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2,900 | Universal algebra defines a notion of kernel for homomorphisms between two algebraic structures of the same kind. This concept of kernel measures how far the given homomorphism is from being injective. There is some overlap between this algebraic notion and the categorical notion of kernel since both generalize the sit... | Kernel (category theory) | 0.836067 |
2,901 | Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 237–259. | John Horton Conway | 0.836058 |
2,902 | Convex hull algorithms for finding the convex hull of a finite set of points in the plane require Ω(n log n) time for n points; even relatively simple algorithms like the Graham scan achieve this lower bound. If the convex hull uses all n points, this is the best we can do; however, for many practical sets of points, a... | Output-sensitive algorithm | 0.836052 |
2,903 | Because GC bonds are more thermally stable, sequences with higher GC content exhibit a higher Tm. In 1987, the Ad Hoc Committee on Reconciliation of Approaches to Bacterial Systematics proposed the use of ΔTm as factor in determining species boundaries as part of the phylogenetic species concept, though this proposal d... | K-mer | 0.836044 |
2,904 | The first follows from direct diagonalization (the space hierarchy theorem, NL ⊊ NPSPACE) and the fact that PSPACE = NPSPACE via Savitch's theorem. The second follows simply from the space hierarchy theorem. The hardest problems in PSPACE are the PSPACE-complete problems. See PSPACE-complete for examples of problems th... | Polynomial space | 0.836042 |
2,905 | The problem of finding the minimum-weight basis of a weighted uniform matroid is well-studied in computer science as the selection problem. It may be solved in linear time.Any algorithm that tests whether a given matroid is uniform, given access to the matroid via an independence oracle, must perform an exponential num... | Uniform matroid | 0.836041 |
2,906 | The calculator can be set to display values in binary, octal, or hexadecimal form, as well as the default decimal. When a non-decimal base is selected, calculation results are truncated to integers. Regardless of which display base is set, non-decimal numbers must be entered with a suffix indicating their base, which i... | HP 35s | 0.836039 |
2,907 | Quadrature of the Parabola (Greek: Τετραγωνισμὸς παραβολῆς) is a treatise on geometry, written by Archimedes in the 3rd century BC and addressed to his Alexandrian acquaintance Dositheus. It contains 24 propositions regarding parabolas, culminating in two proofs showing that the area of a parabolic segment (the region ... | The Quadrature of the Parabola | 0.836038 |
2,908 | The variant in which inputs may be positive or negative, and T = 0 {\displaystyle T=0} . For example, given the set { − 7 , − 3 , − 2 , 9000 , 5 , 8 } {\displaystyle \{-7,-3,-2,9000,5,8\}} , the answer is yes because the subset { − 3 , − 2 , 5 } {\displaystyle \{-3,-2,5\}} sums to zero. The variant in which all inputs ... | Subset sum | 0.836035 |
2,909 | In the past, computer memory limitations were also a major factor in limiting which optimizations could be performed. Because of these factors, optimization rarely produces "optimal" output in any sense, and in fact, an "optimization" may impede performance in some cases. Rather, they are heuristic methods for improvin... | Compiler optimizations | 0.836032 |
2,910 | Nature 474 662–665 Alessandro Borgia, Philip M. Williams and Jane Clarke (2008) Single-molecule studies of protein folding. Annual Review of Biochemistry 77 101–125 Jung-Hoon Han, Sarah Batey, Adrian A. Nickson, Sarah A. Teichmann and Jane Clarke (2007) The folding and evolution of multidomain proteins. Nature Reviews ... | Jane Clarke (scientist) | 0.836024 |
2,911 | The following interatomic potential models are commonly used in materials science: Born-Mayer potential, Morse potential, Lennard Jones potential, and Mie potential. Although they give very similar results for the variation of potential energy with respect to the particle position, there is a non-negligible difference ... | Strengthening mechanisms of materials | 0.836021 |
2,912 | The Triple Phase Boundary (TPB) length, which is the length where porous, ionic and electronically conducting pathways all meet, directly relates to the electrochemically active length in the cell. The larger the length, the more reactions can occur and thus the less the activation polarization. Optimization of TPB len... | Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | 0.83602 |
2,913 | The problem has two facets: combinatorics (the "search phase space", in practice most acute for inorganic crystals), and energetics (or "stability ranking", most acute for molecular organic crystals). For complex non-molecular crystals (where the "search problem" is most acute), major recent advances have been the deve... | Crystal structure prediction | 0.836018 |
2,914 | In bioinformatics, sequence analysis is the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution. Methodologies used include sequence alignment, searches against biological databases, and others.Since the developm... | Sequence analysis | 0.836018 |
