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3,800 | This, in turn, takes advantage of the cache on the system. For systems with more than one level of cache, the blocking can be applied a second time to the order in which the blocks are used in the computation. Both of these levels of optimization are used in implementations such as ATLAS. | Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms | 0.833843 |
3,801 | The equivalent theorem is that for any formal system S, there exists a mathematical statement that can be interpreted as "This statement is not provable in formal system S". If the system S is consistent, neither the statement nor its opposite will be provable in it. See also Doxastic logic. | Raymond Smullyan | 0.833842 |
3,802 | In plant biology, the hyponastic response is a nastic movement characterized by an upward bending of leaves or other plant parts, resulting from accelerated growth of the lower side of the petiole in comparison to its upper part. This can be observed in many terrestrial plants and is linked to the plant hormone ethylen... | Hyponastic response | 0.833841 |
3,803 | In addition, from at least the time of Hilbert's program at the turn of the twentieth century to the proof of Gödel's incompleteness theorems and the development of the Church–Turing thesis in the early part of that century, true statements in mathematics were generally assumed to be those statements that are provable ... | Mathematical truth | 0.83384 |
3,804 | In computer science, persistent memory is any method or apparatus for efficiently storing data structures such that they can continue to be accessed using memory instructions or memory APIs even after the end of the process that created or last modified them.Often confused with non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM)... | Persistent memory | 0.833837 |
3,805 | In 2011, Cleverbot, a learning Artificial Intelligence conversationalist, took part alongside humans in a formal Turing Test at the Techniche 2011 festival at IIT Guwahati, India on 3 September. The results from 1,334 votes were announced 4 September 2011. Cleverbot was judged to be 59.3% human, far exceeding expectati... | Rollo Carpenter | 0.833828 |
3,806 | Theoretical results in machine learning mainly deal with a type of inductive learning called supervised learning. In supervised learning, an algorithm is given samples that are labeled in some useful way. For example, the samples might be descriptions of mushrooms, and the labels could be whether or not the mushrooms a... | Computational Learning Theory | 0.833825 |
3,807 | One application of sliding mode controller is the control of electric drives operated by switching power converters. : "Introduction" Because of the discontinuous operating mode of those converters, a discontinuous sliding mode controller is a natural implementation choice over continuous controllers that may need to b... | Sliding mode control | 0.833825 |
3,808 | Hence | P 11 P 22 | = | P 12 P 21 | {\displaystyle |P_{11}P_{22}|=|P_{12}P_{21}|} The proof of the statement for confocal parabolas is a simple calculation. Ivory even proved the 3-dimensional version of his theorem (s. Blaschke, p. 111): For a 3-dimensional rectangular cuboid formed by confocal quadrics the diagonals ... | Confocal quadrics | 0.833824 |
3,809 | The selected token is replaced with a token with probability 80%, replaced with a random word token with probability 10%, not replaced with probability 10%.For example, the sentence "my dog is cute" may have the 4-th token selected for prediction. The model would have input text "my dog is " with probability 80%, "my ... | BERT (language model) | 0.833821 |
3,810 | The second case is not dealt with as easily. Simply replacing the parallel postulate with the statement, "In a plane, given a point P and a line l not passing through P, all the lines through P meet l", does not give a consistent set of axioms. This follows since parallel lines exist in absolute geometry, but this stat... | Non-Euclidean space | 0.833819 |
3,811 | Calculus Chemistry Computer science Engineering Miniaturization Physics Protein engineering Quantum mechanics Self-organization Science Supramolecular chemistry Tissue engineering Robotics medicine | Outline of nanotechnology | 0.833819 |
3,812 | In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the set. | Turing equivalence (recursion theory) | 0.833818 |
3,813 | It satisfies monotonicity (adding more points can only make the circle larger) and locality (if the smallest circle for set A contains B and x, then the same circle also contains B ∪ {x}). Because the smallest circle is always determined by some three points, the smallest circle problem has combinatorial dimension thre... | LP-type problem | 0.833817 |
3,814 | Different disciplines use the term moment of inertia (MOI) to refer to different moments. It may refer to either of the planar second moments of area (often I x = ∬ R y 2 d A {\textstyle I_{x}=\iint _{R}y^{2}\,dA} or I y = ∬ R x 2 d A , {\textstyle I_{y}=\iint _{R}x^{2}\,dA,} with respect to some reference plane), or t... | Transformed section | 0.833816 |
