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88,700 | The IBM Common Cryptographic Architecture (CCA) implementation provides many functions of special interest in the finance industry, extensive support for distributed key management, and a base on which custom processing and cryptographic functions can be added.Toolkits for custom application development are also availa... | IBM 4767 | 0.781605 |
88,701 | The IBM 4767 PCIe Cryptographic Coprocessor is a hardware security module (HSM) that includes a secure cryptoprocessor implemented on a high-security, tamper resistant, programmable PCIe board. Specialized cryptographic electronics, microprocessor, memory, and random number generator housed within a tamper-responding e... | IBM 4767 | 0.781605 |
88,702 | Sprague, R. P. (1936), "Über mathematische Kampfspiele", The Tohoku Mathematical Journal (in German), 41: 438–444, JFM 62.1070.03, Zbl 0013.29004. The first publication of the Sprague–Grundy theorem, the basis for much of combinatorial game theory, later independently rediscovered by P. M. Grundy. Weiszfeld, E. | Tohoku Mathematical Journal | 0.781605 |
88,703 | 0x10 Stereo display interface block describes stereoscopic 3D/VR modes – superseded by 0x27 Ssereo display interface. 0x12 Tiled display topology data block defines multi-panel displays – superseded by 0x28 tiled display topology. 0x7F Vendor specific block defines proprietary vendor data. | DisplayID | 0.781604 |
88,704 | 0x28 Tiled display topology block describes displays that consist of multiple physical display panels, each driven by a separate video interface. It is based on block 0x12. | DisplayID | 0.781604 |
88,705 | In mathematics, Weisner's method is a method for finding generating functions for special functions using representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, introduced by Weisner (1955). It includes Truesdell's method as a special case, and is essentially the same as Rainville's method. ... Weisner's group-theoretic... | Weisner's method | 0.781601 |
88,706 | Tetramethylammonium pentafluoroxenate is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH3)4XeF5. The XeF−5 ion it contains was the first example of a pentagonal planar molecular geometry AX5E2 species. It was prepared by the reaction of N(CH3)4F with xenon tetrafluoride, N(CH3)4F being chosen because it can be prepared in ... | Tetramethylammonium pentafluoroxenate | 0.7816 |
88,707 | Flow depths in rills are typically of the order of a few centimetres (about an inch) or less and along-channel slopes may be quite steep. This means that rills exhibit hydraulic physics very different from water flowing through the deeper, wider channels of streams and rivers. Gully erosion occurs when runoff water acc... | Erosion | 0.781599 |
88,708 | Rosenbrock search is a numerical optimization algorithm applicable to optimization problems in which the objective function is inexpensive to compute and the derivative either does not exist or cannot be computed efficiently. The idea of Rosenbrock search is also used to initialize some root-finding routines, such as f... | Rosenbrock methods | 0.781598 |
88,709 | Rosenbrock methods for stiff differential equations are a family of single-step methods for solving ordinary differential equations. They are related to the implicit Runge–Kutta methods and are also known as Kaps–Rentrop methods. | Rosenbrock methods | 0.781598 |
88,710 | The location was determined by the deferent and epicycle, while the duration was determined by uniform motion around the equant. He did this without much explanation or justification for how he arrived at the point of its creation, deciding only to present it formally and concisely with proofs as with any scientific pu... | Equant | 0.781598 |
88,711 | Ptolemy introduced the equant in "Almagest". The evidence that the equant was a required adjustment to Aristotelian physics relied on observations made by himself and a certain "Theon" (perhaps, Theon of Smyrna). | Equant | 0.781598 |
88,712 | This was later used as evidence for the zodiacal inequality, or the appearance of the sun to move at a rate that is not constant, with some parts of its orbit including it moving faster or slower. The sun's annual motion as understood by Greek astronomy up to this point did not account for this, as it assumed the sun h... | Equant | 0.781598 |
88,713 | Real and complex analytic functions have important differences (one could notice that even from their different relationship with differentiability). Analyticity of complex functions is a more restrictive property, as it has more restrictive necessary conditions and complex analytic functions have more structure than t... | Analytic functions | 0.781597 |
88,714 | {\displaystyle f\circ \Phi (x,y)={\frac {1}{2}}x^{T}Bx+h(y).} This result is often referred to as the parametrized Morse lemma, which can be seen by viewing y as the parameter. It is the gradient version of the implicit function theorem. | Splitting lemma (functions) | 0.781596 |
