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83,000 | Bishun Narain Khare (27 June 1933 – 20 August 2013) was a scientist who specialized in the chemistry of planetary atmospheres and of molecules relevant to biology. He published several papers on tholins, the organic molecules formed by ultraviolet radiation or cosmic rays. From 1968 to 1996, Khare worked in Carl Sagan'... | Bishun Khare | 0.799309 |
83,001 | Immortalised cell lines are widely used as a simple model for more complex biological systems, for example for the analysis of the biochemistry and cell biology of mammalian (including human) cells. The main advantage of using an immortal cell line for research is its immortality; the cells can be grown indefinitely in... | Cell lines | 0.799309 |
83,002 | With two mathematicians, Thomas Bond Sprague and Hermann Amandus Schwarz, as grandfathers, Roland Sprague was also a great-grandson of the mathematician Ernst Eduard Kummer and a great-grandson of the musical instrument maker Nathan Mendelssohn (1781–1852).After graduation (Abitur) in 1912 from the Bismarck-Gymnasium i... | Roland Sprague | 0.799309 |
83,003 | Lapidus, Albert Lvovich (b. 1933) – Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Mirzabeckov, Andrew Daryevitch (19 October 1937 – 13 July 2003) – Director of the Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1984 to 2003, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). | Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies | 0.799309 |
83,004 | Mesoscopic physics is a subdiscipline of condensed matter physics that deals with materials of an intermediate size. These materials range in size between the nanoscale for a quantity of atoms (such as a molecule) and of materials measuring micrometres. The lower limit can also be defined as being the size of individua... | Mesoscopic scale | 0.799308 |
83,005 | In the conversation, Igor learns that Laura is going with the Biology class on a field trip to the island paradise of Uikokahonia. Philip, who is infatuated with Laura, opts to join her. Igor believes that the trip is his own opportunity to get closer to Laura and plans to come along, with the goal of defeating his riv... | Igor: Objective Uikokahonia | 0.799308 |
83,006 | The key element of the operational calculus is to consider differentiation as an operator p = d/dt acting on functions. Linear differential equations can then be recast in the form of "functions" F(p) of the operator p acting on the unknown function equaling the known function. Here, F is defining something that takes ... | Operational calculus | 0.799308 |
83,007 | Let S {\displaystyle S} be this set of dipaths. The proof that such separators can always be found is related to the Planar Separator Theorem of Lipton and Tarjan, and these separators can be located in linear time. For each Q ∈ S {\displaystyle Q\in S} , the directed nature of Q {\displaystyle Q} provides for a natura... | Reachability | 0.799307 |
83,008 | However, study of avalanche breakdown, microplasma defects in silicon and germanium and the investigation of optical detection using p-n junctions predate this patent. Typical applications for APDs are laser rangefinders, long-range fiber-optic telecommunication, and quantum sensing for control algorithms. New applicat... | Avalanche photodiodes | 0.799307 |
83,009 | This positive feedback cooperates with Casp3-mediated feedback cleavage of Casp9 to generate irreversibility in caspase activation (switch ON), which leads to cell apoptosis. Another model also showed similar but different positive feedback controls in Bcl-2 family proteins in apoptotic process.Recently, Jeyeraman et a... | Ultrasensitivity | 0.799307 |
83,010 | Arnold Sommerfeld referred to the principle as "Bohrs Zauberstab" (Bohr's magic wand) in 1921.The conditions under which quantum and classical physics agree are referred to as the correspondence limit, or the classical limit. Bohr provided a rough prescription for the correspondence limit: it occurs when the quantum nu... | Correspondence principle | 0.799307 |
83,011 | Banda completed his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering at the University of Dayton in 1980. His doctoral dissertation was entitled "Maximum likelihood identification of aircraft lateral parameters with unsteady aerodynamic modeling". | Siva S. Banda | 0.799307 |
