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82,600 | Otter is an automated theorem prover developed by William McCune at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. Otter was the first widely distributed, high-performance theorem prover for first-order logic, and it pioneered a number of important implementation techniques. Otter is an acronym for Organized Techniques for T... | Otter (theorem prover) | 0.799398 |
82,601 | In proof theory, the relationship between classical mathematics and intuitionistic mathematics was clarified via tools such as the realizability method invented by Georg Kreisel and Gödel's Dialectica interpretation. This work inspired the contemporary area of proof mining. The Curry–Howard correspondence emerged as a ... | History of logic | 0.799398 |
82,602 | The Cajal Blue Brain Project is coordinated by the Technical University of Madrid led by Javier de Felipe and uses the facilities of the Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid and its supercomputer Magerit. The Cajal Institute also participates in this collaboration. The main lines of research currently bein... | Blue Brain | 0.799397 |
82,603 | A constant-resistance network in electrical engineering is a network whose input resistance does not change with frequency when correctly terminated. Examples of constant resistance networks include: Zobel network Lattice phase equaliser Boucherot cell Bridged T delay equaliser | Constant-resistance network | 0.799397 |
82,604 | It is both consistent and complete. Gödel's incompleteness theorems show that any sufficiently strong recursively enumerable theory of arithmetic cannot be both complete and consistent. Gödel's theorem applies to the theories of Peano arithmetic (PA) and primitive recursive arithmetic (PRA), but not to Presburger arith... | Logically consistent | 0.799397 |
82,605 | Cardiac electrophysiologists specialize in a sub-area of electrophysiology, which in turn is a sub-area of physiology. This specialization usually requires education at the doctoral (PhD, DSc, or MD/DO) level to become a principal investigator for research projects. The area of research is often multi-disciplinary invo... | Cardiac electrophysiology | 0.799397 |
82,606 | Nicolas Thibieroz, AMD's Senior Manager of Worldwide Gaming Engineering, argues that "it can be difficult for developers to leverage their R&D investment on both consoles and PC because of the disparity between the two platforms" and that "proprietary libraries or tools chains with "black box" APIs prevent developers f... | Heterogeneous-compute Interface for Portability | 0.799397 |
82,607 | Richard Burt Melrose is an Australian mathematician and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who works on geometric analysis, partial differential equations, and differential geometry. | Richard Burt Melrose | 0.799397 |
82,608 | SoyBase is a database created by the United States Department of Agriculture. It contains genetic information about soybeans. It includes genetic maps, information about Mendelian genetics and molecular data regarding genes and sequences. It was started in 1990 and is freely available to individuals and organizations w... | SoyBase Database | 0.799397 |
82,609 | In particle physics, a hadron ( ; Ancient Greek: ἁδρός, romanized: hadrós; "stout, thick") is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong interaction. They are analogous to molecules that are held together by the electric force. Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from tw... | Hadron | 0.799397 |
82,610 | In particular, the category of simplicial sets (which are functors X: Δop → Set) is Cartesian closed. Even more generally, every elementary topos is Cartesian closed. In algebraic topology, Cartesian closed categories are particularly easy to work with. | Locally cartesian closed category | 0.799396 |
82,611 | In Visual Studio, Caching is configured in the Caching tab of the properties of the role that hosts Caching. This makes underlying changes to the ServiceConfiguration.cscfg file. These settings determine the topology used (dedicated or co-located) and the number of named caches and their settings. | Windows Azure Caching | 0.799396 |
82,612 | William Shockley received his undergraduate degree from Caltech and moved east to complete his PhD at MIT with a focus on physics. He graduated in 1936 and immediately went to work at Bell Labs. Through the 1930s and '40s he worked on electron devices, and increasingly with semiconductor materials, pioneering the field... | Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory | 0.799396 |
82,613 | Theoretical work on partial differential equations provides insights into chaos theory; there are curious links to number theory. Resonant interactions allow waves to (elastically) scatter, diffuse or to become unstable. Diffusion processes are responsible for the eventual thermalization of most nonlinear systems; inst... | Resonant interaction | 0.799395 |
