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88,600 | In probability theory and statistics, the asymmetric Laplace distribution (ALD) is a continuous probability distribution which is a generalization of the Laplace distribution. Just as the Laplace distribution consists of two exponential distributions of equal scale back-to-back about x = m, the asymmetric Laplace consi... | Asymmetric Laplace distribution | 0.781632 |
88,601 | The SMILE Ground-based and Additional Science Working Group coordinates support for the mission in the solar-terrestrial physics community. Their aim is to maximise the uptake of SMILE data, and therefore maximise the science output of the mission. They will coordinate future observing campaigns with other experimental... | Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer | 0.781632 |
88,602 | The computer code decomposes larger multiplexers into smaller multiplexers. If the recursion is taken to the limit, breaking down the crossbar to the minimum possible number of switching elements, the resulting device is sometimes called a crossover switch or a banyan switch depending on its topology. Switches typicall... | Nonblocking minimal spanning switch | 0.781632 |
88,603 | {\displaystyle J=\{A\in B(H):\mu (A)\in j\}.} Here μ(A) and μ(a) are the singular values of the operators A and diag(a), respectively. Calkin's Theorem states that the two maps are inverse to each other. We obtain, Calkin correspondence: The two-sided ideals of bounded operators on an infinite dimensional separable Hil... | Calkin correspondence | 0.78163 |
88,604 | In mathematics, the Calkin correspondence, named after mathematician John Williams Calkin, is a bijective correspondence between two-sided ideals of bounded linear operators of a separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert space and Calkin sequence spaces (also called rearrangement invariant sequence spaces). The correspond... | Calkin correspondence | 0.78163 |
88,605 | In probability theory, the law of total covariance, covariance decomposition formula, or conditional covariance formula states that if X, Y, and Z are random variables on the same probability space, and the covariance of X and Y is finite, then cov ( X , Y ) = E ( cov ( X , Y ∣ Z ) ) + cov ( E ( X ∣ Z ) , E ... | Law of total covariance | 0.781629 |
88,606 | They show how the results obtained with a triangulation of SIM and CEM point at new research avenues not only for semiotic engineering and HCI but also for other areas of computer science such as software engineering and programming. René Jorna and Clarisse de Souza independently developed two different kinds of ‘semio... | Semiotic engineering | 0.781628 |
88,607 | In 1971, Peter A. Diamond and James A. Mirrlees published a seminal paper that showed that even when lump-sum taxation is not available, production efficiency is still desirable. This finding is known as the Diamond–Mirrlees efficiency theorem, and it is widely credited with having modernized Ramsey's analysis by consi... | Public economics | 0.781627 |
88,608 | 192).Pigou suggested that the market failure of externalities can be overcome by the introduction of taxes. The government can intervene in the market, using an emission tax for example to create a more efficient outcome; this Pigouvian tax is the optimal policy prescription for any aggregate, negative externality.In 1... | Public economics | 0.781627 |
88,609 | Process indices examine how individuals process information in their environment, such as by analyzing communication patterns between team members or using eye tracking devices. Team communication (particularly verbal communication) supports the knowledge building and information processing that leads to SA constructio... | Situational awareness | 0.781627 |
88,610 | ICON was founded in 2004 as an extension of the US National Science Foundation Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN) at Rice University in Houston, Texas. CBEN was founded in 2001 as one of the first six federally funded Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centers. There are now 16 of these NSECs.... | International Council on Nanotechnology | 0.781626 |
88,611 | The International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON) is an international, multi-stakeholder group committed to developing and communicating information regarding potential environmental and health risks of nanotechnology, thereby fostering risk reduction while maximizing societal benefit. ICON is composed of individuals ... | International Council on Nanotechnology | 0.781626 |
88,612 | Initially compiled by a team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Chemical Industry Consultative Board on Advancing Nanotechnology, the database was turned over to ICON in spring 2005 to maintain and make web accessible. Further refinements have been made to the database over the years, including weekly updates, be... | International Council on Nanotechnology | 0.781626 |
88,613 | These activities typically include partnerships with industry for the purposes of technology transfer, graduate student training, and other commercialization goals. Recognizing that the issues of nanotechnology's risks and benefits have the ability to provoke considerable social controversy, CBEN's early industrial spo... | International Council on Nanotechnology | 0.781626 |
