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2,700 | Although the term "coordinate system" is often used (particularly by physicists) in a nontechnical sense, the term "coordinate system" does have a precise meaning in mathematics, and sometimes that is what the physicist means as well. A coordinate system in mathematics is a facet of geometry or of algebra, in particula... | Frame of reference | 0.83667 |
2,701 | An incoming aptitude exam is administered to assist in advising students' course selections.All courses expect at least a semester each of analysis and linear algebra as prerequisites. Courses at the first level require no more than this basic formal background, but are generally more intensive than their equivalents a... | Math in Moscow | 0.836669 |
2,702 | Thus, a science-oriented curriculum typically overlaps the first year of university mathematics, and includes differential calculus and trigonometry at age 16–17 and integral calculus, complex numbers, analytic geometry, exponential and logarithmic functions, and infinite series in their final year of secondary school;... | Maths education | 0.836666 |
2,703 | Classical electromagnetism or classical electrodynamics is a branch of theoretical physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and currents using an extension of the classical Newtonian model; It is, therefore, a classical field theory. The theory provides a description of electromagnetic phenomena w... | Classical electromagnetism | 0.836663 |
2,704 | For these cases, optimizing tail recursion remains trivial, but general tail-call optimization may be harder to implement efficiently. For example, in the Java virtual machine (JVM), tail-recursive calls can be eliminated (as this reuses the existing call stack), but general tail calls cannot be (as this changes the ca... | Tail call elimination | 0.836662 |
2,705 | Any normal Hall subgroup H of a finite group G possesses a complement, that is, there is some subgroup K of G that intersects H trivially and such that HK = G (so G is a semidirect product of H and K). This is the Schur–Zassenhaus theorem. | Hall subgroup | 0.836661 |
2,706 | In alias analysis, we divide the program's memory into alias classes. Alias classes are disjoint sets of locations that cannot alias to one another. For the discussion here, it is assumed that the optimizations done here occur on a low-level intermediate representation of the program. This is to say that the program ha... | Alias analysis | 0.836659 |
2,707 | In molecular biology, a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets. Where these triplets equate to amino acids or stop signals during translation, they are called codons. A single strand of a nucleic acid mol... | Reading frame | 0.836659 |
2,708 | In practice, factors such as the programmer's willingness to wait for the compiler to complete its task place upper limits on the optimizations that a compiler might provide. Optimization is generally a very CPU- and memory-intensive process. | Compiler optimizations | 0.836658 |
2,709 | The general formulation of the magnetic force for arbitrary geometries is based on iterated line integrals and combines the Biot–Savart law and Lorentz force in one equation as shown below. where F 12 {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{12}} is the total magnetic force felt by wire 1 due to wire 2 (usually measured in newtons... | Ampère's force law | 0.836652 |
2,710 | Branching alone would amount to brute-force enumeration of candidate solutions and testing them all. To improve on the performance of brute-force search, a B&B algorithm keeps track of bounds on the minimum that it is trying to find, and uses these bounds to "prune" the search space, eliminating candidate solutions tha... | Branch-and-bound algorithm | 0.836651 |
2,711 | Translational glycobiology or applied glycobiology is the branch of glycobiology and glycochemistry that focuses on developing new pharmaceuticals through glycomics and glycoengineering. Although research in this field presents many difficulties, translational glycobiology presents applications with therapeutic glycoco... | Translational glycobiology | 0.836646 |
2,712 | Boolean algebra: a complemented distributive lattice. Either of meet or join can be defined in terms of the other and complementation. This can be shown to be equivalent with the ring-like structure of the same name above. Heyting algebra: a bounded distributive lattice with an added binary operation, relative pseudo-c... | Outline of algebraic structures | 0.836646 |
2,713 | The four re-formulated Maxwell's equations describe the nature of electric charges (both static and moving), magnetic fields, and the relationship between the two, namely electromagnetic fields. Between 1880 and 1887, Heaviside developed the operational calculus using p {\displaystyle p} for the differential operator, ... | Oliver Heaviside | 0.836645 |
