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80,500 | The above solution can be very useful to design reinforcement; however, it has some practical limitations. The following aspects can be included too, if the problem is solved using convex optimization: Multiple stress tensors in one point due to multiple loads on the structure instead of only one stress tensor A constr... | Reinforced solid | 0.799846 |
80,501 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Gm1083 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nu... | Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Gm1083 | 0.799845 |
80,502 | The use of the p-value in statistics was popularized by Ronald Fisher, and it plays a central role in his approach to the subject. In his influential book Statistical Methods for Research Workers (1925), Fisher proposed the level p = 0.05, or a 1 in 20 chance of being exceeded by chance, as a limit for statistical sign... | P value | 0.799845 |
80,503 | 148a–154a., 1976. doi:10.1021/ac60366a041. A personal encounter with French chemistry: the 1950 French Scientific Instrument Exhibition at the Science Museum, 2001. From classical to modern chemistry: the instrumental revolution, Chemistry & Industry, 6 January 2003. == References == | Frank Greenaway | 0.799845 |
80,504 | Alkanediazonium ions, otherwise rarely encountered in organic chemistry, are implicated as the causative agents in the carcinogens. Specifically, nitrosamines are thought to undergo metabolic activation to produce alkanediazonium species. | Diazonium compounds | 0.799845 |
80,505 | Seeing the experimental results, Hagedorn invented a new theoretical framework called statistical bootstrap model (SBM).The SBM model of strong interactions is based on the observation that hadrons are made of hadrons in an infinite chain. This leads to the concept of a sequence of heavier and heavier particles, each b... | Rolf Hagedorn | 0.799845 |
80,506 | Linked lists were developed in 1955–1956, by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert A. Simon at RAND Corporation and Carnegie Mellon University as the primary data structure for their Information Processing Language (IPL). IPL was used by the authors to develop several early artificial intelligence programs, including th... | Linked list | 0.799845 |
80,507 | The 3DBenchy is a 3D computer model specifically designed for testing the accuracy and capabilities of 3D printers. The 3DBenchy is described by its creator, Creative Tools, as "the jolly 3D printing torture-test" and was released (STL only) in April 2015, with a multi-part, multi-color model released in July 2015.Due ... | 3DBenchy | 0.799845 |
80,508 | The Zariski topology on a commutative ring (that is, the prime spectrum of a ring) is T0 but not, in general, T1. To see this, note that the closure of a one-point set is the set of all prime ideals that contain the point (and thus the topology is T0). However, this closure is a maximal ideal, and the only closed point... | R0 space | 0.799845 |
80,509 | In this way, we have mapped all points from the big figure (except some fixed points) in a one-to-one manner to B type points not too far from the centre, and within the big figure. We can then make a second mapping to A type points. At this point we can apply the method of the Cantor-Bernstein-Schroeder theorem. | Von Neumann paradox | 0.799844 |
80,510 | Using the Borsuk–Ulam Theorem: Lectures on Topological Methods in Combinatorics and Geometry is a graduate-level mathematics textbook in topological combinatorics. It describes the use of results in topology, and in particular the Borsuk–Ulam theorem, to prove theorems in combinatorics and discrete geometry. It was wri... | Using the Borsuk–Ulam Theorem | 0.799843 |
80,511 | Order: 246 ⋅ 320 ⋅ 59 ⋅ 76 ⋅ 112 ⋅ 133 ⋅ 17 ⋅ 19 ⋅ 23 ⋅ 29 ⋅ 31 ⋅ 41 ⋅ 47 ⋅ 59 ⋅ 71 = 808017424794512875886459904961710757005754368000000000Schur multiplier: Trivial. Outer automorphism group: Trivial. Other names: F1, M1, Monster group, Friendly giant, Fischer's monster. Remarks: Contains all but 6 of the other sporad... | List of finite simple groups | 0.799843 |
80,512 | Parallel coordinates were often said to be invented by Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne in 1885, but even though the words "Coordonnées parallèles" appear in the book title this work has nothing to do with the visualization techniques of the same name; the book only describes a method of coordinate transformation. But even be... | Parallel coordinates | 0.799843 |
80,513 | When q = 0 {\displaystyle q=0} , the long range edges are uniformly connected at random which means the long range edges are "too random" to be used efficiently for decentralized search. Kleinberg has shown that the optimal clustering coefficient for this model is q = 2 {\displaystyle q=2} , or an inverse square distri... | Small-world routing | 0.799843 |