2,915 | Although many of these also apply to non-functional languages, they either originate in or are particularly critical in functional languages such as Lisp and ML. Tail-call optimization A function call consumes stack space and involves some overhead related to parameter passing and flushing the instruction cache. Tail-r... | Optimizing compilers | 0.836016 |
2,916 | For each of these geometries there are many different and inequivalent systems of axioms for various dimensions. Some of these axiom systems include "completeness" axioms that are not first order. As a typical example, the axioms for projective geometry use 2 types, points and lines, and a binary incidence relation bet... | First order theory | 0.836015 |
2,917 | Equation (1) is a form of the Kutta–Joukowski theorem. Kuethe and Schetzer state the Kutta–Joukowski theorem as follows: The force per unit length acting on a right cylinder of any cross section whatsoever is equal to ρ ∞ V ∞ Γ {\displaystyle \rho _{\infty }V_{\infty }\Gamma } and is perpendicular to the direction of V... | Kutta–Joukowski theorem | 0.836013 |
2,918 | Nonlinear optimization methods are widely used in conformational analysis. | Mathematical optimization | 0.836012 |
2,919 | As such, tracking students by their aptitude and deciding when they should take Algebra I has become topic of controversy in California and Massachusetts. Parents of high-performing students are among the most vocal critics of policies discouraging the taking of Algebra I in middle school.Geometry, usually taken in nin... | Mathematics education in the United States | 0.836007 |
2,920 | If the elements in the problem are real numbers or rationals, the decision-tree lower bound extends to the real random-access machine model with an instruction set that includes addition, subtraction and multiplication of real numbers, as well as comparison and either division or remaindering ("floor"). This model cove... | Knapsack constraints | 0.836007 |
2,921 | In addition to his research, Kellis co-taught for several years MIT's required undergraduate introductory algorithm courses 6.006: Introduction to Algorithms and 6.046: Design and Analysis of Algorithms with Profs. Ron Rivest, Erik Demaine, Piotr Indyk, Srinivas Devadas and others. He is also teaching a computational b... | Manolis Kellis | 0.836006 |
2,922 | This is particularly necessary in the observation of 'Ancestral Superiority'. In the trend of increasing thermostability, one explanation is that ML ASR creates a consensus sequence of several different, parallel mechanisms evolved to confer minor protein thermostability throughout the phylogeny – leading to an additiv... | Ancestral sequence reconstruction | 0.836003 |
2,923 | Applications of machine learning Bioinformatics Biomedical informatics Computer vision Customer relationship management – Data mining Earth sciences Email filtering Inverted pendulum – balance and equilibrium system. Natural language processing (NLP) Named Entity Recognition Automatic summarization Automatic taxonomy c... | Machine learning algorithms | 0.836002 |
2,924 | The book is sectioned into four parts. The first part, Genetics and the Scientific Method briefly review the History of genetics and the various methods used in genetic study. The second part focus on Mendelian inheritance, the third part deals with Molecular genetics and the last section deals with Quantitative geneti... | Principles of genetics | 0.835999 |
2,925 | This formulation does not immediately generalize to higher dimensions: for a finite set of points in three-dimensional space, a neighborhood of a spanning tree of the points encloses them with arbitrarily small surface area, smaller than the surface area of the convex hull. However, in higher dimensions, variants of th... | Minimum convex polygon | 0.835995 |
2,926 | Their technology could be used in molecular biology and in medical applications such as for better targeting of virus RNA or human RNA. Targeting human RNA after it has been transcribed from DNA, rather than DNA, would allow for more temporary effects than permanent changes to human genomes. The technology is made avai... | Timeline of biotechnology | 0.835991 |
2,927 | For forces defined from springs whose ideal length is proportional to the graph-theoretic distance, stress majorization gives a very well-behaved (i.e., monotonically convergent) and mathematically elegant way to minimize these differences and, hence, find a good layout for the graph. It is also possible to employ mech... | Force-directed graph drawing | 0.835991 |
2,928 | There is a field with no algebraic closure. In all models of ZF¬C there is a vector space with no basis. There is a vector space with two bases of different cardinalities. | Axiom of Choice | 0.835989 |
2,929 | In computer science and operations research, approximation algorithms are efficient algorithms that find approximate solutions to optimization problems (in particular NP-hard problems) with provable guarantees on the distance of the returned solution to the optimal one. Approximation algorithms naturally arise in the f... | Approximation algorithms | 0.835989 |
