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83,700 | In general relativity, the laws of physics can be expressed in a generally covariant form. In other words, the description of the world as given by the laws of physics does not depend on our choice of coordinate systems. However, it is often useful to fix upon a particular coordinate system, in order to solve actual pr... | Coordinate condition | 0.799161 |
83,701 | Darcy (unit) - Darcy's law - Darcy–Weisbach equation - Dark earth - Dispersion (geology) - Downer (soil) - Downhill creep - Drainage research - Drilosphere - Drucker–Prager yield criterion - Drummer (soil) - Dry quicksand - Dryland salinity - Duricrust - Durisols - Dynamic compaction | Index of soil-related articles | 0.799161 |
83,702 | Snyder (2000) gave the following elementary proof of the Mason–Stothers theorem.Step 1. The condition a + b + c = 0 implies that the Wronskians W(a, b) = ab′ − a′b, W(b, c), and W(c, a) are all equal. Write W for their common value. | Mason–Stothers theorem | 0.799161 |
83,703 | II, Paris: Petropoli, ch. 3–5, pp. 57–153 Grattan-Guinness, I (1997), "Laplace's integral solutions to partial differential equations", in Gillispie, C. C. | S domain | 0.79916 |
83,704 | The Facility for Rare Isotopes Beams (FRIB) is a scientific user facility for nuclear science, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE-SC), Michigan State University (MSU), and the State of Michigan. Michigan State University contributed an additional $212 million in various ways, including the l... | Facility for Rare Isotope Beams | 0.79916 |
83,705 | In mathematics, in the theory of discrete groups, superrigidity is a concept designed to show how a linear representation ρ of a discrete group Γ inside an algebraic group G can, under some circumstances, be as good as a representation of G itself. That this phenomenon happens for certain broadly defined classes of lat... | Superrigidity theorem | 0.79916 |
83,706 | Two basic spaces are linear spaces (also called vector spaces) and topological spaces. Linear spaces are of algebraic nature; there are real linear spaces (over the field of real numbers), complex linear spaces (over the field of complex numbers), and more generally, linear spaces over any field. Every complex linear s... | Mathematical space | 0.79916 |
83,707 | Learning engineering teams require expertise associated with the content that learners will learn, the targeted learners themselves, the venues in which learning is expected to happen, educational practice, software engineering, and sometimes even more. Learning engineering teams employ an iterative design process for ... | Learning engineering | 0.79916 |
83,708 | David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow. | David Eppstein | 0.79916 |
83,709 | Forgetful functors tend to have left adjoints, which are 'free' constructions. For example: free module: the forgetful functor from M o d ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {Mod} (R)} (the category of R {\displaystyle R} -modules) to S e t {\displaystyle \mathbf {Set} } has left adjoint Free R {\displaystyle \operatorname {F... | Forgetful functor | 0.79916 |
83,710 | PIR was established in 1984 by the National Biomedical Research Foundation as a resource to assist researchers and customers in the identification and interpretation of protein sequence information. Prior to that, the foundation compiled the first comprehensive collection of macromolecular sequences in the Atlas of Pro... | Protein ontology | 0.79916 |
83,711 | In general, the Helmholtz decomposition is not uniquely defined. A harmonic function H ( r ) {\displaystyle H(\mathbf {r} )} is a function that satisfies Δ H ( r ) = 0 {\displaystyle \Delta H(\mathbf {r} )=0} . By adding H ( r ) {\displaystyle H(\mathbf {r} )} to the scalar potential Φ ( r ) {\displaystyle \Phi (\mathb... | Transverse field | 0.79916 |
83,712 | Mogensen extends Scott encoding to encode any untyped lambda term as data. This allows a lambda term to be represented as data, within a Lambda calculus meta program. The meta function mse converts a lambda term into the corresponding data representation of the lambda term; mse = λ a , b , c . a x mse = λ a , b ,... | Mogensen–Scott encoding | 0.79916 |
83,713 | It laid the conceptual basis for systematic analysis and transformation of computer programs. This paper introduced the use of graph-theoretic structures to encode program content in order to automatically and efficiently derive relationships and identify opportunities for optimization.Christine Darden began working fo... | Women in computing | 0.799159 |
83,714 | More than 20 SEMI Technology Communities, 150 Committees, and 15 Partner organizations provide access to global networks for collaboration, professional growth, business opportunities, educational events, workshops, and industrywide intelligence. In June 2021, SEMI established its first Semiconductor Committee focusing... | SEMI | 0.799159 |