80,514 | The limit was initially ignored by the community of scientists because such a limit would logically require the existence of black holes, which were considered a scientific impossibility at the time. The fact that the roles of Stoner and Anderson are often overlooked in the astronomy community has been noted.The priori... | Chandrasekhar mass | 0.799843 |
80,515 | These form a category, and Tannaka–Krein duality provides a way to recover a compact group from its category of unitary representations. If the group is neither abelian nor compact, no general theory is known with an analogue of the Plancherel theorem or Fourier inversion, although Alexander Grothendieck extended Tanna... | Equivalent representation | 0.799843 |
80,516 | Devanur et al study a market with different item types and unit demand agents.Chawla et al study PIMs for the makespan minimization problem.Hsu et al study a market with different item types. The supplies are fixed. The buyers can buy bundles of items, and have different valuations on bundles. They prove that, if n {\d... | Prior-independent mechanism design | 0.799842 |
80,517 | Robotics – Behavior-based robotics – Cognitive – Cybernetics – Developmental robotics – Epigenetic robotics – Evolutionary robotics – | Outline of artificial intelligence | 0.799841 |
80,518 | LessWrong promotes lifestyle changes believed by its community to lead to increased rationality and self-improvement. Posts often focus on avoiding biases related to decision-making and the evaluation of evidence. One suggestion is the use of Bayes' theorem as a decision-making tool. There is also a focus on psychologi... | LessWrong | 0.799841 |
80,519 | In the third century Liu Hui wrote his commentary on the Nine Chapters and also wrote Haidao Suanjing which dealt with using Pythagorean theorem (already known by the 9 chapters), and triple, quadruple triangulation for surveying; his accomplishment in the mathematical surveying exceeded those accomplished in the west ... | Chinese mathematics | 0.799841 |
80,520 | When A is a unital real algebra, the products of real numbers with 1 is a real line within the algebra. For example, in the complex plane z = x + iy, the subspace {z: y = 0} is a real line. Similarly, the algebra of quaternions q = w + x i + y j + z khas a real line in the subspace {q: x = y = z = 0 }. When the real al... | Real axis | 0.799839 |
80,521 | On 14 November 1750, Euler wrote to a friend that he had realized the importance of the edges of a polyhedron. This led to his polyhedron formula, V − E + F = 2 (where V, E, and F respectively indicate the number of vertices, edges, and faces of the polyhedron). Some authorities regard this analysis as the first theore... | Topology | 0.799839 |
80,522 | The rank approximation problem asks for the rank- r {\displaystyle r} decomposition closest (in the usual Euclidean topology) to some rank- s {\displaystyle s} tensor A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} , where r < s {\displaystyle r | Canonical polyadic decomposition | 0.799838 |
80,523 | The first documented example of epigenetics affecting behavior was provided by Michael Meaney and Moshe Szyf. While working at McGill University in Montréal in 2004, they discovered that the type and amount of nurturing a mother rat provides in the early weeks of the rat's infancy determines how that rat responds to st... | Behavioral epigenetics | 0.799838 |
80,524 | Commonly employed statistical techniques for such models include logistic regression and neural networks. Other types of analysis include: Impact Assessment helps a business to understand how actions taken by the business affected their customer behavior, and also allow for some predictions of customer reaction to prop... | Database marketing | 0.799838 |
80,525 | The role of metallic elements in the evolution of cell biochemistry has been reviewed, including a detailed section on the role of calcium in redox enzymes.One or more of the elements iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc are essential to all higher forms of life. Cobalt is an essential component of vitamin B12. Compo... | Metal ions | 0.799838 |
80,526 | Theory and Applications (with Dragos Cvetković and Michael Doob) has several editions and was translated in several languages.Two theorems in graph theory bear his name. One of them relates the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of a graph to certain structural features of the graph. | Horst Sachs | 0.799837 |
80,527 | David Adler (April 13, 1935 – March 31, 1987) was an American physicist and MIT professor. In condensed matter physics, Adler made significant contributions to the understanding of transition-metal oxides, the electronic properties of low-mobility materials, transport phenomena in amorphous materials, metal-insulator t... | David Adler (physicist) | 0.799837 |
