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99,200 | Now suppose X is a topological space and let { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle \{0,1\}} have the Sierpiński topology. Then a function χ U: X → S {\displaystyle \chi _{U}:X\to S} is continuous if and only if χ U − 1 ( 1 ) {\displaystyle \chi _{U}^{-1}(1)} is open in X. But, by definition So χ U {\displaystyle \chi _{U}} is conti... | Sierpinski space | 0.776909 |
99,201 | The Space Age was an era of new military, political, technological, and scientific developments which began with the Soviet Union's October 4, 1957, launch of Earth's first artificial satellite Sputnik 1. Weighing 83.6 kg (184.3 lb) and orbiting the Earth once every 98 minutes,. The Space Race between the United States... | Space Age | 0.776908 |
99,202 | (cf. Bott generator.) More generally, there are also tautological bundles on a projective bundle of a vector bundle as well as a Grassmann bundle. The older term canonical bundle has dropped out of favour, on the grounds that canonical is heavily overloaded as it is, in mathematical terminology, and (worse) confusion w... | Universal vector bundle | 0.776906 |
99,203 | Tautological bundles are constructed both in algebraic topology and in algebraic geometry. In algebraic geometry, the tautological line bundle (as invertible sheaf) is O P n ( − 1 ) , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{\mathbb {P} ^{n}}(-1),} the dual of the hyperplane bundle or Serre's twisting sheaf O P n ( 1 ) {\display... | Universal vector bundle | 0.776906 |
99,204 | Its subject matter includes:: 1–2 generalizations of calculus to Banach spaces implicit function theorems fixed-point theorems (Brouwer fixed point theorem, Fixed point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces, topological degree theory, Jordan separation theorem, Lefschetz fixed-point theorem) Morse theory and Lusterni... | Nonlinear functional analysis | 0.776906 |
99,205 | So W1 = (I ⊗ R∗) W (I ⊗ R) commutes with I ⊗ λ(t). The action T on L∞(X) induces a unitary U on L2(X) using the square root of the Radon−Nikodym derivative of μ ∘ T with respect to μ. The induced algebra B is defined as the subalgebra of A ⊗ L∞(R) commuting with T ⊗ S. The induced flow σt is given by σt (b) = (I ⊗ λ(t)... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,206 | A ceiling function h is a function in A with h ≥ ε1 with ε > 0. Then eihx gives a unitary representation of R in A, continuous in the strong operator topology and hence a unitary element W of A ⊗ L∞(R), acting on L2(X,μ) ⊗ L2(R). In particular W commutes with I ⊗Vt. | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,207 | In summary there exists a measure space (Y,λ) and an ergodic action of Z × R on M = L∞(Y,λ) given by commuting actions τn and σt such that there is a τ-invariant subalgebra of M isomorphic to ℓ ∞ {\displaystyle \ell ^{\infty }} (Z) and a σ-invariant subalgebra of M isomorphic to L∞(R). The original ergodic flow is give... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,208 | By definition it contains B0 = C(Y). By the Gelfand-Naimark theorem A0 has the form C(X). The construction with ar above applies equally well here: indeed since B0 is a subalgebra of A0, Y is a continuous quotient of X, so a function such as ar is equally well a function on X. The construction therefore carries over mu... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,209 | Thus each orbit is broken up into countably many half-open intervals with N > 4/δ, the function g(t) = f(σt(x)) has an infimum greater than 1/2 + M−1 for a sufficiently large integer M. Hence Ω can be written as a countable intersection of sets, each of which is a countable unions of closed sets; so Ω is therefore a B... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,210 | By definition B0 is a subalgebra of A and its closure B in the weak or strong operator topology can be identified with L∞(Z,μ) where μ is also used for the restriction of μ to B. The subalgebra B is invariant under the flow σt, which is therefore ergodic. The analysis of this action on B0 and B yields all the tools nec... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,211 | On the other hand ||ar − σt(ar)||∞ is bounded above by 2t/r, so that t ≥ r/4. Hence σt(q0) ∧ q1 = 0 if |t| ≤ δ. The elements ar depend continuously in operator norm on r on (0,1]; from the above σt(ar) is norm continuous in t. Let B0 the closure in the operator norm of the unital *-algebra generated by the σt(ar)'s. It... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,212 | On the other hand, as r > 0 decreases to zero a r = 1 r ∫ 0 r σ t ( p ) d t → p {\displaystyle a_{r}={1 \over r}\int _{0}^{r}\sigma _{t}(p)\,dt\rightarrow p} in the strong operator topology or equivalently the weak operator topology (these topologies coincide on unitaries, hence involutions, hence projections). Indeed,... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,213 | The theorem states that every ergodic flow is isomorphic to a special flow corresponding to a ceiling function with ergodic base transformation. If the flow leaves a probability measure invariant, the same is true of the base transformation. For simplicity only the original result of Ambrose (1941) is considered, the c... