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96,600 | Radio telescope - specialized antenna and radio receiver used as a scientific instrument to study weak radio waves from astronomical radio sources in space like stars, nebulas and galaxies in radio astronomy. They are the most sensitive radio receivers that exist, having large parabolic (dish) antennas up to 500 meters... | Radio receivers | 0.778165 |
96,601 | In modern weapons, the neutron generator is a high-voltage vacuum tube containing a particle accelerator which bombards a deuterium/tritium-metal hydride target with deuterium and tritium ions. The resulting small-scale fusion produces neutrons at a protected location outside the physics package, from which they penetr... | Nuclear weapon design | 0.778164 |
96,602 | To produce the desired spherical implosion, the fissile material itself is shaped to produce the same effect. Due to the physics of the shock wave propagation within the explosive mass, this requires the pit to be a prolate spheroid, that is, roughly egg shaped. | Nuclear weapon design | 0.778164 |
96,603 | A carbene dye is a reactive dye based on carbene chemistry. A benzophenone is functionalised with a chromophore or group that can be easily converted to a chromophore at a later stage. The functionalised benzophenone is reacted with hydrazine hydrate and subsequently treatment with mercury oxide. The resulting diazo co... | Carbene dye | 0.778164 |
96,604 | Syndicated segmentation means that firms purchase segmentation frameworks that are commercially available from specialized firms that apply data science to generate consumer profiles. The resulting segments are available for commercial distribution, and clients can consult the segments for a fee. Feral segmentation: it... | Market segmentation | 0.778163 |
96,605 | To support this type of analysis, data for household penetration of TV, Radio, PCs, and other communications technologies are readily available from government statistics departments. Finding useful analogies can be challenging because every market is unique. However, analogous product adoption and growth rates can pro... | Market segmentation | 0.778163 |
96,606 | Commissioned research (where the business commissions a research study and maintains exclusive rights to the data; typically the most expensive means of data collection) Data-mining techniques Census data (population and business census) Observed purchase behaviours Government agencies and departments Government statis... | Market segmentation | 0.778163 |
96,607 | Marketers often engage commercial research firms or consultancies to carry out segmentation analysis, especially if they lack the statistical skills to undertake the analysis. Some segmentation, especially post-hoc analysis, relies on sophisticated statistical analysis. Common statistical approaches and techniques used... | Market segmentation | 0.778163 |
96,608 | Let g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} be any semisimple Lie algebra. To specify a Lie bialgebra structure we thus need to specify a compatible Lie algebra structure on the dual vector space. Choose a Cartan subalgebra t ⊂ g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {t}}\subset {\mathfrak {g}}} and a choice of positive roots. Let b ± ⊂... | Lie bialgebra | 0.778163 |
96,609 | In mathematics, a Lie bialgebra is the Lie-theoretic case of a bialgebra: it is a set with a Lie algebra and a Lie coalgebra structure which are compatible. It is a bialgebra where the multiplication is skew-symmetric and satisfies a dual Jacobi identity, so that the dual vector space is a Lie algebra, whereas the comu... | Lie bialgebra | 0.778163 |
96,610 | The Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} of a Poisson-Lie group G has a natural structure of Lie bialgebra. In brief the Lie group structure gives the Lie bracket on g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} as usual, and the linearisation of the Poisson structure on G gives the Lie bracket on g ∗ {\displaystyle {\mat... | Lie bialgebra | 0.778163 |
96,611 | Then define a Lie algebra g ′ := { ( X − , X + ) ∈ b − × b + | π ( X − ) + π ( X + ) = 0 } {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g'}}:=\{(X_{-},X_{+})\in {\mathfrak {b}}_{-}\times {\mathfrak {b}}_{+}\ {\bigl \vert }\ \pi (X_{-})+\pi (X_{+})=0\}} which is a subalgebra of the product b − × b + {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {b}}_{-}\tim... | Lie bialgebra | 0.778163 |