2,930 | A segment tree for a set I of n intervals uses O(n log n) storage and can be built in O(n log n) time. Segment trees support searching for all the intervals that contain a query point in time O(log n + k), k being the number of retrieved intervals or segments.Applications of the segment tree are in the areas of computa... | Segment Tree | 0.835988 |
2,931 | 1) A Context Imported task or function can access (read or write) any SystemVerilog data object by calling (PLI/VPI) or by calling Export task or function. Therefore, a call to Context task or function is a barrier for SystemVerilog compiler optimization. | SystemVerilog DPI | 0.835985 |
2,932 | In the early 2020s, molecular biology entered a golden age defined by both vertical and horizontal technical development. Vertically, novel technologies are allowing for real-time monitoring of biological processes at the atomic level. Molecular biologists today have access to increasingly affordable sequencing data at... | Molecular Biology | 0.835985 |
2,933 | cache: In computer science, a cache is a component that transparently stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster. The data that is stored within a cache might be values that have been computed earlier or duplicates of original values that are stored elsewhere. cloud: Cloud computing operatin... | Glossary of operating systems terms | 0.835984 |
2,934 | As a study of systems of polynomial equations in several variables, the subject of algebraic geometry begins with finding specific solutions via equation solving, and then proceeds to understand the intrinsic properties of the totality of solutions of a system of equations. This understanding requires both conceptual t... | Computational algebraic geometry | 0.835979 |
2,935 | Hilbert's tenth problem asks whether or not that number is 0. Let A = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , … , ℵ 0 } {\displaystyle A=\{0,1,2,3,\ldots ,\aleph _{0}\}} and let C {\displaystyle C} be a proper non-empty subset of A {\displaystyle A} . Davis proved that there is no algorithm to test a given Diophantine equation to determine ... | Hilbert's tenth problem | 0.835978 |
2,936 | Thus, to collect extrinsic evidence for most or all of the genes in a complex organism requires the study of many hundreds or thousands of cell types, which presents further difficulties. For example, some human genes may be expressed only during development as an embryo or fetus, which might be difficult to study for ... | Gene prediction | 0.835975 |
2,937 | The P versus NP problem, which remains open to this day, is also important for discrete mathematics, since its solution would potentially impact a large number of computationally difficult problems.Discrete mathematics includes: Combinatorics, the art of enumerating mathematical objects that satisfy some given constrai... | Mathematical discipline | 0.835973 |
2,938 | Satisfiability, in turn, was proved NP-complete in the Cook–Levin theorem. From a given CNF formula, Karp forms a graph that has a vertex for every pair (v,c), where v is a variable or its negation and c is a clause in the formula that contains v. Two of these vertices are connected by an edge if they represent compati... | Maximum clique problem | 0.835972 |
2,939 | The dimension of the image of the d-canonical mapping for all positive multiples d of some positive integer d 0 {\displaystyle d_{0}} . The transcendence degree of the fraction field of R, minus one; i.e. t − 1 {\displaystyle t-1} , where t is the number of algebraically independent generators one can find. The rate of... | Kodaira dimension | 0.83597 |
2,940 | This implements a distribution of bids for a resource of specific value V, where the bid for any specific contest is chosen at random from that distribution. The distribution (an ESS) can be computed using the Bishop-Cannings theorem, which holds true for any mixed-strategy ESS. The distribution function in these conte... | Evolutionary Game Theory | 0.835966 |
2,941 | Both discoveries led to the pre-eminence of the Swiss industry in the steroid hormone field. At Zurich, at ETH he became professor of organic chemistry and started the most brilliant period of his professional career. He widened the area of his research, adding to it the chemistry of higher terpenes and steroids. | Leopold Ružička | 0.83596 |
2,942 | According to measurements made as part of the Nearby Stars Project, Beta Pictoris has a spectral type of A6V and has an effective temperature of 8,052 K (7,779 °C; 14,034 °F), which is hotter than the Sun's 5,778 K (5,505 °C; 9,941 °F). Analysis of the spectrum reveals that the star contains a slightly higher ratio of ... | Beta Pictoris | 0.83596 |
2,943 | Another problem with ancient DNA samples is contamination by modern human DNA and by microbial DNA (most of which is also ancient). New methods have emerged in recent years to prevent possible contamination of aDNA samples, including conducting extractions under extreme sterile conditions, using special adapters to ide... | Ancient DNA | 0.835957 |