3,815 | The figure 'page' is the plane containing C1, C2 and C3. If P is a 'point of interest' (e.g., vehicle) at ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle (x,y,z)} , then Pythagoras's theorem yields the slant ranges between P and the sphere centers: r 1 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 r 2 2 = ( x − U ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 r 3 2 = ( x − V x ) 2 + ( y − V y ... | True Range Multilateration | 0.833812 |
3,816 | The first Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experimentation (ALENEX99) was held in Baltimore, Maryland on January 15–16, 1999. It was sponsored by DIMACS, the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (at Rutgers University), with additional support from SIGACT, the ACM Special Interest Group... | Algorithm engineering | 0.83381 |
3,817 | The order of a group G is denoted by ord(G) or |G|, and the order of an element a is denoted by ord(a) or |a|, instead of ord ( ⟨ a ⟩ ) , {\displaystyle \operatorname {ord} (\langle a\rangle ),} where the brackets denote the generated group. Lagrange's theorem states that for any subgroup H of a finite group G, the o... | Finite order | 0.833804 |
3,818 | Nickel has two atomic electron configurations, 3d8 4s2 and 3d9 4s1, which are very close in energy; denotes the complete argon core structure. There is some disagreement on which configuration has the lower energy. Chemistry textbooks quote nickel's electron configuration as 4s2 3d8, also written 3d8 4s2. This con... | Nickel | 0.8338 |
3,819 | Both the first and second year programmes include as much as twelve hours of mathematics teaching per week, ten hours of physics, two hours of philosophy, two to four hours of (one or two) foreign languages and four to six hours of options: chemistry, SI (Engineering Industrial Science) or Theoretical Computer Science ... | Statistics for Education in France | 0.833798 |
3,820 | The user programs ARTS by the means of a simple scripting language. ARTS is a physics-based model and therefore much slower than many radiative transfer models that are used operationally and is currently unable to simulate solar, visible, or shortwave radiation. ARTS has been used at the University of Maryland to asse... | ARTS (radiative transfer code) | 0.833794 |
3,821 | C-S-R Triangle theory is the application of UAST to plant biology. The three strategies are competitor, stress tolerator, and ruderal. These strategies each thrive best in a unique combination of either high or low intensities of stress and disturbance. | Universal adaptive strategy theory (UAST) | 0.833793 |
3,822 | Now one has to check that d is well-defined (i.e., d(x) only depends on x and not on the choice of y), that it is a homomorphism, and that the resulting long sequence is indeed exact. One may routinely verify the exactness by diagram chasing (see the proof of Lemma 9.1 in ). Once that is done, the theorem is proven for... | Snake lemma | 0.833793 |
3,823 | An algebraic number field (or simply number field) is a finite-degree field extension of the field of rational numbers. Here degree means the dimension of the field as a vector space over Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } . | Dedekind discriminant theorem | 0.83379 |
3,824 | The best known such result is Schaefer's dichotomy theorem, which proves the existence of a dichotomy in the set of constraint languages on a binary domain. More precisely, it proves that a relation restriction on a binary domain is tractable if all its relations belong to one of six classes, and is NP-complete otherwi... | Complexity of constraint satisfaction | 0.83379 |
3,825 | The fixed-radius near neighbors problem arises in continuous Lagrangian simulations (such as smoothed particle hydrodynamics), computational geometry, and point cloud problems (surface reconstructions). | Fixed-radius near neighbors | 0.833789 |
3,826 | A field is an algebraic structure in which multiplication, addition, subtraction, and division are defined and satisfy the properties that multiplication is associative and every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse. This implies that exponentiation with integer exponents is well-defined, except for nonpositive... | Exponental relationships | 0.833782 |
3,827 | George Radda — early developer of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ronald T. Raines (American, 1958–) — structure and function of enzymes and other proteins Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran — famous for the Ramachandran plot of protein backbone conformation Venkatraman (Venki) Ramakrishnan (Indian-born American and ... | List of biophysicists | 0.833781 |
3,828 | In mathematics, specifically in the field of finite group theory, the Sylow theorems are a collection of theorems named after the Norwegian mathematician Peter Ludwig Sylow that give detailed information about the number of subgroups of fixed order that a given finite group contains. The Sylow theorems form a fundament... | Sylow p-subgroup | 0.83378 |