82,614 | Simple and flexible processes of use Cross-platform for both 32-bit and 64-bit systems Graphical user interface (GUI) Command-line interface (CLI) User-friendly interactive scripting code User-adjustable program setting On top of huge and complicated complexes Support for several outputs of computational chemistry soft... | OctaDist | 0.799395 |
82,615 | The New Jersey State Microbe was the subject of a presentation by John Warhol at the 2018 Rutgers University Microbiology Symposium. Dr Warhol also spoke about the New Jersey State Microbe at the Theobald Smith Society (NJ Chapter of the American Society for Microbiology) Meeting in Miniature at Seton Hall University i... | State microbe | 0.799395 |
82,616 | In pappian projective planes of even order greater than four there are ovals which are not conics. In an infinite plane there exist ovals, which are not conics. In the real plane one just glues a half of a circle and a suitable ellipse smoothly. The proof of Segre's theorem, shown below, uses the 3-point version of Pas... | Segre's theorem | 0.799395 |
82,617 | Clones are the result of all forms of asexual reproduction, and cells that undergo mitosis produce daughter cells that are clones of the parent cell and of each other. Cloning may also refer to biotechnology methods which artificially create copies of organisms or cells, or, in molecular cloning, copies of DNA fragment... | Glossary of genetics (0–L) | 0.799395 |
82,618 | Designing experiments to investigate these properties was a high priority of 19th-century physics. : 411ff Earth orbits around the Sun at a speed of around 30 km/s (18.64 mi/s), or 108,000 km/h (67,000 mph). The Earth is in motion, so two main possibilities were considered: (1) The aether is stationary and only partial... | Michelson–Morley experiment | 0.799395 |
82,619 | Miller's 2003 book, The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature, proposes that human mate choices, courtship behavior, behavior genetics, psychometrics, and life cycle patterns support the survival value of traits related to sexual selection, such as art, morality, language, and creativity. ... | Geoffrey Miller (psychologist) | 0.799395 |
82,620 | In common usage, likelihood is often considered synonymous with probability. However, according to statistics, this is not the case. In statistics, probability refers to variable data given a fixed hypothesis, whereas likelihood refers to variable hypotheses given a fixed set of data. For instance, when making repeated... | Foundations of statistics | 0.799395 |
82,621 | Aliens have captured the player from Earth, and suddenly the player finds themself in front of a gate with a slot-machine-like row of rotating numbers of statistics. Stepping through the gate freezes the numbers and turns the player into a new person, putting them into an "alternate reality", hence the name. In 1988 Da... | Alternate Reality (series) | 0.799395 |
82,622 | The Vietoris–Rips complex is closely related to the Čech complex (or nerve) of a set of balls, which has a simplex for every finite subset of balls with nonempty intersection. In a geodesically convex space Y, the Vietoris–Rips complex of any subspace X ⊂ Y for distance δ has the same points and edges as the Čech compl... | Rips complex | 0.799395 |
82,623 | In geometry, the compass equivalence theorem is an important statement in compass and straightedge constructions. The tool advocated by Plato in these constructions is a divider or collapsing compass, that is, a compass that "collapses" whenever it is lifted from a page, so that it may not be directly used to transfer ... | Compass equivalence theorem | 0.799395 |
82,624 | The Cartan-Iwasawa-Malcev theorem asserts that every connected Lie group (and indeed every connected locally compact group) admits maximal compact subgroups and that they are all conjugate to one another. For a semisimple Lie group uniqueness is a consequence of the Cartan fixed point theorem, which asserts that if a c... | Maximal compact subgroup | 0.799394 |
82,625 | Gregory Grefenstette is a French and American researcher and professor in computer science, in particular artificial intelligence and natural language processing. As of 2020, he is the chief scientific officer at Biggerpan, a company developing a predictive contextual engine for the mobile web. Grefenstette is also a s... | Gregory Grefenstette | 0.799393 |
82,626 | He made various contributions to scientific journals on the thermal conductivity of iron and nickel, the theory of thermoelectric action, and on thermoelectric heterogeneity in metals. His publications include: A Text-Book of Physics (1891; third edition, 1903), with J. Y. Bergen Elementary Lessons in Physics (1894; 19... | Edwin Hall | 0.799393 |
82,627 | The chemistry of ANFO detonation is the reaction of ammonium nitrate with a long-chain alkane (CnH2n+2) to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water. In an ideal stoichiometrically balanced reaction, ANFO is composed of about 94.5% AN and 5.5% FO by weight. In practice, a slight excess of fuel oil is added, as underdosi... | Ammonium nitrate/fuel oil | 0.799393 |