88,614 | Forums and events to explore health and environmental risk issues in nanotechnology An electronic knowledge base for accessing peer-reviewed publications in nanotechnology High-quality technical information relevant to decision makers in nanotechnology A proactive communications platform that translates complex scienti... | International Council on Nanotechnology | 0.781626 |
88,615 | federal government's cybersecurity and cyberattack mitigation efforts through cooperation with civilian agencies, infrastructure operators, state and local governments, and international partners. It is also responsible for coordinating the national response to significant cyber incidents in accordance with the Nationa... | National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center | 0.781626 |
88,616 | The National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC) is part of the Cybersecurity Division of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, an agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. It acts to coordinate various aspects of the U.S. | National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center | 0.781626 |
88,617 | In coordination with the United States Department of Commerce, the White House cybersecurity office announced on January 7, 2011, that it will create an office within the commerce department that is devoted to helping the development of technologies or platforms that will eventually allow sensitive online transactions ... | National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center | 0.781626 |
88,618 | On March 11, 2009, Phil Reitinger, then at Microsoft, was appointed to the position.On October 30, 2009, DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano opened NCCIC. It combined two DHS organizations: the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) and the National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications (NCC). It als... | National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center | 0.781626 |
88,619 | The first Director appointed to head the Center was Rod Beckstrom, an entrepreneur and co-author of The Starfish and the Spider. On March 5, 2009, Beckstrom tendered his resignation as the Director of the National Cybersecurity Center. According to The Washington Post, Beckstrom resigned, "...due to a lack of resources... | National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center | 0.781626 |
88,620 | Proposed by H. P. Kaufmann in 1935, it consists in the bromination of the double bonds using an excess of bromine and anhydrous sodium bromide dissolved in methanol. The reaction involves the formation of a bromonium intermediate as follows: Then the unused bromine is reduced to bromide with iodide (I−). Br 2 + 2 I − ⟶... | Iodine number | 0.781626 |
88,621 | Scene statistics is a discipline within the field of perception. It is concerned with the statistical regularities related to scenes. It is based on the premise that a perceptual system is designed to interpret scenes. Biological perceptual systems have evolved in response to physical properties of natural environments... | Scene statistics | 0.781625 |
88,622 | Geisler (2008) distinguishes between four kinds of domains: (1) Physical environments, (2) Images/Scenes, (3) Neural responses, and (4) Behavior. Within the domain of images/scenes, one can study the characteristics of information related to redundancy and efficient coding. Across-domain statistics determine how an aut... | Scene statistics | 0.781625 |
88,623 | One of the most successful applications of Natural Scenes Statistics Models has been perceptual picture and video quality prediction. For example, the Visual Information Fidelity (VIF) algorithm, which is used to measure the degree of distortion of pictures and videos, is used extensively by the image and video process... | Scene statistics | 0.781625 |
88,624 | A woman, Eufame MacAlayne, was buried alive in Scotland in 1591 just for seeking pain relief for the birth of her two sons. This societal aspect of childbirth was recognized by Dr. Churchill of Dublin and later published on the statistics of obstetric anesthesia. Churchill suggested wealthier individuals were recorded ... | Obstetric anesthesiology | 0.781624 |
88,625 | CD4 continues to be expressed in most neoplasms derived from T helper cells. It is therefore possible to use CD4 immunohistochemistry on tissue biopsy samples to identify most forms of peripheral T cell lymphoma and related malignant conditions. The antigen has also been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases ... | CD4 antigen | 0.781624 |
88,626 | Like many cell surface receptors/markers, CD4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It has four immunoglobulin domains (D1 to D4) that are exposed on the extracellular surface of the cell: D1 and D3 resemble immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domains. D2 and D4 resemble immunoglobulin constant (IgC) domains.The imm... | CD4 antigen | 0.781624 |
88,627 | Thus, some 0 ≠ g ∈ A {\displaystyle 0\neq g\in A} kills all the denominators of the coefficients of a i {\displaystyle a_{i}} and so b {\displaystyle b} is integral over A ′ {\displaystyle A'} . Choosing some finitely many generators of B {\displaystyle B} as an A ′ {\displaystyle A'} -algebra and applying this observ... | Noether's normalization lemma | 0.781623 |
