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3,900 | Data-flow optimizations, based on data-flow analysis, primarily depend on how certain properties of data are propagated by control edges in the control-flow graph. Some of these include: Common subexpression elimination In the expression (a + b) - (a + b)/4, "common subexpression" refers to the duplicated (a + b). Comp... | Compiler optimization | 0.833597 |
3,901 | Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture, particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially, early human farmers selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics and used these as a seed source for subseque... | Crop domestication | 0.833597 |
3,902 | Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life is an introductory textbook of biology, for students. The fifteenth edition was published in 2019, by Cengage Learning. It was compiled by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart with pictures and illustrations by Lisa Starr. Its contents include concepts in molecular biology and biochemi... | Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life | 0.833596 |
3,903 | The proton radius puzzle is an unanswered problem in physics relating to the size of the proton. Historically the proton charge radius was measured by two independent methods, which converged to a value of about 0.877 femtometres (1 fm = 10−15 m). This value was challenged by a 2010 experiment using a third method, whi... | Proton radius puzzle | 0.833595 |
3,904 | (Ex: velcro, designed after George de Mestral noticed how easily burs stuck to a dog's hair). Bioelectrical engineering Biomechanical engineering: is the application of mechanical engineering principals and biology to determine how these areas relate and how they can be integrated to potentially improve human health. B... | Biotechnology engineering | 0.833593 |
3,905 | Advantages: Many weak learners aggregated typically outperform a single learner over the entire set, and has less overfit Removes variance in high-variance low-bias weak learner, which can improve efficiency (statistics) Can be performed in parallel, as each separate bootstrap can be processed on its own before combina... | Bootstrap aggregating | 0.833592 |
3,906 | In probability theory, the sample space (also called sample description space, possibility space, or outcome space) of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results of that experiment. A sample space is usually denoted using set notation, and the possible ordered outcomes, or sample point... | Sample space | 0.833591 |
3,907 | As "Prospects of fMRI as a Lie Detector" states, fMRIs use electromagnets to create pulse sequences in the cells of the brain. The fMRI scanner then detects the different pulses and fields that are used to distinguish tissue structures and the distinction between layers of the brain, matter type, and the ability to see... | FMRI lie detection | 0.833591 |
3,908 | If π1(M) is virtually abelian but not virtually cyclic then the geometric structure on M is Euclidean, and M is compact. If π1(M) is virtually nilpotent but not virtually abelian then the geometric structure on M is nil geometry, and M is compact. If π1(M) is virtually solvable but not virtually nilpotent then the geom... | Geometrisation conjecture | 0.83359 |
3,909 | Important algorithms in computational group theory include: the Schreier–Sims algorithm for finding the order of a permutation group the Todd–Coxeter algorithm and Knuth–Bendix algorithm for coset enumeration the product-replacement algorithm for finding random elements of a groupTwo important computer algebra systems ... | Computational group theory | 0.833589 |
3,910 | The ubiquitous identity that relates inverses to the binary operation in any group, namely ( x y ) − 1 = y − 1 x − 1 , {\displaystyle (xy)^{-1}=y^{-1}x^{-1},} which is taken as an axiom in the more general context of a semigroup with involution, has sometimes been called an antidistributive property (of inversion as a ... | Antidistributive | 0.833587 |
3,911 | Along with machine learning and neuroscience, other fields represented at NeurIPS include cognitive science, psychology, computer vision, statistical linguistics, and information theory. Over the years, NeurIPS became a premier conference on machine learning and although the 'Neural' in the NeurIPS acronym had become s... | Neural Information Processing Systems | 0.833587 |
3,912 | In the 1960s a new set of axioms for Euclidean geometry, suitable for American high school geometry courses, was introduced by the School Mathematics Study Group (SMSG), as a part of the New math curricula. This set of axioms follows the Birkhoff model of using the real numbers to gain quick entry into the geometric fu... | Foundations of geometry | 0.833584 |