2,714 | The TSP, in particular the Euclidean variant of the problem, has attracted the attention of researchers in cognitive psychology. It has been observed that humans are able to produce near-optimal solutions quickly, in a close-to-linear fashion, with performance that ranges from 1% less efficient, for graphs with 10–20 n... | Travelling salesman problem | 0.836642 |
2,715 | It is therefore clear that a point of zero bending moment within a beam is a point of contraflexure—that is, the point of transition from hogging to sagging or vice versa. Moments and torques are measured as a force multiplied by a distance so they have as unit newton-metres (N·m), or pound-foot (lb·ft). The concept of... | Bending Moment | 0.836639 |
2,716 | Other factors to consider when choosing and applying a learning algorithm include the following: Heterogeneity of the data. If the feature vectors include features of many different kinds (discrete, discrete ordered, counts, continuous values), some algorithms are easier to apply than others. Many algorithms, including... | Supervised learning | 0.836638 |
2,717 | Other strategies for control are chemical control, genetic resistance and biological control. Genetic resistance is currently being researched. In order to achieve durable resistance to a specific pathogen, extensive knowledge of the genetics of specific host-pathogen interaction is required. | Moniliophthora perniciosa | 0.836633 |
2,718 | Td includes improper rotation operations, T excludes improper rotation operations, and Th is T with the addition of an inversion. The letter O (for octahedron) indicates that the group has the symmetry of an octahedron (or cube), with (Oh) or without (O) improper operations (those that change handedness).Due to the cry... | Crystallographic point group | 0.836633 |
2,719 | Plücker coordinates allow concise solutions to problems of line geometry in 3-dimensional space, especially those involving incidence. | Plucker coordinates | 0.83663 |
2,720 | Example 3. The power set algebra, the set 2W of all subsets of a given set W. This is just Example 2 in disguise, with W serving to index the bit positions. Any subset X of W can be viewed as the bit vector having 1's in just those bit positions indexed by elements of X. Thus the all-zero vector is the empty subset of ... | Boolean algebras canonically defined | 0.836626 |
2,721 | Like in the algebra texts, the geometry text does not lead to a clear logical structure of the material taught. Because theoretical material is concealed within the text of the problems, "a teacher must identify all the critical problems and know in advance the intended structure to establish the essential mathematical... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.836626 |
2,722 | Current research is being conducted by the University of Michigan and Wayne State University through their STIET program. The program has made significant contributions to the field of incentive-centered design, and a lot of the research involves game theory models, strategic interaction, and rational decision making.F... | Incentive-centered design | 0.836625 |
2,723 | Various algorithms have been applied in image processing , medicine, three-dimensional statistical data security problems, computer tomograph assisted engineering and design, electron microscopy and materials science, including the 3DXRD microscope.A form of discrete tomography also forms the basis of nonograms, a type... | Discrete tomography | 0.836625 |
2,724 | (By designating cardinal directions for +1, −1, +i, and −i, complex numbers such as 3 + i 2 {\displaystyle 3+i{\sqrt {2}}} are considered constructible.) Any expression formed from algebraic numbers using any combination of the basic arithmetic operations and extraction of nth roots gives another algebraic number. Poly... | Algebraic numbers | 0.836622 |
2,725 | ... A revolution came in 2012, when a number of people, including a team of researchers working with Hinton, worked out a way to use the power of GPUs to enormously increase the power of neural networks." Over the next several years, deep learning had spectacular success in handling vision, speech recognition, speech s... | Symbolic AI | 0.836619 |
2,726 | 7000–7019 Natural science in general 7020–7099 Mathematics 7100–7199 Astronomy 7200–7299 Physics 7300–7399 Chemistry 7400–7499 Geological science 7500–7599 Natural history 7600–7699 Botany 7700–7799 Zoology 7800–7869 Anthropology (Physical) 7870–7899 Psychology 7900–7999 Medical science | Harvard–Yenching Classification | 0.836615 |
2,727 | Natural language processing (NLP) allows programs to read, write and communicate in human languages such as English. Specific problems include speech recognition, speech synthesis, machine translation, information extraction, information retrieval and question answering.Early work, based on Noam Chomsky's generative gr... | Machine intelligence | 0.836614 |
2,728 | K–12 programs include "Kids' Tech University," (an educational research program for sparking interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines), the Climate Change Student Summit for teachers and students, and high school summer internships. Undergraduate Programs include Research Experiences fo... | Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech | 0.83661 |