83,715 | For a processor or computer designed to simulate a neural network SUPS is measured as the product of simulated neurons N {\displaystyle N} and average connectivity c {\displaystyle c} (synapses) per neuron per second: S U P S = c × N {\displaystyle SUPS=c\times N} Depending on the type of simulation it is usually equal... | SUPS | 0.799159 |
83,716 | An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.The superconductivity phenomenon was discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a phenomenon which can only be explained by quan... | Superconducting engineering | 0.799159 |
83,717 | In 1965, Moore’s law forever changed the world of technology. That seminal prediction developed its roots within the Society. ECS has included numerous Nobel laureates among its members, most recently the three co-winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshin... | ECS Transactions | 0.799158 |
83,718 | Much of the slowdown associated with satellite Internet is that for each request, many roundtrips must be completed before any useful data can be received by the requester. Special IP stacks and proxies can also reduce latency through lessening the number of roundtrips, or simplifying and reducing the length of protoco... | Satellite Internet | 0.799157 |
83,719 | The Electrochemical Society is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of electrochemistry and solid-state science and related technology. The Society membership comprises more than 8,000 scientists and engineers in over 85 countries at all d... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.799157 |
83,720 | In condensed matter physics and inorganic chemistry, the cation-anion radius ratio can be used to predict the crystal structure of an ionic compound based on the relative size of its atoms. It is defined as the ratio of the ionic radius of the positively charged cation to the ionic radius of the negatively charged anio... | Cation-anion radius ratio | 0.799157 |
83,721 | Bore holes are spaced at least 5–6 m apart and the depth depends on ground and building characteristics. Alternatively, pipes may be integrated with the foundation piles used to support the building. Vertical systems rely on migration of heat from surrounding geology, unless recharged during the summer and at other tim... | Ground-source heat pumps | 0.799157 |
83,722 | The real numbers have various lattice-theoretic properties that are absent in the complex numbers. Also, the real numbers form an ordered field, in which sums and products of positive numbers are also positive. Moreover, the ordering of the real numbers is total, and the real numbers have the least upper bound property... | Real Analysis | 0.799157 |
83,723 | Military patronage benefited a large number of fields, and in fact helped create a number of the modern scientific disciplines. At Stanford and MIT, for example, electronics, aerospace engineering, nuclear physics, and materials science—all physics, broadly speaking—each developed in different directions, becoming incr... | History of military technology | 0.799156 |
83,724 | Rotations and reflections are represented as elements. Unlike a vector algebra, a geometric algebra naturally accommodates any number of dimensions and any quadratic form such as in relativity. Examples of geometric algebras applied in physics include the spacetime algebra (and the less common algebra of physical space... | Geometric algebra | 0.799156 |
83,725 | Pohlke's theorem is the basis for the following procedure to construct a scaled parallel projection of a three-dimensional object: Select projections of the coordinate axes, such that all three coordinate axes are not collapsed to a single point or line. Usually the z-axis is vertical. Select for these projections the ... | Axonometry | 0.799156 |
83,726 | The Texas Instruments company in 1995 released the TI-92 calculator with a CAS based on the software Derive; the TI-Nspire series replaced Derive in 2007. The TI-89 series, first released in 1998, also contains a CAS. Casio released their first CAS calculator with the CFX-9970G and succeeded it with the Algebra FX Seri... | Computer Algebra System | 0.799156 |
83,727 | Using the Theano and TensorFlow software libraries, DeVries et al. (2018) trained a neural network that achieved higher accuracy in the prediction of spatial distributions of earthquake aftershocks than the previously established methodology of Coulomb failure stress change. Notably, DeVries et al. (2018) reported that... | Earthquake prediction | 0.799156 |
83,728 | The connected sum of two projective 3-spaces has a S2×R geometry, and is also the connected sum of two pieces with S3 geometry. The product of a surface of negative curvature and a circle has a geometric structure, but can also be cut along tori to produce smaller pieces that also have geometric structures. There are m... | Geometrisation conjecture | 0.799155 |
83,729 | SAE Aero Design, also called the SAE Aero Design Collegiate Design Series, is a series of competitive aerospace and mechanical engineering events held in the United States and Brazil every year. It is conducted by SAE International. It is generally divided into three categories: Regular class, Advanced class and Micro ... | SAE Aerodesign | 0.799155 |