3,913 | The no-three-in-line problem also has applications to another problem in discrete geometry, the Heilbronn triangle problem. In this problem, one must place n {\displaystyle n} points, anywhere in a unit square, not restricted to a grid. The goal of the placement is to avoid small-area triangles, and more specifically t... | No-three-in-line problem | 0.833579 |
3,914 | (x) is irrational, then x is either algebraic of degree greater than two, or transcendental. The question-mark function has fixed points at 0, 1/2 and 1, and at least two more, symmetric about the midpoint. One is approximately 0.42037. It was conjectured by Moshchevitin that they were the only 5 fixed points.In 1943, ... | Minkowski's question mark function | 0.833576 |
3,915 | Electrical engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electrical engineering, electronics engineering, electrical engineering technology, or electrical and electronic engineering. The same fundamental principles are taught in all programs, though emphasis may vary according to title. The length of s... | Electrical engineering | 0.833576 |
3,916 | The more commonly used terms for evolutionary and structural relationships among proteins are listed below. Many additional terms are used for various kinds of structural features found in proteins. Descriptions of such terms may be found at the CATH Web site, the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) Web site, ... | Protein structure prediction | 0.833575 |
3,917 | The following are the main classes of CC, with some subclasses, the main method used to sort the subclass using the PMEST scheme and examples showing application of PMEST. z Generalia 1 Universe of Knowledge 2 Library Science 3 Book science 4 Journalism A Natural science B Mathematics B2 Algebra C Physics D Engineering... | Colon classification | 0.833574 |
3,918 | There are significant advantages to using MAS NMR in structural biology. Magic angle spinning can be used to characterize large insoluble systems, including biological assemblies and intact viruses, that cannot be studied with other methods. == References == | Magic Angle Spinning | 0.833574 |
3,919 | This removes regulatory elements in the 3′ untranslated regions of mRNAs for defense-related products like lysozyme and TNF-α. These mRNAs then have longer half-lives and produce more of these proteins. RNA-binding proteins other than those in the polyadenylation machinery can also affect whether a polyadenylation site... | Poly-adenylated tail | 0.833573 |
3,920 | For his doctoral research Mindlin set himself a fundamental problem in theoretical elasticity: determining the stresses in an elastic half-space subjected to a sub-surface point load. The results, nowadays referred to as "Mindlin's problem", represent a generalization of the two classical 19th century solutions respect... | Raymond D. Mindlin | 0.833572 |
3,921 | In graph theory, the planarity testing problem is the algorithmic problem of testing whether a given graph is a planar graph (that is, whether it can be drawn in the plane without edge intersections). This is a well-studied problem in computer science for which many practical algorithms have emerged, many taking advant... | Planarity testing | 0.833571 |
3,922 | The engineer trained in this option biased towards the development of products, is capable of rapidly assuming responsibility in the design and realisation of complex systems. There is a possibility of double diploma with Cranfield University (Master of Science advanced materials, Master of Science microsystems and nan... | Institut des sciences de l'ingénieur de Toulon et du Var | 0.83357 |
3,923 | In computer science, Average Memory Access Time (AMAT) is a common metric to analyze computer memory system performance. | Average memory access time | 0.833569 |
3,924 | The effort needed to produce good object code was perhaps underestimated during the initial design of the language. Program optimization (needed to compete with the excellent program optimization carried out by available Fortran compilers) is unusually complex owing to side effects and pervasive problems with aliasing ... | PL/I programming language | 0.833568 |
3,925 | "Improved Boosting Algorithms Using Confidence-rated Predictions". Machine Learning. 37 (3): 297–336. | Machine Learning (journal) | 0.833566 |
3,926 | PP is believed to be a considerably harder class than ⊕P; for example, there is a relativized universe (see oracle machine) where P = ⊕P ≠ NP = PP = EXPTIME, as shown by Beigel, Buhrman, and Fortnow in 1998.While Toda's theorem shows that PPP contains PH, P⊕P is not known to even contain NP. However, the first part of ... | Parity P | 0.833562 |
3,927 | They are important in the physics of many processes, including particle scattering and Casimir forces. In quantum field theory, forces—such as the electromagnetic repulsion or attraction between two charges—can be thought of as due to the exchange of virtual photons between the charges. | Virtual photons | 0.833559 |