83,012 | His work had implications beyond reptile biology: Nobel laureate Julius Axelrod, after reading the work of Stebbins and others, began investigating the pineal gland in mammals, with emphasis on the effect of melatonin on activity cycles. Melatonin has since been found to influence human health. Stebbins was proud of hi... | A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians | 0.799307 |
83,013 | New rules, called Lorentz transformations, were given for the way time and space coordinates of an event change under changes in the observer's velocity, and the distinction between time and space was blurred. : 19 It was proposed that all physical laws must be the same for observers at different velocities, i.e. that ... | Quantum fields | 0.799306 |
83,014 | Cultures follow a lag, log, stationary, and finally death phase. The lag phase is not well known in microbiology, but it is speculated that this phase consists of the microorganism adjusting to its environment by synthesizing proteins specific for the surrounding habitat. The log phase is the period where a culture exp... | Bile solubility test | 0.799306 |
83,015 | A Söller collimator is a stack of parallel metal plates, spaced a few tenths of a millimeter apart. To improve angular resolution, one must lengthen the collimator, and/or reduce the plate spacing. This arrangement has the advantage of simplicity and relatively low cost, but the collimators reduce intensity and increas... | X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy | 0.799306 |
83,016 | The following scientists have participated at the Aspen Center for Physics at least once. Several have attended for a number of years. == References == | Aspen Center for Physics | 0.799306 |
83,017 | The Simpleware AS Ortho (Auto Segmentation for Orthopedics) module uses Artificial Intelligence-based Machine Learning for automated segmentation of hips, knees, and ankles. The module enables users to segment bones and/or cartilage, including common landmarks. Hip segmentation from CT scans includes: proximal femurs, ... | ScanIP | 0.799305 |
83,018 | In computer science, partial application (or partial function application) refers to the process of fixing a number of arguments to a function, producing another function of smaller arity. Given a function f: ( X × Y × Z ) → N {\displaystyle f\colon (X\times Y\times Z)\to N} , we might fix (or 'bind') the first argumen... | Partial application | 0.799305 |
83,019 | The Tate–Shafarevich conjecture states that the Tate–Shafarevich group is finite. Karl Rubin proved this for some elliptic curves of rank at most 1 with complex multiplication. Victor A. Kolyvagin extended this to modular elliptic curves over the rationals of analytic rank at most 1 (The modularity theorem later showed... | Tate–Shafarevich group | 0.799305 |
83,020 | 1998 Phillip Colella. "For fundamental contributions to the development of software methodologies used to solve numerical partial differential equations, and their application to substantially expand our understanding of shock physics and other fluid dynamics problem." 1997 Charbel Farhat. | Sidney Fernbach Award | 0.799305 |
83,021 | According to Feldman (1987), "serial art, serial painting, systems sculpture and ABC art, were art styles of the 1960s and 1970s in which simple geometric configurations are repeated with little or no variation. Sequences becomes important as in mathematics and linguistic context. These works rely on simple arrangement... | Systems art | 0.799305 |
83,022 | In stochastic programming, the correlation gap is the worst-case ratio between the cost when the random variables are correlated to the cost when the random variables are independent.As an example,: 6 consider the following optimization problem. A teacher wants to know whether to come to class or not. There are n poten... | Correlation gap | 0.799305 |
83,023 | "In the same paper, Laibman claimed that Okishio's theorem was true, even though the path of the temporally determined value rate of profit can diverge forever from the path of Okishio's material rate of profit. He wrote, "If a viable technical change is made, and the real wage rate is constant, the new MATERIAL rate o... | Okishio's theorem | 0.799305 |
83,024 | The cosmic age problem is a historical problem in astronomy concerning the age of the universe. The problem was that at various times in the 20th century, the universe was estimated to be younger than the oldest observed stars. Estimates of the universe's age came from measurements of the current expansion rate of the ... | Cosmic age problem | 0.799304 |
