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2,800 | However, this required precise tuning of the distance between the transmitter and the reflector as the distance between source and reflector needed to be an exact multiple of the wavelength. This is more difficult than it sounds as the wavelength varies with the speed of sound, which varies with environmental factors s... | Acoustic levitation | 0.836365 |
2,801 | Algebraic structures appear in most branches of mathematics, and one can encounter them in many different ways. Beginning study: In American universities, groups, vector spaces and fields are generally the first structures encountered in subjects such as linear algebra. They are usually introduced as sets with certain ... | Outline of algebraic structures | 0.836356 |
2,802 | For example, Lowenstam (1981) stated that "organisms are capable of forming a diverse array of minerals, some of which cannot be formed inorganically in the biosphere. "Skinner (2005) views all solids as potential minerals and includes biominerals in the mineral kingdom, which are those that are created by the metaboli... | Bone mineralization | 0.836346 |
2,803 | 382) "indeed this is so foolish a theorem that to entertain it is discreditable". Karl Pearson showed that the probability that the next (n + 1) trials will be successes, after n successes in n trials, is only 50%, which has been considered too low by scientists like Jeffreys and unacceptable as a representation of the... | Haldane prior | 0.836341 |
2,804 | The rise of synthetic biology has also spurred biosecurity concerns that synthetic or redesigned organisms could be engineered for bioterrorism. This is considered possible but unlikely given the resources needed to perform this kind of research. However, synthetic biology could expand the group of people with relevant... | Hazards of synthetic biology | 0.836341 |
2,805 | Relations of this kind are treated in more detail in the Section "Types of spaces". It is not always clear whether a given mathematical object should be considered as a geometric "space", or an algebraic "structure". A general definition of "structure", proposed by Bourbaki, embraces all common types of spaces, provide... | Space (mathematics) | 0.836334 |
2,806 | A proof of this is as follows: The set of morphisms from the symmetric group S3 of order three to itself, E = Hom ( S 3 , S 3 ) {\displaystyle E=\operatorname {Hom} (S_{3},S_{3})} , has ten elements: an element z whose product on either side with every element of E is z (the homomorphism sending every element to the ... | Grp (category theory) | 0.836332 |
2,807 | Because GF(2) is a field, many of the familiar properties of number systems such as the rational numbers and real numbers are retained: addition has an identity element (0) and an inverse for every element; multiplication has an identity element (1) and an inverse for every element but 0; addition and multiplication ar... | Field with two elements | 0.836332 |
2,808 | Algebra Tutor PAT (PUMP Algebra Tutor or Practical Algebra Tutor) developed by the Pittsburgh Advanced Cognitive Tutor Center at Carnegie Mellon University, engages students in anchored learning problems and uses modern algebraic tools in order to engage students in problem solving and in sharing of their results. The ... | Intelligent tutoring systems | 0.83633 |
2,809 | A line segment in this new geometry is determined by three collinear points A, B and C and consists of those three points and all the points not separated from B by A and C. There are further consequences. Since two points do not determine a line segment uniquely, three noncollinear points do not determine a unique tri... | Foundations of geometry | 0.83633 |
2,810 | However, root-finding algorithms may be used to find numerical approximations of the roots of a polynomial expression of any degree. The number of solutions of a polynomial equation with real coefficients may not exceed the degree, and equals the degree when the complex solutions are counted with their multiplicity. Th... | Polynomial curve | 0.836329 |
2,811 | Circuit diagrams produced using this analogy match the electrical impedance of the mechanical system seen by the electrical circuit, making it intuitive from an electrical engineering standpoint. There is also the mobility analogy, in which force corresponds to current and velocity corresponds to voltage. This has equa... | Mechanical filter | 0.836324 |
2,812 | In combinatorial game theory there has been less emphasis on refining practical search algorithms (such as the alpha–beta pruning heuristic included in most artificial intelligence textbooks), but more emphasis on descriptive theoretical results (such as measures of game complexity or proofs of optimal solution existen... | Combinatorial game | 0.836321 |
2,813 | Upper bounds are usually easy to show in applications, and this is why people have worked more on proving lower bounds. Neglecting other forces, it is reasonable to assume that ordinary matter is composed of negative and positive non-relativistic charges (electrons and nuclei), interacting solely via the Coulomb force.... | Stability of matter | 0.836302 |