3,829 | Currently the society includes investigators in muscle and vascular biology, subcellular and sarcomere dynamics, the microcirculation, cardiovascular biology, clinical disease, and modeling. The primary theme remains cardiovascular function, its physiologic and molecular mechanisms, with an aim to understand how these ... | Cardiovascular System Dynamics Society | 0.833774 |
3,830 | Space charges can also occur within solid or liquid dielectrics that are stressed by high electric fields. Trapped space charges within solid dielectrics are often a contributing factor leading to dielectric failure within high voltage power cables and capacitors. In semiconductor physics, space charge layers that are ... | Space charge | 0.833771 |
3,831 | Note that for the automotive/hotrod use-case the most convenient (used by enthusiasts) unit of length for the piston-rod-crank geometry is the inch, with typical dimensions being 6" (inch) rod length and 2" (inch) crank radius. This article uses units of inch (") for position, velocity and acceleration, as shown in the... | Piston motion equations | 0.833767 |
3,832 | ACM Computing Surveys is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Association for Computing Machinery. It publishes survey articles and tutorials related to computer science and computing. The journal was established in 1969 with William S. Dorn as founding editor-in-chief.According to the Journal ... | ACM Computing Surveys | 0.833766 |
3,833 | Note that we have not stated that we set A spinning to get B. In special relativity, it is not possible to set spinning a disk that is "rigid" in Born's sense of the term. Since spinning up disk A would cause the material to contract in the circumferential direction but not in the radial direction, a rigid disk would b... | Einstein's thought experiments | 0.833766 |
3,834 | The vector space model has the following advantages over the Standard Boolean model: Simple model based on linear algebra Term weights not binary Allows computing a continuous degree of similarity between queries and documents Allows ranking documents according to their possible relevance Allows partial matchingMost of... | Vector Space Model | 0.833765 |
3,835 | Since finitely generated groups with context-free word problem are finitely presentable, Dunwoody's result together with the original Muller–Schupp theorem imply that a finitely generated group is virtually free if and only if it has context-free word problem (which is the modern formulation of the Muller–Schupp theore... | Muller–Schupp theorem | 0.833759 |
3,836 | This allows a test of the genetic overlap between different phenotypes: for instance hair color and eye color. Environment and genetics may also interact, and heritability analyses can test for and examine these interactions (GxE models). A prerequisite for heritability analyses is that there is some population variati... | Narrow heritability | 0.833757 |
3,837 | The general advantages and shortcomings for barcoding reviewed above are valid also for metabarcoding. One particular drawback for metabarcoding studies is that there is no consensus yet regarding the optimal experimental design and bioinformatics criteria to be applied in eDNA metabarcoding. However, there are current... | DNA Barcoding | 0.833749 |
3,838 | Boolean algebra (list) Boolean logic Boolean algebra (structure) Boolean algebras canonically defined Introduction to Boolean algebra Complete Boolean algebra Free Boolean algebra Monadic Boolean algebra Residuated Boolean algebra Two-element Boolean algebra Modal algebra Derivative algebra (abstract algebra) Relation ... | Outline of logic | 0.833747 |
3,839 | Each component has its own response to the external electric and magnetic fields of the radiated source. Since these components are smaller than the radiated wavelength it is understood that a macroscopic view includes an effective value for both permittivity and permeability. These materials obey the laws of physics, ... | Metamaterial cloaking | 0.833746 |
3,840 | A sufficient (but not necessary) condition for this to happen is that all the eigenvalues are different (in this case geometric and algebraic multiplicity are equal to 1) Comment: One can always normalize the eigenvectors to have length one (see the definition of the eigenvalue equation) Comment: Every normal matrix A ... | Matrix factorization | 0.833745 |
3,841 | Program comprehension (also program understanding or code comprehension) is a domain of computer science concerned with the ways software engineers maintain existing source code. The cognitive and other processes involved are identified and studied. The results are used to develop tools and training. Software maintena... | Program comprehension | 0.83374 |
3,842 | Check/Delete waters - check for water molecules which do not fit the density. Check waters by difference map variance Geometry analysis - check for improbable bond lengths, angles, etc. Peptide omega analysis - check for non-planar peptide bonds. Temperature factor variance analysis - GLN and ASN B-factor outliers - Ro... | Coot (software) | 0.833738 |