3,928 | Some notable and highly-cited examples of this work are as follows. Liebeck, Saxl and Praeger gave a relatively simple and self-contained proof of the O'Nan–Scott theorem. It had long been known that every maximal subgroup of a symmetric group or alternating group was intransitive, imprimitive, or primitive, and the sa... | Jan Saxl | 0.833558 |
3,929 | Some authors prefer to leave the spaces below yttrium blank as a third option, but there is confusion on whether this format implies that group 3 contains only scandium and yttrium, or if it also contains all the lanthanides and actinides; additionally, it creates a 15-element-wide f-block, when quantum mechanics dicta... | Transition metals | 0.833557 |
3,930 | Updates generally happen very quickly so that a "popular" page can be updated by multiple transactions with little delay. This approach is claimed to support clusters containing up to 100 servers.Some researchers question the inherent limitations of relational database management systems. GigaSpaces, for example, conte... | Database scalability | 0.833554 |
3,931 | Geometrically it represents the set of lines that pass through the point (x, y, z) and may be interpreted as the equation of the point in line-coordinates. In the same way, planes in 3-space may be given sets of four homogeneous coordinates, and so on for higher dimensions.The same relation, sx + ty + uz = 0, may be re... | Homogenous coordinates | 0.833554 |
3,932 | Protein Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the structure, function, and biochemical significance of proteins, their role in molecular and cell biology, genetics, and evolution, and their regulation and mechanisms of action. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The Protein Soci... | Protein Sci | 0.833552 |
3,933 | 2016 saw major changes in the way genetic counsellors are trained in England. A 3-year training programme funded by Health Education England, the Scientist Training Programme (STP) uses a combination of work-based training in Genomic Medicine Centres and a part-time MSc in genetics (Genomic Counselling) from the Univer... | Genetic counselors | 0.83355 |
3,934 | Many large abelian groups possess a natural topology, which turns them into topological groups. The collection of all abelian groups, together with the homomorphisms between them, forms the category Ab {\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}} , the prototype of an abelian category. Wanda Szmielew (1955) proved that the first-ord... | Commutative group | 0.83355 |
3,935 | "It continues to outline that the earliest known case of AIDS in an adult IDU occurred in 1979 (mixed risk) and that known cases among IDUs increased rapidly from the 8 cases in 1980 (3 mixed risk), to 31 cases in 1981, to 160 cases in 1982, and to 340 cases in 1983. Statistics on the incidence of positive tests for HI... | Natural transfer | 0.833548 |
3,936 | VTune features an easy-to-use GUI (integrated into Visual Studio for Windows, Eclipse for Linux) as well as a command-line interface. In addition to the VTune profiler, there is Intel Advisor that specializes in vectorization optimization and tools for threading design and prototyping. Intel also offers a tool for memo... | Intel Fortran Compiler | 0.833538 |
3,937 | In computer science, thrashing occurs in a system with virtual memory when a computer's real storage resources are overcommitted, leading to a constant state of paging and page faults, slowing most application-level processing. This causes the performance of the computer to degrade or collapse. The situation can contin... | Disk thrashing | 0.833537 |
3,938 | The permanent archive of work is primarily mathematical, although numerical calculations are often conducted for particular problems too. DNA sequencing theory addresses physical processes related to sequencing DNA and should not be confused with theories of analyzing resultant DNA sequences, e.g. sequence alignment. P... | DNA sequencing theory | 0.833537 |
3,939 | “When mixing machine learning with ‘quantum,’ you catalyse a hype-condensate.” - Jacob Biamonte a contributor to the theory of quantum computation. "There is a lot more work that needs to be done before claiming quantum machine learning will actually work," - computer scientist Iordanis Kerenidis, the head of quantum a... | Quantum Machine Learning | 0.833535 |
3,940 | Every person has a unique variation of the human genome. Although most of the variation between individuals has no effect on health, an individual's health stems from genetic variation with behaviors and influences from the environment.Modern advances in personalized medicine rely on technology that confirms a patient'... | Personalised medicine | 0.833535 |
3,941 | In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data for classification and regression analysis. Developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories by Vladimir Vapnik with colleagues (Boser et al., 1992, Guyon et al., 199... | Support-vector machine | 0.833534 |