2,814 | Three different methods for this technique include analyzing the characterization of topology, intersubunit connectivity, and the degree of unfolding for protein structure. Analysis of protein structure unfolding is the most commonly used application of the SID technique. For Ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), SID... | Mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry | 0.836297 |
2,815 | This arrangement, also known as a "PDL trap" for "parallel dipole line", was the subject of the 2017 International Physics Olympiad.In the magnetic system, the camelback potential effect only occurs when the length of the diamagnetic rod is between two critical lengths. Below the minimum length, the magnet is hypothesi... | Camelback potential | 0.836293 |
2,816 | This leads to the problem of transposing an n × m matrix in-place, with O(1) additional storage or at most storage much less than mn. For n ≠ m, this involves a complicated permutation of the data elements that is non-trivial to implement in-place. Therefore, efficient in-place matrix transposition has been the subject... | Transpose matrix | 0.836293 |
2,817 | This result was met with much skepticism in the physics community. The radio astronomy result was justified by Maxwell's equations, but there were concerns that the effect should break down at optical wavelengths, since the light would be quantised into a relatively small number of photons that induce discrete photoele... | Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect | 0.836289 |
2,818 | Feedback arc sets have applications in circuit analysis, chemical engineering, deadlock resolution, ranked voting, ranking competitors in sporting events, mathematical psychology, ethology, and graph drawing. Finding minimum feedback arc sets and maximum acyclic subgraphs is NP-hard; it can be solved exactly in exponen... | Minimum feedback arc set | 0.836289 |
2,819 | Let H {\displaystyle H} be a normal subgroup of finite index n {\displaystyle n} in a group G {\displaystyle G} . Then we have x H = H x {\displaystyle xH=Hx} , for all x ∈ G {\displaystyle x\in G} , and there exists the quotient group G / H {\displaystyle G/H} of order n {\displaystyle n} . For an element x ∈ G {\disp... | Artin transfer (group theory) | 0.836288 |
2,820 | The term is used as means of asking students to write down equations using simple mathematical symbols (numerals, the four main basic mathematical operators, equality symbol). Sometimes boxes or shapes are used to indicate unknown values. As such, number sentences are used to introduce students to notions of structure ... | Number sentence | 0.836282 |
2,821 | Hence the area A of the region between two neighboring arcs is A only depends on the difference of the two angles, not on the angles themselves. For the example shown in the diagram, all neighboring stripes have the same area: A1 = A2 = A3. This property is used in electrical engineering for the construction of variabl... | Fermat's spiral | 0.836282 |
2,822 | The Phase tests are: Test 1 with 6 proof-based problems which questions are similar to Prelim’s in August Iranian Geometry Olympiad (IGO) (Not compulsory) with 5 proof-based problems in October Test 2 with 4 proof-based problems in October Hong Kong (China) Mathematical Olympiad with 4 proof-based problems in December ... | International Mathematical Olympiad selection process | 0.836279 |
2,823 | Algebraic numbers appear as solutions to polynomial equations (with integer coefficients) and may involve radicals (including i = − 1 {\displaystyle i={\sqrt {-1\,}}} ) and certain other irrational numbers. A Q with an overline ( Q ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}} ) often represents this set. The overline d... | Naive Set Theory | 0.836273 |
2,824 | Researchers begin by choosing a biological pathway and diagramming all of the protein interactions. After determining all of the interactions of the proteins, mass action kinetics is utilized to describe the speed of the reactions in the system. Mass action kinetics will provide differential equations to model the biol... | Molecular physiology | 0.836264 |
2,825 | The second chapter considers the symmetries of polyhedra, the Platonic solids and Archimedean solids, and the honeycombs formed by space-filling polyhedra. Chapter 3 covers the history of geometry in medieval Islam and early Europe, including connections to astronomy and the study of visual perspective, and Chapter 4 c... | Polyhedra (book) | 0.836262 |
2,826 | The composition of functions creates the algebraic structure of a monoid. When the set S has only two elements, the monoid is known as the dyadic monoid. The dyadic monoid can be visualized as an infinite binary tree; more generally, if the set S has p elements, then the monoid may be represented as a p-adic tree. The ... | Self-similarity | 0.836257 |
