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82,500 | However, since only Alice knows b {\displaystyle b} , it makes it virtually impossible for either Bob or Eve to distinguish the states of the qubits. Also, after Bob has received the qubits, we know that Eve cannot be in possession of a copy of the qubits sent to Bob, by the no-cloning theorem, unless she has made meas... | BB84 | 0.79942 |
82,501 | It is a common aphorism in statistics that all models are wrong. Thus, true consistency does not occur in practical applications. Nevertheless, consistency is often considered to be a desirable property for an estimator to have. | Maximum Likelihood Estimation | 0.79942 |
82,502 | Doshchanov Kh.I., Pushkarev V.M., Polimbetova N.S., Aitkhozhin M.A. Liberation of informosomes from isolated nuclei of wheat germ in the in vitro system // Molec. biology. | Murat Aitkhozhin | 0.79942 |
82,503 | In the mathematical field of Riemannian geometry, every submanifold of a Riemannian manifold has a surface area. The first variation of area formula is a fundamental computation for how this quantity is affected by the deformation of the submanifold. The fundamental quantity is to do with the mean curvature. Let (M, g)... | First variation of area formula | 0.79942 |
82,504 | The second category of definitions may be preferred to underscore intrinsic stability qualities of some n ≥ 1 {\displaystyle n\geq 1} magnetic configurations. These qualities arise from stabilizing interactions which may be described in several mathematical ways, including for example by using higher-order spatial deri... | Magnetic skyrmions | 0.79942 |
82,505 | GC skew is when the nucleotides guanine and cytosine are over- or under-abundant in a particular region of DNA or RNA. GC skew is also a statistical method for measuring strand-specific guanine overrepresentation.In equilibrium conditions (without mutational or selective pressure and with nucleotides randomly distribut... | Guanine-cytosine skew | 0.79942 |
82,506 | A combination of Weyl's work and Cartan's theorem gives a survey of the whole representation theory of compact groups G. That is, by the Peter–Weyl theorem the irreducible unitary representations ρ of G are into a unitary group (of finite dimension) and the image will be a closed subgroup of the unitary group by compac... | Compact group | 0.799419 |
82,507 | Cognitive engineering is a method of study using cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience to design and develop engineering systems to support or improve the cognitive processes of users. | Cognitive engineering | 0.799419 |
82,508 | The MetaTF software is designed to work with a variety of image, video, and sensor data, and is intended to be implemented in a range of applications, including security, surveillance, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation. The software uses Python to create spiking neural networks (or convert other neural net... | BrainChip | 0.799418 |
82,509 | Southern Research's Drug Discovery division conducts research focused on oncology, infectious disease, and neuroscience. Their current service areas include: High Throughput Screening (THS), Chemistry, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuromolecular Research. Southern Research is a foundin... | Southern Research | 0.799417 |
82,510 | In the history of mathematics, the principle of permanence, or law of the permanence of equivalent forms, was the idea that algebraic operations like addition and multiplication should behave consistently in every number system, especially when developing extensions to established number systems.Before the advent of mo... | Principle of the permanence of equivalent forms | 0.799417 |
82,511 | Richard Warren Aldrich is an American neuroscientist who is currently the Karl Folkers Chair of Interdisciplinary Medical Research and Professor of Neurobiology in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Texas. Graduating from the University of Arizona with a BS in Biological Sciences (1975), Aldrich wen... | Richard W. Aldrich | 0.799417 |
82,512 | Linear programming problems are a highly desirable formulation for any practical problem. The reason is that, with the rise of interior-point algorithms, it is possible to efficiently solve very large problems (involving hundreds of thousands or even millions of variables) to global optimality. Linear programming optim... | Deterministic global optimization | 0.799417 |