2,729 | nameplate capacityThe design power output of a generator, at specified temperature rise. nanoinverterGrid tied inverters rated less than 100 watts, useful for connection of single solar PV panels to a building AC power system. nanotechnologyTechnology that uses devices whose principal dimensions are of the order of a f... | Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | 0.836591 |
2,730 | Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies slow-moving or stationary electric charges. Since classical times, it has been known that some materials, such as amber, attract lightweight particles after rubbing. The Greek word for amber, ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron), was thus the source of the word 'electricity'. Electrost... | Coulombic attraction | 0.836589 |
2,731 | There are a few exceptions with only one electron (or zero for palladium) in the ns orbital in favor of completing a half or a whole d shell. The usual explanation in chemistry textbooks is that half-filled or completely filled subshells are particularly stable arrangements of electrons. | D electron count | 0.836587 |
2,732 | A discrete structure is often used as the "default structure" on a set that doesn't carry any other natural topology, uniformity, or metric; discrete structures can often be used as "extreme" examples to test particular suppositions. For example, any group can be considered as a topological group by giving it the discr... | Discrete space | 0.836587 |
2,733 | Electrical engineering comprises the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. | Engineering disciplines | 0.836587 |
2,734 | Aharonov–Bohm effect: A charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic field even though it has no local contact with that field. Bell's theorem: Why do measured quantum particles not satisfy mathematical probability theory? Double-slit experiment: Matter and energy can act as a wave or as a particle depending on t... | Self-referential paradoxes | 0.836586 |
2,735 | The device uses falling water to generate voltage differences by electrostatic induction occurring between interconnected, oppositely charged systems. This eventually leads to an electric arc discharging in the form of a spark. It is used in physics education to demonstrate the principles of electrostatics. | Water-dropping condenser | 0.836583 |
2,736 | : 110 For example, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a French naturalist who said the changes an organism makes as it adapts to its environment can be passed down to subsequent generations through gene expression (which genes get turned off). This has been taken up by the new field of epigenetics. : 160–167: 111 The mutation t... | Evolutionary theodicy | 0.836581 |
2,737 | The reference handbook was distributed as a hard copy; examinees were not allowed to bring their own copies and had to return the provided ones at the end of each session. In 2015, content changes in the exam were instituted to make it discipline-specific, with a plan of weaving general engineering subject matter (e.g.... | Fundamentals of Engineering exam | 0.836574 |
2,738 | In this approach x is an interval number for which the equation is satisfied. In other words, the left side of the equation is equal to the right side of the equation. In this particular case the solution is x = {\displaystyle x=} because If the uncertainty is larger, i.e. a = {\displaystyle a=} , then x = {\display... | Interval finite element | 0.836574 |
2,739 | One problem frequently observed by physics educators is that students tend to apply Newton's third law to pairs of 'equal and opposite' forces acting on the same object. This is incorrect; the third law refers to forces on two different objects. In contrast, a book lying on a table is subject to a downward gravitationa... | Reaction (physics) | 0.836572 |
2,740 | The application of technology in today's laboratories is required to achieve timely progress and remain competitive. Laboratories devoted to activities such as high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, automated clinical and analytical testing, diagnostics, large-scale biorepositories, and many others, would ... | Laboratory automation | 0.836569 |
2,741 | This vector space is not equivalent to the free Boolean algebra on n generators because it lacks complementation (bitwise logical negation) as an operation (equivalently, because it lacks the top element as a constant). This is not to say that the space is not closed under complementation or lacks top (the all-ones vec... | Zhegalkin polynomial | 0.836567 |
2,742 | The Sylvester–Gallai theorem, in the form that if a finite set of points in the plane has the property that every line through two of the points contains a third point from the set, then the given points must all lie on a single line. Tarski's plank problem, in the form that whenever two infinite strips together cover ... | Combinatorial Geometry in the Plane | 0.836564 |