3,942 | The ultraviolet spectrometer onboard Mariners 6 and 7 was constructed by the University of Colorado's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP).The engineering model of Mariners 6 and 7 still exists, and is owned by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It is on loan to LASP, and is on display in the lab's lob... | Mariner 7 | 0.833533 |
3,943 | If n is composite, there exists a subgroup of the multiplicative group, called the "group of false witnesses", in which the elements, when raised to the power n − 1, are congruent to 1 modulo n. (Because the residue 1 when raised to any power is congruent to 1 modulo n, the set of such elements is nonempty.) One could ... | Multiplicative group of integers modulo n | 0.83353 |
3,944 | Besides using store to load (RAW or true) memory dependence prediction for the out-of-order scheduling of loads and stores, other applications of memory dependence prediction have been proposed. See for example.Memory dependence prediction is an optimization on top of memory dependency speculation. Sequential execution... | Memory dependence prediction | 0.83353 |
3,945 | . . , x n ) {\displaystyle f(x_{1},...,x_{i},x_{i+1},...,x_{n})=g(x_{1},...,x_{i})+h(x_{i+1},...,x_{n})} , tests against the neural network can recognize the separation and proceed to solve for g {\displaystyle g} and h {\displaystyle h} separately and with different variables as inputs. | Symbolic Regression | 0.833529 |
3,946 | The net current into a volume is where S = ∂V is the boundary of V oriented by outward-pointing normals, and dS is shorthand for NdS, the outward pointing normal of the boundary ∂V. Here J is the current density (charge per unit area per unit time) at the surface of the volume. The vector points in the direction of the... | Charge conservation | 0.833522 |
3,947 | In computer science, memory virtualization decouples volatile random access memory (RAM) resources from individual systems in the data centre, and then aggregates those resources into a virtualized memory pool available to any computer in the cluster. The memory pool is accessed by the operating system or applications ... | Memory virtualization | 0.833512 |
3,948 | This convention is useful as it is the electrons in the outermost shell that most determine the chemistry of the element. For a given configuration, the order of writing the orbitals is not completely fixed since only the orbital occupancies have physical significance. For example, the electron configuration of the tit... | Electron shell configuration | 0.833512 |
3,949 | Genetically-encoded sensors that enables cells to respond to chemicals, environmental cues, and colored light. Computational tools to design precision genetic parts, based on biophysics, bioinformatics, and machine learning. Therapeutic bacteria to navigate the human body and identify and correct disease states. | Christopher Voigt | 0.833509 |
3,950 | List of numerical computational geometry topics enumerates the topics of computational geometry that deals with geometric objects as continuous entities and applies methods and algorithms of nature characteristic to numerical analysis. This area is also called "machine geometry", computer-aided geometric design, and ge... | List of numerical computational geometry topics | 0.833506 |
3,951 | Rule-based and machine learning based models are fixed on the keyword level and break down if the vocabulary differs from that defined in the rules or from the training material used for the statistical models. Research in semantic spaces dates back more than 20 years. | Semantic space | 0.833506 |
3,952 | Chemical Engineering Science. 57 (2): 265–275. | Denis Blackmore | 0.833505 |
3,953 | Examples of category-theoretic statements which require choice include: Every small category has a skeleton. If two small categories are weakly equivalent, then they are equivalent. Every continuous functor on a small-complete category which satisfies the appropriate solution set condition has a left-adjoint (the Freyd... | Axiom of Choice | 0.833504 |
3,954 | A necessary condition for two lines to intersect is that they are in the same plane—that is, are not skew lines. Satisfaction of this condition is equivalent to the tetrahedron with vertices at two of the points on one line and two of the points on the other line being degenerate in the sense of having zero volume. For... | Intersection of two lines | 0.833503 |
3,955 | Genomics England is a British company set up and owned by the United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Care to run the 100,000 Genomes Project. The project aimed in 2014 to sequence 100,000 genomes from NHS patients with a rare disease and their families, and patients with cancer. An infectious disease strand is ... | Genomics England | 0.833501 |
3,956 | For applications in materials science dealing with phase changes between different solid structures, pressure is often imagined to be constant (for example at one atmosphere), and is ignored as a degree of freedom, so the formula becomes: F = C − P + 1 {\displaystyle F=C-P+1} This is sometimes incorrectly called the "c... | Gibbs rule | 0.833501 |