82,513 | Wythoff is known in combinatorial game theory and number theory for his study of Wythoff's game, whose solution involves the Fibonacci numbers. The Wythoff array, a two-dimensional array of numbers related to this game and to the Fibonacci sequence, is also named after him.In geometry, Wythoff is known for the Wythoff ... | Willem Abraham Wythoff | 0.799417 |
82,514 | The Survey used the CTIO Curtis Schmidt telescope with IIa-O photographic plates, each plate covering a field of 25 sq-deg on the sky. The plates were developed and sent to Santiago Chile the next morning and searched for supernovae at the Department of Astronomy at the University of Chile. Any supernova candidates wer... | Calán/Tololo Survey | 0.799417 |
82,515 | In mathematics, the Helmholtz equation is the eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator. It corresponds to the linear partial differential equation where ∇2 is the Laplace operator, k2 is the eigenvalue, and f is the (eigen)function. When the equation is applied to waves, k is known as the wave number. The Helmholtz ... | Paraxial Helmholtz equation | 0.799416 |
82,516 | In Fall 1946 he accepted a position as Instructor of Chemistry at Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois. He tutored a first-year chemistry student, Mary Nutely that year. | Fred Basolo | 0.799416 |
82,517 | Chemistry of Materials. 8 (6): 1275–1280. doi:10.1021/cm950550. | M. Stanley Whittingham | 0.799415 |
82,518 | In behavioural economics, it has been used to model the strategies agents choose when interacting with others whose interests are at least partially adverse to their own.In this, it generalizes maximization approaches developed to analyse market actors such as in the supply and demand model and allows for incomplete in... | Economic thought | 0.799415 |
82,519 | In this case, when compared to Hamilton's principle above, coordinates x 1 {\displaystyle x_{1}} and x 2 {\displaystyle x_{2}} take the role of the generalized coordinates q k {\displaystyle q_{k}} while x 3 {\displaystyle x_{3}} takes the role of parameter σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , that is, parameter σ =x3 and N=2. ... | Lagrangian optics | 0.799414 |
82,520 | Ifa, Demian R; Eberlin, Livia S (1 January 2016). "Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Cancer Diagnosis and Surgical Margin Evaluation". Clinical Chemistry. Oxford University Press (OUP). | Livia S. Eberlin | 0.799414 |
82,521 | This is determined by Bayes' rule, which forms the heart of Bayesian inference: This is expressed in words as "posterior is proportional to likelihood times prior", or sometimes as "posterior = likelihood times prior, over evidence". In practice, for almost all complex Bayesian models used in machine learning, the post... | Bayesian statistical analysis | 0.799414 |
82,522 | Ambient networks of intelligent objects and, sooner or later, a new generation of information systems that are even more diffused and based on nanotechnology, will profoundly change this concept. Small devices that can be compared to insects do not dispose of a high intelligence on their own. Indeed, their intelligence... | Ant colony optimization algorithm | 0.799414 |
82,523 | Standard Enthalpy of solution is defined as the enthalpy change observed in a constituent of a thermodynamic system when one mole of a solute is dissolved completely in an excess of solvent, so that the solution is at infinite dilution. Standard enthalpy of Denaturation (biochemistry) is defined as the enthalpy change ... | Molar enthalpy | 0.799414 |
82,524 | By the prime number theorem, the number of k-th powers of a prime below x is of the order x1/k/log x. From this, the number of t-term expressions with sums ≤x is roughly xt/k/(log x)t. It is reasonable to assume that for some sufficiently large number t this is x-c, i.e., all numbers up to x are t-fold sums of k-th pow... | Waring–Goldbach problem | 0.799414 |
82,525 | The midpoint theorem or midline theorem states that if the midpoints of two sides of a triangle are connected, then the resulting line segment will be parallel to the third side and have half of its length. The midpoint theorem generalizes to the intercept theorem, where rather than using midpoints, both sides are part... | Midpoint theorem (triangle) | 0.799414 |