88,715 | Atmospheric Cherenkov telescope used to detect gamma rays Infrared telescope Radio telescope Submillimeter telescope Ultraviolet telescope (see also Ultraviolet astronomy) X-ray telescope (see also X-ray astronomy) Wolter telescope | List of telescope types | 0.781595 |
88,716 | Optical telescopes can be classified by three primary optical designs (refractor, reflector, or catadioptric), by sub-designs of these types, by how they are constructed, or by the task they perform. They all have their different advantages and disadvantages and they are used in different areas of professional and amat... | List of telescope types | 0.781595 |
88,717 | The quadratic Casimir gives corresponds to a quadratic Weyl invariant polynomial for the Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , but in fact many more commuting conserved charges can be generated using g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} -invariant polynomials. These invariant polynomials can be found using the H... | Classical Gaudin model | 0.781593 |
88,718 | A great deal is known about the integrable structure of quantum Gaudin models. In particular, Feigin, Frenkel and Reshetikhin studied them using the theory of vertex operator algebras, showing the relation of Gaudin models to topics in mathematics including the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations and the geometric Langlan... | Classical Gaudin model | 0.781593 |
88,719 | Let g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} be a quadratic Lie algebra, that is, a Lie algebra with a non-degenerate invariant bilinear form κ {\displaystyle \kappa } . If g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is complex and simple, this can be taken to be the Killing form. The dual, denoted g ∗ {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*... | Classical Gaudin model | 0.781593 |
88,720 | Atlas was unveiled to the public on July 11, 2013. The New York Times said that its debut was "a striking example of how computers are beginning to grow legs and move around in the physical world", describing the robot as "a giant – though shaky – step toward the long-anticipated age of humanoid robots." Gary Bradski, ... | Atlas robot | 0.781593 |
88,721 | Atlas is intended to aid emergency services in search and rescue operations, performing tasks such as shutting off valves, opening doors and operating powered equipment in environments where humans could not survive. The Department of Defense stated in 2013 that it had no interest in using the robot for offensive or de... | Atlas robot | 0.781593 |
88,722 | Atlas is a bipedal humanoid robot primarily developed by the American robotics company Boston Dynamics with funding and oversight from the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The robot was initially designed for a variety of search and rescue tasks, and was unveiled to the public on July 11, 2013. | Atlas robot | 0.781593 |
88,723 | Its limbs possess a total of 28 degrees of freedom. Atlas can navigate rough terrain and climb independently using its arms and legs, although the 2013 prototype version was tethered to an outside power supply.In October 2013 Boston Dynamics uploaded a video showing Atlas could withstand being hit by projectiles and ba... | Atlas robot | 0.781593 |
88,724 | The statement of the approximation theorem as originally discovered by Weierstrass is as follows: A constructive proof of this theorem using Bernstein polynomials is outlined on that page. | Stone-Weierstrass theorem | 0.781591 |
88,725 | Following Holladay (1957), consider the algebra C(X, H) of quaternion-valued continuous functions on the compact space X, again with the topology of uniform convergence. If a quaternion q is written in the form q = a + i b + j c + k d {\textstyle q=a+ib+jc+kd} its scalar part a is the real number q − i q i − j q j − k ... | Stone-Weierstrass theorem | 0.781591 |
88,726 | As a consequence of the Weierstrass approximation theorem, one can show that the space C is separable: the polynomial functions are dense, and each polynomial function can be uniformly approximated by one with rational coefficients; there are only countably many polynomials with rational coefficients. Since C is metriz... | Stone-Weierstrass theorem | 0.781591 |
88,727 | Another generalization of the Stone–Weierstrass theorem is due to Errett Bishop. Bishop's theorem is as follows: Glicksberg (1962) gives a short proof of Bishop's theorem using the Krein–Milman theorem in an essential way, as well as the Hahn–Banach theorem: the process of Louis de Branges (1959). See also Rudin (1973,... | Stone-Weierstrass theorem | 0.781591 |
88,728 | Let X be a compact Hausdorff space. Stone's original proof of the theorem used the idea of lattices in C(X, R). A subset L of C(X, R) is called a lattice if for any two elements f, g ∈ L, the functions max{ f, g}, min{ f, g} also belong to L. The lattice version of the Stone–Weierstrass theorem states: The above versio... | Stone-Weierstrass theorem | 0.781591 |
88,729 | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geology: Geology – one of the Earth sciences – is the study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, ... | Outline of geology | 0.781591 |