83,730 | Statistics Surveys is an open-access electronic journal, founded in 2007, that is jointly sponsored by the American Statistical Association, the Bernoulli Society, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the Statistical Society of Canada. It publishes review articles on topics of interest in statistics. Wendy L. M... | Statistics Surveys | 0.799155 |
83,731 | {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} .} Defining vector topologies using collections of strings is particularly useful for defining classes of TVSs that are not necessarily locally convex. If S {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} } is the set of all topological strings in a TVS ( X , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\tau )} then τ S = τ . {\display... | Linear topological space | 0.799155 |
83,732 | Incomplete LU. Incomplete LU with fill-in using thresholding. Algebraic multigrid by smoothed aggregation. | Matrix Toolkit Java | 0.799155 |
83,733 | Its high throughput capacity enables the proposed Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) satellite mission concept to make hourly high spatial and spectral resolution measurements of rapidly changing atmospheric chemistry and pollution with the Panchromatic Fourier Transform Spectrometer (PanFTS) ins... | Soil Moisture Active Passive | 0.799154 |
83,734 | In the graphic novel Star Trek: The Manga, the Borg resulted from an experiment in medical nanotechnology gone wrong. An alien species under threat of extinction by an incurable disease created a repository satellite containing test subjects infused with body parts, organs, and DNA of multiple species along with cybern... | Borg Cube | 0.799154 |
83,735 | Actually, it does not depend much even on the linear structure: there are many non-linear diffeomorphisms (and other homeomorphisms) of Rn onto itself, or its parts such as a Euclidean open ball or the interior of a hypercube). Rn has the topological dimension n. An important result on the topology of Rn, that is far f... | Real coordinate space | 0.799154 |
83,736 | MIT as an institution had never housed another before, and concerns were raised that the wealth of the institute might skew the biology department in directions faculty did not wish to take, and that Baltimore himself would gain undue influence over hiring within the department. The controversy was made worse by an art... | David Baltimore | 0.799154 |
83,737 | Neal's vision was to combine modern advances in science together with elegant yet practical mathematical methods. In his first two decades as department head of chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota, Amundson hired several chemists, mathematicians, and chemical engineers. He encouraged young faculty to ex... | Neal Amundson | 0.799154 |
83,738 | Causal fairness measures the frequency with which two nearly identical users or applications who differ only in a set of characteristics with respect to which resource allocation must be fair receive identical treatment. An entire branch of the academic research on fairness metrics is devoted to leverage causal models ... | Fairness (machine learning) | 0.799154 |
83,739 | The Rabinovich–Fabrikant equations are a set of three coupled ordinary differential equations exhibiting chaotic behaviour for certain values of the parameters. They are named after Mikhail Rabinovich and Anatoly Fabrikant, who described them in 1979. | Rabinovich–Fabrikant equations | 0.799153 |
83,740 | Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport (MCNP) is a general-purpose, continuous-energy, generalized-geometry, time-dependent, Monte Carlo radiation transport code designed to track many particle types over broad ranges of energies and is developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory. Specific areas of application include, but a... | Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code | 0.799153 |
83,741 | When simultaneous EDS/EBSD collection can be achieved, the capabilities of both techniques can be enhanced. There are applications where sample chemistry or phase cannot be differentiated via EDS alone because of similar composition, and structure cannot be solved with EBSD alone because of ambiguous structure solution... | Scattered electron imaging | 0.799153 |
83,742 | Biomedical cybernetics investigates signal processing, decision making and control structures in living organisms. Applications of this research field are in biology, ecology and health sciences. | Biomedical cybernetics | 0.799153 |
83,743 | Robert I. Richards and Grant R. Sutherland called these phenomena, in the framework of dynamical genetics, dynamic mutations. Triplet expansion is caused by slippage during DNA replication. Due to the repetitive nature of the DNA sequence in these regions , 'loop out' structures may form during DNA replication while ma... | Dynamic mutation | 0.799152 |