88,628 | Then the inclusion map S ↪ A {\displaystyle S\hookrightarrow A} induces a surjective finite morphism of affine varieties X → A k d {\displaystyle X\to \mathbb {A} _{k}^{d}}: that is, any affine variety is a branched covering of affine space. When k is infinite, such a branched covering map can be constructed by taking ... | Noether's normalization lemma | 0.781623 |
88,629 | In mathematics, the Noether normalization lemma is a result of commutative algebra, introduced by Emmy Noether in 1926. It states that for any field k, and any finitely generated commutative k-algebra A, there exist algebraically independent elements y1, y2, ..., yd in A such that A is a finitely generated module over ... | Noether's normalization lemma | 0.781623 |
88,630 | The base case is when the Krull dimension is − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } ; i.e., F ⊗ A B = 0 {\displaystyle F\otimes _{A}B=0} ; that is, when there is some 0 ≠ g ∈ A {\displaystyle 0\neq g\in A} such that g B = 0 {\displaystyle gB=0} , so that B {\displaystyle B} is free as an A {\displaystyle A} -module. For the in... | Noether's normalization lemma | 0.781623 |
88,631 | A typical nontrivial application of the normalization lemma is the generic freeness theorem: Let A , B {\displaystyle A,B} be rings such that A {\displaystyle A} is a Noetherian integral domain and suppose there is a ring homomorphism A → B {\displaystyle A\to B} that exhibits B {\displaystyle B} as a finitely generate... | Noether's normalization lemma | 0.781623 |
88,632 | The coefficient ring π ∗ ( BP ) {\displaystyle \pi _{*}({\text{BP}})} is a polynomial algebra over Z ( p ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{(p)}} on generators v n {\displaystyle v_{n}} in degrees 2 ( p n − 1 ) {\displaystyle 2(p^{n}-1)} for n ≥ 1 {\displaystyle n\geq 1} . BP ∗ ( BP ) {\displaystyle {\text{BP}}_{*}({\text{... | Brown-Peterson cohomology | 0.781623 |
88,633 | There are a number of cosmic ray research initiatives. These include, but are not limited to: Ground based ALBORZ Observatory ERGO CHICOS GAMMA KASCADE-(Grande) – KArlsruhe Shower Core and Array DEtector (and its extension called 'Grande') Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory LOPES – the LOFAR PrototypE Station i... | Cosmic ray observatory | 0.781623 |
88,634 | "In 1952, a simple and audacious experiment allowed the first observation of Cherenkov light produced by cosmic rays passing through the atmosphere, giving birth to a new field of astronomy". This work, involving minimal instrument expense (a dustbin, a war-surplus parabolic mirror, and a 5 cm diameter photomultiplier ... | Cosmic ray observatory | 0.781623 |
88,635 | Observatories for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays: MARIACHI – Mixed Apparatus for Radar Investigation of Cosmic-rays of High Ionization located on Long Island, USA. GRAPES-3 (Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS 3rd establishment) is a project for cosmic ray study with air shower detector array and large area muon detectors ... | Cosmic ray observatory | 0.781623 |
88,636 | Nitromethane is a popular solvent in organic and electroanalytical chemistry. It can be purified by cooling below its freezing point, washing the solid with cold diethyl ether, followed by distillation. | Nitromethane | 0.781622 |
88,637 | However, it is now well understood that quantum entanglement does not allow any influence or information to propagate superluminally. Technically, the microscopic causality postulate of axiomatic quantum field theory implies the impossibility of superluminal communication using any phenomena whose behavior can be descr... | Faster-than-light communication | 0.781622 |
88,638 | Quantum mechanics is non-local in the sense that distant systems can be entangled. Entangled states lead to correlations in the results of otherwise random measurements, even when the measurements are made nearly simultaneously and at far distant points. The impossibility of superluminal communication led Einstein, Pod... | Faster-than-light communication | 0.781622 |
88,639 | The original version with two particles and three settings per detector, was first devised in a paper called "Bringing home the atomic world: Quantum mysteries for anybody" authored by the physicist N. David Mermin in 1981. Richard Feynman told Mermin that it was "One of the most beautiful papers in physics". Mermin la... | Mermin's device | 0.781622 |
88,640 | Blumel, Reinhold (2010). Foundations of Quantum Mechanics: From Photons to Quantum Computers. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-7628-2. | Mermin's device | 0.781622 |
88,641 | Another possibility is to use photons that have two possible polarizations, using polarizers as detectors, as in Aspect's experiment. Quantum mechanics predicts a probability of measuring opposite spin projections given by P ( θ ) = cos 2 ( θ / 2 ) {\displaystyle P(\theta )=\cos ^{2}(\theta /2)} where θ {\displaystyl... | Mermin's device | 0.781622 |