83,025 | In the early 17th century, there were two important developments in geometry. The first and most important was the creation of analytic geometry, or geometry with coordinates and equations, by René Descartes (1596–1650) and Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665). This was a necessary precursor to the development of calculus and ... | History of geometry | 0.799304 |
83,026 | The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) have provided new guidelines for the ethical issue of pediatric genetic testing and screening of children in the United States. Their guidelines state that performing pediatric genetic testing should be in the best interest of ... | Genetic test | 0.799304 |
83,027 | After the Second World War, he researched pyruvate metabolism, focussing particularly on the toxicity of fluoroacetate. The fact that fluoroacetate in itself is far less toxic than its metabolite fluorocitrate led him to coin the term "lethal synthesis" which was the title of his Croonian Lecture of 1951.Peters retired... | Rudolph Peters | 0.799303 |
83,028 | In sum, the subjective experiences of sibling positionality and inter-relations are important in terms of the dynamics of psychology, for Adlerian therapists and personality theorists, not the cookbook predictions that may or may not have been objectively true in Adler's time. For Adler, birth order answered the questi... | Adlerian Psychology | 0.799303 |
83,029 | Given X = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } , {\displaystyle X=\{1,2,3,4\},} the discrete topology on X {\displaystyle X} is the power set of X , {\displaystyle X,} which is the family τ = ℘ ( X ) {\displaystyle \tau =\wp (X)} consisting of all possible subsets of X . {\displaystyle X.} In this case the topological space ( X , τ ) {\d... | Fell topology | 0.799303 |
83,030 | Bell chose to publish his theorem in a comparatively obscure journal because it did not require page charges, in fact paying the authors who published there at the time. Because the journal did not provide free reprints of articles for the authors to distribute, however, Bell had to spend the money he received to buy c... | Bell's Theorem | 0.799303 |
83,031 | (Including members and alumni of CSAIL's predecessor laboratories) MacArthur Fellows Tim Berners-Lee, Erik Demaine, Dina Katabi, Daniela L. Rus, Regina Barzilay, Peter Shor, Richard Stallman, and Joshua Tenenbaum Turing Award recipients Leonard M. Adleman, Fernando J. Corbató, Shafi Goldwasser, Butler W. Lampson, John ... | MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory | 0.799303 |
83,032 | In mathematical logic, especially in graph theory and number theory, the Buchholz hydra game is a type of hydra game, which is a single-player game based on the idea of chopping pieces off of a mathematical tree. The hydra game can be used to generate a rapidly growing function, B H ( n ) {\displaystyle BH(n)} , which ... | Buchholz hydra | 0.799303 |
83,033 | IACAP research and teaching areas include: Artificial intelligence / cognitive science Artificial life / computer modeling in biology Computer ethics / information ethics Computer-mediated communication Culture and society Digital physics Distance education and electronic pedagogy Electronic publishing Logic and logic ... | International Association for Computing and Philosophy | 0.799302 |
83,034 | This implies that the vectors orthogonal to the hyperplane are eigenvectors of T, and the associated eigenvalue is a complex root of unity. A complex reflection group is a finite group of linear transformations on a complex vector space generated by reflections.The complex reflection groups were fully classified by She... | Affine symmetric group | 0.799302 |
83,035 | Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland Unive... | Thomas Lengauer | 0.799302 |
83,036 | (In this case Scripture or even religious doctrine would violate the separation of church and state.)" The first was The Mystery of Life's Origin (published in 1984), the second eventually became Of Pandas and People. 1981 state of Arkansas passed a law, Act 590, mandating that "creation science" be given equal time in... | Timeline of intelligent design | 0.799302 |
83,037 | The Synthesis kernel presented in Alexia Massalin's Ph.D. thesis is a tiny Unix kernel that takes a structured, or even object oriented, approach to self-modifying code, where code is created for individual quajects, like filehandles. Generating code for specific tasks allows the Synthesis kernel to (as a JIT interpret... | Self-modifying program | 0.799302 |