3,843 | Putting it another way, according to the Rouché–Capelli theorem, any system of equations (overdetermined or otherwise) is inconsistent if the rank of the augmented matrix is greater than the rank of the coefficient matrix. If, on the other hand, the ranks of these two matrices are equal, the system must have at least o... | Over-determined system | 0.833737 |
3,844 | R < r describes the self-intersecting spindle torus; its inner shell is a lemon and its outer shell is an apple When R = 0, the torus degenerates to the sphere.When R ≥ r, the interior of this torus is diffeomorphic (and, hence, homeomorphic) to a product of a Euclidean open disk and a circle. The volume of this solid ... | Torus group | 0.83373 |
3,845 | A number of methods and techniques are available, including: Profiling via instrumentation in order to monitor certain parts of a program as it is executed. Obtaining an abstract syntax tree associated with the program, which can be automatically examined to gain insights into its structure. Applications of program sli... | Search Based Software Engineering | 0.833724 |
3,846 | Mechanical engineering technologists are expected to apply current technologies and principles from machine and product design, production and material and manufacturing processes. Expandable specialties may include aerospace, automotive, energy, nuclear, petroleum, manufacturing, product development, and industrial de... | Mechanical engineering technology | 0.833723 |
3,847 | Hot water molecules were found in the atmosphere of WASP-39b in a 2018 study. The atmospheric transmission spectra, taken by different instruments, were inconsistent as in 2021, possibly indicating a disequilibrium atmospheric chemistry. High-fidelity spectra obtained by the James Webb Space Telescope in 2022 did not c... | WASP-39 | 0.833722 |
3,848 | In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra studying the theory of abelian groups, a pure subgroup is a generalization of direct summand. It has found many uses in abelian group theory and related areas. | Pure subgroup | 0.833719 |
3,849 | In this case it is possible to define division by zero, since the single element is its own multiplicative inverse. Some properties of {0} depend on exact definition of the multiplicative identity; see § Unital structures below. Any trivial algebra is also a trivial ring. | Trivial module | 0.833715 |
3,850 | Merlino and Wolff, two such researchers, report that in their several studies IMP students consistently outperformed traditionally taught students on both the math and verbal sections of the PSAT, as well as on the SAT-9. Kramer reported that grade 12 IMP students in his study performed better on all areas of mathemati... | Interactive Mathematics Program | 0.833712 |
3,851 | In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as group theory, the Fitting subgroup F of a finite group G, named after Hans Fitting, is the unique largest normal nilpotent subgroup of G. Intuitively, it represents the smallest subgroup which "controls" the structure of G when G is solvable. When G is not solv... | Generalized Fitting subgroup | 0.83371 |
3,852 | Both structures easily may be seen in insulin. As the bond energy of a covalent disulfide bridge is higher than the energy of a coordinate bond or hydrophobic interaction, higher disulfide bridges content leads to higher energy needed for protein denaturation. In general disulfide bonds are necessary in proteins functi... | Sulfur compound | 0.833708 |
3,853 | If f and g are polynomials in F for some finitely generated field F, the Euclidean Algorithm is the most natural way to compute their GCD. However, modern computer algebra systems only use it if F is finite because of a phenomenon called intermediate expression swell. Although degrees keep decreasing during the Euclide... | Pseudo-remainder sequence | 0.833702 |
3,854 | The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a scientific technique that is used to replicate a piece of a DNA molecule by several orders of magnitude. PCR implements a cycle of repeated heated and cooling known as thermal cycling along with the addition of DNA primers and DNA polymerases to selectively replicate the DNA fra... | Biomolecular engineering | 0.833702 |
3,855 | Alternatives assessments are used to determine which chemical is fit to be a substitute. A process-based method of substituting chemicals in the workplace involves: Listing the chemicals Noting composition information Filling data sheets Conducting a process analysis Assessing risk Submitting a substitute proposalSafet... | Substitution of dangerous chemicals | 0.8337 |
3,856 | For cubics, nine points determine a cubic, but in general they determine a unique cubic – thus having two different cubics pass through them (and thus a pencil) is special – the solution space is one dimension higher than expected, and thus the solutions satisfy an additional constraint, namely the "8 implies 9" proper... | Cayley–Bacharach theorem | 0.833692 |
