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1,300 | To illustrate one of the counter-intuitive implications of NFL, suppose we fix two supervised learning algorithms, C and D. We then sample a target function f to produce a set of input-output pairs, d. How should we choose whether to train C or D on d, in order to make predictions for what output would be associated wi... | No free lunch theorem | 0.842975 |
1,301 | For other programs, the C++ counterpart can, and usually does, run significantly faster than the Java equivalent. A benchmark performed by Google in 2011 showed a factor 10 between C++ and Java. At the other extreme, an academic benchmark performed in 2012 with a 3D modelling algorithm showed the Java 6 JVM being from ... | Java performance | 0.842973 |
1,302 | The P versus NP problem is an unsolved problem in computer science and mathematics. It asks whether every problem whose solution can be verified in polynomial time (and so defined to belong to the class NP) can also be solved in polynomial time (and so defined to belong to the class P). Most computer scientists believe... | Philosophy of computer science | 0.842968 |
1,303 | In addition to the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, intracellular concentration and cross-talk between different Rho proteins drives the extensions and contractions that cause cellular locomotion. Sakumura et al. proposed a model based on differential equations that helps explain the activity of Rho proteins an... | Rho family | 0.842963 |
1,304 | For many theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s27p21/27p33/2.Differences for other electron levels also exist. For example, the 6d electron levels (also split in two, with four being 6d3/2 and six being 6d5/2) are both raised, so they are close... | Tennessine | 0.842934 |
1,305 | If the organism is recaptured or a sample is obtained at a later date, then it is possible to determine if it was the same organism as in the initial capture. Having proper bioinformatics tools is essential for processing and analyzing DNA sequence data. Many important developments during the 1990s have made tracking w... | History of wildlife tracking technology | 0.842929 |
1,306 | In 2017 Tran et al. proposed DeepNovo, the first deep learning based de novo sequencing software. The benchmark analysis in the original publication demonstrated that DeepNovo outperformed previous methods, including PEAKS, Novor and PepNovo, by a significant margin. DeepNovo is implemented in python with the Tensorflo... | De novo peptide sequencing | 0.842928 |
1,307 | Nearing the completion of the Human Genome Project the field of genetics was shifting its focus toward determining the functions of genes. This involved cataloguing other collections of biological materials, like RNA and proteins in cells. These collections of materials were called -omes, evoking the widespread excitem... | Translatomics | 0.842919 |
1,308 | In the future of personalized medicine, whole genome sequence data may be an important tool to guide therapeutic intervention. The tool of gene sequencing at SNP level is also used to pinpoint functional variants from association studies and improve the knowledge available to researchers interested in evolutionary biol... | Full Genome Sequencing | 0.842914 |
1,309 | The main applications of this method presented in the original paper by Aggarwal et al. were in computational geometry, in finding the farthest point from each point of a convex polygon, and in finding optimal enclosing polygons. Subsequent research found applications of the same algorithm in breaking paragraphs into l... | SMAWK algorithm | 0.842908 |
1,310 | PrecisionFDA challenges have led to meaningful regulatory science advancements, including published best practices for benchmarking germline small-variant calls in human genomes. In addition, the challenges have incentivized the development and benchmarking of novel computational pipelines, including a pipeline that us... | PrecisionFDA | 0.842904 |
1,311 | From the perspective of computational learning theory, Bondy's theorem can be rephrased as follows: Let C be a concept class over a finite domain X. Then there exists a subset S of X with the size at most |C| − 1 such that S is a witness set for every concept in C.This implies that every finite concept class C has its ... | Bondy's theorem | 0.842882 |
1,312 | The existence of a unique solution is very plausible by the "physical argument": any charge distribution on the boundary should, by the laws of electrostatics, determine an electrical potential as solution. However, Karl Weierstrass found a flaw in Riemann's argument, and a rigorous proof of existence was found only in... | Dirichlet Problem | 0.842878 |
1,313 | This may constitute explanation of the code, rather than a clarification of its intent; but others tasked with maintaining the code base may find such explanation crucial. This might especially be true in the case of highly specialized problem domains; or rarely used optimizations, constructs or function-calls.For exam... | REM (command) | 0.842878 |