2,827 | For example, if there is a graph G {\displaystyle G} which contains vertices u {\displaystyle u} and v {\displaystyle v} , an optimization problem might be "find a path from u {\displaystyle u} to v {\displaystyle v} that uses the fewest edges". This problem might have an answer of, say, 4. A corresponding decision pro... | NP optimization problem | 0.836255 |
2,828 | The most widely used learning algorithms are: Support-vector machines Linear regression Logistic regression Naive Bayes Linear discriminant analysis Decision trees K-nearest neighbor algorithm Neural networks (Multilayer perceptron) Similarity learning | Supervised classification | 0.836254 |
2,829 | "forty-two": 42 Elvis operator: x ? : y Null coalescing operator: x ?? y Spaceship operator (for three-way comparison): x <=> y Compound operators combining two or more atomic operations into one to simplify expressions, ease compiler optimizations depending on the underlying hardware implementation, or improve perform... | Fused operation | 0.836254 |
2,830 | This problem involved finding the existence of Lagrange multipliers for general linear programs over a continuum of variables, each bounded between zero and one, and satisfying linear constraints expressed in the form of Lebesgue integrals. Dantzig later published his "homework" as a thesis to earn his doctorate. The c... | Pivot operations | 0.836253 |
2,831 | Computational methods such as the trapezoidal rule are encountered for evaluating integrals. The course includes a brief foray into series and sequences, including an application to basic finance through the modelling of compound interest. The nature of lines, circles and parabolas as loci are investigated however thes... | Mathematics education in Australia | 0.836251 |
2,832 | Through the discovery of X-rays and its applications to protein crystals, structural biology was revolutionized, as now scientists could obtain the three-dimensional structures of biological molecules in atomic detail. Likewise, NMR spectroscopy allowed information about protein structure and dynamics to be obtained. F... | Structural biologist | 0.83625 |
2,833 | The radian is widely used in physics when angular measurements are required. For example, angular velocity is typically expressed in the unit radian per second (rad/s). One revolution per second corresponds to 2π radians per second. Similarly, the unit used for angular acceleration is often radian per second per second... | Radian | 0.836238 |
2,834 | Under the assumption that P ≠ NP, Ladner explicitly constructs a problem in NPI, although this problem is artificial and otherwise uninteresting. It is an open question whether any "natural" problem has the same property: Schaefer's dichotomy theorem provides conditions under which classes of constrained Boolean satisf... | Ladner's theorem | 0.836237 |
2,835 | There are also more subtle limitations of first-order logic that are implied by the compactness theorem. For example, in computer science, many situations can be modeled as a directed graph of states (nodes) and connections (directed edges). Validating such a system may require showing that no "bad" state can be reache... | First order language | 0.836237 |
2,836 | An extra intermediate purification step can be added or optimization of the different steps is performed for improving purity. This extra step usually involves another round of IEC under completely different conditions. Although this is an example of a common purification protocol for proteins, the buffer conditions, f... | Fast protein liquid chromatography | 0.836236 |
2,837 | By indirecting the variable names in this way, a reference to a variable needed only one byte to address its entry into the appropriate table. String variables had their own area. One BBC BASIC performance optimization included using multiple linked lists for variable lookup rather than a single long list, as in Micros... | BASIC interpreter | 0.836235 |
2,838 | The following steps are derived from one potential workflow of conventional whole genome bisulfite sequencing: target DNA extraction, bisulfite conversion, library amplification, and bioinformatics analysis. However, various sequencing systems and analysis tools often adapt the technical parameters and order of the fol... | Whole genome bisulfite sequencing | 0.836232 |
2,839 | 3. Pure Mathematics: Explores advanced topics in algebra, calculus, and mathematical proofs. 4. | Advanced level mathematics | 0.836229 |
2,840 | Several algorithms exist to provide an efficient way to determine string distance and specify the minimum number of transformation operations required. Such algorithms are particularly useful for delta creation operations where something is stored as a set of differences relative to a base version. This allows several ... | String-to-string correction problem | 0.836223 |
2,841 | Given a field extension L / K, a subset S of L is called algebraically independent over K if no non-trivial polynomial relation with coefficients in K exists among the elements of S. The largest cardinality of an algebraically independent set is called the transcendence degree of L/K. It is always possible to find a se... | Finitely generated field extension | 0.83622 |