3,857 | Automated reasoning Mathematics Automated theorem prover Computer-assisted proof – Computer algebra General Problem Solver Expert system – Decision support system – Clinical decision support system – | Outline of artificial intelligence | 0.83369 |
3,858 | The goal of multiple sequence alignments in phylogenetics is to determine the most likely nucleotide sequence of each species by comparing the sequences of children species with those of a most recent common ancestor. Producing such an optimal multiple sequence alignment is usually determined with a dynamic programming... | Phylo (video game) | 0.833683 |
3,859 | Examples of notable subtraction games include the following: Nim is a game whose state consists of multiple piles of tokens, such as coins or matchsticks, and a valid move removes any number of tokens from a single pile. Nim has a well-known optimal strategy in which the goal at each move is to reach a set of piles who... | Subtraction game | 0.83368 |
3,860 | Graduate students in turn compete for acceptance into a BTP; if accepted, then stipend, tuition and health insurance support are provided for two or three years during the course of their PhD thesis work. Nineteen institutions offer NIGMS supported BTPs. Biotechnology training is also offered at the undergraduate level... | Biotechnology products | 0.833678 |
3,861 | Also note: thermal space resolution (images) found in thermography. Resistance thermometer principle: relation between temperature and electrical resistance of metals (platinum) (electrical resistance), range: 10 to 1,000 kelvins, application in physics and industry Solid thermometer principle: relation between tempera... | List of measuring instruments | 0.833678 |
3,862 | In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, the term complemented group is used in two distinct, but similar ways. In (Hall 1937), a complemented group is one in which every subgroup has a group-theoretic complement. Such groups are called completely factorizable groups in the Russian literature, following (Baeva 195... | Complemented group | 0.833676 |
3,863 | Nanotechnology – Newton (unit) – the SI unit of force, which uses the symbol N. It is defined as 1 kg⋅m/s2, the force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second. It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second law of m... | Glossary of mechanical engineering | 0.833673 |
3,864 | Students then choose to specialize in one or more subfields towards the end of the degree. Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems will work. Today, most engineering work involves the use of com... | Electronic Engineering | 0.833672 |
3,865 | Compared to optical astronomy, which is sensitive to the hot universe (stars are generally a few thousand degrees Celsius), radiotelescopes that operate in the millimeter wavebands, such as NOEMA, probe the cold universe (around -250 degrees Celsius). NOEMA is able to see the formation of the first galaxies in the univ... | Northern Extended Millimeter Array | 0.833672 |
3,866 | Planarity testing algorithms typically take advantage of theorems in graph theory that characterize the set of planar graphs in terms that are independent of graph drawings. These include Kuratowski's theorem that a graph is planar if and only if it does not contain a subgraph that is a subdivision of K5 (the complete ... | Planarity testing | 0.833666 |
3,867 | Taking the square root of the final result gives the triangle inequality.p-norm: a commonly used norm is the p-norm: where the xi are the components of vector x. For p = 2 the p-norm becomes the Euclidean norm: which is Pythagoras' theorem in n-dimensions, a very special case corresponding to an inner product norm. Exc... | Triangle inequality | 0.833666 |
3,868 | Radio astronomy uses radiation with wavelengths greater than approximately one millimeter, outside the visible range. Radio astronomy is different from most other forms of observational astronomy in that the observed radio waves can be treated as waves rather than as discrete photons. Hence, it is relatively easier to ... | Space astronomy | 0.833665 |
3,869 | Groups of 2-rank 2. Alperin showed that the Sylow subgroup must be dihedral, quasidihedral, wreathed, or a Sylow 2-subgroup of U3(4). The first case was done by the Gorenstein–Walter theorem which showed that the only simple groups are isomorphic to L2(q) for q odd or A7, the second and third cases were done by the Alp... | Classification of finite simple groups | 0.833665 |
3,870 | It can provide insight into key problems in biochemistry such as, energetic details on parts of the translation mechanism in mitochondrial ribosomes (Lind et al. 2013), or details in enzymatic reactions (Mones et al. 2013), among others. The program is similar to GROMACS in being force-field agnostic, meaning that it p... | Q (software) | 0.833663 |
3,871 | In Reactome, human biological processes are annotated by breaking them down into series of molecular events. Like classical chemistry reactions each Reactome event has input physical entities (substrates) which interact, possibly facilitated by enzymes or other molecular catalysts, to generate output physical entities ... | Reactome | 0.833661 |