82,628 | Flat plates are usually constructed as circular thin flat membrane surfaces to be used in dead-end geometry modules. Spiral wounds are constructed from similar flat membranes but in the form of a "pocket" containing two membrane sheets separated by a highly porous support plate. | Membrane filter | 0.799393 |
82,629 | Funding from the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) enabled TCAG to form by consolidating existing core facilities including the Medical Research Council of Canada Genome Resource Facility, the Canadian Genetic Diseases Network (CGDN) large insert clone core, the CGDN DNA Sequencing Core and the SickKids Biotechnol... | Centre for Applied Genomics | 0.799393 |
82,630 | John B. ("Jack") Corliss is a scientist who has worked in the fields of geology, oceanography, and the origins of life. Corliss is a University of California, San Diego Alumnus, receiving his PhD from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in the 1960s. As part of his doctoral work under Jerry van Andel, he analyzed sampl... | Jack Corliss | 0.799392 |
82,631 | He leads a center for systems biology.Myers' current research interests include computational reconstructions of neuroanatomical data, algorithms for analysis of functional neuroscience data, and genome assembly. Among his latest contributions is FASTK, a highly optimized kmer counter for high-fidelity shotgun read dat... | Eugene Myers | 0.799392 |
82,632 | Melanie Mitchell was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She attended Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, where she studied physics, astronomy and mathematics. Her interest in artificial intelligence was spurred in college when she read Douglas Hofstadter's Gödel, Escher, Bach. | Melanie Mitchell | 0.799392 |
82,633 | The complexified Lie algebra is spanned by three elements X {\displaystyle X} , Y {\displaystyle Y} , and H {\displaystyle H} , given by H = 1 i u 3 , X = 1 2 i ( u 1 − i u 2 ) , Y = 1 2 i ( u 1 + i u 2 ) ; {\displaystyle H={\frac {1}{i}}u_{3},\qquad X={\frac {1}{2i}}\left(u_{1}-iu_{2}\right),\qquad Y={\frac {1}{2i}}(u... | Representation theory of SU(2) | 0.799392 |
82,634 | Bennemann performed his Diploma and Doctor Rerum Naturalium studies in physics at the University of Münster. The diploma degree was obtained in 1960 under the supervision of Ludwig Tewordt, who was part of the superconductivity group hosted at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). His thesis work was o... | Karl Heinz Bennemann | 0.799392 |
82,635 | When the curvature of the Earth is taken into account, the concepts of vertical and horizontal take on yet another meaning. On the surface of a smoothly spherical, homogenous, non-rotating planet, the plumb bob picks out as vertical the radial direction. Strictly speaking, it is now no longer possible for vertical wall... | Vertical direction | 0.79939 |
82,636 | Following receipt of his Ph.D., he was an NSF postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University. He then joined the faculty of the department of electrical engineering at Cornell University. Since 1979 he has been a faculty member jointly in the department of p... | Edward Ott | 0.79939 |
82,637 | Different charges are associated with different eigenspaces of the Casimir invariants of the universal enveloping algebra for those symmetries. This is the case for both the Lorentz symmetry of the underlying spacetime manifold, as well as the symmetries of any fibers in the fiber bundle posed above the spacetime manif... | Charge conjugation symmetry | 0.799389 |
82,638 | Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are artificial neural networks that more closely mimic natural neural networks. In addition to neuronal and synaptic state, SNNs incorporate the concept of time into their operating model. The idea is that neurons in the SNN do not transmit information at each propagation cycle (as it hap... | Spiking neural network | 0.799389 |
82,639 | In 2003, Furber was a member of the EPSRC research cluster in biologically-inspired novel computation. On 16 September 2004, he gave a speech on Hardware Implementations of Large-scale Neural Networks as part of the initiation activities of the Alan Turing Institute. Furber's most recent project SpiNNaker, is an attemp... | Steve Furber | 0.799389 |
82,640 | Gericke was born in Aachen on 7 May 1909. From 1926 to 1931 he studied physics and mathematics at the universities of Greifswald, Marburg and Göttingen. In 1931, he obtained his doctorate with a thesis on the Volta effect. | Helmuth Gericke | 0.799389 |
82,641 | In constructive mathematics, the intermediate value theorem is not true. Instead, one has to weaken the conclusion: Let a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} be real numbers and f: → R {\displaystyle f:\to R} be a pointwise continuous function from the closed interval {\displaystyle } to the real line, and supp... | Intermediate Value Theorem | 0.799389 |