3,957 | : 355 1958 (1958) – 1959 (1959): Boone publishes a simplified version of his construction. 1961 (1961): Graham Higman characterises the subgroups of finitely presented groups with Higman's embedding theorem, connecting recursion theory with group theory in an unexpected way and giving a very different proof of the unso... | Word problem (mathematics) | 0.833499 |
3,958 | The increase in plagiarism can also be attributed to developments in artificial intelligence. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3 and ChatGPT raised global discussion about the impact of artificial intelligence on writing and plagiarism. One such innovation is the GPT-2 model, which is capable o... | Plagiarism | 0.833495 |
3,959 | The assignment of the HSQC spectrum requires other experiments, ideally using triple resonance experiments with 15N and 13C-labelled proteins, that provide sequential connectivities between residues so that the resonances can be linked to particular residues and sequentially assigned. The assignment of the spectrum is ... | Heteronuclear single quantum correlation | 0.833493 |
3,960 | In particular the finitely many equations we have listed above suffice. We say that Boolean algebra is finitely axiomatizable or finitely based. | Boolean operation (Boolean algebra) | 0.833491 |
3,961 | That is to say, if x is algebraic, all other elements of E(x) are necessarily algebraic as well. Moreover, the degree of the extension E(x) / E, i.e., the dimension of E(x) as an E-vector space, equals the minimal degree n such that there is a polynomial equation involving x, as above. | Field theory (mathematics) | 0.833491 |
3,962 | In mathematics, an algebraic number field (or simply number field) is an extension field K {\displaystyle K} of the field of rational numbers Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } such that the field extension K / Q {\displaystyle K/\mathbb {Q} } has finite degree (and hence is an algebraic field extension). Thus K {\displays... | Power basis | 0.833491 |
3,963 | Handbook of Discrete Optimization. Elsevier: 1–68. Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L. Introduction to Algorithms. | Bellman–Ford algorithm | 0.833488 |
3,964 | SH2 domains, and other binding domains, have been used in protein engineering to create protein assemblies. Protein assemblies are formed when several proteins bind to one another to create a larger structure (called a supramolecular assembly). Using molecular biology techniques, fusion proteins of specific enzymes and... | Src homology 2 domain-containing | 0.833487 |
3,965 | Let A = {n1, n2, ..., nr} be a nonempty set of positive integers. The set of all integers of the form x1 n1 + x2 n2 + ... + xr nr is the subset of N generated by A and is denoted by ⟨ A ⟩. The following theorem fully characterizes numerical semigroups. | Numerical monoid | 0.833486 |
3,966 | Fermat's Last Theorem states that no three positive integers (a, b, c) can satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than two. (For n equal to 1, the equation is a linear equation and has a solution for every possible a, b. For n equal to 2, the equation has infinitely many solutions, the Pyt... | Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents | 0.833486 |
3,967 | The textbook comprises three volumes. The first volume focuses on mechanics, radiation, and heat, including relativistic effects. The second volume covers mainly electromagnetism and matter. The third volume covers quantum mechanics; for example, it shows how the double-slit experiment demonstrates the essential featur... | The Feynman Lectures on Physics | 0.833483 |
3,968 | 246) shows that the focal subgroup of P in G is the intersection P∩ of the Sylow p-subgroup P of the finite group G with the derived subgroup of G. The focal subgroup is important as it is a Sylow p-subgroup of the derived subgroup. One also gets the following result: There exists a normal subgroup K of G with G/K an ... | Lower p-series | 0.833483 |
3,969 | In 2015, educational psychologist Jonathan Wai of Duke University analyzed average test scores from the Army General Classification Test in 1946 (10,000 students), the Selective Service College Qualification Test in 1952 (38,420), Project Talent in the early 1970s (400,000), the Graduate Record Examination between 2002... | Mathematics education in the United States | 0.833474 |
3,970 | In total instruction path length only, a program coded in an imperative style, using no subroutines, would have the lowest count. However, the binary size of such a program may be larger than the same program coded using subroutines (as in functional and procedural programming) and would reference more non-local physic... | Comparison of programming paradigms | 0.833473 |