3,872 | For example, in Python one might have either: or, more idiomatically: The micro-optimization of not requiring a local variable and copying the return when using output variables can also be applied to conventional functions and return values by sufficiently sophisticated compilers. The usual alternative to output param... | Argument (computing) | 0.833659 |
3,873 | Rust is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose programming language that emphasizes performance, type safety, and concurrency. It enforces memory safety—ensuring that all references point to valid memory—without requiring the use of a garbage collector or reference counting present in other memory-safe languages. To simulta... | Rust (programming language) | 0.833658 |
3,874 | Part A looks at the distinction between weak wins (the player can force the existence of a winning configuration) and strong wins (the winning configuration can be forced to exist before the other player gets a win). It shows that, for maker-breaker games over the points on the plane in which the players attempt to cre... | Combinatorial Games: Tic-Tac-Toe Theory | 0.833655 |
3,875 | DeepMind is known to have trained the program on over 170,000 proteins from a public repository of protein sequences and structures. The program uses a form of attention network, a deep learning technique that focuses on having the AI identify parts of a larger problem, then piece it together to obtain the overall solu... | AlphaFold | 0.833651 |
3,876 | Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine. They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools for the targeted introductio... | Oligonucleotide synthesis | 0.833651 |
3,877 | A lot of the learning methods in machine learning work similar to each other, and are based on each other, which makes it difficult to classify them in clear categories. But they can be broadly understood in 4 categories of learning methods, though these categories don't have clear boundaries and they tend to belong to... | Learning rule | 0.833651 |
3,878 | Vacuum capacitor – Vacuum tube – Variable capacitor – Variable-frequency drive – Variac – Varicap – Variety (cybernetics) – Varistor – Varnish – Vector (geometric) – Vector calculus – Vector control (motor) – Vector group – Vehicle-to-grid – Vehicular automation – Velcro – Versorium – Vibrator (electronic) – Video came... | Index of electrical engineering articles | 0.833651 |
3,879 | If G is a finitely generated, periodic group, then is G necessarily finite? This question was answered in the negative in 1964 by Evgeny Golod and Igor Shafarevich, who gave an example of an infinite p-group that is finitely generated (see Golod–Shafarevich theorem). However, the orders of the elements of this group ar... | Burnside problem | 0.83365 |
3,880 | Neural networks have often been described as black boxes, meaning that it is difficult to understand why they make the decisions they do as a result of the massive number of computations they perform. This makes it challenging to anticipate failures. In 2018, a self-driving car killed a pedestrian after failing to iden... | AI safety | 0.833649 |
3,881 | True-range multilateration algorithms may be partitioned based on problem space dimension (generally, two or three), problem space geometry (generally, Cartesian or spherical) and presence of redundant measurements (more than the problem space dimension).Any pseudo-range multilateration algorithm can be specialized for... | True-range multilateration | 0.833646 |
3,882 | In probability theory and machine learning, the multi-armed bandit problem (sometimes called the K- or N-armed bandit problem) is a problem in which a fixed limited set of resources must be allocated between competing (alternative) choices in a way that maximizes their expected gain, when each choice's properties are o... | Contextual bandit algorithm | 0.833644 |
3,883 | In an extended body, each part often applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such forces through the body is the internal mechanical stress. In equilibrium these stresses cause no acceleration of the body as the forces balance one another. If these are not in equilibrium they can cause deformation of ... | Force | 0.833642 |
3,884 | As an example, in the polynomial ring k consider the ideal generated by the irreducible polynomial Y 2 − X 3 and form the field of fractions of the quotient ring k /(Y 2 − X 3). This is a function field of one variable over k; it can also be written as k ( X ) ( X 3 ) {\displaystyle k(X)({\sqrt {X^{3}}})} (with degree... | Algebraic function field | 0.833641 |
3,885 | It is possible to combine dimensional universal physical constants to define fixed quantities of any desired dimension, and this property has been used to construct various systems of natural units of measurement. Depending on the choice and arrangement of constants used, the resulting natural units may be convenient t... | Physical constant | 0.833638 |