2,743 | In addition to highly conserved primer binding sites, 16S rRNA gene sequences contain hypervariable regions that can provide species-specific signature sequences useful for identification of bacteria. As a result, 16S rRNA gene sequencing has become prevalent in medical microbiology as a rapid and cheap alternative to ... | 16S rDNA | 0.836563 |
2,744 | Science teacher Kenneth Boehr was using ball-and-stick models to represent simple molecules during a fifth-grade class, when ten-year-old Clara Lazen assembled a complex model and asked whether it was a real molecule. It is unclear if Lazen randomly or deliberately assembled this particular molecule.Unsure if the molec... | Tetranitratoxycarbon | 0.836557 |
2,745 | In electrical engineering (EE) programs, signals are covered in a class and field of study known as signals and systems. Depending on the school, undergraduate EE students generally take the class as juniors or seniors, normally depending on the number and level of previous linear algebra and differential equation clas... | Radio frequency signal | 0.836557 |
2,746 | A TK Solver model can include up to 32,000 rules, and the library that ships with the current version includes utilities for higher mathematics, statistics, engineering and science, finances, and programming. Variables in a rule are automatically posted to the Variable Sheet when the rule is entered and the rule is dis... | TK Solver | 0.836555 |
2,747 | Since A is an alternative algebra = 0 and = 0. Polarizing it follows that the associator is antisymmetric in its three entries. Furthermore, if a, b or c lie in R then = 0. | Euclidean Hurwitz algebra | 0.836555 |
2,748 | One approach involves using a sliding window, which traverses the sequence data in an overlapping manner. The output at each position is a score based on whether the network thinks the window contains a donor splice site or an acceptor splice site. Larger windows offer more accuracy but also require more computational ... | Gene prediction | 0.836553 |
2,749 | Applied Mathematics: Focuses on practical applications of mathematical concepts to solve real-world problems in various fields. 5. Mechanics: Focuses on the study of motion, forces, and vectors, particularly relevant for physics or engineering interests. | Advanced level mathematics | 0.836553 |
2,750 | Various physical systems, such as crystals and the hydrogen atom, and three of the four known fundamental forces in the universe, may be modelled by symmetry groups. Thus group theory and the closely related representation theory have many important applications in physics, chemistry, and materials science. Group theor... | Abstract group | 0.836552 |
2,751 | They found that people judge a person who is highly representative of being a statistics major (e.g., highly intelligent, does math competitions) as being more likely to be a statistics major than a social sciences major (superset of statistics), but they do not think that he is more likely to be a Hebrew language majo... | Representativeness heuristic | 0.836535 |
2,752 | Electrical engineering uses drawn symbols and connect them with lines that stand for the mathematicals act of substitution and replacement. They then verify their drawings with truth tables and simplify the expressions as shown below by use of Karnaugh maps or the theorems. In this way engineers have created a host of ... | Sentential formula | 0.836528 |
2,753 | Equivalently for three points in a plane, the points are collinear if and only if the slope between one pair of points equals the slope between any other pair of points (in which case the slope between the remaining pair of points will equal the other slopes). By extension, k points in a plane are collinear if and only... | Euclidean line | 0.836522 |
2,754 | Another is that whereas 2E6,sc(q) and 2E6,ad(q) are the Fq-points of an algebraic group, the group in question also depends on q (e.g., the points over Fq2 of the same group are the untwisted E6,sc(q2) and E6,ad(q2)). The groups E6(q) and 2E6(q) are simple for any q, and constitute two of the infinite families in the c... | E6 (mathematics) | 0.836522 |
2,755 | Another mathematical way of viewing two-dimensional space is found in linear algebra, where the idea of independence is crucial. The plane has two dimensions because the length of a rectangle is independent of its width. In the technical language of linear algebra, the plane is two-dimensional because every point in th... | Plane (geometry) | 0.836517 |
2,756 | The closest pair of points problem or closest pair problem is a problem of computational geometry: given n {\displaystyle n} points in metric space, find a pair of points with the smallest distance between them. The closest pair problem for points in the Euclidean plane was among the first geometric problems that were ... | Closest pair problem | 0.836512 |