82,526 | It would allow management of the grid on all time scales from high-frequency switching devices on a microsecond scale, to wind and solar output variations on a minute scale, to the future effects of the carbon emissions generated by power production on a decade scale. The management system is the subsystem in smart gri... | Firm capacity | 0.799414 |
82,527 | Harry Gosset (1907–1965) was a consultant paediatrician; Bertha Marian Gosset (1909–2004) was a geographer and nurse; the youngest, Ruth Gosset (1911–1953) married the Oxford mathematician Douglas Roaf and had five children. In his job as Head Experimental Brewer at Guinness, the self-trained Gosset developed new stati... | Student (mathematician) | 0.799413 |
82,528 | Although both π {\displaystyle \pi } and e are known to be transcendental, it is not known whether the set of both of them is algebraically independent over Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } . In fact, it is not even known if π + e {\displaystyle \pi +e} is irrational.Nesterenko proved in 1996 that: the numbers π {\displa... | Algebraically independent | 0.799413 |
82,529 | Another example is K = C((T)), the ring of formal Laurent series in T over the field C of complex numbers. (These are simply formal power series in which we also allow finitely many terms of negative degree.) Then K has a unique cyclic extension K n = C ( ( T 1 / n ) ) {\displaystyle K_{n}=\mathbf {C} ((T^{1/n}))} of d... | Quasi-finite field | 0.799412 |
82,530 | Geographic data and information are the subject of a number of overlapping fields of study, mainly: Geocomputation Geographic information science Geographic information science and technology Geoinformatics Geomatics Geovisualization"Geospatial technology" may refer to any of "geomatics", "geomatics", or "geographic in... | Geospatial data | 0.799412 |
82,531 | In algebraic geometry, assuming therefore that X is V, a subvariety not lying completely in any H, the hyperplane sections are algebraic sets with irreducible components all of dimension dim(V) − 1. What more can be said is addressed by a collection of results known collectively as Bertini's theorem. The topology of hy... | Hyperplane section | 0.799412 |
82,532 | The theorem states that for a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle, the product of the lengths of the diagonals equals the sum of the products of the two pairs of lengths of opposite sides. The derivations of trigonometric identities rely on a cyclic quadrilateral in which one side is a diameter of the circle. To find t... | Table of chords | 0.799412 |
82,533 | For example, the synthesis of biofuels, chemicals, energy, molecular and cellular sensors, network drug design, treatments for cancer, diabetes, auto-immune, infectious, and neural diseases can all impacted be impacted by his fundamental work on analog synthetic and systems biology. Sarpeshkar's work on glucose powered... | Rahul Sarpeshkar | 0.799412 |
82,534 | In aerospace engineering, the propellant mass fraction is the portion of a vehicle's mass which does not reach the destination, usually used as a measure of the vehicle's performance. In other words, the propellant mass fraction is the ratio between the propellant mass and the initial mass of the vehicle. In a spacecra... | Propellant mass fraction | 0.799411 |
82,535 | Its overall X-ray luminosity rivals the optical emission and could be that of a nonthermal plasma. However, the Crab Nebula appears as an X-ray source that is a central freely expanding ball of dilute plasma, where the energy content is 100 times the total energy content of the large visible and radio portion, obtained... | X-ray dark planet | 0.799411 |
82,536 | The Clifford action is not faithful on S: ClnC can be identified with End(S) ⊕ End(S′), where u acts with the opposite sign on S′. More precisely, the two representations are related by the parity involution α of ClnC (also known as the principal automorphism), which is the identity on the even subalgebra, and minus th... | Spinor representation | 0.799411 |
82,537 | The lateral slopes of a highway geometry are sometimes called fills or cuts where these techniques have been used to create them. In the United States, maximum grade for Federally funded highways is specified in a design table based on terrain and design speeds, with up to 6% generally allowed in mountainous areas and ... | Percent grade | 0.799411 |