80,528 | Hydraulics (from Greek ὕδωρ (hydor) 'water', and αὐλός (aulos) 'pipe') is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics, which concerns gases. Fluid mecha... | Hydraulics | 0.799836 |
80,529 | Jack Moehle received his B.S. (1977), M.S. (1978), and Ph.D. (1980) in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois. | Jack Moehle | 0.799836 |
80,530 | The definition of a "vector" in physics (including both polar vectors and pseudovectors) is more specific than the mathematical definition of "vector" (namely, any element of an abstract vector space). Under the physics definition, a "vector" is required to have components that "transform" in a certain way under a prop... | Polar vector | 0.799836 |
80,531 | A central question of the book is 'Why is there something rather than nothing? ', which lies in the domain between philosophy and scientific cosmology. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the first to publish the question in 1714. In this book, the author records a quest to answer the question through a series of interviews ... | Why Does the World Exist? | 0.799836 |
80,532 | Parts of procedures and techniques were automated throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, using simple circuit boards. The first fully automatic synthesis was a peptide synthesis by Robert Merrifield and John Stewart in 1966. Applications of artificial intelligence to organic synthesis also started in the 1960s with th... | Fully automated synthesis | 0.799836 |
80,533 | For technical terms, the foreign spelling is often retained such as ph /f/ or y /yː/ in the word Physik (physics) of Greek origin. For some common affixes however, like -graphie or Photo-, it is allowed to use -grafie or Foto- instead. Both Photographie and Fotografie are correct, but the mixed variants Fotographie or ... | German orthography | 0.799836 |
80,534 | This has been resolved by elaborating the rules that are allowed for manipulating sets. This crisis has been resolved by revisiting the foundations of mathematics to make them more rigorous. In these new foundations, a theorem is a well-formed formula of a mathematical theory that can be proved from the axioms and infe... | Formal theorem | 0.799835 |
80,535 | The geometry related to the mapping of a pinhole camera is illustrated in the figure. The figure contains the following basic objects: A 3D orthogonal coordinate system with its origin at O. This is also where the camera aperture is located. The three axes of the coordinate system are referred to as X1, X2, X3. Axis X3... | Pinhole camera model | 0.799835 |
80,536 | According to the IEA, to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, 90% of global electricity generation will need to be produced from renewable sources. Some studies have shown that a global transition to 100% renewable energy across all sectors – power, heat, transport and industry – is feasible and economically viable. | Renewable power | 0.799835 |
80,537 | Some programs came to emphasize quantitative methodologies, and most of these were eventually absorbed into systems engineering. Others emphasized sociological and qualitative approaches, and found that their closest kin could be found among scholars in science, technology, and society departments.During the 1970s and ... | Laboratory studies | 0.799835 |
80,538 | Irène Joliot-Curie, Frédéric Joliot. Received Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1935). Gerty Cori, Carl Cori. | Nobel Prize | 0.799835 |
80,539 | The Underground Area 3 (UA3) experiment was a high-energy physics experiment at the Proton-Antiproton Collider (SppS), a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), at CERN. The experiment ran from 1978 to 1988 with the objective of searching for magnetic monopoles. No evidence for magnetic monopoles was found ... | UA3 experiment | 0.799835 |
80,540 | For example, automated systems of employment verification run by the federal government such as E-verify tend to misidentify people with names that do not adhere to standardized Caucasian-sounding names as ineligible to work in the United States, thus widening unemployment gaps and preventing social mobility. This case... | Internet tracking | 0.799835 |
80,541 | The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) or fluctuation–dissipation relation (FDR) is a powerful tool in statistical physics for predicting the behavior of systems that obey detailed balance. Given that a system obeys detailed balance, the theorem is a proof that thermodynamic fluctuations in a physical variable predi... | Fluctuation dissipation theorem | 0.799835 |
80,542 | Further developments in algebra were made by Al-Karaji in his treatise al-Fakhri, where he extends the methodology to incorporate integer powers and integer roots of unknown quantities. Something close to a proof by mathematical induction appears in a book written by Al-Karaji around 1000 AD, who used it to prove the b... | Roman mathematics | 0.799835 |