96,612 | Mahler's compactness theorem states that a subset Y of X is relatively compact if and only if Δ is bounded on Y, and there is a neighbourhood N of 0 in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} such that for all Λ in Y, the only lattice point of Λ in N is 0 itself. The assertion of Mahler's theorem is equivalent to the comp... | Mahler's compactness theorem | 0.778161 |
96,613 | It is also called his selection theorem, following an older convention used in naming compactness theorems, because they were formulated in terms of sequential compactness (the possibility of selecting a convergent subsequence). Let X be the space G L n ( R ) / G L n ( Z ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} _{n}(\mathbb {R} )... | Mahler's compactness theorem | 0.778161 |
96,614 | In mathematics, Mahler's compactness theorem, proved by Kurt Mahler (1946), is a foundational result on lattices in Euclidean space, characterising sets of lattices that are 'bounded' in a certain definite sense. Looked at another way, it explains the ways in which a lattice could degenerate (go off to infinity) in a s... | Mahler's compactness theorem | 0.778161 |
96,615 | The use of CdS and CdSe photoresistors is severely restricted in Europe due to the RoHS ban on cadmium. Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light-dependent resistors) are used for the mid-infrared spectral region. Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best far-infrared detectors available, and are used ... | Photoresistor | 0.778161 |
96,616 | Cognitive semiotics may also be seen as the study of meaning-making by employing and integrating methods and theories developed in the cognitive sciences. This involves conceptual and textual analysis as well as experimental investigations. Cognitive semiotics initially was developed at the Center for Semiotics at Aarh... | Semiotic studies | 0.778161 |
96,617 | {\displaystyle \left\|A^{*}A\right\|_{\text{op}}=\|A\|_{\text{op}}^{2}.} One says that a norm that satisfies this condition behaves like a "largest value", extrapolating from the case of self-adjoint operators. The set of bounded linear operators on a complex Hilbert space H together with the adjoint operation and the ... | Hermitian conjugate | 0.77816 |
96,618 | Let the inner product ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle } be linear in the first argument. A densely defined operator A from a complex Hilbert space H to itself is a linear operator whose domain D(A) is a dense linear subspace of H and whose values lie in H. By definition, the domain D(A∗) of its ad... | Hermitian conjugate | 0.77816 |
96,619 | Then by Hahn–Banach theorem or alternatively through extension by continuity this yields an extension of f {\displaystyle f} , called f ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {f}}} defined on all of E {\displaystyle E} . This technicality is necessary to later obtain A ∗ {\displaystyle A^{*}} as an operator D ( A ∗ ) → E ∗ {\displayst... | Hermitian conjugate | 0.77816 |
96,620 | In mathematics, specifically in operator theory, each linear operator A {\displaystyle A} on an inner product space defines a Hermitian adjoint (or adjoint) operator A ∗ {\displaystyle A^{*}} on that space according to the rule ⟨ A x , y ⟩ = ⟨ x , A ∗ y ⟩ , {\displaystyle \langle Ax,y\rangle =\langle x,A^{*}y\rangle ,}... | Hermitian conjugate | 0.77816 |
96,621 | Older people generally incur more health-related costs than do younger people in the workplace and can also cost more in worker's compensation and pension liabilities. In most developed countries an older workforce is somewhat inevitable. In the United States for instance, the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that ... | Ageing | 0.778159 |
96,622 | In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decry... | Ciphertext | 0.778156 |
96,623 | The history of cryptography began thousands of years ago. Cryptography uses a variety of different types of encryption. Earlier algorithms were performed by hand and are substantially different from modern algorithms, which are generally executed by a machine. | Ciphertext | 0.778155 |
96,624 | Modern ciphers are more secure than classical ciphers and are designed to withstand a wide range of attacks. An attacker should not be able to find the key used in a modern cipher, even if he knows any amount of plaintext and corresponding ciphertext. Modern encryption methods can be divided into the following categori... | Ciphertext | 0.778155 |