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,214 | Hedlund's theorem can be re-interpreted in terms of unitary representations of G and its subgroups. Let Γ be a cocompact subgroup of PSL(2,R) = G / {±I} for which all non-scalar elements are hyperbolic. | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,215 | Then g(s)Pg(s)−1 = P. As |s| tends to infinity the latter projections tend to 0 in the strong operator topology if 0< a < b or a < b < 0. Since g(s)ξ = ξ, it follows Pξ = 0 in either case. By the spectral theorem, it follows that ξ is in the spectral subspace P({0}); in other words ξ is fixed by N. But then, by the fir... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,216 | For such functions f, as an elementary case of the ergodic theorem the average of σt(f) over tends in the weak operator topology to ∫ f(t) dt. Hence for appropriate χ this will produce an element in A which lies in C ⊗ B( ℓ 2 {\displaystyle \ell ^{2}} ) and is not a multiple of 1 ⊗ I. But such an element commutes with... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,217 | If St is an ergodic flow on the measure space (X,μ) corresponding to a 1-parameter group of automorphisms σt of A = L∞(X,μ), then by the Hopf decomposition either every St with t ≠ 0 is dissipative or every St with t ≠ 0 is conservative. In the dissipative case, the ergodic flow must be transitive, so that A can be ide... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,218 | In mathematics, ergodic flows occur in geometry, through the geodesic and horocycle flows of closed hyperbolic surfaces. Both of these examples have been understood in terms of the theory of unitary representations of locally compact groups: if Γ is the fundamental group of a closed surface, regarded as a discrete subg... | Ergodic flow | 0.776905 |
99,219 | "Colloquium: Photons and electrons as emergent phenomena". Reviews of Modern Physics. 77 (3): 871–9. | Topological phase transitions | 0.776905 |
99,220 | The symmetric fusion category Rep(G) for bosonic systems and sRep(G) for fermionic systems.Topological order in higher dimensions may be related to n-Category theory. Quantum operator algebra is a very important mathematical tool in studying topological orders. Some also suggest that topological order is mathematically... | Topological phase transitions | 0.776905 |
99,221 | In physics, topological order is a kind of order in the zero-temperature phase of matter (also known as quantum matter). Macroscopically, topological order is defined and described by robust ground state degeneracy and quantized non-Abelian geometric phases of degenerate ground states. Microscopically, topological orde... | Topological phase transitions | 0.776905 |
99,222 | From the outset, Revit was intended to allow architects and other building professionals to design and document a building by creating a parametric three-dimensional model that included both the geometry and non-geometric design and construction information, which is also known as building information modeling or BIM (... | Autodesk Revit | 0.776904 |
99,223 | In this way a family defines a geometry that is controlled by parameters, each combination of parameters can be saved as a type, and each occurrence (instance in Revit) of a type can also contain further variations. For example, a swing door may be a Family. It may have types that describe different sizes, and the actu... | Autodesk Revit | 0.776904 |
99,224 | Since version 3.0 Revit enables multiple users to work on the same building model. The workflow is similar to the use of a version control system in software engineering, that allows multiple developers to reliably collaborate on a common code base. Each Revit user works on a local copy of the design, periodically chec... | Autodesk Revit | 0.776904 |
99,225 | Long before Harry Nyquist had his name associated with sampling, the term Nyquist rate was used differently, with a meaning closer to what Nyquist actually studied. Quoting Harold S. Black's 1953 book Modulation Theory, in the section Nyquist Interval of the opening chapter Historical Background: "If the essential freq... | Nyquist sampling rate | 0.776898 |
99,226 | Point-to-point laser technology (PPLT) refers to a technology that enables a user or surveyor to survey or capture a building's geometry in real time or while on site by translating laser range finder data directly into a Computer-aided design (CAD) or building information models (BIM) work station. | Point-to-point laser technology | 0.776898 |
99,227 | PPLT has many benefits in creating BIM or (CAD) models. Entering data directly into a CAD- or BIM-enabled work station allows a user or 'surveyor' to capture and confirm a building's geometry on site. This effectively builds a digital model of a building while it is being measured enabling not only speed but accuracy. ... | Point-to-point laser technology | 0.776898 |
99,228 | The theorem is also true under some additional hypotheses for complete Lorentzian manifolds (of metric signature ( + − − … ) {\displaystyle \left(+--\ldots \right)} ) with non-negative Ricci tensor (Galloway 2000). Hamilton's first convergence theorem for Ricci flow has, as a corollary, that the only compact 3-manifold... | Ricci Curvature | 0.776895 |
99,229 | The Cheeger–Gromoll splitting theorem states that if a complete Riemannian manifold ( M , g ) {\displaystyle \left(M,g\right)} with Ric ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \operatorname {Ric} \geq 0} contains a line, meaning a geodesic γ: R → M {\displaystyle \gamma :\mathbb {R} \to M} such that d ( γ ( u ) , γ ( v ) ) = | u − v | {\di... | Ricci Curvature | 0.776895 |