88,642 | Table 1 can be reproduced using quantum mechanics using quantum entanglement. Mermin reveals a possible construction of his device based on David Bohm's version of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox. One can set two spin-1/2 particles in the maximally entangled singlet Bell state: | Ψ − ⟩ = | ↑↓ ⟩ − | ↓↑ ⟩ 2 {\display... | Mermin's device | 0.781622 |
88,643 | In physics, Mermin's device or Mermin's machine is a thought experiment intended to illustrate the non-classical features of nature without making a direct reference to quantum mechanics. The challenge is to reproduce the results of the thought experiment in terms of classical physics. The input of the experiment are p... | Mermin's device | 0.781622 |
88,644 | The results of the experiment are given in this table in percentages: Every time the detectors are set to the same setting, the bulbs in each detector always flash same colors (either A and B flash red, or A and B flash green) and never opposite colors (A red B green, or A green B red). Every time the detectors are at ... | Mermin's device | 0.781622 |
88,645 | The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-2470-2. | Mermin's device | 0.781622 |
88,646 | The Diels–Alder reaction was first reported in 1928 by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder; they were awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work in 1950. Since that time, use of the Diels–Alder reaction has become widespread. Conversely, DAINV does not have a clear date of inception, and lacks the comparative prominence... | Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction | 0.781621 |
88,647 | DAINV reactions provide a pathway to a rich library of synthetic targets, and have been utilized to form many highly functionalized systems, including selectively protected sugars, an important contribution to the field of sugar chemistry. In addition, DAINV reactions can produce an array of different products from a s... | Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction | 0.781621 |
88,648 | The relative orbital size on each atom is represented by orbital coefficients in the Frontier molecular orbital theory (FMO). Orbitals will align to maximize the bonding interactions, and minimize the anti-bonding interactions. Alder–Stein principle The Alder–Stein principle states that the stereochemistry of the react... | Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction | 0.781621 |
88,649 | Partially negative atoms on the diene will bond to partially positive atoms on the dienophile, and vice versa. Predicting the regiochemistry of the reaction via orbital control requires one to calculate the relative orbital coefficients on each atom of the reactants. The HOMO of the dienophile reacts with the LUMO of t... | Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction | 0.781621 |
88,650 | Regiochemistry Regiochemistry in DAINV reactions can be reliably predicted in many cases. This can be done one of two ways, either by electrostatic (charge) control, or orbital control. To predict the regiochemistry via charge control, one must consider the resonance forms of the reactants. These resonance forms can be... | Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction | 0.781621 |
88,651 | The book combines analyses of case studies with summaries of social science research, drawing on academic studies, accident reports, and original interviews. The case studies include, for example, a failed social media campaign at Starbucks, a Thanksgiving dinner gone awry, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the F... | Meltdown (Clearfield and Tilcsik book) | 0.781621 |
88,652 | In the quark model for hadrons, the neutron is composed of one up quark (charge ++ 2 /3 e) and two down quarks (charge −+ 1 /3 e) while the proton is composed of one down quark (charge −+ 1 /3 e) and two up quarks (charge ++ 2 /3 e). The magnetic moment of the nucleons can be modeled as a sum of the magnetic moments of... | Nucleon magnetic moment | 0.781619 |
88,653 | The calculation was discovered by J. Schwinger in 1948. Computed to fourth order, the QED prediction for the electron's anomalous magnetic moment agrees with the experimentally measured value to more than 10 significant figures, making the magnetic moment of the electron one of the most accurately verified predictions ... | Nucleon magnetic moment | 0.781619 |
88,654 | The company's origins date to 1982 (or 1983, sources differ), when three Israelis, aspiring investment banker Jacob "Kobi" Alexander of Shearson Loeb Rhoades, engineer Boaz Misholi, and Alexander brother-in-law and Columbia University computer science professor Yechiam Yemini, got together and founded an Israeli start-... | Comverse Technology | 0.781619 |
88,655 | 1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane is the aza-crown ether with the formula (CH2CH2NCH3)3. This colorless liquid is the N-methylated derivative of triazacyclononane (TACN), a face-capping tridentate ligand that is popular in coordination chemistry. Although TACN is known for forming 2:1 "sandwich" complexes with ma... | 1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane | 0.781618 |
88,656 | Richard Jackson is a biochemist and cell biologist. He is Emeritus Professor of RNA Biochemistry in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge. In 2006, Jackson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Jackson's main contributions to cell biology concern the translation of a cell's genetic instruct... | Richard Jackson (biochemist) | 0.781615 |