96,625 | NiCO3 adopts a structure like calcite, consisting of nickel in an octahedral coordination geometry.Nickel carbonates are hydrolyzed upon contact with aqueous acids to give solutions containing the ion 2+, liberating water and carbon dioxide in the process. Calcining (heating to drive off CO2 and water) of these carbona... | Nickel carbonate | 0.778152 |
96,626 | In contrast to the Bürgi–Dunitz angle, α B D {\displaystyle \alpha _{BD}} , and using the case of carbonyl additions as example: the α F L {\displaystyle \alpha _{FL}} angle adopted during an approach by the nucleophile to a trigonal electrophile depends in complex fashion on: the relative steric size of the two substi... | Flippin-Lodge angle | 0.77815 |
96,627 | Bürgi–Dunitz angle theory was initially developed based on "frozen" interactions in crystals,: 124ff while most chemistry takes place via collisions of molecules tumbling in solution; remarkably, the theories of the α F L {\displaystyle \alpha _{FL}} , with the complexity they reflect, evolved not from crystallographic... | Flippin-Lodge angle | 0.77815 |
96,628 | Studies of α B D {\displaystyle \alpha _{BD}} and α F L {\displaystyle \alpha _{FL}} can be theoretical, based on calculations, or experimental (either quantitative, based on X-ray crystallography, or inferred and semiquantitative, rationalizing results of particular chemical reactions), or a combination of these. The ... | Flippin-Lodge angle | 0.77815 |
96,629 | Because chemical reactions take place in three dimensions, their quantitative description is, in part, a geometry problem. Two angles, first the Bürgi–Dunitz angle, α B D {\displaystyle \alpha _{BD}} , and later the Flippin–Lodge angle, α F L {\displaystyle \alpha _{FL}} , were developed to describe the approach of the... | Flippin-Lodge angle | 0.77815 |
96,630 | The Flippin–Lodge angle is one of two angles used by organic and biological chemists studying the relationship between a molecule's chemical structure and ways that it reacts, for reactions involving "attack" of an electron-rich reacting species, the nucleophile, on an electron-poor reacting species, the electrophile. ... | Flippin-Lodge angle | 0.77815 |
96,631 | In the example of nucleophilic attack at a carbonyl, α F L {\displaystyle \alpha _{FL}} is a measure of the "offset" of the nucleophile's approach to the electrophile, toward one or the other of the two substituents attached to the carbonyl carbon. The relative values of angles for pairs of reactions can be inferred an... | Flippin-Lodge angle | 0.77815 |
96,632 | The Flippin–Lodge (FL) angle, α F L {\displaystyle \alpha _{FL}} is the latter-derived of two angles that fully define the geometry of "attack" (approach via collision) of a nucleophile on a trigonal unsaturated center of an electrophilic molecule (the second being the Bürgi–Dunitz angle, α B D {\displaystyle \alpha _{... | Flippin-Lodge angle | 0.77815 |
96,633 | The Flippin-Lodge and Bürgi-Dunitz angles were central, practically, to the development of a clearer understanding of asymmetric induction during nucleophilic attack at hindered carbonyl centers in synthetic organic chemistry. It was in this area that α F L {\displaystyle \alpha _{FL}} was first defined by Heathcock, a... | Flippin-Lodge angle | 0.77815 |
96,634 | The average covering number is defined by the formula S = A ( X ) A ( Y ) . {\displaystyle S={\frac {A(X)}{A(Y)}}.} This number is a generalization of the degree of a covering. Similarly, for every regular curve γ and for every regular region D in Y the average covering numbers are defined: S ( D ) = A ( f − 1 ( D ) ) ... | Ahlfors theory | 0.778149 |
96,635 | Besides Ahlfors' original journal paper, the theory is explained in books. Simplified proofs of the Second Main Theorem can be found in the papers of Toki and de Thelin.A simple proof of the Five Island Theorem, not relying on Ahlfors' theory, was developed by Bergweiler. == References == | Ahlfors theory | 0.778149 |
96,636 | This fact, together with the two main theorems implies Picard's theorem, and the Second main theorem of Nevanlinna theory. Many other important generalizations of Picard's theorem can be obtained from Ahlfors theory. One especially striking result (conjectured earlier by André Bloch) is the Five Island theorem. | Ahlfors theory | 0.778149 |
96,637 | In organic chemistry, nitration is a general class of chemical processes for the introduction of a nitro group (−NO2) into an organic compound. The term also is applied incorrectly to the different process of forming nitrate esters (−ONO2) between alcohols and nitric acid (as occurs in the synthesis of nitroglycerin). ... | Aromatic nitration | 0.778149 |
