiplication are theorems of Peano arithmetic or of proper extensions thereof.Lattice-like structures have two binary operations called meet and join, connected by the absorption law. Latticoid:... | Outline of algebraic structures | 0.841955 |
1,453 | Anything that starts with an uppercase letter identifies an atom in SLN. Hydrogens are not automatically added, but the single bonds with hydrogen can be abbreviated for organic compounds, resulting in CH4 instead of C(H)(H)(H)H for methane. The author argues that explicit hydrogens allow for more robust parsing. Attri... | SYBYL line notation | 0.841954 |
1,454 | This lattice is a Boolean algebra if and only if n is square-free. The bottom and the top element of this Boolean algebra is the natural number 1 and n, respectively. The complement of a is given by n/a. | Boolean algebra (structure) | 0.84193 |
1,455 | Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties: the frequency f, wavelength λ, or photon energy E. Frequencies observed in astronomy range from 2.4×1023 Hz (1 GeV gamma rays) down to the local plasma frequency of the ionized interstellar medium (~1 kHz). Wavelength is in... | Solar Light | 0.841909 |
1,456 | He gave integer solutions to 21 types of systems of two simultaneous Diophantine equations in two unknowns. These types are all the possible pairs of equations of the following seven forms: x + y = a , x − y = b , x y = c , x 2 + y 2 = d , x 2 − y 2 = e , x 3 + y 3 = f , x 3 − y 3 = g {\displaystyle \ x+y=a,x-y=b,xy=c,... | Chitrabhanu (mathematician) | 0.841898 |
1,457 | In order to amplify the epigenome library, bisulfite-treated DNA is primed to generate DNA with a specific tagging sequence. The 3' end of this sequence is then tagged again, creating DNA fragments with markers on either end. These fragments are amplified in a final polymerase chain reaction reaction, after which the l... | Whole genome bisulfite sequencing | 0.841896 |
1,458 | Structural biologists have made significant contributions towards understanding the molecular components and mechanisms underlying human diseases. For example, cryo-EM and ssNMR have been used to study the aggregation of amyloid fibrils, which are associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and type II di... | Structural Biology | 0.841894 |
1,459 | The Sylow theorems are a powerful statement about the structure of groups in general, but are also powerful in applications of finite group theory. This is because they give a method for using the prime decomposition of the cardinality of a finite group G {\displaystyle G} to give statements about the structure of its ... | Sylow p-subgroup | 0.841891 |
1,460 | Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that can be considered "discrete" (in a way analogous to discrete variables, having a bijection with the set of natural numbers) rather than "continuous" (analogously to continuous functions). Objects studied in discrete mathematics include integers, graphs, ... | Discrete math | 0.84189 |
1,461 | A more complex example involves the order of the smallest simple group that is not cyclic. Burnside's pa qb theorem states that if the order of a group is the product of one or two prime powers, then it is solvable, and so the group is not simple, or is of prime order and is cyclic. This rules out every group up to ord... | Sylow's theorem | 0.841871 |
1,462 | Single-molecule techniques impacted optics, electronics, biology, and chemistry. In the biological sciences, the study of proteins and other complex biological machinery was limited to ensemble experiments that nearly made impossible the direct observation of their kinetics. For example, it was only after single molecu... | Single-molecule experiment | 0.841863 |
1,463 | According to Peter Denning, the fundamental question underlying computer science is, "What can be automated?" Theory of computation is focused on answering fundamental questions about what can be computed and what amount of resources are required to perform those computations. In an effort to answer the first question,... | Computer sciences | 0.841856 |
1,464 | Structural biology of human proteins – The SGC has so far contributed over 2000 protein structures of human proteins of potential relevance for drug discovery into the public domain since 2003. Structures that constitute complexes with synthetic small molecules is aided by a partnership with the Diamond synchrotron in ... | Structural Genomics Consortium | 0.841855 |
1,465 | Often the categorization was based on common chemistry or identification of an input and output. For example, serine biosynthesis starts at 3-phosphoglycerate and ends at serine. This is a somewhat ad hoc means for defining pathways, particularly when pathways are dynamic structures, changing as environmental result in... | Elementary modes | 0.841854 |
1,466 | This means that all problems in the complexity class NP, which includes a wide range of natural decision and optimization problems, are at most as difficult to solve as SAT. There is no known algorithm that efficiently solves each SAT problem, and it is generally believed that no such algorithm exists; yet this belief ... | Propositional satisfiability | 0.841846 |
1,467 | For instance, if X is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss ("the experiment"), then the probability distribution of X would take the value 0.5 (1 in 2 or 1/2) for X = heads, and 0.5 for X = tails (assuming that the coin is fair). Examples of random phenomena include the weather condition in a future date, the heig... | Glossary of engineering: M–Z | 0.841837 |