82,538 | He proposed the semantics as a "philosophically plausible formal interpretation of intuitionistic logic" independently of the near-contemporary work by an American philosopher and logician Saul Aaron Kripke, observed that his semantics validates the schema and modified the forcing relation for disjunctions and existent... | Andrzej Grzegorczyk | 0.79941 |
82,539 | When the Peano axioms were first proposed, Bertrand Russell and others agreed that these axioms implicitly defined what we mean by a "natural number". Henri Poincaré was more cautious, saying they only defined natural numbers if they were consistent; if there is a proof that starts from just these axioms and derives a ... | Peano's axioms | 0.79941 |
82,540 | The term empirical refers to the process of elemental analysis, a technique of analytical chemistry used to determine the relative percent composition of a pure chemical substance by element. For example, hexane has a molecular formula of C6H14, and (for one of its isomers, n-hexane) a structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH2CH... | Hill system | 0.79941 |
82,541 | For infinite products, there is the additional requirement that in a basic open set, all but finitely many of its projections are the entire space. A quotient space is defined as follows: if X {\displaystyle X} is a topological space and Y {\displaystyle Y} is a set, and if f: X → Y {\displaystyle f:X\to Y} is a surjec... | Topological spaces | 0.79941 |
82,542 | At the end of the 16th century, mathematics was placed under the dual aegis of Greek geometry and the Arabic procedures for resolution. At the time of Viète, algebra therefore oscillated between arithmetic, which gave the appearance of a list of rules; and geometry, which seemed more rigorous. Meanwhile, Italian mathem... | New algebra | 0.799409 |
82,543 | The Beaufort cipher can be described algebraically. For example, using an encoding of the letters A–Z as the numbers 0–25 and using addition modulo 26, let M = M 1 … M n {\displaystyle M=M_{1}\dots M_{n}} be the characters of the message, C = C 1 … C n {\displaystyle C=C_{1}\dots C_{n}} be the characters of the cipher ... | Beaufort cipher | 0.799409 |
82,544 | MR fluids often contain surfactants including, but not limited to: oleic acid tetramethylammonium hydroxide citric acid soy lecithinThese surfactants serve to decrease the rate of ferroparticle settling, of which a high rate is an unfavorable characteristic of MR fluids. The ideal MR fluid would never settle, but devel... | MR fluid | 0.799409 |
82,545 | In the original article, k objects (studies) are combined k-1 at a time (jackknife estimation), resulting in k estimates. It is observed that this is a special case of the more general approach of CMA which computes results for k studies taken 1, 2, 3 ... k − 1, k at a time. Where it is computationally feasible to obta... | Combinatorial meta-analysis | 0.799408 |
82,546 | The Minimalist Program (MP) was introduced by Chomsky in 1993, and it focuses on the parallel between language and the design of natural concepts. Those invested in the Minimalist Program are interested in the physics and mathematics of language and its parallels with our natural world. For example, Piatelli-Palmarini ... | Biolinguistics | 0.799408 |
82,547 | Then the remainder of f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} on division by x − 3 {\displaystyle x-3} is 5. But by the polynomial remainder theorem, we know that the remainder is f ( 3 ) {\displaystyle f(3)} . Thus, f ( 3 ) = 5 {\displaystyle f(3)=5} . | Horner method | 0.799408 |
82,548 | Tamar Schlick is an American applied mathematician who works as a professor of chemistry, mathematics, and computer science at New York University. Her research involves developing and applying tools for modeling and simulating biomolecules. | Tamar Schlick | 0.799408 |
82,549 | Active Research Pty Ltd Alltech Biotechnology Aviagen Baiada Poultry Cordina Chicken Farms D.A. Hall & Co. Deakin University Feedworks FSA Consulting Golden Cockerel Hazeldene's Chicken Farm Hy-line Inghams Enterprises La Ionica Monash University Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI) Northern Poultry Cluster Nut... | Poultry CRC | 0.799408 |
82,550 | In molecular biology, YecM refers to a protein domain found in Escherichia coli. It is a conserved, hypothetical protein with sequence homologues found exclusively in bacteria. Several bacterial YecM proteins in this particular family are of unknown function. | YecM bacterial protein domain | 0.799408 |