80,543 | In applied statistics, a partial residual plot is a graphical technique that attempts to show the relationship between a given independent variable and the response variable given that other independent variables are also in the model. | Partial residual plot | 0.799834 |
80,544 | If the intrinsic luminosity L {\displaystyle L} of a distant object is known, we can calculate its luminosity distance by measuring the flux S {\displaystyle S} and determine d L ( z ) = L / 4 π S {\displaystyle d_{L}(z)={\sqrt {L/4\pi S}}} , which turns out to be equivalent to the expression above for d L ( z ) {\disp... | Astronomical distance | 0.799834 |
80,545 | At the same time, together with John S. Colligon, he conducted experiments to study the effect of the energy density released in the cascade of atomic collisions on the processes of ion-assisted deposition of coatings on materials. In 1985, during a UNESCO trip to West Germany, the studies, started in Belarus and the U... | Igor Serafimovich Tashlykov | 0.799834 |
80,546 | For templates without strong features, or for when the bulk of a template image constitutes the matching image as a whole, a template-based approach may be effective. Since template-based matching may require sampling of a large number of data points, it is often desirable to reduce the number of sampling points by red... | Template matching | 0.799834 |
80,547 | The stages involved include: Attempt Fail Implicitly analyze the result Implicitly decide how to change the next attempt so that success is achievedThe stages are repeated over and over until the learner builds or remodels the neural network to guide an activity appropriately and accurately without conscious thought. T... | Procedural learning | 0.799834 |
80,548 | The Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) at the University of Manchester was formed at the merger of the Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST in 2005, formed largely from the former UMIST department of the same name. The department has its origins in the Department of Physics and Electrical ... | Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester | 0.799833 |
80,549 | In physics the sign problem is typically (but not exclusively) encountered in calculations of the properties of a quantum mechanical system with large number of strongly interacting fermions, or in field theories involving a non-zero density of strongly interacting fermions. Because the particles are strongly interacti... | Numerical sign problem | 0.799833 |
80,550 | \ell _{OB}\cdot \ell _{OD}=k^{2}} and since points O, B, D are collinear, then D is the inverse of B with respect to the circle (O,k) with center O and radius k. | Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage | 0.799833 |
80,551 | For this fixed topos, let Exal _ {\displaystyle {\underline {\text{Exal}}}} be the category of pairs ( A , p: E → B ) {\displaystyle (A,p:E\to B)} where p: E → B {\displaystyle p:E\to B} is a surjective morphism of A {\displaystyle A} -algebras such that the kernel I {\displaystyle I} is square-zero, where morphisms ar... | Exalcomm | 0.799833 |
80,552 | Gow, Rod (1994). "Sylow's proof of Sylow's theorem". Irish Math. | Sylow p-subgroup | 0.799833 |
80,553 | Annual Review of Biophysics Bibliography of biophysics Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Biophysical Journal Biophysical Reviews and Letters European Biophysics Journal Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods Soft Matter | Outline of biophysics | 0.799833 |
80,554 | International Solar Electric Technology, or ISET, was a company invested in copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) photovoltaics. ISET's research over two decades had been largely funded by grants from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Members helped found or worked in many of the more well known CIGS companies,... | International Solar Electric Technology | 0.799832 |
80,555 | Ordered pairs can also be introduced in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) axiomatically by just adding to ZF a new function symbol f {\displaystyle f} of arity 2 (it is usually omitted) and a defining axiom for f {\displaystyle f}: This definition is acceptable because this extension of ZF is a conservative extension.Th... | Ordered pair | 0.799832 |
80,556 | It ruled out cross-sections for elastic scattering of WIMPs off nucleons above 3.9 × 10−8 pb (3.9 × 10−44 cm2) from the two science runs conducted at Boulby (83 days in 2008 and 319 days in 2010/11). Direct dark matter search experiments look for extremely rare and very weak collisions expected to occur between the col... | ZEPLIN-III | 0.799832 |