82,642 | The use of Optimus covers a wide range of applications, including optimization of the production process of a center wing box (CWB) factory in function of production rate variations identification of the best possible design trade-off between ease of swallowing and durability, based on finite element based analysis of ... | Optimus platform | 0.799389 |
82,643 | Among the students was John W. Mauchly. Eckert and Mauchly then teamed in developing the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), America's first large-scale digital computer. Courses in industrial chemistry and metallurgy were in great demand. | Engineering, Science, and Management War Training | 0.799389 |
82,644 | Nuel Belnap proposed display logic in an attempt to characterise the essence of structural proof theory. The calculus of structures was proposed in order to give a cut-free characterisation of noncommutative logic. Cirquent calculus was developed as a system of deep inference allowing to explicitly account for the poss... | Deep inference | 0.799388 |
82,645 | Iraqi scientist Nassir al-Hindawi was described by United Nations inspectors as the "father of Iraq's biological weapons program". Two of the leading researchers in the program studied in Britain. Rihab al-Taha ("Dr. Germ"), educated at the University of East Anglia, was head of Iraq's military research and development... | Iraqi biological weapons program | 0.799388 |
82,646 | Most often, a urologist or radiologist will remove a cylindrical sample (biopsy) of prostate tissue through the rectum (or, sometimes the perineum), using hollow needles, and biomedical scientists in a histology laboratory prepare microscope slides for H&E staining and immunohistochemistry for diagnosis by a pathologis... | Gleason grading system | 0.799388 |
82,647 | For example, the nitrogen gas which makes up 78% of the earth's atmosphere is unavailable to most organisms, until it is converted to a biologically available form by the microbial process of nitrogen fixation. Differing from the nitrogen and carbon cycles, stable gaseous species are not created in the phosphorus cycle... | Environmental Microbiology | 0.799388 |
82,648 | Perles used his configuration to construct an eight-dimensional convex polytope with twelve vertices that can similarly be realized with real coordinates but not with rational coordinates. The points of the configuration, three of them doubled and with signs associated with each point, form the Gale diagram of the Perl... | Perles configuration | 0.799387 |
82,649 | The bag-of-words model is a model of text represented as an unordered collection of words. It is used in natural language processing and information retrieval (IR). It disregards grammar and word order but keeps multiplicity. The bag-of-words model has also been used for computer vision.The bag-of-words model is common... | Bag of words model | 0.799387 |
82,650 | After a number of experiments, the whole physics community agreed that the observed effect was real. The original experiment used the fact that two bosons tend to arrive at two separate detectors at the same time. Morgan and Mandel used a thermal photon source to create a dim beam of photons and observed the tendency o... | Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect | 0.799387 |
82,651 | Every topological group's topology is translation invariant, which by definition means that if for any a ∈ G , {\displaystyle a\in G,} left or right multiplication by this element yields a homeomorphism G → G . {\displaystyle G\to G.} Consequently, for any a ∈ G {\displaystyle a\in G} and S ⊆ G , {\displaystyle S\subse... | Continuous group | 0.799387 |
82,652 | 1964 – John Stewart Bell puts forth Bell's theorem, which used testable inequality relations to show the flaws in the earlier Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox and prove that no physical theory of local hidden variables can ever reproduce all of the predictions of quantum mechanics. This inaugurated the study of quantum ... | Timeline of quantum mechanics | 0.799386 |
82,653 | The generalization of this statement, namely that the laws of special relativity hold to good approximation in freely falling (and non-rotating) reference frames, is known as the Einstein equivalence principle, a crucial guiding principle for generalizing special-relativistic physics to include gravity.The same experim... | General Theory of Relativity | 0.799386 |
82,654 | Because of the extremely short 0.7 ms half-life of its only known isotope, its chemistry has not yet been investigated. For the first six periods of the periodic table, the noble gases are exactly the members of group 18. Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular extreme conditions. | Noble gases | 0.799386 |
82,655 | Soil biology and chemistry can be seriously damaged by acid rain. Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed. The enzymes of these microbes are denatured (changed in shape so they no longer function) by the acid. | Acid rain | 0.799385 |
82,656 | Panos Antsaklis is the H. Clifford and Evelyn A. Brosey Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame and also Concurrent Professor in the Departments of Computer Science and Engineering and of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics. He is a graduate of the National Technical Univers... | Panos Antsaklis | 0.799385 |