1,314 | 403). Although the Gödel sentence of a consistent theory is true as a statement about the intended interpretation of arithmetic, the Gödel sentence will be false in some nonstandard models of arithmetic, as a consequence of Gödel's completeness theorem (Franzén 2005, p. 135). | Gödel's theorems | 0.84287 |
1,315 | The axioms of an algebraic structure can be any first-order formula, that is a formula involving logical connectives (such as "and", "or" and "not"), and logical quantifiers ( ∀ , ∃ {\displaystyle \forall ,\exists } ) that apply to elements (not to subsets) of the structure. Such a typical axiom is inversion in fields.... | Algebraic system | 0.842861 |
1,316 | The numbers of electrons correspond to full shells in the quantum theory of the atom; the outer shell of a carbon atom is the n = 2 shell, which can hold eight electrons, whereas the outer (and only) shell of a hydrogen atom is the n = 1 shell, which can hold only two.While the idea of shared electron pairs provides an... | Covalently bonded | 0.842857 |
1,317 | Primary and secondary semantides contain the most information. In tertiary semantides, some information is lost, because many amino acids are coded for by more than one codon.Episemantic molecules (e.g. carotenoids) are also informative for phylogenetics. | Semantide | 0.842849 |
1,318 | A common use of induced homomorphisms is the following: by showing that a homomorphism with certain properties cannot exist, one concludes that there cannot exist a continuous map with properties that would induce it. Thanks to this, relations between spaces and continuous maps, often very intricate, can be inferred fr... | Induced homomorphism | 0.842848 |
1,319 | Therefore, a graph G is k-colorable (has a homomorphism to Kk) if and only if some orientation of G has a homomorphism to T→k.A folklore theorem states that for all k, a directed graph G has a homomorphism to T→k if and only if it admits no homomorphism from the directed path P→k+1. Here P→n is the directed graph with ... | Graph homomorphism | 0.842845 |
1,320 | But overdominance implies that yields on an inbred strain should decrease as inbred strains are selected for the performance of their hybrid crosses, as the proportion of harmful recessives in the inbred population rises. Over the years, experimentation in plant genetics has proven that the reverse occurs, that yields ... | Hybrid vigor | 0.842838 |
1,321 | An artificial chemistry is defined in general as a triple (S,R,A). In some cases it is sufficient to define it as a tuple (S,I). S is the set of possible molecules S={s1...,sn}, where n is the number of elements in the set, possibly infinite. | Artificial chemistry | 0.842834 |
1,322 | The addition (+) and multiplication (×) operations on natural numbers as defined above have several algebraic properties: Closure under addition and multiplication: for all natural numbers a and b, both a + b and a × b are natural numbers. Associativity: for all natural numbers a, b, and c, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c an... | Nonnegative integers | 0.84283 |
1,323 | In physics, the most common orbital descriptions are based on the solutions to the hydrogen atom, where orbitals are given by the product between a radial function and a pure spherical harmonic. The quantum numbers, together with the rules governing their possible values, are as follows: The principal quantum number n ... | F orbital | 0.842826 |
1,324 | The class of locally finite groups is closed under subgroups, quotients, and extensions (Robinson 1996, p. 429). Locally finite groups satisfy a weaker form of Sylow's theorems. If a locally finite group has a finite p-subgroup contained in no other p-subgroups, then all maximal p-subgroups are finite and conjugate. | Locally finite group | 0.842825 |
1,325 | The chloroplasts of plants have a number of biochemical, structural and genetic similarities to cyanobacteria, (commonly but incorrectly known as "blue-green algae") and are thought to be derived from an ancient endosymbiotic relationship between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and a cyanobacterial resident.The algae are ... | Botany | 0.842823 |
1,326 | The strength of this system was the choice of a very specific domain and a very simple world with rules of physics that were easy to encode in a computer program. In the 1970s, knowledge bases were developed that targeted narrower domains of knowledge. The question answering systems developed to interface with these ex... | Open domain question answering | 0.842814 |
1,327 | raised floor regelation relative density relative velocity reliability engineering Reynolds number rheology rigid body robotics root-mean-square root-mean-square speed rotational energy rotational speed | Glossary of civil engineering | 0.842786 |
1,328 | Many important complexity classes can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity classes of decision problems defined in this manner are the following: The logarithmic-space classes (necessarily) do not take into account the space needed to represent the problem. It turns ... | Computational complexity theory | 0.842772 |