3,886 | There are two basic methods of training ART-based neural networks: slow and fast. In the slow learning method, the degree of training of the recognition neuron's weights towards the input vector is calculated to continuous values with differential equations and is thus dependent on the length of time the input vector i... | Adaptive resonance theory | 0.833637 |
3,887 | SXT was sensitive to plasma in the 2–4 MK temperature range, making its data ideal for comparison with data later collected by TRACE of coronal loops radiating in the extra ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths.The next major step in solar physics came in December 1995, with the launch of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory... | Coronal loop | 0.833634 |
3,888 | Parallel Processing Letters publishes short papers in the field of parallel processing. This journal has a wide scope and topics covered include: theory of parallel computation parallel programming languages parallel architectures and VLSI circuits unconventional computational problems (e.g., time-varying variables, in... | Parallel Processing Letters | 0.833633 |
3,889 | Kleene–Rosser paradox: By formulating an equivalent to Richard's paradox, untyped lambda calculus is shown to be inconsistent. Knower paradox: "This sentence is not known." Liar paradox: "This sentence is false." | Paradoxes of infinity | 0.833625 |
3,890 | In group theory, local analysis was started by the Sylow theorems, which contain significant information about the structure of a finite group G for each prime number p dividing the order of G. This area of study was enormously developed in the quest for the classification of finite simple groups, starting with the Fei... | Local analysis | 0.833623 |
3,891 | Fibrous protein, long filamentous protein molecule that forms one of the two main classes of tertiary structure protein Fusion protein, protein created through genetic engineering from two or more proteins Globular protein, one of the two main protein classes Protein family, group of evolutionarily related proteins Pro... | Index of protein-related articles | 0.833621 |
3,892 | The Cherlin–Zilber conjecture: A simple group whose first-order theory is stable in ℵ 0 {\displaystyle \aleph _{0}} is a simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field. Generalized star height problem: can all regular languages be expressed using generalized regular expressions with limited nesting depths of... | Open problem in mathematics | 0.833613 |
3,893 | {\displaystyle (c^{*},-d)(a^{*},-b)=(c^{*}a^{*}+b^{*}(-d),-bc^{*}-da)=(zw)^{*}.} Proposition 2: If the F-algebra is associative and N ( z ) = z z ∗ {\displaystyle N(z)=zz^{*}} ,then N ( z w ) = N ( z ) N ( w ) . {\displaystyle N(zw)=N(z)N(w).} proof: N ( z w ) = ( a c − d ∗ b , d a + b c ∗ ) ( c ∗ a ∗ − b ∗ d , − d a −... | Cayley–Dickson construction | 0.833609 |
3,894 | The plane with x and y restricted to limited values (analogous to the Dehn plane) is external, and in this limited plane the parallel postulate is violated. For example, any line passing through the point (0, 1) on the y-axis and having infinitesimal slope is parallel to the x-axis. Theorem. | Non-standard analysis | 0.833606 |
3,895 | Using low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) motor and driver: PMSM motors have some efficiency problems with THD. Low-THD motors and drivers are available on the market (Kolmorgen)but their prices are considerably higher than lower efficiency motors. Only high-tech Thrusters on the market using this type of motor and dri... | Underwater thruster | 0.833605 |
3,896 | {\displaystyle \langle S\mid R\rangle .} Given any homomorphism h: G → H {\displaystyle h:G\rightarrow H} such that the irrelations I {\displaystyle I} are satisfied in h ( G ) {\displaystyle h(G)} , G {\displaystyle G} is isomorphic to h ( G ) {\displaystyle h(G)} .A more algebraic, but equivalent, way of stating cond... | Absolute presentation of a group | 0.833604 |
3,897 | The pregnant woman and child would need additional nutrition from the rations aboard, as well as special treatment and care. The pregnancy would impinge on the pregnant crew member's duties and abilities. It is still not fully known how the environment in a spacecraft would affect the development of a child aboard. It ... | Carbon monoxide/oxygen engine | 0.833602 |
3,898 | Putting y = a ( x ) {\displaystyle y=a(x)} we find that y 2 = f ( x ) = a 2 ( x ) {\displaystyle y^{2}=f(x)=a^{2}(x)} and hence f ( x ) − a 2 ( x ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(x)-a^{2}(x)=0} .As f ( x ) − a 2 ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)-a^{2}(x)} is a polynomial of degree 6, we have that f ( x ) − a 2 ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)-... | Imaginary hyperelliptic curve | 0.833599 |
3,899 | Research has reported the application and usefulness of Markov chains in a wide range of topics such as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, music, game theory and sports. | Equilibrium distribution | 0.833598 |
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