83,038 | Kaplansky's theorem can be stated in such a way to give a characterization of a local ring. A direct summand is said to be maximal if it has an indecomposable complement. The implication 1. ⇒ 2. | Kaplansky's theorem on projective modules | 0.799302 |
83,039 | The first volume was originally a stand-alone graduate textbook with a different title. It was first written in English and later translated into French, unlike the other volumes which were first written in French. It has been republished several times and is much more common than the later volumes of the series. The c... | Treatise on Analysis | 0.799301 |
83,040 | The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the President of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of behavioral and social sciences, biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics. The twelve m... | National Medal of Science | 0.799301 |
83,041 | Expositio super libros Elenchorum (Exposition of Aristotle's Sophistic refutations, 1322–1324, OP 3). Expositio in libros Physicorum Aristotelis. Prologus et Libri I–III (Exposition of Aristotle's Physics) (1322–1324, OP 4). | William of Ockham | 0.799301 |
83,042 | In many important applications the A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} is chosen to be a ring of sets or to be at least a semiring of sets in which case some additional properties can be deduced which are described below. For this reason some authors prefer to define contents only for the case of semirings or even rings. ... | Content (measure theory) | 0.799301 |
83,043 | For a WELL gold certification: all the requirements for silver certification plus 40% optimizations. For a WELL platinum certification: all the requirements for gold certification plus 80% optimizations.On the other hand, WELL v2 uses a four-certification system that mimics LEED's scoring system. The required precondit... | Healthy building | 0.799301 |
83,044 | Researchers have developed an array of operating modes and methods for Scanning probe microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. The use and application of such methods requires SPM or AFM instruments equipped with method-specific SPM or AFM probes. Nanosensors supplies SPM or AFM users worldwide with a range of such meth... | Nanosensors (company) | 0.7993 |
83,045 | König proved that these conditions are also sufficient. That is, a directed graph is Eulerian if and only if it is connected and the in-degree and out-degree are equal at each vertex.In this theorem it doesn't matter whether "connected" means "weakly connected" or "strongly connected" since they are equivalent for Eule... | Eulerian graphs | 0.7993 |
83,046 | In physics, the Schwinger model, named after Julian Schwinger, is the model describing 1+1D (1 spatial dimension + time) Lorentzian quantum electrodynamics which includes electrons, coupled to photons. The model defines the usual QED Lagrangian L = − 1 4 g 2 F μ ν F μ ν + ψ ¯ ( i γ μ D μ − m ) ψ {\displaystyle {\mathca... | Schwinger model | 0.7993 |
83,047 | In molecular biology, Small Cajal body-specific RNA 1 (also known as SCARNA1 or ACA35) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation of U2 spliceosomal RNA at residue U89. scaRNA1 is a non-coding RNA, which are functional products of genes not translated into protei... | Small Cajal body-specific RNA | 0.799299 |
83,048 | Fossils of great diversity and unique preservation (only 10 my. after the ‘great extinction’ of dinosaurs, ammonites etc.) Most unusual, if not unique, diversity of life from both ocean and land with extremely good preservation of details rarely seen, therefore very reliable reconstruction of palaeobiology. By far most... | Fur Formation | 0.799299 |
83,049 | A very important theorem (Todhunter, Art.27) proves that the angles and sides of the polar triangle are given by A ′ = π − a , B ′ = π − b , C ′ = π − c , a ′ = π − A , b ′ = π − B , c ′ = π − C . {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}A'&=\pi -a,&\qquad B'&=\pi -b,&\qquad C'&=\pi -c,\\a'&=\pi -A,&b'&=\pi -B,&c'&=\pi -C.\... | Spherical trigonometrical | 0.799299 |
83,050 | The history of ornithology largely reflects the trends in the history of biology, as well as many other scientific disciplines, including ecology, anatomy, physiology, paleontology, and more recently, molecular biology. Trends include the move from mere descriptions to the identification of patterns, thus towards eluci... | Ornithology | 0.799299 |