1,329 | The analysis is automated, as it uses a technique known as shotgun sequencing. This high-throughput method is commonly used in population genetics. SNPs SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism), are used to detect variations in single nucleotides. | DNA ladder | 0.842748 |
1,330 | The n-ary Boolean operations themselves constitute a power set algebra 2W, namely when W is taken to be the set of 2n valuations of the n inputs. In terms of the naming system of operations nfi where i in binary is a column of a truth table, the columns can be combined with Boolean operations of any arity to produce ot... | Boolean algebras canonically defined | 0.842735 |
1,331 | There are several broadly recognized algorithmic techniques that offer a proven method or process for designing and constructing algorithms. Different techniques may be used depending on the objective, which may include searching, sorting, mathematical optimization, constraint satisfaction, categorization, analysis, an... | Algorithmic technique | 0.842734 |
1,332 | Moreover, some users of statistics argue that we should always work with the two-sided alternative. "One alternative to this advice is to use three-outcome tests. | Null hypothesis | 0.842726 |
1,333 | The engineering trade-off was then to use the fastest algorithm that could fit in the available memory. Modern computers are significantly faster than the early computers, and have a much larger amount of memory available (Gigabytes instead of Kilobytes). Nevertheless, Donald Knuth emphasised that efficiency is still a... | Computationally efficient | 0.842724 |
1,334 | The two most common ways of measuring temperatures for industrial applications are with resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) and thermocouples. The choice between them is typically determined by four factors. Temperature If process temperatures are between −200 and 500 °C (−328.0 and 932.0 °F), an industrial RTD is ... | Platinum-resistance thermometer | 0.842722 |
1,335 | Gene Expression and Profiling: gene arrays, real-time PCR. Mass Spectrometry: qualitative, quantitative, and structural analysis of proteins, carbohydrates, oligonucleotides, and lipids. Microscopy light microscopy and imaging, Confocal Microscopy Nucleic Acid Chemistry: DNA sequencing, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, ge... | Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities | 0.842707 |
1,336 | In biochemistry, chemical modification is the technique of anatomically reacting a protein or nucleic acid with a reagent or reagents. Obtaining laboratory information through chemical modification which can be utilized to: identify which parts of a molecule are exposed to a solvent.determine which residues are importa... | Chemical modification | 0.842699 |
1,337 | In potential theory and optimization, polarization constants (also known as Chebyshev constants) are solutions to a max-min problem for potentials. Originally, these problems were introduced by a Japanese mathematician Makoto Ohtsuka. Recently these problems got some attention as they can help to generate random points... | Polarization constants | 0.842685 |
1,338 | There is a set S of parts, each of which has a different lifetime. The goal is to assign the parts to the engines, such that the shortest engine lifetime is as large as possible.These three objective functions are equivalent when k=2, but they are all different when k≥3.All these problems are NP-hard, but there are var... | Multiway number partitioning | 0.842683 |
1,339 | Some organisms have adapted to lower levels of light through increasing its cellular chlorophyll amounts, and others have adapted by migrating vertically with varying nutrient and light levels. The DCM species composition vary with water chemistry, location, seasonality, and depth. Not only is there a difference in DCM... | Deep chlorophyll maximum | 0.842679 |
1,340 | The following partial converse is true for finite groups: if d divides the order of a group G and d is a prime number, then there exists an element of order d in G (this is sometimes called Cauchy's theorem). The statement does not hold for composite orders, e.g. the Klein four-group does not have an element of order f... | Order of a group element | 0.842671 |
1,341 | Because this specific instance of the trisection problem cannot be solved by compass and straightedge, the general problem also cannot be solved. Squaring the circle A square with area π {\displaystyle \pi } , the same area as a unit circle, would have side length π {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\pi }}} , a transcendental num... | Constructible number | 0.84267 |
1,342 | He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century... | Genetic trait | 0.842664 |