96,638 | To see why this happens, we use a simple identity in algebra: ( a + b ) 2 = a 2 + 2 a b + b 2 {\displaystyle (a+b)^{2}=a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}} With a {\displaystyle a} representing the deviation of an individual sample from the sample mean, and b {\displaystyle b} representing the deviation of the sample mean from the populat... | Bessel's correction | 0.778149 |
96,639 | In statistics, Bessel's correction is the use of n − 1 instead of n in the formula for the sample variance and sample standard deviation, where n is the number of observations in a sample. This method corrects the bias in the estimation of the population variance. It also partially corrects the bias in the estimation o... | Bessel's correction | 0.778149 |
96,640 | In organic chemistry, the Davis oxidation or Davis' oxaziridine oxidation refers to oxidations involving the use of the Davis reagent (2-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-phenyloxaziridine) or other similar oxaziridine reagents. This reaction mainly refers to the generation of α-hydroxy carbonyl compounds (acyloins) from ketones or e... | Davis oxidation | 0.778148 |
96,641 | SLAC plays a primary role in the mission and operation of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, launched in August 2008. The principal scientific objectives of this mission are: To understand the mechanisms of particle acceleration in AGNs, pulsars, and SNRs. To resolve the gamma-ray sky: unidentified sources and diffus... | Stanford Linear Collider | 0.778147 |
96,642 | SLAC also performs theoretical research in elementary particle physics, including in areas of quantum field theory, collider physics, astroparticle physics, and particle phenomenology. | Stanford Linear Collider | 0.778147 |
96,643 | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is a federally funded research and development center in Menlo Park, California, United States. Founded in 1962, the laboratory is now sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and administrated by Stanford Universi... | Stanford Linear Collider | 0.778147 |
96,644 | The spiral-shaped domain happens to be especially efficient for such an application due to the boundary behavior of modes of Dirichlet laplacian.The theorem about boundary behavior of the Dirichlet Laplacian if analogy of the property of rays in geometrical optics (Fig.1); the angular momentum of a ray (green) increase... | Dirichlet eigenvalue | 0.778146 |
96,645 | The Dirichlet Laplacian may arise from various problems of mathematical physics; it may refer to modes of at idealized drum, small waves at the surface of an idealized pool, as well as to a mode of an idealized optical fiber in the paraxial approximation. The last application is most practical in connection to the doub... | Dirichlet eigenvalue | 0.778146 |
96,646 | This operator is invertible, and its inverse is compact and self-adjoint so that the usual spectral theorem can be applied to obtain the eigenspaces of Δ and the reciprocals 1/λ of its eigenvalues. One of the primary tools in the study of the Dirichlet eigenvalues is the max-min principle: the first eigenvalue λ1 minim... | Dirichlet eigenvalue | 0.778146 |
96,647 | More generally, in spectral geometry one considers (1) on a manifold with boundary Ω. Then Δ is taken to be the Laplace–Beltrami operator, also with Dirichlet boundary conditions. It can be shown, using the spectral theorem for compact self-adjoint operators that the eigenspaces are finite-dimensional and that the Diri... | Dirichlet eigenvalue | 0.778146 |
96,648 | The format supports multiple feature classes per file and multiple geometry properties per feature class. Each geometry property is indexed using an R-tree. It is optimized for fast spatial reading of large datasets in scenarios involving a single writer and multiple readers. | Spatial Data File | 0.778144 |
96,649 | In South Africa the University of Pretoria offers the Baccalaureus in Information Technology (BIT) degree as a four-year undergraduate programme. The University of Pretoria is also the first university in South Africa to offer this degree. Upon successful completion of a BIT degree a student can continue with either a ... | Bachelor of Information Technology | 0.778144 |
96,650 | At the University of Sydney a BIT is a four-year technical program, related to degrees such as Computer Science and Software Engineering. At Swinburne University of Technology, a BIT is a three-year co-op scholarship degree incorporating two six-month job placements.At RMIT University a BIT is offered as a three-year p... | Bachelor of Information Technology | 0.778144 |