2,842 | The 4 main classes of molecules in biochemistry (often called biomolecules) are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Many biological molecules are polymers: in this terminology, monomers are relatively small macromolecules that are linked together to create large macromolecules known as polymers. When mo... | Biochemistry | 0.83622 |
2,843 | The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero element may be computed with the extended Euclidean algorithm; see Extended Euclidean algorithm § Simple algebraic field extensions. However, with this representation, elements of GF(q) may be difficult to distinguish from the corresponding polynomials. Therefore, it is common t... | Finite Field | 0.836218 |
2,844 | This band is commonly used in radio astronomy and remote sensing. Ground-based radio astronomy is limited to high altitude sites such as Kitt Peak and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) due to atmospheric absorption issues. Satellite-based remote sensing near 60 GHz can determine temperature in the upper atmosphere ... | Millimeter wave | 0.836216 |
2,845 | Many elementary word problems in combinatorics are resolved by the theorems above. | Stars and bars (combinatorics) | 0.836214 |
2,846 | More generally, if p is a prime and n, m are positive integers with n dividing m, then = m/n. The field extension C(T)/C, where C(T) is the field of rational functions over C, has infinite degree (indeed it is a purely transcendental extension). This can be seen by observing that the elements 1, T, T2, etc., are linea... | Finite field extension | 0.836211 |
2,847 | The oral polio vaccine (OPV) AIDS hypothesis is a now-discredited hypothesis that the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in chimpanzee tissue cultures, accidentally contaminated with simian immunodeficiency virus and then administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 and 1960 in experi... | OPV AIDS hypothesis | 0.83621 |
2,848 | In the Einstein field equations, it quantifies the relation between the geometry of spacetime and the energy–momentum tensor (also referred to as the stress–energy tensor). The measured value of the constant is known with some certainty to four significant digits. In SI units, its value is approximately 6.674×10−11 m3⋅... | Glossary of aerospace engineering | 0.83621 |
2,849 | Measure Theory 6. Number Theory 7. Operators 8. | Miklós Schweitzer Competition | 0.836209 |
2,850 | When a human uses an AI's output, they often want to understand why a model gave a certain output. While some models, like decision trees, are inherently explainable, black box models do not have clear explanations. Various Explainable artificial intelligence methods aim to describe model outputs with post-hoc explanat... | Human–artificial intelligence collaboration | 0.836209 |
2,851 | The Mesosphere, Lower Thermosphere and Ionosphere (MLTI) region of the atmosphere to be studied by TIMED is located between 60 and 180 kilometres (37 and 112 mi) above the Earth's surface, where energy from solar radiation is first deposited into the atmosphere. This can have profound effects on Earth's upper atmospher... | TIMED | 0.836209 |
2,852 | : 715 "Gravity, geology, and the specific orbit of the moon lead to the tidal patterns of the Earth's oceans and thus to both the environment in which early life evolved and in which tsunamis bring death and destruction to countless thousands of people". : 717–718 Holmes Rolston III says nature embodies 'redemptive suf... | Evidential argument from evil | 0.836206 |
2,853 | Sufficient evidence for congruence between two triangles in Euclidean space can be shown through the following comparisons: SAS (side-angle-side): If two pairs of sides of two triangles are equal in length, and the included angles are equal in measurement, then the triangles are congruent. SSS (side-side-side): If thre... | Congruence (geometry) | 0.836205 |
2,854 | McKinstry criticized existing approaches to artificial intelligence such as chatterbots, saying that his questions could "kill" AI programs by quickly exposing their weaknesses. He contrasted his approach, a series of direct questions assessing an AI's capabilities, to the Turing test and Loebner Prize method of engagi... | Minimum Intelligent Signal Test | 0.836205 |
2,855 | The test is commonly used in ecology, where the data are usually estimates of the "distance" between objects such as species of organisms. For example, one matrix might contain estimates of the genetic distances (i.e., the amount of difference between two different genomes) between all possible pairs of species in the ... | Mantel test | 0.836204 |
2,856 | In physics, a pair potential is a function that describes the potential energy of two interacting objects solely as a function of the distance between them.Some interactions, like Coulomb's law in electrodynamics or Newton's law of universal gravitation in mechanics naturally have this form for simple spherical objects... | Pair potential | 0.836203 |