1,343 | Further, there is little consistency in the δ13C of most amino acids between cyanobacteria and eukaryotic photoautotrophs. These discrepancies demonstrate the limits of our understanding of the mechanisms that set amino acid isotopic compositions. Regardless, isotopic variations between different taxa have been used to... | Stable isotope composition of amino acids | 0.842657 |
1,344 | Chemistry is based on the ASAD chemistry code of the University of Cambridge. More than 100 chemical reactions involving 40+ chemical species are considered. Integration time step is 10 minutes, species can be combined into chemical families to facilitate integration. The module includes a radiative transfer model for ... | CLaMS | 0.842655 |
1,345 | (Since Q is countable, the field Q(S) will have the same cardinality as S for any infinite set S, and any algebraic extension of Q(S) will have the same cardinality again.) The transcendence degree of Q(e, π) over Q is either 1 or 2; the precise answer is unknown because it is not known whether e and π are algebraicall... | Transcendence degree | 0.842629 |
1,346 | MAXENT Artificial neural networks (ANN) Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production (GARP) Boosted regression trees (BRT)/gradient boosting machines (GBM) Random forest (RF) Support vector machines (SVM) XGBoost (XGB)Furthermore, ensemble models can be created from several model outputs to create a model that captures co... | Species distribution modelling | 0.842625 |
1,347 | In computer science, a pointer is an object in many programming languages that stores a memory address. This can be that of another value located in computer memory, or in some cases, that of memory-mapped computer hardware. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is k... | Data pointer | 0.842622 |
1,348 | However, when all job lengths are equal, the problem can be solved in polynomial time. It has several variants: The weighted optimization variant, 1| r j , p j = p {\displaystyle r_{j},p_{j}=p} | ∑ w j U j {\displaystyle \sum w_{j}U_{j}} , can be solved in time O ( n 7 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{7})} . The unweighted optimi... | Single-machine scheduling | 0.842614 |
1,349 | For example, 8 x − 5 {\displaystyle 8x-5} is an expression, while 8 x − 5 ≥ 5 x − 8 {\displaystyle 8x-5\geq 5x-8} is a formula. However, in modern mathematics, and in particular in computer algebra, formulas are viewed as expressions that can be evaluated to true or false, depending on the values that are given to the ... | Mathematical expression | 0.842612 |
1,350 | In physics, screening is the damping of electric fields caused by the presence of mobile charge carriers. It is an important part of the behavior of charge-carrying fluids, such as ionized gases (classical plasmas), electrolytes, and charge carriers in electronic conductors (semiconductors, metals). In a fluid, with a ... | Electric-field screening | 0.842598 |
1,351 | Protein structure prediction is the prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence—that is, the prediction of a protein's tertiary structure from its primary structure. It is one of the most important goals pursued by bioinformatics and theoretical chemistry. Protein structure p... | Systems biology modeling | 0.842585 |
1,352 | The fact that how fast reactions occur can often be specified with just a few concentrations and a temperature, instead of needing to know all the positions and speeds of every molecule in a mixture, is a special case of another key concept in physical chemistry, which is that to the extent an engineer needs to know, e... | Physical Chemistry | 0.842577 |
1,353 | This problem has been discussed in electronics literature at least as far back as 1955. Unlike some other paradoxes in science, this paradox is not due to the underlying physics, but to the limitations of the 'ideal circuit' conventions used in circuit theory. The description specified above is not physically realizabl... | Two capacitor paradox | 0.842576 |
1,354 | The technology can be defined as being at the same development point as the first automated DNA sequencers in the early 1990s. Automated DNA sequencing was a disruptive technology when it became practical and -even if early devices had shortcomings- it enabled genome scale sequencing projects and created the field of b... | High throughput biology | 0.842573 |
1,355 | If a loop is isotopic to a group, then it is isomorphic to that group and thus is itself a group. However, a quasigroup that is isotopic to a group need not be a group. For example, the quasigroup on R with multiplication given by (x + y)/2 is isotopic to the additive group (R, +), but is not itself a group as it has n... | Loop (algebra) | 0.842566 |
1,356 | Algebraic expressions may be evaluated and simplified, based on the basic properties of arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation). For example, Added terms are simplified using coefficients. For example, x + x + x {\displaystyle x+x+x} can be simplified as 3 x {\displays... | Elementary algebra | 0.842563 |