83,051 | In genetics, chromosomal polymorphism is a condition where one species contains members with varying chromosome counts or shapes. Polymorphism is a general concept in biology where more than one version of a trait is present in a population. In some cases of differing counts, the difference in chromosome counts is the ... | Chromosomal polymorphism | 0.799298 |
83,052 | An inner product query asks for the inner product between the histograms represented by two count–min sketches, c o u n t a {\displaystyle \mathrm {count} _{a}} and c o u n t b {\displaystyle \mathrm {count} _{b}} .Small modifications to the data structure can be used to sketch other different stream statistics. Like t... | Count–min sketch | 0.799298 |
83,053 | See conjugated systems for electron bond chemistry that causes these molecules to have pigment. Heme/porphyrin-based: chlorophyll, bilirubin, hemocyanin, hemoglobin, myoglobin Light-emitting: luciferin Carotenoids: Hematochromes (algal pigments, mixes of carotenoids and their derivates) Carotenes: alpha and beta carote... | Biological pigments | 0.799298 |
83,054 | The main mathematical tools and techniques are, correspondingly: for derivatives, Itô's stochastic calculus, simulation, and partial differential equations; see aside boxed discussion re the prototypical Black-Scholes and the various numeric techniques now applied for risk management, value at risk, stress testing, "se... | Theoretical Finance | 0.799298 |
83,055 | "For fundamental theoretical discoveries in broad areas of elementary particle physics, quantum field theory, and statistical mechanics; especially for work on spin glasses and disordered systems. "Nonino Prize “An Italian Master of our Time”, 2005. "World-famous theoretic physicist, Giorgio Parisi is an investigator o... | Giorgio Parisi | 0.799297 |
83,056 | Another famous figure in microbiology at the time was Robert Hooke, an English scientist most famous for his use of the microscope for the discovery of cells. In his most famous work, Micrographia (1665), he attributed “occult properties” as elementary “contrivances of nature”. Like Galileo Galilei, he shared an iatrop... | Iatrophysics | 0.799297 |
83,057 | fundest is a GPL C/C++ library for robust, non-linear (based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm) fundamental matrix estimation from matched point pairs and various objective functions (Manolis Lourakis). Structure and Motion Toolkit in MATLAB (Philip H. S. Torr) Fundamental Matrix Estimation Toolbox (Joaquim Salvi) T... | Fundamental matrix (computer vision) | 0.799297 |
83,058 | Both Möbius geometry and Laguerre geometry are subgeometries of Lie sphere geometry, where points and oriented lines can be mapped to each other, but tangency remains preserved. The matrix representations of oriented circles (which include points but not lines) are precisely the invertible 2 × 2 {\displaystyle 2\times ... | Laguerre transformations | 0.799297 |
83,059 | During 1981-87, he was a research scientist, Leningrad Nuclear Physics Institute, Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics; in 1987-90 a senior research scientist, Leningrad Nuclear Physics Institute, Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics; in 1990-92 he was a visiting research associate, University of Maryland, College ... | Sergey Bezrukov (biophysicist) | 0.799297 |
83,060 | Lotfi Aliasker Zadeh (; Azerbaijani: Lütfi Rəhim oğlu Ələsgərzadə; Persian: لطفی علیعسکرزاده; 4 February 1921 – 6 September 2017) was a mathematician, computer scientist, electrical engineer, artificial intelligence researcher, and professor of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley. Zadeh is best ... | Lotfi A. Zadeh | 0.799297 |
83,061 | Uexküll anticipated many computer science ideas, particularly in the field of robotics, roughly 25 years before these things were invented.Uexküll views organisms in terms of information processing. He argues every organism has an outer boundary which defines an Umwelt (German word generally meaning "environment", "sur... | Jakob Johann von Uexküll | 0.799297 |
83,062 | in physics from Princeton, his doctoral dissertation titled "On the foundations of quantum mechanics. "A short article, which was a compromise between Everett and Wheeler about how to present the many worlds concept and almost identical to the final version of his thesis, was published in Reviews of Modern Physics Vol ... | Hugh Everett III | 0.799296 |