2,944 | Discrete geometry is a subject that has close connections with convex geometry. It is concerned mainly with questions of relative position of simple geometric objects, such as points, lines and circles. Examples include the study of sphere packings, triangulations, the Kneser-Poulsen conjecture, etc. It shares many met... | Geometry | 0.835948 |
2,945 | : 19 He was first to assign a fundamental place for algebra in the system of knowledge, using it as a method to automate or mechanize reasoning, particularly about abstract, unknown quantities. : 91–114 European mathematicians had previously viewed geometry as a more fundamental form of mathematics, serving as the foun... | René Descartes | 0.835946 |
2,946 | Note that due to the lack of associativity, the last axiom is not equivalent to the assumption that every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse, as is usually found in definitions of fields and division rings.In ring theory, combinatorics, functional analysis, and theoretical computer science (MSC 16Y60), a semi... | Semifield | 0.835946 |
2,947 | Thus, beyond their obvious application to problems of symmetry in the plane, these groups are among the simplest examples of non-abelian groups, and as such arise frequently as easy counterexamples to theorems which are restricted to abelian groups. The 2n elements of Dn can be written as e, r, r2, ... , rn−1, s, r s, ... | Dihedral symmetry | 0.835943 |
2,948 | Published protocols are sorted into the following categories: Biochemistry Cell and tissue culture Cell biology and developmental biology (includes detection of apoptosis and others) Computational biology and theoretical biology (includes bioinformatics) Genetic analysis (includes classical genetics, reverse genetics, ... | Nature Protocols | 0.835939 |
2,949 | The contact/friction force can enhance the overlap of electron cloud (or wave function in physics, bonding in chemistry). This model can be further extended to the cases of liquid-solid, liquid-liquid and even gas-liquid. Then, a hybrid layer model has been proposed to reveal the formation process of electric double la... | Zhong Lin Wang | 0.835936 |
2,950 | Its main drawback is that many bacterial species remain effectively uncultivable until their growth conditions are better understood. Therefore, optimization of the culturomics approach has been done by improving culture conditions.Unlike metagenomics, which relies on direct shotgun sequencing or 16S rRNA gene sequenci... | Culturomics (microbiology) | 0.835928 |
2,951 | In model theory, given a structure M which is a model of a theory T, a submodel of M in a narrower sense is a substructure of M which is also a model of T. For example, if T is the theory of abelian groups in the signature (+, 0), then the submodels of the group of integers (Z, +, 0) are the substructures which are als... | Extension (model theory) | 0.835921 |
2,952 | Then C ∖ P {\displaystyle C\setminus P} is a plane R 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}} , the circles can be represented in this plane by parabolas of the form y = a x 2 + b x + c {\displaystyle y=ax^{2}+bx+c} . In an analogous way, the classical 4 {\displaystyle 4} -dimensional Laguerre plane is related to the geometr... | Topological geometry | 0.835919 |
2,953 | If b = 0, then this is a division by zero, which is not defined. : 246 In the 21-apples example, everyone would receive 5 apple and a quarter of an apple, thus avoiding any leftover. Both forms of division appear in various algebraic structures, different ways of defining mathematical structure. | Right division | 0.835914 |
2,954 | In logic, a pseudoelementary class is a class of structures derived from an elementary class (one definable in first-order logic) by omitting some of its sorts and relations. It is the mathematical logic counterpart of the notion in category theory of (the codomain of) a forgetful functor, and in physics of (hypothesiz... | Pseudoelementary class | 0.835912 |
2,955 | Researchers and practitioners use metaheuristic search techniques, which impose little assumptions on the problem structure, to find near-optimal or "good-enough" solutions. SBSE problems can be divided into two types: black-box optimization problems, for example, assigning people to tasks (a typical combinatorial opti... | Search Based Software Engineering | 0.835912 |
2,956 | It is probably the largest database of its kind in the world. The data includes demographic information for the patient, and multiple determinations of the amount of virus in the patient's bloodstream, CD4 cells counts (a white blood cell critical to the function of the immune system that HIV targets and destroys), gen... | Resistance Database Initiative | 0.835912 |
2,957 | The best machine-reading system extracted 40% of relevant information from a small corpus and correctly determined how each passage related to the model.The second stage is to become active in summer 2015, when members attempt to produce a single reference model. The third stage is the most challenging, because the art... | Big Mechanism | 0.835905 |