1,357 | Viral metagenomics is the metagenomic study of viral genetic material obtained from environmental DNA samples or clinical DNA samples obtained from a host or natural reservoir. Metagenomic methods can be applied to study viruses in any system and has been used to describe various viruses associated with cancerous tumor... | Viral metagenomics | 0.842555 |
1,358 | The structured support-vector machine is a machine learning algorithm that generalizes the Support-Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Whereas the SVM classifier supports binary classification, multiclass classification and regression, the structured SVM allows training of a classifier for general structured output labels... | Structured SVM | 0.842552 |
1,359 | ∴ | A | = | B | . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}0&=(A-B)\cdot (B-C)\\&=(A-B)\cdot (B+A)\\&=|A|^{2}-|B|^{2}.\\\therefore \ |A|&=|B|.\end{aligned}}} This means that A and B are equidistant from the origin, i.e. from the center of M. Since A lies on M, so does B, and the circle M is therefore the triangle's circumcircle.... | Thales' Theorem | 0.842551 |
1,360 | (0.000000000001; 1000−4; short scale: one trillionth; long scale: one billionth) ISO: pico- (p) Mathematics: The probability in a game of bridge of one player getting a complete suit is approximately 2.52×10−11 (0.00000000252%). Biology: Human visual sensitivity to 1000 nm light is approximately 1.0×10−10 of its peak s... | Orders of magnitude (numbers) | 0.842537 |
1,361 | The following students are eligible to take GATE: Bachelor's degree holders in Engineering / Technology / Architecture (3 years after 10+2/ 10+2+3(ongoing)/ 10+2+4(ongoing)/ Post-B.Sc./ Post-Diploma) and those who are in the final year of such programs ( Also prefinal year of B.tech). Master's degree holders in any bra... | Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering | 0.842512 |
1,362 | For example, in 2018, Fioravanti et al. developed an algorithm called Ph-CNN to classify data samples from healthy patients and patients with IBD symptoms (to distinguish healthy and sick patients) by using phylogenetic trees and convolutional neural networks.In addition, random forest (RF) methods and implemented impo... | Machine learning in bioinformatics | 0.842512 |
1,363 | (See also regularization (physics) for an alternative way to remove infinities from this classical problem, assuming new physics exists at small scales.) When calculating the electromagnetic interactions of charged particles, it is tempting to ignore the back-reaction of a particle's own field on itself. (Analogous to ... | Renormalization | 0.842507 |
1,364 | Many tasks that we would like to automate by using a computer are of question–answer type: we would like to ask a question and the computer should produce an answer. In theoretical computer science, such tasks are called computational problems. Formally, a computational problem consists of instances together with a sol... | Distributed processing | 0.8425 |
1,365 | This method could be helpful for manual de novo peptide sequencing, but doesn't work for high-throughput condition.The fourth method, which is considered to be successful, is the graph theory. Applying graph theory in de novo peptide sequencing was first mentioned by Bartels. | De novo peptide sequencing | 0.842494 |
1,366 | A solution is certified if it is provided with a bound on the error of the approximations, and if this bound separates the different solutions. The other way of representing the solutions is said to be algebraic. It uses the fact that, for a zero-dimensional system, the solutions belong to the algebraic closure of the ... | Polynomial system solving | 0.84249 |
1,367 | PCR could be used to synthesize specific pieces of DNA and made possible the sequencing of DNA of organisms, which culminated in the huge human genome project. An important piece in the double helix puzzle was solved by one of Pauling's students Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl, the result of their collaboration (Mesel... | History of chemistry | 0.84248 |
1,368 | Because it can be shown that P ≠ EXPTIME, these problems are outside P, and so require more than polynomial time. In fact, by the time hierarchy theorem, they cannot be solved in significantly less than exponential time. Examples include finding a perfect strategy for chess positions on an N × N board and similar probl... | P vs NP problem | 0.842468 |
1,369 | Often, an additional objective expression (i.e., an optimization equation) is given, that is to be minimized or maximized by an optimal solution.For example, 0 ≤ x 1 ≤ 690 − 1.5 ⋅ x 2 ∧ 0 ≤ x 2 ≤ 530 − x 1 ∧ x 1 ≤ 640 − 0.75 ⋅ x 2 {\displaystyle 0\leq x_{1}\leq 690-1.5\cdot x_{2}\;\land \;0\leq x_{2}\leq 530-x_{1}\;\la... | Inequation | 0.842462 |
1,370 | Suppose A is a logical matrix with no columns or rows identically zero. Then the matrix product, using Boolean arithmetic, A T A {\displaystyle A^{\operatorname {T} }A} contains the m × m identity matrix, and the product A A T {\displaystyle AA^{\operatorname {T} }} contains the n × n identity. As a mathematical struct... | Logical matrix | 0.842459 |