88,657 | Ocean acidification is particularly harmful to deep sea corals because they are made of aragonite, an easily soluble carbonate, and because they are particularly slow growing and will take years to recover. Deep sea trawling is also harming the biodiversity by destroying deep sea habitats which can take years to form. ... | Ocean depths | 0.781614 |
88,658 | Libration (from the Latin verb librare "to balance, to sway"; cf. libra "scales") is a type of reciprocating motion in which an object with a nearly fixed orientation repeatedly rotates slightly back and forth. In physics and chemistry, a molecule (or other group of atoms) can undergo libration if it is subject to exte... | Libration (molecule) | 0.781614 |
88,659 | In probability theory, statistics, and machine learning, the continuous Bernoulli distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions parameterized by a single shape parameter λ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle \lambda \in (0,1)} , defined on the unit interval x ∈ {\displaystyle x\in } , by: p ( x | λ ) ∝ λ x (... | Continuous Bernoulli distribution | 0.781612 |
88,660 | Neuropharmacology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of neuroscience. It was established in 1962 as the International Journal of Neuropharmacology and obtained its current name in 1970. | Neuropharmacology (journal) | 0.781611 |
88,661 | The purpose of this change is to emphasize the degree of autonomous decision making. RCS-4 is designed to address highly autonomous applications in unstructured environments where high bandwidth communications are impossible, such as unmanned vehicles operating on the battlefield, deep undersea, or on distant planets. ... | RCS reference model architecture | 0.78161 |
88,662 | RCS has evolved through a variety of versions over a number of years as understanding of the complexity and sophistication of intelligent behavior has increased. The first implementation was designed for sensory-interactive robotics by Barbera in the mid 1970s. | RCS reference model architecture | 0.78161 |
88,663 | Another research priority was understanding solid states as a basis for the investigation and modification of material properties, for example for new materials in energy research. In 1970, the Institute of Solid State Research was established.In the decades that followed, Jülich expanded its range of research fields t... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,664 | In addition to research on nuclear physics and nuclear energy, work began soon after FZJ’s foundation on new, non-nuclear topics and projects, such as environmental research and soil research for agriculture. One of the first institutes to be founded was the Institute of Biology (Botany department) on 1 May 1961. In au... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,665 | The Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM) develops and applies medical imaging techniques using MRI and PET for clinical applications and to investigate neurological, neuropsychological, and psychological issues. Equipment at INM includes a combined 3 tesla and 9.4 Tesla MRI PET tomograph as well as a 7 Tesla, ... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,666 | Since Forschungszentrum Jülich was founded, more than 5,000 trainees have completed their training in more than 25 different professions.In a joint procedure with the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, the institute directors at Forschungszentrum Jülich are appointed professors at one of the neighbouring universi... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,667 | Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ here for short) is a national research institution that pursues interdisciplinary research in the fields of energy, information, and bioeconomy. It operates a broad range of research infrastructures like supercomputers, an atmospheric simulation chamber, cutting edge electron microscopes, ... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,668 | This research is conducted in the field of biotechnology in an effort to use renewable raw materials to biotechnologically produce industrially or pharmaceutically relevant base materials. Plant research focuses on optimizing crop yield and the usability of plants as fuels. The third research area at FZJ focuses on che... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,669 | The Rhineland lignite-mining region, where FZJ is located, is undergoing an important structural change due to the coal phase-out. The state government of North Rhine-Westphalia aims to transform the region into a European model region for energy supply and resource security. Through its research projects, FZJ will sup... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,670 | The Helmholtz Nano Facility (HNF) is a facility with a large (1,100 m2) ISO 1–3 classified clean room. The HNF is a central technology platform for the production of nanostructures and circuits within the Helmholtz Association. Work at the HNF focuses on green microchips/computing, quantum computing, neuromorphic compu... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,671 | The COSY cooler synchrotron is a particle accelerator (synchrotron) and storage ring (circumference: 184 m) for accelerating protons and deuterons operated by the Nuclear Physics Institute (IKP) at FZJ.COSY is characterized by beam cooling, which reduces the deviation of particles from their predetermined path (can als... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,672 | The Biomolecular NMR Centre is a cooperation between the Institute of Biological Information Processing – Structural Biochemistry at Forschungszentrum Jülich and the Institute of Physical Biology at HHU Düsseldorf. It operates various high-field NMR spectrometers for liquid- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy for researc... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,673 | Scientists in the research area of information investigate how information is processed in biological and technical systems. They are working on simulation and data sciences within high-performance computing (HPC) or supercomputing, brain research, and research into bioelectronics- and nanoelectronics-based information... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,674 | Several locations were considered but the decision was made in favour of the Stetternich forest in what was then the district of Jülich. The Society for the Promotion of Nuclear Physics Research (GFKF) was renamed Nuclear Research Centre Jülich (or KFA for short, which was taken from the German). Seven years later, it ... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,675 | On 11 December 1956, the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia decided to establish an “atomic research centre”. The Society for the Promotion of Nuclear Physics Research (GFKF) was thus established as a registered association (e. V.). Its founder is considered to be State Secretary Leo Brandt (Ministry of Economi... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,676 | In 1998, Peter Grünberg had been awarded the German Future Prize, and in 2007, he and Albert Fert were joint recipients of the Japan Prize as well as the Israeli Wolf Prize in Physics. The Wolf Prize in Physics was also jointly awarded in 2011 to Knut Urban from Forschungszentrum Jülich, Maximilian Haider from CEOS Gmb... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,677 | On 10 December 2007, Peter Grünberg from Forschungszentrum Jülich was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Albert Fert from Paris-Sud University in France. The two scientists were honoured for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance, which they had made independently of each other. This was the first Nobel... | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,678 | Jülich research is aimed towards an energy system based on renewable energy sources. This research field is primarily covered by the Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK). IEK has 14 subinstitutes that focus on various tasks in collaboration with other institutes. | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,679 | In the 20-metre-long SAPHIR chamber (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber), the Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Troposphere (IEK-8) explores photochemical reactions in the Earth’s atmosphere. | Forschungszentrum Jülich | 0.78161 |
88,680 | The Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering is closely related to the following law: Law of Discreteness: For all events e1 and e2, the set {e|e1→e→e2} is finite.In fact the previous two laws have been shown to be equivalent: Theorem . The Law of Discreteness is equivalent to the Law of Finite Chai... | Actor model theory | 0.78161 |
88,681 | Consider a computation which begins when an actor Initial is sent a Start message causing it to take the following actions Create a new actor Greeter1 which is sent the message SayHelloTo with the address of Greeter1 Send Initial the message Again with the address of Greeter1Thereafter the behavior of Initial is as fol... | Actor model theory | 0.781609 |
88,682 | However, surprisingly proved that the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering is independent of the previous laws, i.e., Theorem. The Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering does not follow from the previously stated laws. Proof. It is sufficient to show that there is an Actor... | Actor model theory | 0.781609 |
88,683 | In theoretical computer science, Actor model theory concerns theoretical issues for the Actor model. Actors are the primitives that form the basis of the Actor model of concurrent digital computation. In response to a message that it receives, an Actor can make local decisions, create more Actors, send more messages, a... | Actor model theory | 0.781609 |
88,684 | Plantinga also wonders why we would think that possibility is grounded in some other multi-verse counterpart to me if we were to discover other universes. If not, then why think the same would apply to possible worlds as a whole?Finally, some of these objections can be combined. For example, one can think that modal re... | Modal realism | 0.781607 |