82,551 | For example, a research paper published in 1999, by scientists from Finland's National Public Health Institute, reports the effect of environmental chemicals and changes in sex ratio over 250 years in Finland. This scientific team evaluated whether Finnish long-term data are compatible with the hypothesis that the decr... | Human sex ratio | 0.799408 |
82,552 | In molecular biology, the GYF domain (glycine-tyrosine-phenylalanine domain) is an approximately 60-amino acid protein domain which contains a conserved GPxxxxxxWxxxYF motif. It was identified in the human intracellular protein termed CD2 binding protein 2 (CD2BP2), which binds to a site containing two tandem PPPGHR se... | GYF domain | 0.799407 |
82,553 | Not from an academic background, Cazenave was not destined to work in the sciences. However, she achieved a postgraduate doctorate in fundamental astronomy (Paris, 1969) as well as receiving her Ph.D. in geophysics from the University of Toulouse in 1975. | Anny Cazenave | 0.799407 |
82,554 | The beginning of carbochemistry goes back to the 16th century. At that time, large quantities of charcoal were needed for the smelting of iron ores. Since the production of charcoal required large amounts of slowly-regenerating wood, the use of coal was studied. The use of pure coal was difficult because of the amount ... | Carbochemistry | 0.799407 |
82,555 | Optimistic concurrency control (OCC), also known as optimistic locking, is a concurrency control method applied to transactional systems such as relational database management systems and software transactional memory. OCC assumes that multiple transactions can frequently complete without interfering with each other. W... | Optimistic locking | 0.799406 |
82,556 | Note that the equation for creeping flow results when the left side is assumed zero. In axisymmetric flow another stream function formulation, called the Stokes stream function, can be used to describe the velocity components of an incompressible flow with one scalar function. The incompressible Navier–Stokes equation ... | Viscous effect | 0.799406 |
82,557 | The Clifford algebra Cℓ3,0( R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } ) is built up from a basis of one unit scalar, 1, three orthogonal unit vectors, σ1, σ2 and σ3, the three unit bivectors σ1σ2, σ2σ3, σ3σ1 and the pseudoscalar i = σ1σ2σ3. It is straightforward to show that (σ1)2 = (σ2)2 = (σ3)2 = 1, and (σ1σ2)2 = (σ2σ3)2 = (σ3σ... | Chiral fermion | 0.799406 |
82,558 | Equivalently, an algebraic space is the quotient of a scheme by an étale equivalence relation. A powerful result, the Artin representability theorem, gives simple conditions for a functor to be represented by an algebraic space.A further generalization is the idea of a stack. Crudely speaking, algebraic stacks generali... | Category of schemes | 0.799406 |
82,559 | Two important examples are the partitions restricted to only odd integer parts or only even integer parts, with the corresponding partition functions often denoted p o ( n ) {\displaystyle p_{o}(n)} and p e ( n ) {\displaystyle p_{e}(n)} . A theorem from Euler shows that the number of strict partitions is equal to the ... | Partition number | 0.799406 |
82,560 | Osmium hexafluoride is a yellow crystalline solid that melts at 33.4 °C and boils at 47.5 °C. The solid structure measured at −140 °C is orthorhombic space group Pnma. Lattice parameters are a = 9.387 Å, b = 8.543 Å, and c = 4.944 Å. There are four formula units (in this case, discrete molecules) per unit cell, giving ... | Osmium hexafluoride | 0.799405 |
82,561 | Applying Liouville's theorem, which states that a bounded entire function must be constant, this would imply that 1/p is constant and therefore that p is constant. This gives a contradiction, and hence p(z0) = 0.Yet another analytic proof uses the argument principle. Let R be a positive real number large enough so that... | Fundamental Theorem of Algebra | 0.799405 |
82,562 | In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation, and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards". | Inverse chain rule method | 0.799405 |
82,563 | This theorem can be proven by first proving a special case: no matter how one triangulates a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of inradii of triangles is constant. After proving the quadrilateral case, the general case of the cyclic polygon theorem is an immediate corollary. The quadrilateral rule can be applied to quadril... | Japanese theorem for cyclic polygons | 0.799405 |