2,757 | In modular arithmetic, the set of available numbers is restricted to a finite subset of the integers, and addition "wraps around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. For example, the set of integers modulo 12 has twelve elements; it inherits an addition operation from the integers that is central to musi... | Addition | 0.836508 |
2,758 | Additive number theory is the subfield of number theory concerning the study of subsets of integers and their behavior under addition. More abstractly, the field of additive number theory includes the study of abelian groups and commutative semigroups with an operation of addition. Additive number theory has close ties... | Additive number theory | 0.836503 |
2,759 | Ultraviolet astronomy is the observation of electromagnetic radiation at ultraviolet wavelengths between approximately 10 and 320 nanometres; shorter wavelengths—higher energy photons—are studied by X-ray astronomy and gamma-ray astronomy. Ultraviolet light is not visible to the human eye. Most of the light at these wa... | Ultraviolet Astronomy | 0.836496 |
2,760 | ITA accepts 110 undergraduate students per year, who are distributed into the 5 available Engineering courses according to availability and preference indicated at the time of applying. ITA's admission exam is infamous for its difficulty, even when compared to other top universities in Brazil. Math, Physics and Chemist... | Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica | 0.836492 |
2,761 | In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different chemical substances which are not chemically bonded. A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions and colloids.Mixtures are one product of me... | Homogeneous mixture | 0.836491 |
2,762 | T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an i... | T-tubule | 0.836487 |
2,763 | In physics and color science, the Planckian locus or black body locus is the path or locus that the color of an incandescent black body would take in a particular chromaticity space as the blackbody temperature changes. It goes from deep red at low temperatures through orange, yellowish white, white, and finally bluish... | Planckian locus | 0.836483 |
2,764 | Optimization of combination therapies is of particular importance in oncology. Conventional cancer treatments often rely on the sequential use of chemotherapy drugs, with each new drug starting as soon as the pervious agent loses efficacy. However, this methodology allows for cancerous cells, due to their rapid rate of... | Phenotypic response surfaces | 0.836481 |
2,765 | The plants of the F1 generation resulting from this hybrid cross were all heterozygous round and yellow seeds. Classical genetics is a hallmark of the start of great discovery in biology, and has led to increased understanding of multiple important components of molecular genetics, human genetics, medical genetics, and... | Classical genetics | 0.836479 |
2,766 | But, on arrival, he at once began with a central question about the philosophical foundation of the new quantum mechanics. He pointed out to me that in my mathematical description the notion of 'electron path' did not occur at all, but that in a cloud-chamber the track of the electron can of course be observed directly... | Heisenberg's inequality | 0.836473 |
2,767 | Divide-and-conquer algorithms naturally tend to make efficient use of memory caches. The reason is that once a sub-problem is small enough, it and all its sub-problems can, in principle, be solved within the cache, without accessing the slower main memory. An algorithm designed to exploit the cache in this way is calle... | Divide and conquer approach | 0.836469 |
2,768 | Defining equation (physical chemistry) List of equations in classical mechanics Table of thermodynamic equations List of equations in wave theory List of relativistic equations List of equations in fluid mechanics List of electromagnetism equations List of equations in gravitation List of photonics equations List of eq... | Lists of physics equations | 0.836468 |
2,769 | The National Library of Medicine of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) identified key biomedical data scientist attributes in an NIH-wide review: general biomedical subject matter knowledge; programming language expertise; predictive analytics, modeling, and machine learning; team science and communication; and... | Biomedical data science | 0.836467 |
2,770 | The addition of one, two, or many methyl groups to lysine has little effect on the chemistry of the histone; methylation leaves the charge of the lysine intact and adds a minimal number of atoms so steric interactions are mostly unaffected. However, proteins containing Tudor, chromo or PHD domains, amongst others, can ... | Histone modification | 0.836465 |
2,771 | The possibility of discovering more novel symbiotic relationships is apparent from preliminary microscopic observations.Currently, cyanobionts have been found to form symbiosis with various organisms in marine environments such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, sponges, protozoans, Ascidians, Acadians, and Echiuroid worms, ... | Cyanobiont | 0.836464 |