83,744 | The water-pouring algorithm is a technique used in digital communications systems for allocating power among different channels in multicarrier schemes. It was described by R. C. Gallager in 1968 along with the water-pouring theorem which proves its optimality for channels having Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) an... | Water-pouring algorithm | 0.799152 |
83,745 | The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation that provides necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality of a control with respect to a loss function. Its solution is the value function of the optimal control problem which, once known, can be used to obtain the optimal co... | Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation | 0.799152 |
83,746 | The ICPS 2010 took place from August, 17th to August, 23rd in Graz and was hosted by physics students from both Graz University of Technology and University of Graz. A total of 446 students attended the conference. This number includes 64 volunteers to help to organize the event. Notable guest speakers were Peter Zolle... | International Conference of Physics Students | 0.799152 |
83,747 | Bostrom's research concerns the future of humanity and long-term outcomes. He discusses existential risk, which he defines as one in which an "adverse outcome would either annihilate Earth-originating intelligent life or permanently and drastically curtail its potential". Bostrom is mostly concerned about anthropogenic... | Nick Bostrom | 0.799152 |
83,748 | The design of autonomous, light-weight, less than 20 grams flapping wing MAVs poses challenges in various domains, including materials, electronics, control, aerodynamics, computer vision and artificial intelligence. All these domains feed into each other. For example, studies on the design and aerodynamics of the wing... | DelFly | 0.799152 |
83,749 | No population genetics perspective have ever given genetic drift a central role by itself, but some have made genetic drift important in combination with another non-selective force. The shifting balance theory of Sewall Wright held that the combination of population structure and genetic drift was important. Motoo Kim... | Population genetic | 0.799151 |
83,750 | The existence theorems for quantum fields can be expected to be very difficult to find, if indeed they are possible at all. One discovery of the theory that can be related in non-technical terms, is that the dimension d of the spacetime involved is crucial. Notable work in the field by James Glimm and Arthur Jaffe show... | Constructive quantum field theory | 0.799151 |
83,751 | Since, apart from the fill level, most of the influencing variables cannot be changed (at least not sufficiently precisely in practice), the only way to avoid the teapot effect is usually to choose a suitable geometry for the pot. Another phenomenon is the reduction in air pressure between the spout and the jet of liqu... | Teapot effect | 0.799151 |
83,752 | Over 1500 Howtek style inkjets were acquired by early Sanders Prototype, Inc when production of the Modelmaker 6 Pro was first started in 1994. The Modelmaker 6 pro uses two inkjets per machine. The inkjets are installed in a special printhead directing the drops straight downward for 3D printing. | Inkjet technology | 0.799151 |
83,753 | This algorithm can be modeled in the framework above, where given any x t {\displaystyle \mathbf {x_{t}} } , the oracle returns the gradient ∇ f ( x t ) {\displaystyle \nabla f(\mathbf {x_{t}} )} , which is then used to choose the next point x t + 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {x_{t+1}} } . In this framework, for each choic... | Oracle complexity (optimization) | 0.79915 |
83,754 | Delayed Q-learning is an alternative implementation of the online Q-learning algorithm, with probably approximately correct (PAC) learning.Greedy GQ is a variant of Q-learning to use in combination with (linear) function approximation. The advantage of Greedy GQ is that convergence is guaranteed even when function appr... | Deep Q-learning | 0.79915 |
83,755 | Poole-Frenkel saturation occurs when all the trap sites become ionized, resulting in a maximum of the number of conduction carriers. The corresponding saturation field is obtained from the expression describing the vanishing of the barrier: ϕ B − q E s π ϵ = 0 {\displaystyle \phi _{B}-{\sqrt {\frac {qE_{s}}{\pi \epsilo... | Poole–Frenkel effect | 0.79915 |
83,756 | Martinus Willem Beijerinck (Dutch pronunciation: , 16 March 1851 – 1 January 1931) was a Dutch microbiologist and botanist who was one of the founders of virology and environmental microbiology. He is credited with the discovery of viruses, which he called "contagium vivum fluidum". | Martinus Beijerinck | 0.79915 |
83,757 | Quantum annealing relies on the adiabatic theorem to undertake calculations. A system is placed in the ground state for a simple Hamiltonian, which slowly evolves to a more complicated Hamiltonian whose ground state represents the solution to the problem in question. The adiabatic theorem states that if the evolution i... | Quantum parallelism | 0.79915 |