82,564 | Attempts of formal treatment of mathematics had started with Leibniz and Lambert (1728–1777), and continued with works by algebraists such as George Peacock (1791–1858). Systematic mathematical treatments of logic came with the British mathematician George Boole (1847) who devised an algebra that soon evolved into what... | Foundational mathematics | 0.799405 |
82,565 | As its name suggests, CSP allows the description of systems in terms of component processes that operate independently, and interact with each other solely through message-passing communication. However, the "Sequential" part of the CSP name is now something of a misnomer, since modern CSP allows component processes to... | Communicating Sequential Processes | 0.799404 |
82,566 | In chemistry, redistribution usually refers to the exchange of anionic ligands bonded to metal and metalloid centers. The conversion does not involve redox, in contrast to disproportionation reactions. Some useful redistribution reactions are conducted at higher temperatures; upon cooling the mixture, the product mixtu... | Redistribution (chemistry) | 0.799404 |
82,567 | Wolfgang Krull (26 August 1899 – 12 April 1971) was a German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to commutative algebra, introducing concepts that are now central to the subject. Krull was born and went to school in Baden-Baden. He attended the Universities of Freiburg, Rostock and finally Göttingen from 1... | Wolfgang Krull | 0.799403 |
82,568 | In mathematical optimization, the push–relabel algorithm (alternatively, preflow–push algorithm) is an algorithm for computing maximum flows in a flow network. The name "push–relabel" comes from the two basic operations used in the algorithm. Throughout its execution, the algorithm maintains a "preflow" and gradually c... | Push–relabel maximum flow algorithm | 0.799403 |
82,569 | The papers Hirzebruch (1971), Hirzebruch & Van de Ven (1974) and Hirzebruch & Zagier (1977) identified their type in the classification of algebraic surfaces. Most of them are surfaces of general type, but several are rational surfaces or blown up K3 surfaces or elliptic surfaces. | Hilbert modular surface | 0.799403 |
82,570 | Divine Proportions: Rational Trigonometry to Universal Geometry is a 2005 book by the mathematician Norman J. Wildberger on a proposed alternative approach to Euclidean geometry and trigonometry, called rational trigonometry. The book advocates replacing the usual basic quantities of trigonometry, Euclidean distance an... | Spread (rational trigonometry) | 0.799403 |
82,571 | Harnessing cells to produce materials, including spider silk, nylon-6, and DNA nanomaterials.In addition, he is the: Founding Member of the National Science Foundation-funded Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), renamed the Engineering Biology Research Center (EBRC). Editor-in-Chief of ACS Synthetic... | Christopher Voigt | 0.799403 |
82,572 | The second ICALP was held in 1974, and since 1976 ICALP has been an annual event, nowadays usually taking place in July. Since 1999, the conference was thematically split into two tracks on "Algorithms, Complexity and Games" (Track A) and "Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming" (Track B), corresponding ... | International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming | 0.799402 |
82,573 | Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometers (10−9 meter), but is usually 1 nm – 100 nm. Nanomaterials research takes a materials science based approach to nanotechnology, using advances in materials metrology and synthesis, wh... | Materials Engineering | 0.799402 |
82,574 | The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity anywhere in the universe requires the coincidence of a large number of fortuitous circumstances, including, among others, a galactic habitable zone; a central star and planetary system having the requisite character (i.e. a circumstellar habit... | Rare Earth Hypothesis | 0.799402 |
82,575 | The term is used most commonly in plant genetics. canalisation The ability of a population to consistently produce the same phenotype regardless of the variability of its environment or the genetic variation within its genome. The concept is most often used in developmental biology to interpret the observation that dev... | Glossary of genetics (0–L) | 0.799402 |