2,857 | The third root of group theory was number theory. Leonhard Euler considered algebraic operations on numbers modulo an integer—modular arithmetic—in his generalization of Fermat's little theorem. These investigations were taken much further by Carl Friedrich Gauss, who considered the structure of multiplicative groups o... | History of group theory | 0.83619 |
2,858 | sufficiently nice A condition on objects in the scope of the discussion, to be specified later, that will guarantee that some stated property holds for them. When working out a theorem, the use of this expression in the statement of the theorem indicates that the conditions involved may be not yet known to the speaker,... | Deep result | 0.83618 |
2,859 | The method is based on the use of multiple senses, individual optimization and game-like elements. With the individual optimization feature, the course is modified based on the user's learning ability. | WordDive | 0.836176 |
2,860 | The identity component G0 of a topological or algebraic group G is a closed normal subgroup of G. It is closed since components are always closed. It is a subgroup since multiplication and inversion in a topological or algebraic group are continuous maps by definition. Moreover, for any continuous automorphism a of G w... | Identity component | 0.836171 |
2,861 | Since then, incremental knowledge was not only about the Solar System, but the outer space and its deep-sky objects also. The composition of stars and planets was investigated with spectroscopy. Observations of Solar System bodies with other types of electromagnetic radiation became possible with radio astronomy, infra... | Discovery and exploration of the Solar System | 0.836171 |
2,862 | The overarching goals of bioinformatics and systems biology may provide a useful analogy. Andrew Murray of Harvard University expresses the hope that such an approach "will save us from the era of "one graduate student, one gene, one PhD". Similarly, the goal of materials informatics is to save us from one graduate stu... | Materials informatics | 0.83617 |
2,863 | This makes them useful as biomarkers for geologists to verify the age, origin and degradation processes of different rocks.Biogenic substances have been studied as part of marine biochemistry since the 1960s, which has involved investigating their production, transport, and transformation in the water, and how they may... | Biogenic substance | 0.836169 |
2,864 | Mathomatic is capable of solving, differentiating, simplifying, calculating, and visualizing elementary algebra. It also can perform summations, products, and automated display of calculations of any length by plugging sequential or test values into any formula, then approximating and simplifying before display. Interm... | Mathomatic | 0.836164 |
2,865 | A free-form geometry statement can be specified in a line starting with the string vp. Define points in parameter space of a curve or surface. u only is required for curve points, u and v for surface points and control points of non-rational trimming curves, and u, v and w (weight) for control points of rational trimmi... | Wavefront .obj file | 0.83616 |
2,866 | Without the constraints, the solution would be (0,0), where f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {x} )} has the lowest value. But this solution does not satisfy the constraints. The solution of the constrained optimization problem stated above is x = ( 1 , 1 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =(1,1)} , which is the point with th... | Constraint (mathematics) | 0.83616 |
2,867 | The associator on A is the K-multilinear map : A × A × A → A {\displaystyle :A\times A\times A\to A} given by = (xy)z − x(yz).It measures the degree of nonassociativity of A {\displaystyle A} , and can be used to conveniently express some possible identities satisfied by A. Let x, y and z denote arbitrary elements of ... | Example of a non-associative algebra | 0.836156 |
2,868 | A two-part exam, which is currently given during one week of the year. Part I consists of 150 multiple choice questions in fundamental aspects of health physics. This portion of the test is three hours long, and can be taken without most of the above requirements. | Certified health physicist | 0.836154 |
2,869 | For this reason, equilibrium constants for solutions are usually determined in media of high ionic strength. Kc varies with ionic strength, temperature and pressure (or volume). Likewise Kp for gases depends on partial pressure. These constants are easier to measure and encountered in high-school chemistry courses. | Equilibrium reaction | 0.836153 |
2,870 | Furthermore, it is used in defining the cryptic splice sites and deducing the mechanisms by which mutations can affect normal splicing and lead to different diseases. It is also employed in basic research. Findings based on S&S have impacted major questions in eukaryotic biology and in human medicine. | Split gene theory | 0.836152 |