83,758 | "The Primal-Dual Active Set Strategy as a Semismooth Newton Method" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Optimization. Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM). | Karl Kunisch | 0.799149 |
83,759 | The journal was established as an open-access alternative to the journal Machine Learning. In 2001, forty editorial board members of Machine Learning resigned, saying that in the era of the Internet, it was detrimental for researchers to continue publishing their papers in expensive journals with pay-access archives. T... | Journal of Machine Learning Research | 0.799149 |
83,760 | Faheem Hussain became the first physicist at IP to published research analysis on string theory. Later on, the Relativity Group under Fayyazuddin carried out work on the Bethe-Bloch theory. In 1969, Raziuddin Siddiqui established Einstein's Physics Group (EPG) and carried out experiments on general relativity and quant... | Project-706 | 0.799149 |
83,761 | Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database provides spatial positions of membrane protein structures with respect to the lipid bilayer. Positions of the proteins are calculated using an implicit solvation model of the lipid bilayer. The results of calculations were verified against experimental studies of spa... | Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database | 0.799149 |
83,762 | Increased use of the technology will also increase the amount of work that AI-driven robots and machines can perform. Only extraordinarily talented, capable and motivated humans would be able to keep up with the machines. The influence of competitive individuals in conjunction with artificial intelligence/cognitive com... | Cognitive reasoning | 0.799149 |
83,763 | Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind (6 October 1831 – 12 February 1916) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to number theory, abstract algebra (particularly ring theory), and the axiomatic foundations of arithmetic. His best known contribution is the definition of real numbers through the notion of... | Richard Dedekind | 0.799149 |
83,764 | Additionally, if σ: { 1 , … , n } → { 1 , … , n } {\displaystyle \sigma \colon \{1,\dots ,n\}\to \{1,\dots ,n\}} is such that | X σ ( 1 ) | < ⋯ < | X σ ( n ) | {\displaystyle |X_{\sigma (1)}|<\dots <|X_{\sigma (n)}|} , then R σ ( i ) = i {\displaystyle R_{\sigma (i)}=i} for all i {\displaystyle i} . The signed-rank sum... | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.799148 |
83,765 | In traditional geometry, affine geometry is considered to be a study between Euclidean geometry and projective geometry. On the one hand, affine geometry is Euclidean geometry with congruence left out; on the other hand, affine geometry may be obtained from projective geometry by the designation of a particular line or... | Affine geometry | 0.799148 |
83,766 | Numerical linear algebra was developed by computer pioneers like John von Neumann, Alan Turing, James H. Wilkinson, Alston Scott Householder, George Forsythe, and Heinz Rutishauser, in order to apply the earliest computers to problems in continuous mathematics, such as ballistics problems and the solutions to systems o... | Matrix computation | 0.799148 |
83,767 | In mathematics, Mostow's rigidity theorem, or strong rigidity theorem, or Mostow–Prasad rigidity theorem, essentially states that the geometry of a complete, finite-volume hyperbolic manifold of dimension greater than two is determined by the fundamental group and hence unique. The theorem was proven for closed manifol... | Mostow's rigidity theorem | 0.799148 |
83,768 | A key innovation was the introduction of behavior specified as a mathematical function to express what an actor does when it processes a message, including specifying a new behavior to process the next message that arrives. Behaviors provided a mechanism to mathematically model the sharing in concurrency. Behaviors als... | Unbounded nondeterminism controversy | 0.799148 |
83,769 | In 2016 the APS launched Physical Review Fluids "to include additional areas of fluid dynamics research", and in 2017 it launched Physical Review Materials "to fill a gap" in the coverage of materials research. In 2019 Physical Review Research was launched to provide a broad fully open-access journal at about the same ... | Physical Review D | 0.799147 |
83,770 | Lucas Ambrozio (Imperial College) - Some new results for free boundary minimal surfaces Otis Chodosh (Princeton) - Some new results on the global geometry of scalar curvature Mark Haskins (Imperial College) Chi Li (Purdue) - On metric tangent cones at Klt singularities Marco Radeschi (Notre Dame) - "When all geodesics ... | Geometry Festival | 0.799147 |
83,771 | The functions G and H turn up in the Rogers–Ramanujan identities, and the function Q is the Euler function, which is closely related to the Dedekind eta function. If x = e2πiτ, then x−1/60G(x), x11/60H(x), x−1/24P(x), z, κ, ρ, ρ1, ρ2, and ρ3 are modular functions of τ, while x1/24Q(x) is a modular form of weight 1/2. S... | Hard hexagon model | 0.799147 |