88,730 | Geology applies primarily to Earth, but can be applied to any planet or extraterrestrial body. | Outline of geology | 0.781591 |
88,731 | See also: Geology of solar terrestrial planets – Geology of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Ceres Planetary geology – Geology of astronomical objects apparently in orbit around stellar objects Geology of Mercury – Geologic structure and composition of planet Mercury Geology of Venus – Geological structure and compositi... | Outline of geology | 0.781591 |
88,732 | Principle of cross-cutting relationships – Principle that the geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two Law of included fragments – Clasts in a rock are older than the rock formation Principle of uniformitarianism – Assumption that the natural laws and processes of the universe are constant through ... | Outline of geology | 0.781591 |
88,733 | History of geology Geological history of Earth – The sequence of major geological events in Earth's past Timeline of geology – Chronological list of notable events in the history of the science of geology | Outline of geology | 0.78159 |
88,734 | Glossary of geological terms – List of definitions of geological terminology Lists of geological features of the Solar System – Directory of lists of geological features on asteroids, moons and planets other than Earth Geologic time scale – System that relates geologic strata to time List of compounds – Set index artic... | Outline of geology | 0.78159 |
88,735 | The Dictionary of Occupational Titles lists the following occupations in Geology, which it describes as "concerned with the investigation of the composition, structure, and physical and biological history of the earth's crust and the application of this knowledge in such fields as archeology, mining, construction, and ... | Outline of geology | 0.78159 |
88,736 | Subdisciplines of geology: Biogeology – Study of the interactions between the Earth's biosphere and the lithosphere Economic geology – Science concerned with earth materials of economic value Engineering geology – Application of geology to engineering practice Environmental geology – Science of the practical applicatio... | Outline of geology | 0.78159 |
88,737 | One of the earliest meshfree methods is smoothed particle hydrodynamics, presented in 1977. Libersky et al. were the first to apply SPH in solid mechanics. The main drawbacks of SPH are inaccurate results near boundaries and tension instability that was first investigated by Swegle.In the 1990s a new class of meshfree ... | Reproducing kernel particle method | 0.781588 |
88,738 | It is a consequence of the axioms that a left (right) Quillen functor preserves weak equivalences between cofibrant (fibrant) objects. The total derived functor theorem of Quillen says that the total left derived functor LF: Ho(C) → Ho(D)is a left adjoint to the total right derived functor RG: Ho(D) → Ho(C).This adjunc... | Quillen equivalent | 0.781587 |
88,739 | Chalopin, Gonçalves & Ochem (2007) proved that planar graphs are in 1-STRING, the class of intersection graphs of simple curves in the plane that intersect each other in at most one crossing point per pair. This class is intermediate between the intersection graphs of segments appearing in Scheinerman's conjecture and ... | Scheinerman's conjecture | 0.781586 |
88,740 | Hartman, Newman & Ziv (1991) and de Fraysseix, Ossona de Mendez & Pach (1991) proved that every bipartite planar graph can be represented as an intersection graph of horizontal and vertical line segments; for this result see also Czyzowicz, Kranakis & Urrutia (1998). De Castro et al. (2002) proved that every triangle-f... | Scheinerman's conjecture | 0.781586 |
88,741 | Scheinerman also conjectured that segments with only three directions would be sufficient to represent 3-colorable graphs, and West (1991) conjectured that analogously every planar graph could be represented using four directions. If a graph is represented with segments having only k directions and no two segments belo... | Scheinerman's conjecture | 0.781586 |
88,742 | In mathematics, Scheinerman's conjecture, now a theorem, states that every planar graph is the intersection graph of a set of line segments in the plane. This conjecture was formulated by E. R. Scheinerman in his Ph.D. thesis (1984), following earlier results that every planar graph could be represented as the intersec... | Scheinerman's conjecture | 0.781586 |
88,743 | The purpose of the patrocladogram in biological classification is to form a hypothesis about which evolutionary processes are actually involved before making a taxonomic decision. Patrocladograms are based on biostatistics that include but are not limited to: parsimony, distance matrix, likelihood methods, and Bayesian... | Patrocladogram | 0.781585 |
88,744 | Most phylograms are saved in some variant of the Newick format such as: PAUP*, MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, Clustal, PHYLIP, or Nexus file. These various versions of the Newick format can then be used as an input for patristic distances in patrocladogram formation. There are two widely used pieces of... | Patrocladogram | 0.781585 |