96,651 | A Bachelor of Information Technology (abbreviations BIT or BInfTech) is an undergraduate academic degree that generally requires three to five years of study. While the degree has a major focus on computers and technology, it differs from a Computer Science degree in that students are also expected to study management ... | Bachelor of Information Technology | 0.778144 |
96,652 | The definition, though with the name ’directivity curve’, was used in a 1967 article by Endre Simonyi. This article also defined 'directivity vector' as w = s i g n ( P ) i + s i g n ( Q ) j {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} =\mathrm {sign} (P)\mathbf {i} +\mathrm {sign} (Q)\mathbf {j} } , where P and Q are the dx/dt and dy/d... | Nullcline | 0.778142 |
96,653 | In mathematical analysis, nullclines, sometimes called zero-growth isoclines, are encountered in a system of ordinary differential equations x 1 ′ = f 1 ( x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle x_{1}'=f_{1}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} x 2 ′ = f 2 ( x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle x_{2}'=f_{2}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} ⋮ {\displaystyle \v... | Nullcline | 0.778142 |
96,654 | In organometallic chemistry, transition metal complexes of nitrite describes families of coordination complexes containing one or more nitrite (−NO2) ligands. Although the synthetic derivatives are only of scholarly interest, metal-nitrite complexes occur in several enzymes that participate in the nitrogen cycle. | Transition metal nitrite complex | 0.778141 |
96,655 | If the integral converges when evaluated along the second path introduced above, and if no confluent poles appear among the Γ(bj − s), j = 1, 2, ..., m, then the Meijer G-function can be expressed as a sum of residues in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions pFq−1 (Slater's theorem): G p , q m , n ( a p b q | z... | Meijer G-function | 0.778136 |
96,656 | II(1954), Edited by A. Erdelyi. Note that, in view of their effect on the G-function, these integrals can be used to define the operation of fractional integration for a fairly large class of functions (Erdélyi–Kober operators). A result of fundamental importance is that the product of two arbitrary G-functions integra... | Meijer G-function | 0.778136 |
96,657 | {\begin{matrix}a_{1},\dots ,a_{p}\\b_{1},\dots ,b_{q}\end{matrix}}\;\right|\,z\right)=G_{p,q}^{\,m,n}\!\left(\left. {\begin{matrix}\mathbf {a_{p}} \\\mathbf {b_{q}} \end{matrix}}\;\right|\,z\right).} Implementations of the G-function in computer algebra systems typically employ separate vector arguments for the four (p... | Meijer G-function | 0.778136 |
96,658 | However, even when all the members are themselves continuous, a model containing one or more special ordered sets becomes a discrete optimization problem requiring a mixed integer optimizer for its solution. The ‘only’ benefit of using Special Ordered Sets compared with using only constraints is that the search procedu... | Special ordered set | 0.778136 |
96,659 | In discrete optimization, a special ordered set (SOS) is an ordered set of variables used as an additional way to specify integrality conditions in an optimization model. Special order sets are basically a device or tool used in branch and bound methods for branching on sets of variables, rather than individual variabl... | Special ordered set | 0.778136 |
96,660 | Multiple-choice programming Global Optimization with continuous separable functions. | Special ordered set | 0.778136 |
96,661 | Let X {\displaystyle X} be a Polish space, B ( X ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(X)} the Borel σ-algebra of X {\displaystyle X} , ( Ω , F ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}})} a measurable space and ψ {\displaystyle \psi } a multifunction on Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } taking values in the set of nonempty closed sub... | Kuratowski and Ryll-Nardzewski measurable selection theorem | 0.778132 |
96,662 | In mathematics, the Kuratowski–Ryll-Nardzewski measurable selection theorem is a result from measure theory that gives a sufficient condition for a set-valued function to have a measurable selection function. It is named after the Polish mathematicians Kazimierz Kuratowski and Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski.Many classical sel... | Kuratowski and Ryll-Nardzewski measurable selection theorem | 0.778132 |