3,971 | Its mathematical formalization is part of the field of topological graph theory which studies the embedding of graphs on surfaces. An important part of the puzzle, but one that is often not stated explicitly in informal wordings of the puzzle, is that the houses, companies, and lines must all be placed on a two-dimensi... | Three utilities problem | 0.833471 |
3,972 | These can be made precise using epistemic modal logic; see Shoham & Leyton-Brown (2009, chpt. 13) for details. A perfect information two-player game over a game tree (as defined in combinatorial game theory and artificial intelligence) can be represented as an extensive form game with outcomes (i.e. win, lose, or draw)... | Extensive form | 0.833471 |
3,973 | When an acid is dissolved in water CA = CH = Ca, the concentration of the acid, so = . After some further algebraic manipulation an equation in the hydrogen ion concentration may be obtained. 2 + K a − K a C a = 0 {\displaystyle ^{2}+K_{a}-K_{a}C_{a}=0} Solution of this quadratic equation gives the hydrogen ion conce... | PH balance | 0.83347 |
3,974 | For that reason, the construction of this inverse operation in modern algebra is often discarded in favor of introducing the concept of inverse elements (as sketched under § Addition), where subtraction is regarded as adding the additive inverse of the subtrahend to the minuend, that is, a − b = a + (−b). The immediate... | Arithmetical operations | 0.833469 |
3,975 | Breaking the mechanism up into separate vectors and components allows us to create a kinematic analysis that can solve for the maximum velocity, acceleration, and force the mechanism is capable of in three-dimensional space. Most of the equations involved in the quick return mechanism setup originate from Hamilton's pr... | Quick return mechanism | 0.833463 |
3,976 | Evolutionary epigenetics: Learning about epigenome regulation in human (and its medical consequences) by cross-species comparisons. Theoretical modeling: Testing our mechanistic and quantitative understanding of epigenetic mechanisms by in silico simulation. Genome browsers: Developing a new blend of web services that ... | Computational epigenetics | 0.833459 |
3,977 | Use Sperner's lemma to show that every triangulation of the square into triangles meeting edge-to-edge must contain at least one triangle whose vertices have three different colours. Conclude from the straight-line property that a tricolored triangle must also exist in every dissection of the square into triangles, not... | Monsky's theorem | 0.83345 |
3,978 | {\displaystyle \phi .} The fact that U {\displaystyle {\mathcal {U}}} is an ultrafilter (and not just a filter) is used in the negation clause, and the axiom of choice is needed at the existential quantifier step. As an application, one obtains the transfer theorem for hyperreal fields. | Ultraproduct monad | 0.83345 |
3,979 | PRINSEQ is a tool that generates summary statistics of sequence and quality data and that is used to filter, reformat and trim next-generation sequence data. It is particular designed for 454/Roche data, but can also be used for other types of sequence. QC-Chain is a package of quality control tools for next generation... | List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools | 0.833446 |
3,980 | Phase Genomics is an American biotechnology company based in Seattle, Washington. The company develops proximity ligation kits and Hi-C sequencing technology used to analyze chromosomes. Phase Genomics sells proximity ligation kits, scientific services, and computational analyses. | Phase Genomics | 0.833444 |
3,981 | (with Kodratoff, Y, Eds.) Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Vol. | Ryszard S. Michalski | 0.833435 |
3,982 | In a June 2008 article on personal genomics, a doctor from the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine said: The availability of online tools such as SNPedia means we are now in the position where the patient often knows more about their risk implications than their doctor In January 2011, technology journalis... | SNPedia | 0.833435 |
3,983 | There are many other areas of application for sequence learning. How humans learn sequential procedures has been a long-standing research problem in cognitive science and currently is a major topic in neuroscience. Research work has been going on in several disciplines, including artificial intelligence, neural network... | Sequence learning | 0.833423 |
3,984 | Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of devices to measure physical quantities such as pressure, flow, and temperature. The design of such instruments requires a good understanding of physics that often extends beyond electromagnetic theory. For example, flight instruments measure variables such as wind sp... | Electrical engineering | 0.833419 |
3,985 | Illumina dye sequencing is a technique used to determine the series of base pairs in DNA, also known as DNA sequencing. The reversible terminated chemistry concept was invented by Bruno Canard and Simon Sarfati at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. It was developed by Shankar Balasubramanian and David Klenerman of Cambrid... | Illumina dye sequencing | 0.833417 |