2,958 | In mathematics, the algebraic butterfly curve is a plane algebraic curve of degree six, given by the equation x 6 + y 6 = x 2 . {\displaystyle x^{6}+y^{6}=x^{2}.} The butterfly curve has a single singularity with delta invariant three, which means it is a curve of genus seven. | Butterfly curve (algebraic) | 0.835904 |
2,959 | Forskolin is commonly used in biochemistry to raise levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the study and research of cell physiology. Forskolin activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and increases intracellular levels of cAMP. cAMP is an important second messenger necessary for the proper biological response of cells to hormone... | Forskolin | 0.835899 |
2,960 | The studies that were held at the faculty were: electrical engineering (industrial energetics), electrical engineering (power systems), mechanical engineering, electrical and technical education. In 1998, the Post-Secondary School of Technical Education dissociated from the faculty. Because of the significance of compu... | University of Kragujevac Faculty of Technical Sciences | 0.835896 |
2,961 | These decision tree models, defined by Rabin and Reingold, are often used for proving lower bounds in computational geometry. For example, Ben-Or showed that element uniqueness (the task of computing f: R n → { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \{0,1\}} , where f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is 0 if and only i... | Sensitivity conjecture | 0.835896 |
2,962 | In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic sol... | Denaturation (biochemistry) | 0.835892 |
2,963 | EHPs may also be called EHOs and are responsible for preventing and addressing health risks, as well as educating the community on these issues. EHPs have a deep understanding of fields such as microbiology, epidemiology, chemistry, toxicology, environmental science, and food science and are skilled in tracking and con... | Health inspection | 0.835891 |
2,964 | There are also precautionary vaccine stockpiles. Production capacities may also be important. See also: vaccine-to-variant adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Researchers have developed a portable virus capture device, coupled with label-free Raman spectroscopy for identification of newly emerging or circulating viruses ... | Pandemic prevention | 0.835884 |
2,965 | One application of betweenness arises in bioinformatics, as part of the process of gene mapping. Certain types of genetic experiments can be used to determine the ordering of triples of genetic markers, but do not distinguish a genetic sequence from its reversal, so the information yielded from such an experiment deter... | Betweenness | 0.835879 |
2,966 | Although closely related problems in discrete geometry had been studied earlier, e.g. by Scott (1970) and Jamison (1984), the problem of determining the slope number of a graph was introduced by Wade & Chu (1994), who showed that the slope number of an n-vertex complete graph Kn is exactly n. A drawing with this slope ... | Slope number | 0.835878 |
2,967 | In algebra, the terms left and right denote the order of a binary operation (usually, but not always, called "multiplication") in non-commutative algebraic structures. A binary operation ∗ is usually written in the infix form: s ∗ tThe argument s is placed on the left side, and the argument t is on the right side. Even... | Left and right (algebra) | 0.835875 |
2,968 | Substitution is a basic operation in algebra, in particular in computer algebra.A common case of substitution involves polynomials, where substitution of a numerical value (or another expression) for the indeterminate of a univariate polynomial amounts to evaluating the polynomial at that value. Indeed, this operation ... | Substitution instance | 0.835873 |
2,969 | The SAT Subject Test in Chemistry was a one-hour multiple choice test given on chemistry by The College Board. A student chose whether to take the test depending upon college entrance requirements for the schools in which the student was planning to apply. Until 1994, the SAT Subject Tests were known as Achievement Tes... | SAT Subject Test in Chemistry | 0.835869 |
2,970 | An equilibrium is finally reached when the potential difference is a few times the electron temperature. The Debye sheath is the transition from a plasma to a solid surface. Similar physics is involved between two plasma regions that have different characteristics; the transition between these regions is known as a dou... | Bohm sheath criterion | 0.835862 |
2,971 | The principal ideals form the ideal class which serves as an identity element for this multiplication. Thus a class has an inverse if and only if there is an ideal J such that IJ is a principal ideal. In general, such a J may not exist and consequently the set of ideal classes of R may only be a monoid. However, if ... | Ideal class group | 0.83585 |