82,657 | Next one applies this to two fields, one given by an ultraproduct over all primes of the fields Fp((t)) and the other given by an ultraproduct over all primes of the p-adic fields Qp. Both residue fields are given by an ultraproduct over the fields Fp, so are isomorphic and have characteristic 0, and both value groups ... | Ax-Kochen theorem | 0.799385 |
82,658 | Geneticist Austin L. Hughes wrote that the basic idea behind the book "seems to be that there are certain laws of form built into the universe which somehow determine the development of organisms as well as a number of abiotic processes", but the definition of autoevolution was never made clear. He criticized the book ... | Evolution Without Selection | 0.799385 |
82,659 | (the most capital-abundant country in the world by any criterion) exported labor-intensive commodities and imported capital-intensive commodities, in apparent contradiction with the Heckscher–Ohlin theorem. However, if labor is separated into two distinct factors, skilled labor and unskilled labor, the Heckscher–Ohlin ... | Heckscher–Ohlin theorem | 0.799384 |
82,660 | Almost all educational programmes in biostatistics are at postgraduate level. They are most often found in schools of public health, affiliated with schools of medicine, forestry, or agriculture, or as a focus of application in departments of statistics. In the United States, where several universities have dedicated b... | Biostatistics | 0.799384 |
82,661 | Technical Divisions: Calculation Physics, Isotope, Isotope Separation Technology, Nuclear Agronomy, Nuclear Chemical Engineering, Nuclear Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Nuclear Electronics and Nuclear Detection Techniques, Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics, Nuclear Industry Applications, Nuclear Materials, Nuclear Medic... | Chinese Nuclear Society | 0.799384 |
82,662 | This proof served as a template for class field theory, which can be viewed as a vast generalization of quadratic reciprocity. Robert Langlands formulated the Langlands program, which gives a conjectural vast generalization of class field theory. He wrote: I confess that, as a student unaware of the history of the subj... | Quadratic reciprocity law | 0.799384 |
82,663 | This section works to popularize basic sciences and astronomy in society. Some of the activities under this section are | Khagol Vishwa | 0.799383 |
82,664 | As an example from physics, the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics describes the change of physical properties in time by means of a partial differential equation, whose solutions are called wavefunctions. Definite values for physical properties such as energy, or momentum, correspond to eigenvalu... | Real vector | 0.799383 |
82,665 | Ring-closing metathesis switches out functional groups from one or multiple terminal alkenes to form a cycloalkene. This process can be used to form cycloalkenes of either E or Z configurations, depending on the stereochemistry of the second ring strain. | Cycloalkene | 0.799383 |
82,666 | There are several possible ways to define the natural numbers in lambda calculus, but by far the most common are the Church numerals, which can be defined as follows: 0 := λf.λx.x 1 := λf.λx.f x 2 := λf.λx.f (f x) 3 := λf.λx.f (f (f x))and so on. Or using the alternative syntax presented above in Notation: 0 := λfx.x 1... | Beta conversion | 0.799382 |
82,667 | ProBiS software started as ProBiS algorithm that detects structurally similar sites on protein surfaces by local surface structure alignment using a fast maximum clique algorithm. The ProBiS algorithm was followed by ProBiS server which provides access to the program ProBiS that detects protein binding sites based on l... | ProBiS | 0.799382 |
82,668 | These special characteristics make Pediastrum useful as a bioindicator. Therefore, Pediastrum is very useful in the fields of paleoecology and paleolimnology. | Pediastrum | 0.799382 |
82,669 | The CSD's goal is to not only save money and time while meeting DHS critical missions, but to "support S&T with transitioning technologies to operational use." Research in these programs include studying "Social Behavior," "Software Assurance," "Trustworthy Infrastructure." Which are then broken down further into "Usab... | DHS Cyber Security Division | 0.799382 |
82,670 | Each compartment is described by a Windkessel circuit with the number of elements depending on the specific compartment. The ordinary differential equations of the model are derived from the Windkessel circuits and the Kirchoff's laws.In what follows the focus will be on a specific lumped parameter model. The compartme... | Lumped parameter cardiovascular model | 0.799381 |
82,671 | The Organum Mathematicum was an information device or teaching machine that was invented by the Jesuit polymath and scholar Athanasius Kircher in the middle of the 17th century. With proper instruction and use, the device could assist in a wide assortment of calculations, including arithmetic, cryptography, and music. ... | Organum Mathematicum | 0.799381 |