1,371 | Algebraic functions are functions that can be expressed as the solution of a polynomial equation with integer coefficients. Polynomials: Can be generated solely by addition, multiplication, and raising to the power of a positive integer. Constant function: polynomial of degree zero, graph is a horizontal straight line ... | List of mathematical functions | 0.842458 |
1,372 | Whether there exist so-called "absolutely undecidable" statements, whose truth value can never be known or is ill-specified, is a controversial point in the philosophy of mathematics. The combined work of Gödel and Paul Cohen has given two concrete examples of undecidable statements (in the first sense of the term): Th... | Second incompleteness theorem | 0.842455 |
1,373 | In computer science, a selection algorithm is an algorithm for finding the k {\displaystyle k} th smallest value in a collection of ordered values, such as numbers. The value that it finds is called the k {\displaystyle k} th order statistic. Selection includes as special cases the problems of finding the minimum, medi... | Selection problem | 0.842455 |
1,374 | These restrictions were relaxed by Aiken et al.This extended lambda calculus was intended to serve as a provably memory-safe intermediate representation for compiling Standard ML programs into machine code, but building a translator that would produce good results on large programs faced a number of practical limitatio... | Region-based memory management | 0.842442 |
1,375 | Return value optimization is supported on most compilers. There may be, however, circumstances where the compiler is unable to perform the optimization. One common case is when a function may return different named objects depending on the path of execution: | Copy elision | 0.842437 |
1,376 | In graph drawing and geometric graph theory, the slope number of a graph is the minimum possible number of distinct slopes of edges in a drawing of the graph in which vertices are represented as points in the Euclidean plane and edges are represented as line segments that do not pass through any non-incident vertex. | Slope number | 0.842435 |
1,377 | In 2019, Haojia et al compared both scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq in a genomic study around the kidney. They found snRNA-seq accomplishes an equivalent gene detection rate to that of scRNA-seq in adult kidney with several significant advantages (including compatibility with frozen samples, reduced dissociation bias and so on... | SnRNA-seq | 0.842428 |
1,378 | Often, a surface is defined by equations that are satisfied by the coordinates of its points. This is the case of the graph of a continuous function of two variables. The set of the zeros of a function of three variables is a surface, which is called an implicit surface. If the defining three-variate function is a poly... | Surface (mathematics) | 0.842424 |
1,379 | Therefore, P(A to B) consists of 16 complex numbers, or probability amplitude arrows. : 120–121 There are also some minor changes to do with the quantity j, which may have to be rotated by a multiple of 90° for some polarizations, which is only of interest for the detailed bookkeeping. Associated with the fact that the... | Quantum Electrodynamics | 0.842406 |
1,380 | The above properties depend on some axioms valid for groups. It is natural to consider Cayley tables for other algebraic structures, such as for semigroups, quasigroups, and magmas, but some of the properties above do not hold. | Cayley table | 0.842404 |
1,381 | He reported that there was a peak intensity that increased with temperature, that the shape of the spectrum was not symmetrical about the peak, that there was a strong fall-off of intensity when the wavelength was shorter than an approximate cut-off value for each temperature, that the approximate cut-off wavelength de... | Plancks law | 0.842399 |
1,382 | In mathematics, an algebraic equation or polynomial equation is an equation of the form P = 0 {\displaystyle P=0} where P is a polynomial with coefficients in some field, often the field of the rational numbers. For many authors, the term algebraic equation refers only to univariate equations, that is polynomial equati... | Polynomial equation | 0.842398 |
1,383 | It also demonstrates the principles behind electromagnetic shielding such as employed in the Faraday cage. The ice pail experiment was the first precise quantitative experiment on electrostatic charge. It is still used today in lecture demonstrations and physics laboratory courses to teach the principles of electrostat... | Faraday ice pail experiment | 0.842395 |
1,384 | Since DNA is an informative macromolecule in terms of transmission from one generation to another, DNA sequencing is used in evolutionary biology to study how different organisms are related and how they evolved. In February 2021, scientists reported, for the first time, the sequencing of DNA from animal remains, a mam... | DNA Sequencing | 0.842377 |