96,663 | Modern physics breaks down under such extremes because gravity would be so intense that spacetime itself breaks down catastrophically. It resolves the black hole information paradox wherein conventional black hole theory holds that all the quantum information comprising infalling matter and light is thought to either b... | Fuzzball (string theory) | 0.778129 |
96,664 | Fuzzball theory, which is derived from superstring theory, is advanced by its proponents as a description of black holes that harmonizes quantum mechanics and Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which have long been incompatible. Fuzzball theory dispenses with the singularity at the heart of a black hole by... | Fuzzball (string theory) | 0.778129 |
96,665 | Moreover, this aspect of the theory is testable since its central tenet holds that a fuzzball's quantum data do not stay trapped at its center but reach up to its fuzzy surface and that Hawking radiation carries away this information, which is encoded in the delicate correlations between the outgoing quanta.Fuzzball th... | Fuzzball (string theory) | 0.778129 |
96,666 | Classical black holes create a problem for physics known as the black hole information paradox, an issue first raised in 1972 by Jacob Bekenstein and later popularized by Stephen Hawking. The information paradox is born out of the realization that all the quantum nature (information) of the matter and light that falls ... | Fuzzball (string theory) | 0.778129 |
96,667 | The team also determined that the event horizon of a fuzzball would, at an extremely small scale (likely on the order of a few Planck lengths), be very much like a mist: fuzzy, hence the name "fuzzball". With classical-model black holes, objects passing through the event horizon on their way to the singularity are thou... | Fuzzball (string theory) | 0.778129 |
96,668 | The Instituto Nacional de Estatística or INE (Portuguese for "National Institute for Statistics") is the government office for national statistics of Portugal. In the English language it is also branded as Statistics Portugal. The INE is one of the components of the Portuguese National Statistical System (SEN), which a... | Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal) | 0.778127 |
96,669 | In nanotechnology, a carbon nanobud is a material that combines carbon nanotubes and spheroidal fullerenes, both allotropes of carbon, forming "buds" attached to the tubes. Carbon nanobuds were discovered and synthesized in 2006.In this material, fullerenes are bonded with covalent bonds to the outer sidewalls of the u... | Carbon nanobud | 0.778121 |
96,670 | The boundary and coboundary operators admit similar structures in dual space called the dual boundary Δ ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\Delta }}} and dual coboundary ∇ ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\nabla }}} defined to satisfy ( Δ ^ Φ ) ( C ) = Φ ( Δ C ) , ( ∇ ^ Φ ) ( C ) = Φ ( ∇ C ) . {\displaystyle ({\hat {\Delta }}\Phi )(C)=\Ph... | Dirac–Kähler equation | 0.778116 |
96,671 | There is a natural way in which to discretize the Dirac–Kähler equation using the correspondence between exterior algebra and simplicial complexes. In four dimensional space a lattice can be considered as a simplicial complex, whose simplexes are constructed using a basis of h {\displaystyle h} -dimensional hypercubes ... | Dirac–Kähler equation | 0.778116 |
96,672 | {\displaystyle Z_{ab}=\sum _{H}(-1)^{h(h-1)/2}(\gamma _{H})_{ab}^{T}dx_{H}.} The matrix Z {\displaystyle Z} is designed to satisfy d x μ ∨ Z = γ μ T Z {\displaystyle dx_{\mu }\vee Z=\gamma _{\mu }^{T}Z} , decomposing the Clifford algebra into four irreducible copies of the Dirac algebra. This is because in this basis t... | Dirac–Kähler equation | 0.778116 |
96,673 | The Dirac–Kähler equation is motivated by noting that this is also the property of the Dirac operator, yielding This equation is closely related to the usual Dirac equation, a connection which emerges from the close relation between the exterior algebra of differential forms and the Clifford algebra of which Dirac spin... | Dirac–Kähler equation | 0.778116 |
96,674 | In theoretical physics, the Dirac–Kähler equation, also known as the Ivanenko–Landau–Kähler equation, is the geometric analogue of the Dirac equation that can be defined on any pseudo-Riemannian manifold using the Laplace–de Rham operator. In four-dimensional flat spacetime, it is equivalent to four copies of the Dirac... | Dirac–Kähler equation | 0.778116 |