1,468 | The term "algebra" denotes both a subject, namely the subject of algebra, and an object, namely an algebraic structure. Whereas the foregoing has addressed the subject of Boolean algebra, this section deals with mathematical objects called Boolean algebras, defined in full generality as any model of the Boolean laws. W... | Boolean operator (Boolean algebra) | 0.841823 |
1,469 | Scientists and researchers develop computational methods to analyze these massive data sets. This allows for an efficient comparison between the notable data points and allows for more accurate drugs to be developed.Analysts project that if major medications fail due to patents, that computational biology will be neces... | Computational evolutionary biology | 0.841813 |
1,470 | As with any polynomial identity testing question, it can be trivially transformed into the question "Is a certain polynomial equal to 0? "; in this case we can ask "Does ( x + y ) ( x − y ) − ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 0 {\displaystyle (x+y)(x-y)-(x^{2}-y^{2})=0} "? If we are given the polynomial as an algebraic expression (rathe... | Polynomial identity testing | 0.841802 |
1,471 | Tangential speed v {\displaystyle v} (Latin letter v), rotational frequency ν {\displaystyle \nu } , and radial distance r {\displaystyle r} , are related by the following equation: An algebraic rearrangement of this equation allows us to solve for rotational frequency: Thus, the tangential speed will be directly propo... | Rotational frequency | 0.841802 |
1,472 | An elementary observation is that one cannot have exactly 2 subgroups of index 2, as the complement of their symmetric difference yields a third. This is a simple corollary of the above discussion (namely the projectivization of the vector space structure of the elementary abelian group G / E p ( G ) ≅ ( Z / p ) k {\di... | Index of a subgroup | 0.841798 |
1,473 | The newly formed diatomic molecules initially have a very high vibrational temperature that efficiently transforms the vibrational energy into radiant energy; i.e., radiative heat flux. The whole process takes place in less than a millisecond which makes modelling a challenge. The experimental measurement of radiative ... | Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator | 0.841766 |
1,474 | Initially such topics cover most, if not all, of the subdisciplines of electrical engineering. At some schools, the students can then choose to emphasize one or more subdisciplines towards the end of their courses of study. At many schools, electronic engineering is included as part of an electrical award, sometimes ex... | Electrical engineering | 0.841753 |
1,475 | In particular the equation P = Q {\displaystyle P=Q} is equivalent to P − Q = 0 {\displaystyle P-Q=0} . It follows that the study of algebraic equations is equivalent to the study of polynomials. A polynomial equation over the rationals can always be converted to an equivalent one in which the coefficients are integers... | Polynomial equations | 0.84175 |
1,476 | The proof makes use of the "1", and does not work in a rng. (For a rng, omitting the axiom of commutativity of addition leaves it inferable from the remaining rng assumptions only for elements that are products: ab + cd = cd + ab.) Although most modern authors use the term "ring" as defined here, there are a few who us... | Ring (algebra) | 0.841746 |
1,477 | In the 1930s-1950s, the first protein structures were solved by protein crystallography. These early structures suggested that a fixed three-dimensional structure might be generally required to mediate biological functions of proteins. These publications solidified the central dogma of molecular biology in that the ami... | Intrinsically disordered protein | 0.841739 |
1,478 | In the context of machine learning, blended AI can involve using different types of models, such as generative AI, decision trees, neural networks, and support vector machines. By combining their results, predictions are more accurate and reliable. This blending of models can be done through techniques like ensemble le... | Blended artificial intelligence | 0.841721 |
1,479 | The identity of ions and the electrical conductivity of materials. Surface science and electrochemistry of cell membranes. Interaction of one body with another in terms of quantities of heat and work called thermodynamics. | Physical Chemistry | 0.841715 |
1,480 | In the theorem, an individual agent is faced with options called lotteries. Given some mutually exclusive outcomes, a lottery is a scenario where each outcome will happen with a given probability, all probabilities summing to one. For example, for two outcomes A and B, L = 0.25 A + 0.75 B {\displaystyle L=0.25A+0.75B} ... | Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem | 0.841715 |
1,481 | If the points are obstacles, then the edges of the graph will be the routes furthest from obstacles (and theoretically any collisions). In machine learning, Voronoi diagrams are used to do 1-NN classifications. In global scene reconstruction, including with random sensor sites and unsteady wake flow, geophysical data, ... | Voronoi diagrams | 0.841709 |
1,482 | Unlike classical control and classification problems, the solutions are complex and must be discovered and optimized in multidimensional space. Planning is also related to decision theory. automated reasoning An area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning. | Glossary of artificial intelligence | 0.841706 |