82,672 | Moss received his bachelor's degree from Fort Hays State University in 1964 and his doctorate in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1969. As a postdoc he was from 1969 to 1971 a research associate at the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and from 1971 to 1973 an instructor in physics at the University ... | Joel M. Moss | 0.79938 |
82,673 | Field theory is the branch of mathematics in which fields are studied. This is a glossary of some terms of the subject. (See field theory (physics) for the unrelated field theories in physics.) | Field homomorphism | 0.79938 |
82,674 | Rosen made a number of contributions to modern physics. One of the most lasting discoveries Rosen brought to physics was his formulation of the structure of the hydrogen molecule, a molecule where none of the electrons have a definite quantum number, but the pair of electrons has a pure state. Rosen used what he called... | Nathan Rosen | 0.79938 |
82,675 | This paper has been called "easily the most influential math paper in history". Although Turing's proof was published shortly after Alonzo Church's equivalent proof using his lambda calculus, Turing's approach is considerably more accessible and intuitive than Church's. It also included a notion of a 'Universal Machine... | Alan Turing | 0.799379 |
82,676 | One then pushes the resulting cohomology classes down to X; that is, one investigates the direct image of a cohomology class by means of the Leray spectral sequence. The resulting direct image is then interpreted in terms of differential equations. In the case of the classical Penrose transform, the resulting different... | Penrose transform | 0.799379 |
82,677 | The problem of whether simple infinite-dimensional C*-algebras with this property exist was posed in 1958 by Irving Kaplansky, and the first example of one was published in 1981 by Bruce Blackadar. For commutative C*-algebras, being projectionless is equivalent to its spectrum being connected. Due to this, being projec... | Projectionless C*-algebra | 0.799379 |
82,678 | As of right now, this technology seems to be nonpolluting and low maintenance. In addition, it does not have any major impact on wildlife such as fish or other animals. This form of power is still in the developmental research stage and is currently undergoing optimization experiments before it can be implemented. | Vortex power | 0.799379 |
82,679 | To scientists, on the other hand, "frequentist probability" is just another name for physical (or objective) probability. Those who promote Bayesian inference view "frequentist statistics" as an approach to statistical inference that is based on the frequency interpretation of probability, usually relying on the law of... | Probability interpretation | 0.799379 |
82,680 | A common symbol for the year as a unit of time is "a", taken from the Latin word annus. For example, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) supports the symbol "a" as the unit of time for a year.In English, the abbreviations "y" or "yr"... | Tya (unit) | 0.799378 |
82,681 | Richard Robert Ernst (14 August 1933 – 4 June 2021) was a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel laureate.Ernst was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991 for his contributions towards the development of Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while at Varian Associates and ETH Zurich. These und... | Richard R. Ernst | 0.799378 |
82,682 | The Asian Physics Olympiad (APhO) is an annual physics competition for high school students from Asia and Oceania regions. It is one of the International Science Olympiads. It was initiated in the year of 2000 by Indonesia. The first APhO was hosted by Indonesia in 2000. | Asian Physics Olympiad | 0.799378 |
82,683 | The first periodicity theorem implies that, for every natural number n, if Δ12n+1 determinacy holds, then Π12n+1 and Σ12n+2 have the prewellordering property (and that Σ12n+1 and Π12n+2 do not have the prewellordering property, but rather have the separation property). The second periodicity theorem implies that, for e... | Infinite game | 0.799378 |
82,684 | Several studies have been undertaken to further quantify satellite peaks.Despite these sometimes substantial drawbacks, Auger electron spectroscopy is a widely used surface analysis technique that has been successfully applied to many diverse fields ranging from gas phase chemistry to nanostructure characterization. Ve... | X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy | 0.799378 |
82,685 | These ideas extend on the de Vries duality theorem. A definition of the exponential object is given below. Another suggestion (1964) was to consider the usual Hausdorff spaces but use functions continuous on compact subsets. These ideas generalize to the non-Hausdorff case; i.e. with a different definition of compactly... | Compactly-generated space | 0.799377 |