83,063 | The magnification in an atom is due to the projection of ions radially away from the small, sharp tip. Subsequently, in the far-field, the ions will be greatly magnified. This magnification is sufficient to observe field variations due to individual atoms, thus allowing in field ion and field evaporation modes for the ... | Atom Probe | 0.799296 |
83,064 | Étienne Klein (French: ; born 1958) is a French physicist and philosopher of science, born in 1958. A graduate of École Centrale Paris, he holds a DEA (Master of Advanced Studies) in theoretical physics, as well as a Ph.D. in philosophy of science and an accreditation to supervise research (HDR). | Étienne Klein | 0.799296 |
83,065 | Anomaly detection Anomalies/outliers are typically – be it explicitly or implicitly – defined with respect to clustering structure in data. Natural language processing Clustering can be used to resolve lexical ambiguity. DevOps Clustering has been used to analyse the effectiveness of DevOps teams. | Cluster tendency | 0.799296 |
83,066 | Neuroinformatics doesn't deal with matter or energy, so it can be seen as a branch of neurobiology that studies various aspects of nervous systems. The term neuroinformatics seems to be used synonymously with cognitive informatics, described by Journal of Biomedical Informatics as interdisciplinary domain that focuses ... | Neuroinformatics | 0.799296 |
83,067 | The institute has or had worked on numerous topics or projects. Experimental astronomy and space physics. Observational Astronomy Research on X-ray Binary Pulsars, based Black Hole High mass X-ray Binary Computational Astrophysics and Space Physics | Lowell Center for Space Science & Technology | 0.799296 |
83,068 | In mathematics, duality theory for distributive lattices provides three different (but closely related) representations of bounded distributive lattices via Priestley spaces, spectral spaces, and pairwise Stone spaces. This duality, which is originally also due to Marshall H. Stone, generalizes the well-known Stone dua... | Duality theory for distributive lattices | 0.799296 |
83,069 | The motivation for this definition is the fact that all prime numbers n satisfy the above equation, as explained in the Euler's criterion article. The equation can be tested rather quickly, which can be used for probabilistic primality testing. These tests are over twice as strong as tests based on Fermat's little theo... | Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime | 0.799296 |
83,070 | The industrial segment supplies products that connect and distribute power, data, and signals. Products are used in factory automation and process control systems such as industrial controls, robotics, human machine interface, industrial communication, and power distribution. TE's intelligent building products are used... | TE Connectivity | 0.799296 |
83,071 | Instead, one finds that there are two Calabi–Yau manifolds that give rise to the same physics. These manifolds are said to be "mirror" to one another. This mirror duality is an important computational tool in string theory, and it has allowed mathematicians to solve difficult problems in enumerative geometry. | T-duality | 0.799296 |
83,072 | Drug/Xenobiotic metabolism The man-made drugs and xenobiotics present a molecular topology that the cellular system may not be aware of, and therefore, a definite affinity-based identification of the alien molecule may not be feasible. The classical P450cam based model fails to explain the promiscuity of reduction of d... | Murburn concept | 0.799296 |
83,073 | Having learned about the publication of Bondareva, Shapley unconditionally recognized its priority, which ensured its universal recognition. This theorem uses the notion of a balanced coverage, some analog of partition of unity in topology. This is the name of a set of non-negative numbers assigned to each coalition if... | Olga Bondareva | 0.799296 |
83,074 | Let G denote the absolute Galois group of K. Then the category of étale K-algebras is equivalent to the category of finite G-sets with continuous G-action. In particular, étale algebras of dimension n are classified by conjugacy classes of continuous homomorphisms from G to the symmetric group Sn. These globalize to e.... | Étale algebra | 0.799295 |
83,075 | The widespread use of scaffolding systems, along with the profound importance that they earned in modern applications such as civil engineering projects and temporary structures, led to the definition of a series of standards covering a vast number of specific issues involving scaffolding. Among the standards there are... | Scaffolding | 0.799295 |