80,557 | In molecular biology, the CLP protease family is a family of serine peptidases belong to the MEROPS peptidase family S14 (ClpP endopeptidase family, clan SK). ClpP is an ATP-dependent protease that cleaves a number of proteins, such as casein and albumin. It exists as a heterodimer of ATP-binding regulatory A and catal... | CLP protease family | 0.799832 |
80,558 | He enrolled in the Republic of China Navy Mechanical School in 1949, entered the Department of Electrical Engineering a year later, earned a bachelor's degree in 1954, served in the Republic of China Navy from 1954 to 1956, and became a lieutenant in the Navy. In 1955, he was selected to study radar engineering for hal... | Fa-Yueh Wu | 0.799832 |
80,559 | MINPACK is a library of FORTRAN subroutines for the solving of systems of nonlinear equations, or the least-squares minimization of the residual of a set of linear or nonlinear equations. MINPACK, along with other similar libraries such as LINPACK and EISPACK, originated from the Mathematics and Computer Science Divisi... | MINPACK | 0.799831 |
80,560 | In 2007, SGI worked with BP to commercialize microbial-based processes for increasing the conversion and recovery of subsurface hydrocarbons. In 2009, SGI received funding from ExxonMobil to produce biofuels on an industrial-scale using recombinant algae and other microorganisms. The company purchased an 81-acre site (... | Synthetic Genomics | 0.799831 |
80,561 | This approach was published later in Grothendieck (1968). At the same time in the early 1960s, largely similar theories were independently introduced for commutative rings (corresponding to the "local" case of affine schemes in algebraic geometry) by Gerstenhaber and Lichtenbaum and Schlessinger. Their theories extende... | Cotangent complex | 0.79983 |
80,562 | Fan did his undergraduate study in physics from the University of Science and Technology of China from 1988 to 1992. He completed his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1997, after which he continued as a postdoctoral researcher in the same group at MIT. His advisor was Jo... | Shanhui Fan | 0.79983 |
80,563 | The existence of a factorization algorithm depends also on the ground field. In the case of the real or complex numbers, Abel–Ruffini theorem shows that the roots of some polynomials, and thus the irreducible factors, cannot be computed exactly. Therefore, a factorization algorithm can compute only approximations of th... | Polynomial algebra | 0.79983 |
80,564 | In computer science, the Bron–Kerbosch algorithm is an enumeration algorithm for finding all maximal cliques in an undirected graph. That is, it lists all subsets of vertices with the two properties that each pair of vertices in one of the listed subsets is connected by an edge, and no listed subset can have any additi... | Bron–Kerbosch algorithm | 0.79983 |
80,565 | The first systematic and widespread use of medial capitals for technical purposes was the notation for chemical formulas invented by the Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius in 1813. To replace the multitude of naming and symbol conventions used by chemists until that time, he proposed to indicate each chemical element by a... | Camel Case | 0.79983 |
80,566 | When Shiue told Stauffer he was her student fifteen years prior, he indicated she had given him a B- grade in Algebra which prevented him from going to college. He said, as a result, he was drafted into the Vietnam War and became a POW. This was, as were many of his claims, not true. | Ming Sen Shiue | 0.799829 |
80,567 | Pictorial communication systems seek to describe fundamental mathematical or physical concepts via simplified diagrams sent as bitmaps. These messages necessarily assume that the recipient has similar visual capabilities and can understand basic mathematics and geometry. A common critique of pictorial systems is that t... | Extraterrestrial communications | 0.799829 |
80,568 | This projectile uses a form of continuous collision detection to make sure that the above-stated problem will not occur (at the cost of inferior performance), since more complex calculations are required to perform such a task. Games such as FIFA 14 require accurate projectile physics for objects such as the soccer bal... | Game physics | 0.799829 |
80,569 | The science of budgerigar color genetics deals with the heredity of mutations which cause color variation in the feathers of the species known scientifically as Melopsittacus undulatus. Birds of this species are commonly known by the terms 'budgerigar', or informally just 'budgie'. | Budgerigar colour genetics | 0.799829 |
80,570 | Marco A. Marra is a Distinguished Scientist and Director of Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at the BC Cancer Research Centre and Professor of Medical Genetics at the University of British Columbia (UBC). He also serves as UBC Canada Research Chair in Genome Science for the Canadian Institutes of Health Re... | Marco Marra | 0.799829 |