83,772 | The participants at the symposium on the Basel Declaration at the end of November 2010 summarized the outcome of their discussions on the subject of experiments in non-human primates as follows: 1. Research in non-human primates is an essential part of biomedical progress in the 21st century. Research in non-human prim... | Basel Declaration | 0.799147 |
83,773 | In geometry, the elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola is one of the Johnson solids (J39). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a pentagonal gyrobicupola (J31) by inserting a decagonal prism between its congruent halves. Rotating one of the pentagonal cupolae (J5) through 36 degrees before inserting th... | Elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola | 0.799147 |
83,774 | Knuth was awarded the 1974 Turing Award "for his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms , and in particular for his contributions to the 'art of computer programming' through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title." American Scientist has included this work among "100 or so Books that shap... | The Art of Computer Programming | 0.799146 |
83,775 | Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) is a time-sharing operating system developed principally by the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, with help from Project MAC. The name is the jocular complement of the MIT Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS). ITS, and the software developed on it, were technically and cultu... | Incompatible Timesharing System | 0.799146 |
83,776 | Much of Berkeley Lab's research impact is built on the capabilities of its unique research facilities. The laboratory manages five national scientific user facilities, which are part of the network of 28 such facilities operated by the DOE Office of Science. These facilities and the expertise of the scientists and engi... | Scientific achievements, inventions, and discoveries of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory | 0.799146 |
83,777 | As with all standards, USB possesses multiple limitations to its design: USB cables are limited in length, as the standard was intended for peripherals on the same table-top, not between rooms or buildings. However, a USB port can be connected to a gateway that accesses distant devices. USB data transfer rates are slow... | USB | 0.799146 |
83,778 | If X is a compact Hausdorff space, then it coincides with its Stone–Čech compactification. Most other Stone–Čech compactifications lack concrete descriptions and are extremely unwieldy. Exceptions include: The Stone–Čech compactification of the first uncountable ordinal ω 1 {\displaystyle \omega _{1}} , with the order ... | Stone–Čech compactification Theorem | 0.799145 |
83,779 | In geometry, the ten-of-diamonds decahedron is a space-filling polyhedron with 10 faces, 2 opposite rhombi with orthogonal major axes, connected by 8 identical isosceles triangle faces. Although it is convex, it is not a Johnson solid because its faces are not composed entirely of regular polygons. Michael Goldberg nam... | Ten-of-diamonds decahedron | 0.799145 |
83,780 | Theoretical predictions of buckyball molecules appeared in the late 1960s to early 1970s, but they went largely unnoticed. In the early 1970s, the chemistry of unsaturated carbon configurations was studied by a group at the University of Sussex, led by Harry Kroto and David Walton. In the 1980s a technique was develope... | C70 fullerene | 0.799144 |
83,781 | At the beginning of this period, Felix Klein's "Erlangen program" identified the underlying theme of various geometries, defining each of them as the study of properties invariant under a given group of symmetries. This level of abstraction revealed connections between geometry and abstract algebra. Georg Cantor would ... | History of mathematical notation | 0.799144 |
83,782 | When considering the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), a predictor–corrector method typically uses an explicit method for the predictor step and an implicit method for the corrector step. | Predictor corrector | 0.799144 |
83,783 | The swap test is a procedure in quantum computation that is used to check how much two quantum states differ, appearing first in the work of Barenco et al. and later rediscovered by Harry Buhrman, Richard Cleve, John Watrous, and Ronald de Wolf. It appears commonly in quantum machine learning, and is a circuit used for... | Swap test | 0.799144 |
83,784 | The category RCR of real closed rings which has real closed rings as objects and ring homomorphisms as morphisms has the following properties:Arbitrary products, direct limits and inverse limits (in the category of commutative unital rings) of real closed rings are again real closed. The fibre sum of two real closed ri... | Real closed ring | 0.799144 |
83,785 | She started graduate school at the University of Chicago in March 1946. Finding the classes easier than at Swarthmore, she approached three professors, Otto Struve, George van Biesbroeck, and William Wilson Morgan, asking each for an observational astronomy project to work on. The first gave her a theory project, the s... | Nancy Roman | 0.799144 |