2,871 | It has also been used to study complexity problems in linear decision tree algorithms and the Aanderaa–Karp–Rosenberg conjecture. Other areas include topology of partially ordered sets and Bruhat orders. Additionally, methods from differential topology now have a combinatorial analog in discrete Morse theory. | Topological combinatorics | 0.83615 |
2,872 | It is the responsibility of the programmer to consult the language specification to avoid writing ill-formed programs where the semantics are potentially changed as a result of any legal compiler optimization. Fortran traditionally places a high burden on the programmer to be aware of these issues, with the systems pro... | Memory ordering | 0.836146 |
2,873 | One example of many-sorted logic is for planar Euclidean geometry. There are two sorts; points and lines. There is an equality relation symbol for points, an equality relation symbol for lines, and a binary incidence relation E which takes one point variable and one line variable. The intended interpretation of this la... | Boolean valuation | 0.836146 |
2,874 | All the reflections are conjugate to each other whenever n is odd, but they fall into two conjugacy classes if n is even. If we think of the isometries of a regular n-gon: for odd n there are rotations in the group between every pair of mirrors, while for even n only half of the mirrors can be reached from one by these... | Dihedral symmetry | 0.836141 |
2,875 | The strings over an alphabet, with the concatenation operation, form an associative algebraic structure with identity element the null string—a free monoid. Sets of strings with concatenation and alternation form a semiring, with concatenation (*) distributing over alternation (+); 0 is the empty set and 1 the set cons... | String concatenation | 0.836137 |
2,876 | In printed mathematics, the norm is to set variables and constants in an italic typeface.For example, a general quadratic function is conventionally written as a x 2 + b x + c {\textstyle ax^{2}+bx+c\,} , where a, b and c are parameters (also called constants, because they are constant functions), while x is the variab... | Variable (logics) | 0.836137 |
2,877 | Oliver Heaviside reduced the complexity of Maxwell's theory down to four partial differential equations, known now collectively as Maxwell's Laws or Maxwell's equations. Although potentials became much less popular in the nineteenth century, the use of scalar and vector potentials is now standard in the solution of Max... | James Clerk Maxwell | 0.836136 |
2,878 | If a = b = c is an isomorphism then the triple (a, b, c) is an isotopy. Conversely, if the algebras have identity elements 1 that are preserved by the maps a and b of an isotopy, then a = b = c is an isomorphism. If A is an associative algebra with identity and a and c are left multiplication by some fixed invertible e... | Isotopy of an algebra | 0.836136 |
2,879 | The most commonly performed 15N experiment is the 1H-15N HSQC. The experiment is highly sensitive and therefore can be performed relatively quickly. It is often used to check the suitability of a protein for structure determination using NMR, as well as for the optimization of the sample conditions. It is one of the st... | Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 0.836129 |
2,880 | Important theorems in geometry are not justified. Moreover, with the way the material is sequenced, some of these theorems cannot be justified".According to Prof. Harel, the Core-Plus program "excels in providing ample experience in solving application problems and in ensuring that students understand the meanings of t... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.836122 |
2,881 | For D > 0, ω is a positive irrational real number, and the corresponding quadratic integer ring is a set of algebraic real numbers. The solutions of the Pell's equation X 2 − DY 2 = 1, a Diophantine equation that has been widely studied, are the units of these rings, for D ≡ 2, 3 (mod 4). For D = 5, ω = 1+√5/2 is the g... | Quadratic integers | 0.836112 |
2,882 | Therefore, for episemantic molecules, molecules that are synthesized from the least complex asemantic molecules are the most informative in phylogenetics. However, different pathways may synthesize similar or even identical molecules. For example, in animals, plants and other eukaryotes, different pathways have been fo... | Semantide | 0.83611 |
2,883 | The American Mathematical Society sponsored a 1974 meeting to evaluate the resolution and consequences of the 23 problems Hilbert proposed in 1900. An outcome of that meeting was a new list of mathematical problems, the first of which, due to Manin (1976, p. 36), questioned whether classical set theory was an adequate ... | Quasi-set theory | 0.836109 |
2,884 | Engineering education Bachelor of Engineering Bachelor of Applied Science Bachelor of Technology Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering Bachelor of Computer Science Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Bachelor of Software Engineering Master of Engineering Master of Science in Engineering Master of Technology Diplôme d'Ingén... | Outline of engineering | 0.836108 |