3,986 | The control theory is using differential equations to describe complex physical systems like an inverted pendulum. A set of differential equations forms a physics engine which maps the control input to the state space of the system. The forward model is able to simulate the given domain. For example, if the user pushes... | Linear-quadratic regulator rapidly exploring random tree | 0.833415 |
3,987 | Formally, we start with a category C with finite products (i.e. C has a terminal object 1 and any two objects of C have a product). A group object in C is an object G of C together with morphisms m: G × G → G (thought of as the "group multiplication") e: 1 → G (thought of as the "inclusion of the identity element") inv... | Group object | 0.833411 |
3,988 | LIBSVM and LIBLINEAR are two popular open source machine learning libraries, both developed at the National Taiwan University and both written in C++ though with a C API. LIBSVM implements the sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm for kernelized support vector machines (SVMs), supporting classification and re... | LIBSVM | 0.833411 |
3,989 | The following terms are generally less relevant to discussions of MAS in plant and animal breeding, but are highly relevant in molecular biology research: Positive selectable markers are selectable markers that confer selective advantage to the host organism. An example would be antibiotic resistance, which allows the ... | Marker assisted selection | 0.833409 |
3,990 | In high throughput sequencing, data obtained are typically transformed to relative abundances, rendering them compositional. In probability and statistics, a partition of the sampling space into disjoint events is described by the probabilities assigned to such events. | Compositional data | 0.833408 |
3,991 | More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that every non-constant polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which is a complex number. For example, the equation ( x + 1 ) 2 = − 9 {\displaystyle (x+1)^{2}=-9} has no real solution, since the square of a real number cannot be ne... | Complex Numbers | 0.833408 |
3,992 | In geometry, given a triangle ABC, there exist unique points A´, B´, and C´ on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively, such that: A´, B´, and C´ partition the perimeter of the triangle into three equal-length pieces. That is,C´B + BA´ = B´A + AC´ = A´C + CB´.The three lines AA´, BB´, and CC´ meet in a point, the trisected p... | Trisected perimeter point | 0.833401 |
3,993 | It was once conjectured that all polynomial equations could be solved algebraically (that is, that all roots of a polynomial could be expressed in terms of a finite number of radicals and elementary operations). However, while this is true for third degree polynomials (cubics) and fourth degree polynomials (quartics), ... | Fourth root | 0.833397 |
3,994 | The researchers who invented quantum tic-tac-toe were studying abstract quantum systems, formal systems whose axiomatic foundation included only a few of the axioms of quantum mechanics. Quantum tic-tac-toe became the most thoroughly studied abstract quantum system and offered insights that spawned new research. It als... | Quantum tic-tac-toe | 0.833384 |
3,995 | Continues in part Série IIA and III. Comptes Rendus Physique – topical issues in physics (mainly optics, astrophysics and particle physics). Continues Série IV. | Comptes Rendus Mathématique | 0.833382 |
3,996 | Religion: the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism. Biology: 7 ± 2, in cognitive science, George A. Miller's estimate of the number of objects that can be simultaneously held in human working memory. Music: 7 notes in a major or minor scale. | Orders of magnitude (numbers) | 0.833381 |
3,997 | The line integral of A over a closed loop, Γ, is equal to the magnetic flux, ΦB, through a surface, S, that it encloses: Therefore, the units of A are also equivalent to Weber per metre. The above equation is useful in the flux quantization of superconducting loops. Although the magnetic field B is a pseudovector (also... | Magnetic Vector Potential | 0.833381 |
3,998 | Each type has certain benefits, although there is disagreement about the specifics of the benefits between providers. Some MOLAP implementations are prone to database explosion, a phenomenon causing vast amounts of storage space to be used by MOLAP databases when certain common conditions are met: high number of dimens... | Online Analytical Processing | 0.833374 |
3,999 | Closely related to the brain simulator reply, this claims that a massively parallel connectionist architecture would be capable of understanding. Modern deep learning is massively parallel and has successfully displayed intelligent behavior in many domains. Nils Nilsson argues that modern AI is using digitized "dynamic... | Strong AI hypothesis | 0.83337 |
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