83,076 | Activities eventually encompassed physical electronics, electromagnetic properties of matter, microwave physics, and microwave communication principles, and the Rad Lab made fundamental advances in all of these fields. Half of the radars deployed by the U.S. military during World War II were designed at the Rad Lab, in... | Radiation Lab | 0.799295 |
83,077 | In number theory, Mills' constant is defined as the smallest positive real number A such that the floor function of the double exponential function ⌊ A 3 n ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor A^{3^{n}}\rfloor } is a prime number for all positive natural numbers n. This constant is named after William Harold Mills who proved in 19... | Mills' constant | 0.799295 |
83,078 | An acid anhydride is a type of chemical compound derived by the removal of water molecules from an acid. In organic chemistry, organic acid anhydrides contain the functional group R(CO)O(CO)R'. Organic acid anhydrides often form when one equivalent of water is removed from two equivalents of an organic acid in a dehydr... | Acid anhydride | 0.799294 |
83,079 | Whatever you succeed in producing is by definition merely another standard number. Nevertheless, there are (many) nonstandard whole numbers in any infinite subset of N. Nonstandard numbers are completely ordinary numbers, having decimal representations, prime factorizations, etc. Every classical theorem that applies to... | Internal set theory | 0.799294 |
83,080 | White earned a B.S. and M.S. in Civil Engineering from Missouri University of Science and Technology in 1985 and 1987, respectively, and also holds an M.S. in Environmental Engineering with an emphasis on water supply and sanitation in developing countries, from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .In 1990,... | Gary White (engineer) | 0.799294 |
83,081 | On February 21, 2014, Hackers of a group called @deletesec hacked Spirol International after allegedly threatening to have the hackers arrested for reporting the security vulnerability. 70,000 user details were exposed over this conflict. On March 7, 2014, officials at Johns Hopkins University publicly announced that t... | SQL Injection | 0.799294 |
83,082 | In geometry, a honeycomb is a space filling or close packing of polyhedral or higher-dimensional cells, so that there are no gaps. It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions. Its dimension can be clarified as n-honeycomb for a honeycomb of n-dimensional space. | Honeycomb (geometry) | 0.799293 |
83,083 | He toured science headquarters throughout the continent, including in Berlin and Paris.In Germany Ørsted met Johann Wilhelm Ritter, a physicist who believed there was a connection between electricity and magnetism. This idea made sense to Ørsted as he subscribed to Kantian thought regarding the unity of nature. Ørsted'... | Hans Christian Ørsted | 0.799293 |
83,084 | Because of their effect on heart rhythms, however, they are less likely to be used than potassium or rubidium salts. They have also been used to treat epilepsy.Caesium-133 can be laser cooled and used to probe fundamental and technological problems in quantum physics. It has a particularly convenient Feshbach spectrum ... | Caesium | 0.799293 |
83,085 | Andreas Lüttge is Professor of Earth Science and Professor of Chemistry at Rice University in Houston, Texas (USA). He was also director of the National Corrosion Center (NCC) until 2010. The primary concerns of his research are surface chemical processes at minerals and rocks from low-temperature conditions up to the ... | Andreas Luttge | 0.799293 |
83,086 | In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the cup product is a method of adjoining two cocycles of degree p and q to form a composite cocycle of degree p + q. This defines an associative (and distributive) graded commutative product operation in cohomology, turning the cohomology of a space X into a graded ri... | Cup product | 0.799293 |
83,087 | In the case of N numbers, taken as a single N-tuple and point P of the torus T = RN/ZN,the closure of the subgroup generated by P will be finite, or some torus T′ contained in T. The original Kronecker's theorem (Leopold Kronecker, 1884) stated that the necessary condition for T′ = T,which is that the numbers xi togeth... | Kronecker's theorem | 0.799293 |