1,385 | Another limitation is that some relevant proteins will likely be missed since no extraction condition is all encompassing. It is possible that proteins with low stoichiometry of phosphorylation, in very low abundance, or phosphorylated as a target for rapid degradation will be lost. Bioinformatics analyses of low-throu... | Phosphoproteomics | 0.842375 |
1,386 | The MSC is a hierarchical scheme, with three levels of structure. A classification can be two, three or five digits long, depending on how many levels of the classification scheme are used. The first level is represented by a two-digit number, the second by a letter, and the third by another two-digit number. For examp... | Mathematics Subject Classification | 0.842375 |
1,387 | Interest related to pattern recognition continued into the 1970s, as described by Duda and Hart in 1973. In 1981 a report was given on using teaching strategies so that a neural network learns to recognize 40 characters (26 letters, 10 digits, and 4 special symbols) from a computer terminal.Tom M. Mitchell provided a w... | Applications of machine learning | 0.842364 |
1,388 | 44−47, under the heading "Running time estimates") 7.2.3. Generating inequivalent patterns (includes discussion of Pólya enumeration theorem) (see "Techniques for Isomorph Rejection", chapter 4 of "Classification Algorithms for Codes and Designs" by Kaski and Östergård) 7.3. Shortest paths 7.4. | The Art of Computer Programming | 0.842362 |
1,389 | A solid is a material that can support a substantial amount of shearing force over a given time scale during a natural or industrial process or action. This is what distinguishes solids from fluids, because fluids also support normal forces which are those forces that are directed perpendicular to the material plane ac... | Elastic theory | 0.842352 |
1,390 | If g is a homomorphism from a Boolean algebra B to a Boolean algebra C and MB is any B-valued model of ZF (or of any other theory for that matter) we can turn MB into a C -valued model by applying the homomorphism g to the value of all formulas. In particular if C is {true, false} we get a {true, false}-valued model. T... | Boolean-valued model | 0.842348 |
1,391 | It is also sometimes convenient to split the conversion factor βr into a "macroscopic part" that relates to the overall geometry of the emitter and its surroundings, and a "local part" that relates to the ability of the very-local structure of the emitter surface to enhance the electric field. This is usually done by d... | Field emitter | 0.842345 |
1,392 | In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone. Unlike a statistical ensemble in statistical mechanics, which is usually infinite, a machine learning ensemble consi... | Ensembles of classifiers | 0.842343 |
1,393 | More recently, deep learning techniques have been applied to solve the de novo peptide sequencing problem. The first breakthrough was DeepNovo, which adopted the convolutional neural network structure, achieved major improvements in sequence accuracy, and enabled complete protein sequence assembly without assisting dat... | De novo peptide sequencing | 0.842336 |
1,394 | {\displaystyle x={\frac {{\sqrt {4ac+b^{2}}}-b}{2a}}.} The Bakhshali Manuscript written in India in the 7th century AD contained an algebraic formula for solving quadratic equations, as well as quadratic indeterminate equations (originally of type ax/c = y). Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (9th century), possibly inspir... | Quadratic equation | 0.842333 |
1,395 | In physics, the electric displacement field (denoted by D) or electric induction is a vector field that appears in Maxwell's equations. It accounts for the electromagnetic effects of polarization and that of an electric field, combining the two in an auxiliary field. It plays a major role in topics such as the capacita... | Electric displacement field | 0.842319 |
1,396 | The present naming and subject assignment was established in 2002: Comptes Rendus Biologies – life sciences except paleontology and evolutionary biology. Continues in part Série IIC (biochemistry) and III. Comptes Rendus Chimie – chemistry. Continues in part Série IIC. | Comptes Rendus Mathématique | 0.842315 |
1,397 | Seq2seq is a family of machine learning approaches used for natural language processing. Applications include language translation, image captioning, conversational models, and text summarization. | Seq2seq | 0.842311 |
1,398 | Suppose a physics model requires four parameters which allow it to produce a very high-quality working model, generating predictions of some aspect of our physical universe. Suppose we find through experiments that the parameters have values: 1.2, 1.31, 0.9 and 404,331,557,902,116,024,553,602,703,216.58 (roughly 4×1029... | Hierarchy problem | 0.842304 |
1,399 | The class of fields is not an equational class because there is no type (or "signature") in which all field laws can be written as equations (inverses of elements are defined for all non-zero elements in a field, so inversion cannot be added to the type). One advantage of this restriction is that the structures studied... | Equational reasoning | 0.842295 |
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