88,745 | The enolate structures shown are schematic; a more modern representation considers the molecular orbitals that are formed and occupied by electrons in the enolate. Similarly, generation of the enol often is accompanied by "trapping" or masking of the hydroxy group as an ether, such as a silyl enol ether.In organic chem... | Keto-enol tautomerization | 0.781584 |
88,746 | In organic chemistry, alkenols (shortened to enols) are a type of reactive structure or intermediate in organic chemistry that is represented as an alkene (olefin) with a hydroxyl group attached to one end of the alkene double bond (C=C−OH). The terms enol and alkenol are portmanteaus deriving from "-ene"/"alkene" and ... | Keto-enol tautomerization | 0.781584 |
88,747 | : 2 In 1991 this changed to the 'Learning to Investigate the Universe' (LITU) project, changing again in 1994 to Research Experiences in Teacher Preparation (RETP). It has also been used by the annual Educational Research in Radio Astronomy (ERIRA) program since 1992, and Green Bank Observatory's "Radio Astronomer for ... | 40-foot radio telescope | 0.781583 |
88,748 | On 1 February 1962, it became the first telescope to be fully automated, ahead of the automation of optical telescopes like that at Washburn Observatory from the late 1960s onwards. It was used to survey a number of variable radio sources from 1962 until 1968.: 2 After the completion of the survey in 1968, it was used ... | 40-foot radio telescope | 0.781583 |
88,749 | The 40-foot was ordered in 1961 from Antenna Systems. It was delivered to Green Bank Observatory in December 1961, and took two days to assemble. Its first light was on 14 December 1961. The original control system was constructed by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). | 40-foot radio telescope | 0.781583 |
88,750 | AM processes for metal sintering or melting (such as selective laser sintering, direct metal laser sintering, and selective laser melting) usually went by their own individual names in the 1980s and 1990s. At the time, all metalworking was done by processes that are now called non-additive (casting, fabrication, stampi... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,751 | 3D printed soft actuators is a growing application of 3D printing technology that has found its place in the 3D printing applications. These soft actuators are being developed to deal with soft structures and organs, especially in biomedical sectors and where the interaction between humans and robots is inevitable. The... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,752 | Spence believes that labor, no matter how inexpensive, will become a less important asset for growth and employment expansion, with labor-intensive, process-oriented manufacturing becoming less effective, and that re-localization will appear in both developed and developing countries. In his view, production will not d... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,753 | "Spence believes that, unlike prior digital technologies, which drove firms to deploy underutilized pools of valuable labor around the world, the motivating force in the current wave of digital technologies "is cost reduction via the replacement of labor". For example, as the cost of 3D printing technology declines, it... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,754 | Summers recommends more vigorous cooperative efforts to address the "myriad devices" (e.g., tax havens, bank secrecy, money laundering, and regulatory arbitrage) enabling the holders of great wealth to "a paying" income and estate taxes, and to make it more difficult to accumulate great fortunes without requiring "grea... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,755 | Larry Summers wrote about the "devastating consequences" of 3D printing and other technologies (robots, artificial intelligence, etc.) for those who perform routine tasks. In his view, "already there are more American men on disability insurance than doing production work in manufacturing. And the trends are all in the... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,756 | It might be maintained that in contrast to the industrial paradigm whose competitive dynamics were about economies of scale, commons-based peer production 3D printing could develop economies of scope. While the advantages of scale rest on cheap global transportation, the economies of scope share infrastructure costs (i... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,757 | Furthermore, there are other sites such as Pinshape, Thingiverse and MyMiniFactory, which were created initially to allow users to post 3D files for anyone to print, allowing for decreased transaction cost of sharing 3D files. These websites have allowed greater social interaction between users, creating communities de... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,758 | As 3D printers became more accessible to consumers, online social platforms have developed to support the community. This includes websites that allow users to access information such as how to build a 3D printer, as well as social forums that discuss how to improve 3D print quality and discuss 3D printing news, as wel... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,759 | Since the 1950s, a number of writers and social commentators have speculated in some depth about the social and cultural changes that might result from the advent of commercially affordable additive manufacturing technology. In recent years, 3D printing has created a significant impact in the humanitarian and developme... | 3D print | 0.781583 |