88,685 | Sets are now considered to be objects in their own right, and while this is a philosophically unintuitive idea, its usefulness in understanding the workings of mathematics makes belief in it worthwhile. The same should go for possible worlds. Since these constructs have helped us make sense of key philosophical concept... | Modal realism | 0.781607 |
88,686 | Geostatistics deal with quantitative data analysis, specifically the application of a statistical methodology to the exploration of geographic phenomena. Geostatistics is used extensively in a variety of fields, including hydrology, geology, petroleum exploration, weather analysis, urban planning, logistics, and epidem... | Laws of geography | 0.781607 |
88,687 | In storage networking, Fibre Channel zoning is the partitioning of a Fibre Channel fabric into smaller subsets to restrict interference, add security, and to simplify management. While a SAN makes available several devices and/or ports to a single device, each system connected to the SAN should only be allowed access t... | Fibre Channel zoning | 0.781607 |
88,688 | While the discipline of geography is normally concerned with the Earth, the term can also be informally used to describe the study of other worlds, such as the planets of the Solar System and even beyond. The study of systems larger than the Earth itself usually forms part of Astronomy or Cosmology. The study of other ... | Laws of geography | 0.781607 |
88,689 | Geographic information systems (GIS) deal with storing information about the Earth for automatic retrieval by a computer in an accurate manner appropriate to the information's purpose. In addition to all of the other subdisciplines of geography, GIS specialists must understand computer science and database systems. GIS... | Laws of geography | 0.781607 |
88,690 | Carl Ritter (1779–1859) – occupied the first chair of geography at Berlin University. Cynthia Brewer – cartographic theorist that created the Apache 2.0 licensed web application ColorBrewer. Dana Tomlin – originator of map algebra David Harvey (born 1935) – Marxist geographer and author of theories on spatial and urban... | Laws of geography | 0.781607 |
88,691 | The influence of Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, and Paul Vidal de la Blache can be seen as a major turning point in geography from philosophy to an academic subject.Over the past two centuries, the advancements in technology with computers have led to the development of geomatics and new practices ... | Laws of geography | 0.781607 |
88,692 | In the q-calculus and h-calculus, differentials of functions are defined as d q ( f ( x ) ) = f ( q x ) − f ( x ) {\displaystyle d_{q}(f(x))=f(qx)-f(x)} and d h ( f ( x ) ) = f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) {\displaystyle d_{h}(f(x))=f(x+h)-f(x)} respectively. Derivatives of functions are then defined as fractions by the q-deriv... | Quantum calculus | 0.781606 |
88,693 | In the field of developmental biology, regional differentiation is the process by which different areas are identified in the development of the early embryo. The process by which the cells become specified differs between organisms. | Regional specification | 0.781606 |
88,694 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 5-space, the 24-cell honeycomb honeycomb is one of five paracompact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs). It is called paracompact because it has infinite facets, whose vertices exist on 4-horospheres and converge to a single ideal point at infinity. With Schläfli symbol {3,... | 24-cell honeycomb honeycomb | 0.781605 |
88,695 | Knowledge of ocean optics is needed in aquatic remote sensing research in order to understand what information can be extracted from the color of the water as it appears from satellite sensors in space. The color of the water as seen by satellites is known as ocean color. While ocean color is a key theme of ocean optic... | Ocean optics | 0.781605 |
88,696 | Ocean optics has been applied to study topics like primary production, phytoplankton, zooplankton, shallow-water habitats like seagrass beds and coral reefs, marine biogeochemistry, heating of the upper ocean, and carbon export to deep waters by way of the ocean biological pump. The portion of the electromagnetic spect... | Ocean optics | 0.781605 |
88,697 | Deep Sky Videos, started in October 2011, is Haran's astronomy-focused channel. It is similarly formatted and has some of the same contributors as Numberphile and Sixty Symbols. In September 2022, the channel finished a series of videos on each of the 110 Messier objects, which had been a goal of the channel since Janu... | Sixty Symbols | 0.781605 |
88,698 | Started in June 2008, Periodic Videos is a series of videos about chemical elements and the periodic table. Working with Professor Martyn Poliakoff, Haran's videos explaining chemistry and science for non-technical persons have received positive recognition. Together, they have made over 500 short videos that cover the... | Sixty Symbols | 0.781605 |
88,699 | Sixty Symbols is Haran's YouTube channel for physics and astronomy. The first video was released in April 2009, with the original run of videos focusing on commonly used physics notations. Since then, videos on topics such as the greenhouse effect, the age of the universe, and several on black holes have been released. | Sixty Symbols | 0.781605 |
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