80,571 | As before, evaluating the function at the eigenvalues gives us the linear equations eit = c0 + i c1 and e−it = c0 − ic1; the solution of which gives, c0 = (eit + e−it)/2 = cos t and c1 = (eit − e−it)/2i = sin t. Thus, for this case, which is a rotation matrix. Standard examples of such usage is the exponential map from... | Cayley–Hamilton theorem | 0.799829 |
80,572 | Any algebraically closed field is quasi-algebraically closed. In fact, any homogeneous polynomial in at least two variables over an algebraically closed field has a non-trivial zero. Any finite field is quasi-algebraically closed by the Chevalley–Warning theorem. | Quasi-algebraic closure | 0.799828 |
80,573 | The NA62 experiment (known as P-326 at the stage of the proposal) is a fixed-target particle physics experiment in the North Area of the SPS accelerator at CERN. The experiment was approved in February 2007. Data taking began in 2015, and the experiment is expected to become the first in the world to probe the decays o... | NA62 experiment | 0.799828 |
80,574 | The π-calculus is a universal model of computation. This was first observed by Milner in his paper "Functions as Processes", in which he presents two encodings of the lambda-calculus in the π-calculus. One encoding simulates the eager (call-by-value) evaluation strategy, the other encoding simulates the normal-order (c... | Pi calculus | 0.799828 |
80,575 | The Larch Prover, or LP for short, is an interactive theorem proving system for multi-sorted first-order logic. It was used at MIT and elsewhere during the 1990s to reason about designs for circuits, concurrent algorithms, hardware, and software.Unlike most theorem provers, which attempt to find proofs automatically fo... | Larch Prover | 0.799828 |
80,576 | Research methods borrowed directly from neuroscience and neuropsychology can also help us to understand aspects of intelligence. These methods allow us to understand how intelligent behavior is implemented in a physical system. Single-unit recording Direct brain stimulation Animal models Postmortem studies | Cognitive Scientist | 0.799828 |
80,577 | Important results of Itô calculus include the integration by parts formula and Itô's lemma, which is a change of variables formula. These differ from the formulas of standard calculus, due to quadratic variation terms. | Itō calculus | 0.799828 |
80,578 | In collaboration with Department of Biotechnology, Bharat Biotech International Limited, PATH and CHRD-SAS, VIDRC was also engaged in the phase III randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial to evaluate the non-interference in the immune response of three doses of ORV 116E (Rotavac) to antigens contained in chil... | Translational Health Science and Technology Institute | 0.799828 |
80,579 | In statistics, omitted-variable bias (OVB) occurs when a statistical model leaves out one or more relevant variables. The bias results in the model attributing the effect of the missing variables to those that were included. More specifically, OVB is the bias that appears in the estimates of parameters in a regression ... | Omitted-variables bias | 0.799827 |
80,580 | to constrain the dynamical evolution of Pallas and asteroids in the Pallas impact family.Athena would have conducted visible imaging of the geology of Pallas with a miniature color (RGB) camera. Also, a radio science experiment would have used a continuous antenna pointing to Earth for two-way Doppler tracking to enabl... | Athena (spacecraft) | 0.799827 |
80,581 | Molecular cytogenetics combines two disciplines, molecular biology and cytogenetics, and involves the analysis of chromosome structure to help distinguish normal and cancer-causing cells. Human cytogenetics began in 1956 when it was discovered that normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes. However, the first microscop... | Molecular cytogenetics | 0.799827 |
80,582 | OpenGridMap employs crowdsourcing techniques to gather detailed data on electricity network components and then infer a realistic network structure using methods from statistics and graph theory. The scope of the project is worldwide and both distribution and transmission networks can be reverse engineered. The project... | Open energy system databases | 0.799827 |
80,583 | Virus-like particles (VLPs) can be produced that lack the viral genome; these VLPs are non-infectious also toward plants and thus considered safe also from an agricultural point of view. Viruses and their non-infectious counterparts can be produced through molecular farming in plants or fermentation in cell culture. Th... | Virus nanotechnology | 0.799827 |
80,584 | The Vorlesungen can be seen as a watershed between the classical number theory of Fermat, Jacobi and Gauss, and the modern number theory of Dedekind, Riemann and Hilbert. Dirichlet does not explicitly recognise the concept of the group that is central to modern algebra, but many of his proofs show an implicit understan... | Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie | 0.799826 |