88,760 | Quinine (and quinidine) are used as the chiral moiety for the ligands used in Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as well as for numerous other chiral catalyst backbones. Because of its relatively constant and well-known fluorescence quantum yield, quinine is used in photochemistry as a common fluorescence standard. | Quinine Sulfate | 0.781582 |
88,761 | Hence, from the geometry, where the last step uses Snell's law. Taking the dot product with the position vector, we get so that Eq. (7) becomes In the case of TIR, the angle θt does not exist in the usual sense. But we can still interpret (8) for the transmitted (evanescent) wave, by allowing cos θt to be complex. | Total reflection | 0.781581 |
88,762 | This view is usually blocked by TIR at the cornea-air interface. The gonioscope replaces the air with a higher-index medium, allowing transmission at oblique incidence, typically followed by reflection in a "mirror", which itself may be implemented using TIR.Some multi-touch interactive tables and whiteboards utilise F... | Total reflection | 0.781581 |
88,763 | This capability has become an investigative tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. Monoclonal antibodies are being used on a clinical level for both the diagnosis and therapy of several diseases. In 2020, the administration of monoclonal antibodies was authorized by several countries for treating modera... | Monoclonal antibody | 0.781581 |
88,764 | For SN2 reactions, alkyl alcohols can also be converted to alkyl tosylates, often through addition of tosyl chloride. In this reaction, the lone pair of the alcohol oxygen attacks the sulfur of the tosyl chloride, displacing the chloride and forming the tosylate with retention of reactant stereochemistry. This is usefu... | Tosyl group | 0.781579 |
88,765 | In organic chemistry, a toluenesulfonyl group (tosyl group, abbreviated Ts or Tos) is a univalent functional group with the chemical formula −SO2−C6H4−CH3. It consists of a tolyl group, −C6H4−CH3, joined to a sulfonyl group, −SO2−, with the open valence on sulfur. This group is usually derived from the compound tosyl c... | Tosyl group | 0.781579 |
88,766 | In the 17th century, British scientist Robert Hooke presented the idea of an object accelerating inside a planet in a letter to Isaac Newton. A gravity train project was seriously presented to the French Academy of Sciences in the 19th century. The same idea was proposed, without calculation, by Lewis Carroll in 1893 i... | Gravity train | 0.781578 |
88,767 | Negative consequences of rankings are generally well-documented and relate to the performativity of using journal rankings for performance measurement purposes. Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing ... | Journal-level metrics | 0.781578 |
88,768 | Generalizations are in two directions. Firstly, to geometric questions about that morphism, for example the local Torelli theorem. Secondly, to other period mappings. A case that has been investigated deeply is for K3 surfaces (by Viktor S. Kulikov, Ilya Pyatetskii-Shapiro, Igor Shafarevich and Fedor Bogomolov) and hyp... | Torelli's theorem | 0.781575 |
88,769 | In mathematics, the Torelli theorem, named after Ruggiero Torelli, is a classical result of algebraic geometry over the complex number field, stating that a non-singular projective algebraic curve (compact Riemann surface) C is determined by its Jacobian variety J(C), when the latter is given in the form of a principal... | Torelli's theorem | 0.781575 |
88,770 | The long line is obtained by "gluing" together two long rays, one in the positive direction and the other in the negative direction. More rigorously, it can be defined as the order topology on the disjoint union of the reversed open long ray (“reversed” means the order is reversed) (this is the negative half) and the (... | Long line (topology) | 0.781575 |
88,771 | The closed long ray L {\displaystyle L} is defined as the Cartesian product of the first uncountable ordinal ω 1 {\displaystyle \omega _{1}} with the half-open interval [ 0 , 1 ) , {\displaystyle [0,1),} equipped with the order topology that arises from the lexicographical order on ω 1 × [ 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle \omega... | Long line (topology) | 0.781575 |
88,772 | Again, any given C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} structure can be extended in infinitely many ways to different C ω {\displaystyle C^{\omega }} (=analytic) structures (which are pairwise non-diffeomorphic as analytic manifolds).The long line or ray cannot be equipped with a Riemannian metric that induces its topology. ... | Long line (topology) | 0.781575 |