96,675 | As described previously, the Dirac–Kähler equation in flat spacetime is equivalent to four copies of the Dirac equation, despite being a set of equations for antisymmetric tensor fields. The ability of integer spin tensor fields to describe half integer spinor fields is explained by the fact that Lorentz transformation... | Dirac–Kähler equation | 0.778116 |
96,676 | It explores the implications of a future world in which researchers have not created artificial general intelligence but have learned to copy humans onto computers, creating "ems," or emulated people, who quickly come to outnumber the real ones. There have been three human eras so far: foragers, farmers, and industry. ... | The Age of Em | 0.778116 |
96,677 | Economists and policy makers are concerned about the effects of automation and artificial intelligence on employment including whether some kinds of jobs will cease to exist at all, and trucking is the most concerned job. However, Karen Levy is on the view that the path to fully autonomous trucking is likely to be a gr... | Autonomous trucks | 0.778116 |
96,678 | Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that is well-suited to self-driving truck technology as machine learning algorithms allow the vehicle to learn from its environment and past experiences and make attempts to improve its ability to make more accurate and informed decisions about how to operate on t... | Autonomous trucks | 0.778116 |
96,679 | The lines leading away from the eye are drawn at a reduced scale to lessen the degree of distortion. The cabinet projection is seen in Victorian engraved advertisements and architectural textbooks, but has virtually disappeared from general use. An axonometric uses a 45-degree plan grid, which keeps the original orthog... | Architectural drawings | 0.778112 |
96,680 | Linguistic Linked Open Data is applied to address a number of scientific research problems: In all areas of empirical linguistics, computational philology, and natural language processing, linguistic annotation and linguistic markup represent central elements of analysis. However, progress in this field is being hamper... | Linguistic Linked Open Data | 0.778112 |
96,681 | Linguistic Linked Open Data describes the publication of data for linguistics and natural language processing using the following principles: Data should be openly licensed using licenses such as the Creative Commons licenses. The elements in a dataset should be uniquely identified by means of a URI. The URI should res... | Linguistic Linked Open Data | 0.778112 |
96,682 | Open Framework of E-Services for Multilingual and Semantic Enrichment of Digital Content (6 EU countries, 2015–2017) POSTDATA. Poetry Standardization and Linked Open Data (ERC Starting Grant, UNED, Spain, 2016–2021) Linking Latin (ERC Consolidator Grant, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy, 2018–2023) Pret-a-LL... | Linguistic Linked Open Data | 0.778111 |
96,683 | The OWLG developed the following classification for the LLOD cloud diagram: corpora: linguistically analyzed collection of language data lexicons: lexical-conceptual data lexical resources: lexicons and dictionaries term bases: terminologies, thesauri and knowledge bases metadata linguistic resource metadata (metadata ... | Linguistic Linked Open Data | 0.778111 |
96,684 | Aside from resources used in and created for linguistic research, the LLOD cloud diagram also includes ontologies, terminologies and general knowledge bases whose development was not originally driven by interest in language sciences or language technology, e.g., the DBpedia. As a criterion for inclusion into the LLOD ... | Linguistic Linked Open Data | 0.778111 |
96,685 | In natural language processing, linguistics, and neighboring fields, Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) describes a method and an interdisciplinary community concerned with creating, sharing, and (re-)using language resources in accordance with Linked Data principles. The Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud was conceived... | Linguistic Linked Open Data | 0.778111 |
96,686 | TAOS is a joint effort of the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, The Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, National Central University, Institute of Astronomy and Yonsei University, South Korea. Curre... | Taiwanese–American Occultation Survey | 0.778111 |