2,772 | There is no reliable way to use a true coin flip to settle a dispute between two parties if they cannot both see the coin—for example, over the phone. The flipping party could easily lie about the outcome of the toss. In telecommunications and cryptography, the following algorithm can be used: Alice and Bob each privat... | Coin flip | 0.836461 |
2,773 | Module: an abelian group M and a ring R acting as operators on M. The members of R are sometimes called scalars, and the binary operation of scalar multiplication is a function R × M → M, which satisfies several axioms. Counting the ring operations these systems have at least three operations. Vector space: a module wh... | Algebraic structure | 0.836455 |
2,774 | Since Alice chooses a {\displaystyle a} randomly, and since b is independent of a {\displaystyle a} , Alice is guaranteed that the bit d = a ⊕ b {\displaystyle d=a\oplus b} is random. With similar arguments, Bob is also guaranteed that the bit d is random. Variations of coin tossing have been investigated in relativist... | Relativistic quantum cryptography | 0.836447 |
2,775 | How to Solve it by Computer is a computer science book by R. G. Dromey, first published by Prentice-Hall in 1982. It is occasionally used as a textbook, especially in India.It is an introduction to the whys of algorithms and data structures. Features of the book: The design factors associated with problems The creative... | How to Solve it by Computer | 0.836446 |
2,776 | Some typical examples of such theorems include: Several proofs of the existence of sporadic simple groups, such as the Lyons group, originally used computer calculations with large matrices or with permutations on billions of symbols. In most cases, such as the baby monster group, the computer proofs were later replace... | List of long mathematical proofs | 0.836427 |
2,777 | 454 Life Sciences was a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut that specialized in high-throughput DNA sequencing. It was acquired by Roche in 2007 and shut down by Roche in 2013 when its technology became noncompetitive, although production continued until mid-2016. | 454 Life Sciences | 0.836426 |
2,778 | However, given current development, more risk from novel, engineered pathogens is to be expected in the future. Exponential growth has been observed in the biotechnology sector, and Noun and Chyba predict that this will lead to major increases in biotechnological capabilities in the coming decades. They argue that risk... | Global catastrophe scenarios | 0.836421 |
2,779 | These windows are how astronomers can view the Universe with IR telescopes, called Infrared astronomy. The net incoming solar shortwave radiation and the net outgoing terrestrial longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere keep the Earth's energy balance in check. The global averaged value of emitted, longwave radi... | Water vapor windows | 0.836421 |
2,780 | As well as variables and programs, the user can store any number of equations in the calculator. "Equations" in this context means expressions ( f(x,...) ), equalities ( f1(x,...) = f2(x,...) ), and assignments (y = f(x,...)), which are each handled in different ways. Equations typically include named variables whose v... | HP 35s | 0.836416 |
2,781 | This KDS is: Responsive: takes O(log2 n) time to process an event Local: since each point is present in a constant number of kinetic sorted lists and kinetic priority queues, locality follows from the locality of those structures Compactness: compactness follows from the compactness of the kinetic sorted lists and kine... | Kinetic closest pair | 0.836404 |
2,782 | This works equally well for bit vectors of finite and infinite length, the only rule being that the bit positions all be indexed by the same set in order that "corresponding position" be well defined. The atoms of such an algebra are the bit vectors containing exactly one 1. In general the atoms of a Boolean algebra ar... | Power set algebra | 0.836402 |
2,783 | This paper has the three Sylow theorems, which prove foundational results in group theory. Sylow had already proved this in 1862, but only published it in 1872, and by then, Augustin-Louis Cauchy had already proved that a group whose order is divisible by a prime. Winfried Scharlau described how Sylow was led to his di... | Ludvig Sylow | 0.836401 |
2,784 | For programmers who are experienced in only one of these languages, the choice is straightforward. However, for a well-rounded bioinformaticist who knows all of these languages and wants to choose the best language for a job, the choice can be made based on the following guidelines given by a software review done on th... | BioJava | 0.836398 |
2,785 | Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this wa... | Outline of discrete mathematics | 0.836398 |