82,576 | Cross-platform languages can reduce the need to make this tradeoff, though potentially at the expense of high performance on any given node (due to run-time interpretation or lack of optimization for the particular platform). Various middleware projects have created generic infrastructure to allow diverse scientific an... | GRID computing | 0.799402 |
82,577 | For any isosceles triangle, the following six line segments coincide: the altitude, a line segment from the apex perpendicular to the base, the angle bisector from the apex to the base, the median from the apex to the midpoint of the base, the perpendicular bisector of the base within the triangle, the segment within t... | Isosceles triangle | 0.799402 |
82,578 | The Barratt–Priddy theorem states that these "stable homology groups" are the same: for n ≥ 2 k {\displaystyle n\geq 2k} , there is a natural isomorphism H k ( Σ n ) ≅ H k ( Map 0 ( S n , S n ) ) . {\displaystyle H_{k}(\Sigma _{n})\cong H_{k}({\text{Map}}_{0}(S^{n},S^{n})).} This isomorphism holds with integral coeffic... | Barratt–Priddy theorem | 0.799402 |
82,579 | It turns out that X is completely normal if and only if every two separated sets can be separated by neighbourhoods. Also, X is completely normal if and only if every open subset of X is normal with the subspace topology. A T5 space, or completely T4 space, is a completely normal T1 space X, which implies that X is Hau... | Normal Hausdorff space | 0.799401 |
82,580 | The group of integers is amenable (a sequence of intervals of length tending to infinity is a Følner sequence). The existence of a shift-invariant, finitely additive probability measure on the group Z also follows easily from the Hahn–Banach theorem this way. Let S be the shift operator on the sequence space ℓ∞(Z), whi... | Amenable group | 0.799401 |
82,581 | These are arranged according to a geometry particular to each species: they can be rectilinear, curved, rolled up or cyclic, uniserial or multiserial. These organizational types can also be mixed, or even more complex. Miliolids have a particular arrangement of chambers known as "milioline". The surface of the test can... | Test (biology) | 0.799401 |
82,582 | Alcubierre obtained a Licentiate degree in physics in 1988 and a MSc degree in theoretical physics in 1990, both at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). At the end of 1990, Alcubierre moved to Wales to attend graduate school at Cardiff University, receiving his PhD degree in 1994 through study of numeri... | Miguel Alcubierre | 0.7994 |
82,583 | The general procedure of an EDA is outlined in the following: t := 0 initialize model M(0) to represent uniform distribution over admissible solutions while (termination criteria not met) do P := generate N>0 candidate solutions by sampling M(t) F := evaluate all candidate solutions in P M(t + 1) := adjust_model(P, F, ... | Estimation of Distribution Algorithm | 0.7994 |
82,584 | In chemistry and materials science, molecular self-assembly is the process by which molecules adopt a defined arrangement without guidance or management from an outside source. There are two types of self-assembly: intermolecular and intramolecular. Commonly, the term molecular self-assembly refers to the former, while... | Molecular self-assembly | 0.7994 |
82,585 | Additionally, evaluations of the child's mobility, speech and language, hearing, vision, gait, feeding and digestion are also useful to determine the extent of the disorder. Early diagnosis and intervention are seen as being a key part of managing cerebral palsy. Machine learning algorithms facilitate automatic early d... | Cerebral palsy | 0.7994 |
82,586 | Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation and did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories. The validity of Bub's argument is, in turn, disputed. In any case, Gleason's theorem of 1957 fills the gaps in von Neumann's approach. | John von Neumann | 0.7994 |
82,587 | It has been argued by some astronomers that this is a record of the 1054 Supernova. However recent reexaminations of related 'supernova petroglyphs' raises questions about such sites in general. Cotte and Ruggles used the Supernova petroglyph as an example of a completely refuted site and anthropological evidence sugge... | Archaeoastronomy | 0.7994 |