83,088 | Benfey recruited David MacInnes and they began teaching continuing education courses on basic chemistry in the evening, targeting nearby Ciba-Geigy employees. Benfey also taught history of science courses that met the science requirement for non-science majors. His students included Frances Moore Lappé, David Rhees of ... | Otto Theodor Benfey | 0.799293 |
83,089 | However, continual running of an engine on nitromethane will eventually melt the piston and/or cylinder because of this higher temperature. In real world applications, complete combustion does not typically occur. Chemistry dictates that dissociation and kinetics will change the composition of the products. | Adiabatic flame temperature | 0.799292 |
83,090 | In 2021, Haugen completed his Master in Chemical Engineering at the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London, United Kingdom. Haugen earned a doctoral engineering from the Technische Universitat Munchen in 2004. His PhD thesis title was "Development of an implant to heal gastro-oesophageal reflux ... | Håvard Jostein Haugen | 0.799292 |
83,091 | In incidence geometry, the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem, originally published by Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn and Paul Erdős (1948), states a lower bound on the number of lines determined by n points in a projective plane. By duality, this is also a bound on the number of intersection points determined by a configuration of li... | De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) | 0.799292 |
83,092 | In 1930 Allison returned to the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in 1942, and the Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor of Physics in 1959. He studied the Compton effect and the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction. At the time x-rays were an important means of investigating atomic structure... | Samuel King Allison | 0.799291 |
83,093 | The main use of a shadow square is to measure the linear height of an object using its shadow. It does so by simulating the ratio between an object, generally a gnomon, and its shadow. If the sun's ray is between 0 degrees and 45 degrees the umbra versa (Vertical axis) is used, between 45 degrees and 90 degrees the umb... | Shadow square | 0.799291 |
83,094 | A few of dihydridoiron's electronic states lie relatively close to each other, giving rise to varying degrees of radical chemistry. The ground state and the first two excited states are all quintet radicals with four unpaired electrons (X5Δg, A5Πg, B5Σg+). With the first two excited states only 22 and 32 kJ mol−1 above... | Iron(II) hydride | 0.799291 |
83,095 | But what quantum mechanics doesn't change about the universe is, if you want to change things, you still have to do something. You can't change the world by thinking about it. "The process of testing the hypotheses with experiments is fraught with conceptual/theoretical, practical, and ethical problems. | Quantum brain dynamics | 0.799291 |
83,096 | A von Neumann regular ring is a ring where for every a {\displaystyle a} , an element x {\displaystyle x} exists such that a x a = a {\displaystyle axa=a} . These rings came from and have connections to his work on von Neumann algebras, as well as AW*-algebras and various kinds of C*-algebras.Many smaller technical res... | John von Neumann | 0.799291 |
83,097 | There is controversy over GMOs, especially with regard to their release outside laboratory environments. The dispute involves consumers, producers, biotechnology companies, governmental regulators, non-governmental organizations, and scientists. Many of these concerns involve GM crops and whether food produced from the... | Recombinant organism | 0.799291 |
83,098 | Another representation of similar formulas, but using normal vectors instead of latitude and longitude to describe the positions, is found by means of 3D vector algebra, using the dot product, cross product, or a combination: Δ σ = arccos ( n 1 ⋅ n 2 ) = arcsin | n 1 × n 2 | = arctan | n 1 × n 2 | n 1 ⋅ n 2 {\dis... | Spherical range | 0.799291 |
83,099 | Nature versus nurture is a long-standing debate in biology and society about the relative influence on human beings of their genetic inheritance (nature) and the environmental conditions of their development (nurture). The alliterative expression "nature and nurture" in English has been in use since at least the Elizab... | Nature versus nurture | 0.799291 |
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