2,885 | Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium. The unifying principle is that the free energy of a system at equilibrium is the minimum possible, so that the slope of the free energy with respect to the reaction coordinate is zero. This principle, applied to mixtures at equilibrium provides a ... | Equilibrium chemistry | 0.836107 |
2,886 | Novel functionalities or protein specificity can also be engineered using computational approaches. One study was able to use two different computational methods: a bioinformatics and molecular modeling method to mine sequence databases, and a computational enzyme design method to reprogram enzyme specificity. Both met... | Artificial lifeform | 0.836096 |
2,887 | That only happens once in twenty times, but it is exactly enough to balance the expected gains in the other 19 out of 20 times. Alternatively, we do go on ad infinitum but now we are working with a quite ludicrous assumption, implying for instance, that it is infinitely more likely for the amount in envelope A to be sm... | Exchange paradox | 0.836094 |
2,888 | Each instruction contains the address of the next instruction to execute; instead of a sequential array of instructions the memory appears to be a linked list. SOAP optimizes by placing instructions to be executed sequentially in locations around the drum such that the next instruction is available as soon as possible ... | Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program | 0.836093 |
2,889 | A lot of research has been conducted on Vectorette PCR and the applications it has in the field of biology. Scientists used Vectorette PCR to take the transgene flanking DNA and isolate it. They used this technique on the DNA belonging to mice that was next to transgene sections. From this the scientists were able to s... | Vectorette PCR | 0.836093 |
2,890 | Anchoring and adjustment: used when making judgments with uncertainties. One will start with an anchoring point, then adjust it to reach an assumption. For example, if you are asked to estimate how many people will take Dr. Smith's biology class this spring, you may recall that 38 students took the class in the fall, a... | Science communication | 0.836085 |
2,891 | Physics Reports. 468 (6): 213–301. arXiv:0807.2894. | Keldysh formalism | 0.836085 |
2,892 | The satisfiability problem for a sentence of monadic second-order logic is the problem of determining whether there exists at least one graph (possibly within a restricted family of graphs) for which the sentence is true. For arbitrary graph families, and arbitrary sentences, this problem is undecidable. However, satis... | Logic of graphs | 0.836084 |
2,893 | In a class of algebras defined as all the models of a set of equations, it is usually the case that some algebras of the class satisfy more equations than just those needed to qualify them for the class. The class of Boolean algebras is unusual in that, with a single exception, every Boolean algebra satisfies exactly t... | Boolean algebras canonically defined | 0.83608 |
2,894 | Prefetching in computer science is a technique for speeding up fetch operations by beginning a fetch operation whose result is expected to be needed soon. Usually this is before it is known to be needed, so there is a risk of wasting time by prefetching data that will not be used. The technique can be applied in severa... | Prefetching | 0.836077 |
2,895 | About the Burnside problem: Very much like Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory, Burnside’s problem has acted as a catalyst for research in group theory. The fascination exerted by a problem with an extremely simple formulation which then turns out to be extremely difficult has something irresistible about it to the ... | Sergei Adian | 0.836076 |
2,896 | In algebraic geometry, a quartic plane curve is a plane algebraic curve of the fourth degree. It can be defined by a bivariate quartic equation: A x 4 + B y 4 + C x 3 y + D x 2 y 2 + E x y 3 + F x 3 + G y 3 + H x 2 y + I x y 2 + J x 2 + K y 2 + L x y + M x + N y + P = 0 , {\displaystyle Ax^{4}+By^{4}+Cx^{3}y+Dx^{2}y^{2... | Bean curve | 0.836075 |
2,897 | In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Thus, a line has a dimension of one (1D) because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on it – for example, the point at 5 on a numbe... | Dimension | 0.836074 |
2,898 | Much of mathematics is grounded in the study of equivalences, and order relations. Lattice theory captures the mathematical structure of order relations. Even though equivalence relations are as ubiquitous in mathematics as order relations, the algebraic structure of equivalences is not as well known as that of orders.... | Equivalence relations | 0.836071 |
2,899 | In atomic physics, sub-atomic physics, and cosmology, the preferred unit of length is often related to a chosen fundamental physical constant, or combination thereof. This is often a characteristic radius or wavelength of a particle. Some common natural units of length are included in this table: | Unit of distance | 0.836067 |
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