96,687 | Additive group-theoretic properties of multidimensional input/output indexing sets are used for the mathematical formulations, therefore, it is easier to identify mapping between computing structures and mathematical expressions, thus, better than conventional methods. The language of CKA algebra helps the application ... | Radar mapping | 0.77811 |
96,688 | This second method offers a powerful tool in geology and geography. Glacier flow can be mapped with two passes. Maps showing the land deformation after a minor earthquake or after a volcanic eruption (showing the shrinkage of the whole volcano by several centimeters) have been published. | Radar mapping | 0.77811 |
96,689 | Differential interferometry (D-InSAR) requires taking at least two images with addition of a DEM. The DEM can be either produced by GPS measurements or could be generated by interferometry as long as the time between acquisition of the image pairs is short, which guarantees minimal distortion of the image of the target... | Radar mapping | 0.77811 |
96,690 | (Although it is true that UWB provides a notable gain in channel capacity over a narrow band signal because of the relationship of bandwidth in the Shannon–Hartley theorem and because the low receive duty cycle receives less noise, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, there is still a notable disparity in link budget ... | Radar mapping | 0.77811 |
96,691 | The computational expense is more for Backprojection algorithm as compared to other frequency domain methods. It requires very precise knowledge of imaging geometry. | Radar mapping | 0.77811 |
96,692 | The compound has C2h symmetry, with each metal atom having pseudo-octahedral geometry. In the crystal structure, two isomers are observed in the unit cell, one with a 2.93 Å ruthenium–ruthenium bond and the other with a long internuclear distance of 3.75 Å. The former isomer is diamagnetic, and the latter is magnetic.I... | Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride dimer | 0.778108 |
96,693 | Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride is an organoruthenium chemistry with the formula 2, commonly abbreviated 2. This brown paramagnetic solid is a reagent in organometallic chemistry. It is an unusual example of a compound that exists as isomers that differ in the intermetallic separation, a difference tha... | Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride dimer | 0.778108 |
96,694 | Isomorphic keyboards can expose, through their geometry, two invariant properties of music theory: transpositional invariance, exposed in all isomorphic layouts by definition. Any given sequence and/or combination of musical intervals has the same shape when transposed to another key, and tuning invariance, only expose... | Isomorphic keyboard | 0.778107 |
96,695 | However, the class of abelian groups is a subvariety of the variety of groups because it consists of those groups satisfying x y = y x , {\displaystyle xy=yx,} with no change of signature. The finitely generated abelian groups do not form a subvariety, since by Birkhoff's theorem they don't form a variety, as an arbitr... | Finitary algebraic category | 0.778107 |
96,696 | A subvariety of a variety of algebras V is a subclass of V that has the same signature as V and is itself a variety, i.e., is defined by a set of identities. Notice that although every group becomes a semigroup when the identity as a constant is omitted (and/or the inverse operation is omitted), the class of groups doe... | Finitary algebraic category | 0.778107 |
96,697 | The fields do not form a variety of algebras; the requirement that all non-zero elements be invertible cannot be expressed as a universally satisfied identity (see below). The cancellative semigroups also do not form a variety of algebras, since the cancellation property is not an equation, it is an implication that is... | Finitary algebraic category | 0.778107 |
96,698 | To express the scalar multiplication with elements from R, we need one unary operation for each element of R. If the ring is infinite, we will thus have infinitely many operations, which is allowed by the definition of an algebraic structure in universal algebra. We will then also need infinitely many identities to exp... | Finitary algebraic category | 0.778107 |
96,699 | The class of rings also forms a variety of algebras. The signature here is (2,2,0,0,1) (two binary operations, two constants, and one unary operation). If we fix a specific ring R, we can consider the class of left R-modules. | Finitary algebraic category | 0.778107 |
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