2,972 | Research from 2010 suggests that ARs could be linked to the disease progression of triple-negative breast cancer and salivary duct carcinoma and that antiandrogens can potentially be used to treat it.As of 2010 antiandrogens are small molecules and can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal depending on ligand chemistry. ... | Antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome | 0.83585 |
2,973 | In algebra, a unit or invertible element of a ring is an invertible element for the multiplication of the ring. That is, an element u of a ring R is a unit if there exists v in R such that where 1 is the multiplicative identity; the element v is unique for this property and is called the multiplicative inverse of u. Th... | Unit (algebra) | 0.835849 |
2,974 | Each approach—symbolic, connectionist, and behavior-based—has advantages, but has been criticized by the other approaches. Symbolic AI has been criticized as disembodied, liable to the qualification problem, and poor in handling the perceptual problems where deep learning excels. In turn, connectionist AI has been crit... | Symbolic artificial intelligence | 0.835845 |
2,975 | Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, infrared and radio waves that radiate from stars and other celestial objects. A stellar spectrum can reveal many properties of stars... | Spectroscopic astronomy | 0.835844 |
2,976 | The identification of RBSs is used to determine the site of translation initiation in an unannotated sequence. This is referred to as N-terminal prediction. This is especially useful when multiple start codons are situated around the potential start site of the protein coding sequence.Identification of RBSs is particul... | Ribosome-binding site | 0.835839 |
2,977 | Electronic Information (options: electronics and communication engineering, control engineering, computer science, and software engineering) Mechanical Engineering Materials and Chemical Engineering (options: material sciences, and chemical engineering) Resources and Environment (options: geological engineering, enviro... | China University of Geosciences (Beijing) | 0.835837 |
2,978 | It is given on the Monday of the Health Physics Society's annual meeting, and on the same day at other locations throughout the country. After passing Part I, the applicant must pass Part II within a period of seven years, or retake both parts. If a candidate scores particularly poorly on Part II, he or she will be bar... | Certified health physicist | 0.835836 |
2,979 | Around 2011, a good ILSVRC classification top-5 error rate was 25%. In 2012, a deep convolutional neural net called AlexNet achieved 16%; in the next couple of years, top-5 error rates fell to a few percent. While the 2012 breakthrough "combined pieces that were all there before", the dramatic quantitative improvement ... | ImageNet | 0.835835 |
2,980 | : 27–29 However, despite the success of Drude's free electron model, it had one notable problem: it was unable to correctly explain the electronic contribution to the specific heat and magnetic properties of metals, and the temperature dependence of resistivity at low temperatures. : 366–368 In 1911, three years after ... | Condensed Matter Physics | 0.835828 |
2,981 | The computational complexity of the problem is a subject of research in computer science. For unbounded polyhedra, the problem is known to be NP-hard, more precisely, there is no algorithm that runs in polynomial time in the combined input-output size, unless P=NP.A 1992 article by David Avis and Komei Fukuda presents ... | Vertex enumeration problem | 0.835828 |
2,982 | Metagenomic sequencing is particularly useful in the study of viral communities. As viruses lack a shared universal phylogenetic marker (as 16S RNA for bacteria and archaea, and 18S RNA for eukarya), the only way to access the genetic diversity of the viral community from an environmental sample is through metagenomics... | Human metagenome | 0.835824 |
2,983 | The model can also be extended to other algebraic structures like rings.The generic group model suffers from some of the same problems as the random oracle model. In particular, it has been shown using a similar argument that there exist cryptographic schemes which are provably secure in the generic group model but whi... | Generic group model | 0.83582 |
2,984 | Since NUMA largely influences memory access performance, certain software optimizations are needed to allow scheduling threads and processes close to their in-memory data. Microsoft Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 added support for NUMA architecture over 64 logical cores. Java 7 added support for NUMA-aware memory... | Non-Uniform Memory Access | 0.835819 |
2,985 | The organizing committee in 2016 was Leora Morgenstern, Ernest Davis, and Charles Ortiz.In 2017, a neural association model designed for commonsense knowledge acquisition achieved 70% accuracy on 70 manually selected problems from the original 273 Winograd schema dataset. In June 2018, a score of 63.7% accuracy was ach... | Winograd Schema Challenge | 0.835819 |