82,686 | Hironaka's variety is a smooth 3-dimensional complete variety but is not projective as it has a non-trivial curve algebraically equivalent to 0. Any 2-dimensional smooth complete variety is projective, so 3 is the smallest possible dimension for such an example. There are plenty of 2-dimensional complex manifolds that ... | Hironaka's example | 0.799377 |
82,687 | Open-shop scheduling or open-shop scheduling problem (OSSP) is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. It is a variant of optimal job scheduling. In a general job-scheduling problem, we are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on m machines wi... | Open-shop scheduling | 0.799377 |
82,688 | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database of small molecule metabolites found in the human body. It bas been created by the Human Metabolome Project funded by Genome Canada and is one of the first dedicated metabolomics databases. The HMDB facilitates huma... | Human Metabolome Project | 0.799376 |
82,689 | As an example, George Lakoff offers a methodology to build natural language processing (NLP) algorithms through the perspective of cognitive science, along with the findings of cognitive linguistics, with two defining aspects: Apply the theory of conceptual metaphor, explained by Lakoff as "the understanding of one ide... | Natural Language Processing | 0.799376 |
82,690 | Today chemical engineering is a profession and those professional chemical engineers with experience can gain "Chartered" engineer status through the Institution of Chemical Engineers. In plant design, typically less than 1 percent of ideas for new designs ever become commercialized. During this solution process, typic... | Chemical plant | 0.799376 |
82,691 | The set point of the tumble flap is adjusted by an electrical or vacuum-activated servo mechanism which is under the control of the engine management system. Tumble flaps are open or closed depending on engine operating states (related to engine speed and load), engine temperatures, combustion modes (characterized by a... | Tumble flap | 0.799376 |
82,692 | Diethylzinc (C2H5)2Zn, or DEZ, is a highly pyrophoric and reactive organozinc compound consisting of a zinc center bound to two ethyl groups. This colourless liquid is an important reagent in organic chemistry. It is available commercially as a solution in hexanes, heptane, or toluene, or as a pure liquid. | Diethylzinc | 0.799376 |
82,693 | The determination of phosphorus, arsenic, silicon and germanium are examples of the use of heteropoly-molybdenum blue in analytical chemistry. The following example describes the determination of phosphorus. A sample containing the phosphate is mixed with an acid solution of MoVI, for example ammonium molybdate, to pro... | Molybdenum blue | 0.799375 |
82,694 | One common characteristic of many post-quantum cryptography algorithms is that they require larger key sizes than commonly used "pre-quantum" public key algorithms. There are often tradeoffs to be made in key size, computational efficiency and ciphertext or signature size. The table lists some values for different sche... | Post-quantum cryptography | 0.799375 |
82,695 | Fluctuation-enhanced sensing (FES) is a specific type of chemical or biological sensing where the stochastic component, noise, of the sensor signal is analyzed. The stages following the sensor in a FES system typically contain filters and preamplifier(s) to extract and amplify the stochastic signal components, which ar... | Fluctuation-Enhanced Sensing | 0.799375 |
82,696 | The requirements for prospective candidates for certification are Academics. At least a bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university in physical sciences, engineering, or in a biological science, with a minimum of 20 semester hours in physical science. Experience. At least six years of professional experi... | Certified health physicist | 0.799374 |
82,697 | Double-precision floating-point implementations of the gamma function and its logarithm are now available in most scientific computing software and special functions libraries, for example TK Solver, Matlab, GNU Octave, and the GNU Scientific Library. The gamma function was also added to the C standard library (math.h)... | Euler Gamma Function | 0.799374 |
82,698 | Neuroevolution, or neuro-evolution, is a form of artificial intelligence that uses evolutionary algorithms to generate artificial neural networks (ANN), parameters, and rules. It is most commonly applied in artificial life, general game playing and evolutionary robotics. The main benefit is that neuroevolution can be a... | Neuroevolution | 0.799374 |
82,699 | Like many categories, the category Manp is a concrete category, meaning its objects are sets with additional structure (i.e. a topology and an equivalence class of atlases of charts defining a Cp-differentiable structure) and its morphisms are functions preserving this structure. There is a natural forgetful functor U:... | Category of manifolds | 0.799373 |
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