88,773 | Some examples of non-paracompact manifolds in higher dimensions include the Prüfer manifold, products of any non-paracompact manifold with any non-empty manifold, the ball of long radius, and so on. The bagpipe theorem shows that there are 2 ℵ 1 {\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{1}}} isomorphism classes of non-paracompact sur... | Long line (topology) | 0.781575 |
88,774 | In topology, the long line (or Alexandroff line) is a topological space somewhat similar to the real line, but in a certain way "longer". It behaves locally just like the real line, but has different large-scale properties (e.g., it is neither Lindelöf nor separable). Therefore, it serves as an important counterexample... | Long line (topology) | 0.781575 |
88,775 | Artemis Neuroscience was formed to develop work done by University of Maryland professor Robert Schwartz in collaboration with scientists at Marion Merrell Dow (which became part of Sanofi by way of Aventis); this work included AV-101.VistaGen acquired AV-101 when it acquired Artemis in 2003.VistaGen filed an Investiga... | 4-Chlorokynurenine | 0.781574 |
88,776 | L-4-Chlorokynurenine (4-Cl-KYN; developmental code name AV-101) is an orally active small molecule prodrug of 7-chlorokynurenic acid, a NMDA receptor antagonist. It was investigated as a potential rapid-acting antidepressant. AV-101 was discovered at Marion Merrell Dow and its biological activity was explored at Univer... | 4-Chlorokynurenine | 0.781574 |
88,777 | To make radio surveys of the sky with adequate resolution, the antennas are arranged in clusters that are spread out over an area of more than 1000 km in diameter. The LOFAR stations in the Netherlands reach baselines of about 100 km. LOFAR currently receives data from 24 core stations (in Exloo), 14 'remote' stations ... | Low Frequency Array | 0.781574 |
88,778 | LOFAR offers a unique possibility in particle physics for studying the origin of high-energy and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (HECRs and UHECRs) at energies between 1015–1020.5 eV. Both the sites and processes for accelerating particles are unknown. Possible candidate sources of these HECRs are shocks in radio lobes o... | Low Frequency Array | 0.781574 |
88,779 | In November 2003 the Dutch Government allocated 52 million euro to fund the infrastructure of LOFAR under the Bsik programme. In accordance with Bsik guidelines, LOFAR was funded as a multidisciplinary sensor array to facilitate research in geophysics, computer sciences and agriculture as well as astronomy. In December... | Low Frequency Array | 0.781574 |
88,780 | In the early 1990s, the study of aperture array technology for radio astronomy was being actively studied by ASTRON - the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. At the same time, scientific interest in a low-frequency radio telescope began to emerge at ASTRON and at the Dutch Universities. A feasibility study was c... | Low Frequency Array | 0.781574 |
88,781 | Therefore, while sequences do not encode sufficient information about functions between topological spaces, nets do, because collections of open sets in topological spaces are much like directed sets in behavior. The term "net" was coined by John L. Kelley.Nets are one of the many tools used in topology to generalize c... | Moore–Smith limit | 0.781573 |
88,782 | The concept of a net, first introduced by E. H. Moore and Herman L. Smith in 1922, is to generalize the notion of a sequence so that the above conditions (with "sequence" being replaced by "net" in condition 2) are in fact equivalent for all maps of topological spaces. In particular, rather than being defined on a coun... | Moore–Smith limit | 0.781573 |
88,783 | In mathematics, more specifically in general topology and related branches, a net or Moore–Smith sequence is a generalization of the notion of a sequence. In essence, a sequence is a function whose domain is the natural numbers. The codomain of this function is usually some topological space. The motivation for general... | Moore–Smith limit | 0.781573 |
88,784 | Unrestricted domain is one of the conditions for Arrow's impossibility theorem. Under that theorem, it is impossible to have a social choice function that satisfies unrestricted domain, Pareto efficiency, independence of irrelevant alternatives, and non-dictatorship. However, the conditions of the theorem can be satisf... | Unrestricted domain | 0.781572 |
88,785 | For example, if voting on where to set the volume for music, it would be reasonable to assume that each voter had their own ideal volume preference and that as the volume got progressively too loud or too quiet they would be increasingly dissatisfied. Black proved that by replacing unrestricted domain with single-peake... | Unrestricted domain | 0.781572 |
88,786 | In social choice theory, unrestricted domain, or universality, is a property of social welfare functions in which all preferences of all voters (but no other considerations) are allowed. Intuitively, unrestricted domain is a common requirement for social choice functions, and is a condition for Arrow's impossibility th... | Unrestricted domain | 0.781572 |