1,483 | On March 9, 2017, producers of the popular online brain-training program Lumosity announced they would collaborate with Harvard researchers to investigate the relationship between genetics and memory, attention, and reaction speed.Scientists at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the Harvard Me... | Personal Genome Project | 0.841698 |
1,484 | This problem can be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no'. The field of approximation algorithms deals with algorithms to find near-optimal solutions to hard problems. The usual decision version is then an inadequate definition of the problem since it only specifies acceptable solutions. Even though we could introduce s... | NP optimization problem | 0.84169 |
1,485 | Systems of linear equations Systems of algebraic equations that are solvable by radicals Differential equations Difference equations | SymPy | 0.841685 |
1,486 | For instance, many cell division genes that are critical for the development of cancer have been discovered in yeast. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga with well-studied genetics, is used to study photosynthesis and motility. C. reinhardtii has many known and mapped mutants and expressed sequence tags... | Model organism | 0.841684 |
1,487 | The explanation of blue color by Rayleigh in 1871 is a famous example of applying dimensional analysis to solving problems in physics; (see top figure). Scattering and absorption are major causes of the attenuation of sunlight radiation by the atmosphere. Scattering varies as a function of the ratio of particle diamete... | Sky color | 0.841672 |
1,488 | The biochemistry of the intermediate proteins determines how they interact in the cell. Therefore, biochemistry predicts how different combinations of alleles will produce varying traits.Extended expression patterns seen in diploid organisms include facets of incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles. Inc... | Phenotypic trait | 0.841667 |
1,489 | The unique homomorphic extension theorem is a result in mathematical logic which formalizes the intuition that the truth or falsity of a statement can be deduced from the truth values of its parts. | Unique homomorphic extension theorem | 0.841666 |
1,490 | The Visual Turing Test (VTT) unlike the Turing test has a query engine system which interrogates a computer vision system in the presence of a human co-ordinator. It is a system that generates a random sequence of binary questions specific to the test image, such that the answer to any question k is unpredictable given... | Visual Turing Test | 0.841657 |
1,491 | A special (rarely, if ever, implemented) segmented version of the sieve of Eratosthenes, with basic optimizations, uses O(n) operations and O(√nlog log n/log n) bits of memory.Using big O notation ignores constant factors and offsets that may be very significant for practical ranges: The sieve of Eratosthenes variation... | Sieve of Eratosthenes | 0.841649 |
1,492 | A typical study might involve how two proteins interact with each other, possibly with a view to developing small molecules that can be used to probe the normal biology of the interaction ("chemical biology") or to provide possible leads for pharmaceutical use (drug development). Frequently, the interacting pair of pro... | Protein nuclear magnetic resonance | 0.841648 |
1,493 | Alfred Eisenack's original guess was that the Chitinozoa were amoebae, specifically the rhizopod order Testacea, since similar chitin-based tests were produced by the extant members of this group. However, the chemistry of these tests differs from that of the fossils, and modern Testacea are almost exclusively fresh-wa... | Chitinozoan | 0.841645 |
1,494 | Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of applicatio... | Plant breeding | 0.841642 |
1,495 | In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, Fs = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total pos... | Spring Constant | 0.841634 |
1,496 | However, NMR experiments are able to provide information from which a subset of distances between pairs of atoms can be estimated, and the final possible conformations for a protein are determined by solving a distance geometry problem. Dual polarisation interferometry is a quantitative analytical method for measuring ... | Structural proteins | 0.841632 |
1,497 | A pointer is a programming concept used in computer science to reference or point to a memory location that stores a value or an object. It is essentially a variable that stores the memory address of another variable or data structure rather than storing the data itself. | Pointer arithmetic | 0.841624 |
1,498 | Knowledge about these changes may for example lead to the synthesis of hormonal equivalents capable of mimicking or inhibiting the action of a hormone, which might open possibilities for new therapies. Given that ASR has revealed a tendency towards ancient thermostability and enzymatic promiscuity, ASR poses as a valua... | Ancestral sequence reconstruction | 0.841623 |
1,499 | In classical electrodynamics, problems are typically divided into two classes: Problems in which the charge and current sources of fields are specified and the fields are calculated, and The reverse situation, problems in which the fields are specified and the motion of particles are calculated.In some fields of physic... | Radiation reaction | 0.841607 |
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