83,786 | The dynamics may also be described by introducing an effective drag force. At time t = t0 + dt the electron's momentum will be: where f ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} (t)} can be interpreted as generic force (e.g. Lorentz Force) on the carrier or more specifically on the electron. g ( t 0 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {g}... | Drude formula | 0.799144 |
83,787 | In mathematics, and specifically in operator theory, a positive-definite function on a group relates the notions of positivity, in the context of Hilbert spaces, and algebraic groups. It can be viewed as a particular type of positive-definite kernel where the underlying set has the additional group structure. | Positive-definite function on a group | 0.799143 |
83,788 | In organic chemistry, a dicarbonyl is a molecule containing two carbonyl (C=O) groups. Although this term could refer to any organic compound containing two carbonyl groups, it is used more specifically to describe molecules in which both carbonyls are in close enough proximity that their reactivity is changed, such as... | 1,3-dicarbonyl compound | 0.799143 |
83,789 | Frances Hamilton Arnold (born July 25, 1956) is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate. She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 2018, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use ... | Frances Arnold | 0.799143 |
83,790 | In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in an ambient space, such as in a parametric curve. Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, the random motion of particles in the air,... | Global dynamical system | 0.799143 |
83,791 | An equivalent formulation in terms of graph theory is: Given a complete weighted graph (where the vertices would represent the cities, the edges would represent the roads, and the weights would be the cost or distance of that road), find a Hamiltonian cycle with the least weight. The requirement of returning to the sta... | Euclidean traveling salesman problem | 0.799143 |
83,792 | Distributed Simulation Engineering and Execution Process (DSEEP) is a standardized process for building federations of computer simulations. DSEEP is maintained by SISO and the standard is published as IEEE Std 1730-2010. DSEEP is a recommended systems engineering process in the NATO Modelling and Simulation Standards ... | DSEEP | 0.799143 |
83,793 | Notice that axioms – may be adapted to define an abstract unary operation c: L → L {\displaystyle \mathbf {c} :L\to L} on a general bounded lattice ( L , ∧ , ∨ , 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle (L,\land ,\lor ,\mathbf {0} ,\mathbf {1} )} , by formally substituting set-theoretic inclusion with the partial order associated to the... | Kuratowski closure axioms | 0.799143 |
83,794 | Rounding real numbers to integers is an example. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that a signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency component in the signal. In practice, the sampling frequency is often significantly higher than t... | Digital transform | 0.799142 |
83,795 | Induced radioactivity was ultimately found through the neutron bombardment of 22 different elements. Meitner was one of the select group of physicists to whom Fermi mailed advance copies of his papers, and she was able to report that she had verified his findings with respect to aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, copper a... | Discovery of nuclear fission | 0.799142 |
83,796 | Before moving to the next chapter, he discusses some sociobiology controversies. The penultimate chapter, entitled "Redesigning Morality", begins by asking if ethics can be 'naturalized'. Dennett does not believe there is much hope of discovering an algorithm for doing the right thing, but expresses optimism in our abi... | Darwin's Dangerous Idea | 0.799142 |
83,797 | In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular language (also called a rational language) is a formal language that can be defined by a regular expression, in the strict sense in theoretical computer science (as opposed to many modern regular expression engines, which are augmented with features ... | Regular languages | 0.799142 |
83,798 | The geometry and depth of the slots creates the conditions for occurrence of the effect of unloading the circular stress conditions in the near wellbore zone (from 50 to 100 percent) and accordingly the increase of permeability (up to 30 to 50 percent) in this zone. In addition to this it forms a large area of the pene... | Hydro-slotted perforation | 0.799142 |
83,799 | In mathematical finite group theory, the Dempwolff group is a finite group of order 319979520 = 215·32·5·7·31, that is the unique nonsplit extension 2 5 . G L 5 ( F 2 ) {\displaystyle 2^{5\,. }\mathrm {GL} _{5}(\mathbb {F} _{2})} of G L 5 ( F 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} _{5}(\mathbb {F} _{2})} by its natural module... | Dempwolff group | 0.799142 |
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