88,787 | A headless CMS offers a solution to issues arising from the traditional approach by decoupling the front end (the "head") from the back end. This allows the front end to be reworked or changed anytime, and different front ends can consume the same content. Furthermore, the architecture of the CMS is more secure as the ... | Headless content management system | 0.781572 |
88,788 | In product development and process optimization, a requirement is a singular documented physical or functional need that a particular design, product or process aims to satisfy. It is commonly used in a formal sense in engineering design, including for example in systems engineering, software engineering, or enterprise... | Software requirement | 0.781572 |
88,789 | In a follow-up to the 2013 papers—the Brown-Sokal-Friedman rebuttal, and the Fredrickson response—American Psychologist published further scholarly responses, mostly supportive, but some critical of at least some aspects of the rebuttal. The series of responses culminated in a further response to these from Brown, Soka... | Positivity/negativity ratio | 0.781571 |
88,790 | The Fredrickson and Losada work on modeling the positivity ratio aroused the skepticism of Nick Brown, a graduate student in applied positive psychology, who questioned whether such work could reliably make such broad claims, and perceived that the paper's mathematical claims were suspect. Brown contacted and ultimatel... | Positivity/negativity ratio | 0.781571 |
88,791 | In quantum mechanics, the Hilbert space is the space of complex-valued functions belonging to L 2 ( R 3 , d 3 x ) {\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{3},d^{3}x)} , where the simple R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} is the classical configuration space of free particle which has finite degrees of freedom, and d 3 x {\... | Quantum configuration space | 0.781571 |
88,792 | Building on research by Barbara Fredrickson suggesting that individuals with a higher ratio of positive to negative emotions tend to have more successful life outcomes, and on studies by Marcial Losada applying differential equations from fluid dynamics to human emotions, Fredrickson and Losada proposed as informative ... | Positivity/negativity ratio | 0.781571 |
88,793 | Brown, Sokal, and Friedman, the rebuttal authors, published their response to Fredrickson's "Update" the next year, maintaining that there was no evidence for a critical positivity ratio. Losada declined to respond to the criticism (indicating to the Chronicle of Higher Education that he was too busy running his consul... | Positivity/negativity ratio | 0.781571 |
88,794 | Neither of these articles received broad attention at the times of their publication.Later, but of critical importance, the Fredrickson and Losada work on modeling the positivity ratio aroused the skepticism of Nick Brown, a graduate student in applied positive psychology, who questioned whether such work could reliabl... | Positivity/negativity ratio | 0.781571 |
88,795 | Heavier elements than iron are formed during this explosion by neutron capture, and from the pressure of the neutrinos pressing into the boundary of the "neutrinosphere", seeding the surrounding space with a cloud of gas and dust which is richer in heavy elements than the material from which the star originally formed.... | Type II-P supernova | 0.781571 |
88,796 | The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory which describes three of the four known fundamental interactions between the elementary particles that make up all matter. This theory allows predictions to be made about how particles will interact under many conditions. The energy per particle in a supernova is typic... | Type II-P supernova | 0.781571 |
88,797 | Multiscale turbulence is a class of turbulent flows in which the chaotic motion of the fluid is forced at different length and/or time scales. This is usually achieved by immersing in a moving fluid a body with a multiscale, often fractal-like, arrangement of length scales. This arrangement of scales can be either pass... | Multiscale turbulence | 0.78157 |
88,798 | This will cause a net outward flow through the surface S. The flux outward through S equals the volume rate of flow of fluid into S from the pipe. Similarly if there is a sink or drain inside S, such as a pipe which drains the liquid off, the external pressure of the liquid will cause a velocity throughout the liquid d... | Gauss' theorem | 0.781569 |
88,799 | By replacing F in the divergence theorem with specific forms, other useful identities can be derived (cf. vector identities). With F → F g {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \rightarrow \mathbf {F} g} for a scalar function g and a vector field F, ∭ V d V = {\displaystyle \iiint _{V}\left\mathrm {d} V=} S {\displaystyle \scrip... | Gauss' theorem | 0.781569 |
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