2,986 | Differential equations with four or more singular points only infrequently have a solution which can be given explicitly as a series whose coefficients are known, or have an explicit integral representation. This partly explains why the classical hypergeometric function arises in many settings that seem to have nothing... | Richard Askey | 0.835817 |
2,987 | Botanists and biologists began to research A. thaliana in the early 1900s, and the first systematic description of mutants was done around 1945. A. thaliana is now widely used for studying plant sciences, including genetics, evolution, population genetics, and plant development. Although A. thaliana the plant has littl... | Thale cress | 0.835815 |
2,988 | They did this by cooling a dilute vapor consisting of approximately two thousand rubidium-87 atoms to below 170 nK (one nK or nanokelvin is a billionth (10−9) of a kelvin) using a combination of laser cooling (a technique that won its inventors Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips the 1997 Nobel ... | Cold | 0.835815 |
2,989 | S. iniae may be easily misidentified (or not identified at all) by conventional automated microbiology systems. Molecular genetics methods, such as DNA sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridization, can be useful for correct identification, although work by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has suggested they ... | Streptococcus iniae | 0.835811 |
2,990 | In place of the monomer name used in source-based nomenclature, structure-based nomenclature uses that of the "preferred constitutional repeating unit" (CRU). It can be determined as follows: A large enough part of the polymer chain is drawn to show the structural repetition. Consider as an example: The smallest repeat... | IUPAC polymer nomenclature | 0.83581 |
2,991 | There are two major approaches to defining and partitioning genotypic variance. One is based on the gene-model effects, while the other is based on the genotype substitution effects They are algebraically inter-convertible with each other. In this section, the basic random fertilization derivation is considered, with t... | Quantitative genetics | 0.835809 |
2,992 | Every left or right coset of H has the same number of elements (or cardinality in the case of an infinite H) as H itself. Furthermore, the number of left cosets is equal to the number of right cosets and is known as the index of H in G, written as . Lagrange's theorem allows us to compute the index in the case where G ... | Right coset | 0.835807 |
2,993 | Machine learning can help to restore and attribute ancient texts. It can help to index texts for example to enable better and easier searching and classification of fragments. Artificial intelligence can also be used to investigate genomes to uncover genetic history, such as interbreeding between archaic and modern hum... | Applications of artificial intelligence | 0.835806 |
2,994 | Scientists from the institute published a paper in Nature Genetics in 2012 demonstrating the ability to derive enough information from non-DNA sources to identify individuals whose supposedly anonymized biological data is stored in large research databases. The authors reported that measuring RNA levels in tissue allow... | Icahn Genomics Institute | 0.835797 |
2,995 | In general, any rotation can be specified completely by the three angular displacements with respect to the rectangular-coordinate axes x, y, and z. Any change in the position of the rigid body is thus completely described by three translational and three rotational coordinates. Any displacement of a rigid body may be ... | Rotation around a fixed axis | 0.835796 |
2,996 | In computer science, Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) is a heuristic search algorithm for some kinds of decision processes, most notably those employed in software that plays board games. In that context MCTS is used to solve the game tree. MCTS was combined with neural networks in 2016 and has been used in multiple boar... | Monte Carlo tree search | 0.835795 |
2,997 | Using data from previous experiments, the team used molecular dynamics to discover that two rod-shaped cadherins in an X-dimer formed catch bonds when pulled and in the presence of calcium ions. The calcium ions keep the cadherins rigid, while pulling brings the proteins closer together, allowing for hydrogen bonds to ... | Catch bond | 0.835795 |
2,998 | In abstract algebra, a finite group is a group whose underlying set is finite. Finite groups often arise when considering symmetry of mathematical or physical objects, when those objects admit just a finite number of structure-preserving transformations. Important examples of finite groups include cyclic groups and per... | Finite group | 0.835795 |
2,999 | Another powerful and very popular application for random numbers in numerical simulation is in numerical optimization. The problem is to minimize (or maximize) functions of some vector that often has many dimensions. Many problems can be phrased in this way: for example, a computer chess program could be seen as trying... | Monte-Carlo simulation | 0.835791 |
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