82,588 | Homogeneous coordinates may be used to give an algebraic description of dualities. To simplify this discussion we shall assume that K is a field, but everything can be done in the same way when K is a skewfield as long as attention is paid to the fact that multiplication need not be a commutative operation. The points ... | Duality (projective geometry) | 0.7994 |
82,589 | Ionographic emulsions loaded with diamond powder, ACFAS, 32nd Congress, Univ. Ottawa, Ontario, 6 to 8 November, (3,3) Resonance in the Nucleus – Progress of Theoretical Physics, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. Vol 35 (3), 1966 (http://ptp.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/3/566.full.pdf).13. | Ishfaq Ahmad Khan | 0.799399 |
82,590 | The CRG publishes Genewatch, America's first and (according to CRG in 2009) only magazine dedicated to monitoring biotechnology's social, ethical and environmental consequences. The publication covers a broad spectrum of issues, from genetically modified food to biological weapons, genetic privacy and discrimination, r... | Council for Responsible Genetics | 0.799399 |
82,591 | In chemistry, a mixed oxide is a somewhat informal name for an oxide that contains cations of more than one chemical element or cations of a single element in several states of oxidation.The term is usually applied to solid ionic compounds that contain the oxide anion O2− and two or more element cations. Typical exampl... | Mixed oxide | 0.799399 |
82,592 | A helix (; PL helices) is a shape like a corkscrew or spiral staircase. It is a type of smooth space curve with tangent lines at a constant angle to a fixed axis. Helices are important in biology, as the DNA molecule is formed as two intertwined helices, and many proteins have helical substructures, known as alpha heli... | Helix | 0.799399 |
82,593 | Frequently, elements of the mathematics of early societies correspond to rudimentary results found later in branches of modern mathematics such as geometry or number theory. The Pythagorean theorem for example, has been attested to the time of the Duke of Zhou. Knowledge of Pascal's triangle has also been shown to have... | History of mathematical notation | 0.799399 |
82,594 | Sansui's QS decoders also had good stereo-to-quad capabilities, wrapping the L-R panorama to LB-LF-RF-RB in a horseshoe topology. (The Vario Matrix decoder could synthesize four channel sound with high separation - at least 12 dB.) The system was often incorrectly called RM (Regular Matrix) when used on amplifiers or r... | QS Regular Matrix | 0.799398 |
82,595 | Another generalization of the Stone–Weierstrass theorem is due to Errett Bishop. Bishop's theorem is as follows: Glicksberg (1962) gives a short proof of Bishop's theorem using the Krein–Milman theorem in an essential way, as well as the Hahn–Banach theorem: the process of Louis de Branges (1959). See also Rudin (1973,... | Stone-Weierstrass theorem | 0.799398 |
82,596 | The Natural Sciences category contains books that contain information regarding the natural world, such as plants, animals, and natural laws, such as math and physics. The sub-categories of the Natural Sciences category are: 410 Mathematics 420 Physics 430 Chemistry 440 Astronomy, Space science 450 Earth science 460 Bi... | Nippon Decimal Classification | 0.799398 |
82,597 | The term "meiosis" is derived from the Greek word μείωσις, meaning 'lessening'. It was introduced to biology by J.B. Farmer and J.E.S. Moore in 1905, using the idiosyncratic rendering "maiosis": We propose to apply the terms Maiosis or Maiotic phase to cover the whole series of nuclear changes included in the two divis... | Tetrad (chromosomal formation) | 0.799398 |
82,598 | (The symbol " ∂ {\displaystyle \partial } " is meant to signify that, in the derivative with respect to some variable, all other variables must be considered fixed.) This equation can be derived from the laws of physics that govern the diffusion of heat in solid media. For that reason, it is called the heat equation in... | Progressive wave | 0.799398 |
82,599 | In artificial intelligence, eager learning is a learning method in which the system tries to construct a general, input-independent target function during training of the system, as opposed to lazy learning, where generalization beyond the training data is delayed until a query is made to the system. The main advantage... | Eager learning | 0.799398 |
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