2,786 | Thompson's normal p-complement theorem used conditions on two particular characteristic subgroups of a Sylow p-subgroup. Glauberman improved this further by showing that one only needs to use one characteristic subgroup: the center of the Thompson subgroup. Glauberman (1968) used his ZJ theorem to prove a normal p-comp... | P-nilpotent group | 0.836398 |
2,787 | For example, in an extremely simplified view, all amino acids can be sorted into two classes (hydrophobic/polar) by hydrophobicity and still allow many common structures to show up. Early life on Earth may have only four or five types of amino acids to work with, and researches have shown that functional proteins can b... | Sequence space (evolution) | 0.836396 |
2,788 | The exam is 315 minutes (5 hours and 15 minutes) and consists of 310 questions. There are up to 8 topics covered in separate subtests: Reading, Vocabulary & General Knowledge, Grammar, Basic Math Skills, Biology, Chemistry, Anatomy & Physiology and Physics. Different programs may require different combinations of these... | HESI exam | 0.836394 |
2,789 | Some degrees of freedom can be eliminated from an optimization, for example, positions of atoms or bond lengths and angles can be given fixed values. Sometimes these are referred to as being frozen degrees of freedom. Figure 1 depicts a geometry optimization of the atoms in a carbon nanotube in the presence of an exter... | Geometry optimization | 0.836393 |
2,790 | (Book I proposition 17) and the Pythagorean theorem "In right-angled triangles the square on the side subtending the right angle is equal to the squares on the sides containing the right angle." (Book I, proposition 47) Books V and VII–X deal with number theory, with numbers treated geometrically as lengths of line seg... | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.836393 |
2,791 | Many DNA markers have been mapped and the genome has been sequenced. (Genetics, Molecular biology, Agronomy) Medicago truncatula, model legume, closely related to the common alfalfa. Its rather small genome is currently being sequenced. | List of model organisms | 0.836392 |
2,792 | In theoretical computer science and mathematics, computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource usage, and relating these classes to each other. A computational problem is a task solved by a computer. A computation problem is solvable by mechanical application ... | Complexity theory (computation) | 0.836391 |
2,793 | The temperature of dust in a plasma may be quite different from its environment. For example: The electric potential of dust particles is typically 1–10 V (positive or negative). The potential is usually negative because the electrons are more mobile than the ions. The physics is essentially that of a Langmuir probe th... | Dusty plasma | 0.836386 |
2,794 | The external body forces will appear as the independent ("right-hand side") term in the differential equations, while the concentrated forces appear as boundary conditions. An external (applied) surface force, such as ambient pressure or friction, can be incorporated as an imposed value of the stress tensor across that... | Stress analysis | 0.836385 |
2,795 | Prokaryotes have diversified greatly throughout their long existence. The metabolism of prokaryotes is far more varied than that of eukaryotes, leading to many highly distinct prokaryotic types. For example, in addition to using photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy, as eukaryotes do, prokaryotes may obtain en... | Prokaryotic cell | 0.83638 |
2,796 | In chemistry, the law of multiple proportions states that if two elements form more than one compound, then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will always be ratios of small whole numbers. This law is also known as Dalton's Law, named after John Dalton, t... | Law of multiple proportions | 0.836377 |
2,797 | There are several alternative ways to state Fermat's Last Theorem that are mathematically equivalent to the original statement of the problem. In order to state them, we use the following notations: let N be the set of natural numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., let Z be the set of integers 0, ±1, ±2, ..., and let Q be the set of ra... | Fermat's conjecture | 0.836376 |
2,798 | It can also be used for "drug discovery and development, drug repurposing, improving pharmaceutical productivity, and clinical trials". It has been used for the design of proteins with prespecified functional sites.It has been used with databases for the development of a 46-day process to design, synthesize and test a ... | Applications of artificial intelligence | 0.836371 |
2,799 | The researchers used a simple code where bits were mapped one-to-one with bases, which had the shortcoming that it led to long runs of the same base, the sequencing of which is error-prone. This result showed that besides its other functions, DNA can also be another type of storage medium such as hard disk drives and m... | DNA digital data storage | 0.836369 |
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