80,585 | The unit of measurement called an atmosphere or a standard atmosphere (atm) is 101325 Pa (101.325 kPa). This value is often used as a reference pressure and specified as such in some national and international standards, such as the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 2787 (pneumatic tools and compress... | Pascal (unit) | 0.799826 |
80,586 | The space of biquaternions has a natural topology through the Euclidean metric on 8-space. With respect to this topology, G is a topological group. | Biquaternion | 0.799826 |
80,587 | Hard disk recorders typically allow some limited editing capabilities, allowing highlight reels to be edited together in the middle of a game. Several character generators allowing scores and statistics to be shown on screen. | Electronic field production | 0.799825 |
80,588 | In number theory, an integer q is called a quadratic residue modulo n if it is congruent to a perfect square modulo n; i.e., if there exists an integer x such that: x 2 ≡ q ( mod n ) . {\displaystyle x^{2}\equiv q{\pmod {n}}.} Otherwise, q is called a quadratic nonresidue modulo n. Originally an abstract mathematical c... | Quadratic residues | 0.799825 |
80,589 | Geologic modelling is a relatively recent subdiscipline of geology which integrates structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, paleoclimatology, and diagenesis; In 2-dimensions (2D), a geologic formation or unit is represented by a polygon, which can be bounded by faults, unconformities or by its lateral extent, ... | Geologic modeling | 0.799825 |
80,590 | He also found a way to calculate integrals with complex limits, foreshadowing the development of complex analysis. Euler invented the calculus of variations including its most well-known result, the Euler–Lagrange equation. Euler also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems. | Contributions of Leonhard Euler to mathematics | 0.799825 |
80,591 | no. 2580; The Book of Categories, Kr. no. 2582; The Book on Interpretation, Kr. no. 2583; The Book of Metaphysics, Kr. | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.799824 |
80,592 | Solar System Geology of solar terrestrial planets List of Solar System objects List of Solar System objects by size Galilean satellites Halley's comet | Outline of astronomy | 0.799824 |
80,593 | The theorem is weaker than the related but thus far unproved four exponentials conjecture, whereby the strict inequality dl > d + l is replaced with dl ≥ d + l, thus allowing d = l = 2. The theorem can be stated in terms of logarithms by introducing the set L of logarithms of algebraic numbers: L = { λ ∈ C: e λ ∈ Q ¯ }... | Six exponentials theorem | 0.799824 |
80,594 | The five- and seven-limit tonality diamonds exhibit a highly regular geometry within the modulatory space, meaning all non-unison elements of the diamond are only one unit from the unison. The five-limit diamond then becomes a regular hexagon surrounding the unison, and the seven-limit diamond a cuboctahedron surroundi... | Tonality diamond | 0.799824 |
80,595 | Any other circle of the sphere is called a small circle, and is the intersection of the sphere with a plane not passing through its center. Small circles are the spherical-geometry analog of circles in Euclidean space. Every circle in Euclidean 3-space is a great circle of exactly one sphere. The disk bounded by a grea... | Great circle | 0.799823 |
80,596 | In 1974, Biggs published Algebraic Graph Theory which articulates properties of graphs in algebraic terms, then works out theorems regarding them. In the first section, he tackles the applications of linear algebra and matrix theory; algebraic constructions such as adjacency matrix and the incidence matrix and their ap... | Norman L. Biggs | 0.799823 |
80,597 | Any extreme order statistics estimator (min/max sketches) for the unweighted problem can be generalized to an estimator for the weighted problem . For example, the weighted estimator proposed by Cohen et al. can be obtained when the continuous max sketches estimator is extended to solve the weighted problem. In particu... | Count-distinct problem | 0.799823 |
80,598 | In geometry, a dodecahedron (from Ancient Greek δωδεκάεδρον (dōdekáedron); from δώδεκα (dṓdeka) 'twelve', and ἕδρα (hédra) 'base, seat, face') or duodecahedron is any polyhedron with twelve flat faces. The most familiar dodecahedron is the regular dodecahedron with regular pentagons as faces, which is a Platonic solid.... | Dodecahedron | 0.799823 |
80,599 | In materials science, MXenes are a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds , that consist of atomically thin layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. MXenes accept a variety of hydrophilic terminations. MXenes were first reported in 2012. | MXenes | 0.799822 |
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