99,230 | The Bishop–Gromov inequality states that if a complete n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional Riemannian manifold has non-negative Ricci curvature, then the volume of a geodesic ball is less than or equal to the volume of a geodesic ball of the same radius in Euclidean n {\displaystyle n} -space. Moreover, if v p ( R ) {\dis... | Ricci Curvature | 0.776895 |
99,231 | Myers' theorem (1941) states that if the Ricci curvature is bounded from below on a complete Riemannian n-manifold by ( n − 1 ) k > 0 {\displaystyle (n-1)k>0} , then the manifold has diameter ≤ π / k {\displaystyle \leq \pi /{\sqrt {k}}} . By a covering-space argument, it follows that any compact manifold of positive R... | Ricci Curvature | 0.776895 |
99,232 | Here is a short list of global results concerning manifolds with positive Ricci curvature; see also classical theorems of Riemannian geometry. Briefly, positive Ricci curvature of a Riemannian manifold has strong topological consequences, while (for dimension at least 3), negative Ricci curvature has no topological imp... | Ricci Curvature | 0.776895 |
99,233 | Its cohomology class is, up to a real constant factor, the first Chern class of the canonical bundle, and is therefore a topological invariant of X {\displaystyle X} (for compact X {\displaystyle X} ) in the sense that it depends only on the topology of X {\displaystyle X} and the homotopy class of the complex structur... | Ricci Curvature | 0.776895 |
99,234 | In petroleum geology, a trap is a geological structure affecting the reservoir rock and caprock of a petroleum system allowing the accumulation of hydrocarbons in a reservoir. Traps can be of two types: stratigraphic or structural. Structural traps are the most important type of trap as they represent the majority of t... | Stratigraphic trap | 0.776894 |
99,235 | What Bott periodicity offered was an insight into some highly non-trivial spaces, with central status in topology because of the connection of their cohomology with characteristic classes, for which all the (unstable) homotopy groups could be calculated. These spaces are the (infinite, or stable) unitary, orthogonal an... | Bott periodicity | 0.776894 |
99,236 | The context of Bott periodicity is that the homotopy groups of spheres, which would be expected to play the basic part in algebraic topology by analogy with homology theory, have proved elusive (and the theory is complicated). The subject of stable homotopy theory was conceived as a simplification, by introducing the s... | Bott periodicity | 0.776894 |
99,237 | Over the real numbers and quaternions: R ⊕ R ⊂ R ⊂ C ⊂ H ⊂ H ⊕ H ⊂ H ⊂ C ⊂ R ⊂ R ⊕ R , {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \oplus \mathbb {R} \subset \mathbb {R} \subset \mathbb {C} \subset \mathbb {H} \subset \mathbb {H} \oplus \mathbb {H} \subset \mathbb {H} \subset \mathbb {C} \subset \mathbb {R} \subset \mathbb {R} \oplus \... | Bott periodicity | 0.776894 |
99,238 | {\displaystyle O\times O\subset O\subset U\subset \operatorname {Sp} \subset \operatorname {Sp} \times \operatorname {Sp} \subset \operatorname {Sp} \subset U\subset O\subset O\times O.} These sequences corresponds to sequences in Clifford algebras – see classification of Clifford algebras; over the complex numbers: C ... | Bott periodicity | 0.776894 |
99,239 | The Clairaut-Schwarz theorem is the key fact needed to prove that for every C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} (or at least twice differentiable) differential form ω ∈ Ω k ( M ) {\displaystyle \omega \in \Omega ^{k}(M)} , the second exterior derivative vanishes: d 2 ω := d ( d ω ) = 0 {\displaystyle d^{2}\omega :=d(d\omeg... | Young's theorem | 0.776894 |
99,240 | With the initial operational implementation of FV3GFS now accomplished, NOAA's Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) global modeling focus has turned towards development of the next GFS (v16) upgrade, which will include doubled vertical resolution (64 to 127 layers), more advanced physics, data assimilation system upgrad... | Global Forecast System | 0.776892 |
99,241 | The GFS model is a FV3 model with an approximate horizontal resolution of 13 km for the days 0-16 days. In the vertical, the model is divided into 127 layers and extends to the mesopause (roughly ~80 km), and temporally, it produces forecast output every hour for the first 120 hours, three hourly through day 10 and 12 ... | Global Forecast System | 0.776892 |
99,242 | Yandex Images offers a global reverse image and photo search. The site uses standard Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) technology used by many other sites, but additionally uses artificial intelligence-based technology to locate further results based on query. Users can drag and drop images to the toolbar for the si... | Visual Search Engine | 0.776891 |
99,243 | Two techniques currently used in image search: Search by metadata: Image search is based on comparison of metadata associated with the image as keywords, text, etc. and it is obtained by employing a set of images sorted by relevance. The metadata associated with each image can reference the title of the image, format, ... | Visual Search Engine | 0.776891 |
99,244 | SK Planet uses reverse image search to find related fashion items on its e-commerce website. It developed the vision encoder network based on the TensorFlow inception-v3, with speed of convergence and generalization for production usage. A recurrent neural network is used for multi-class classification, and fashion-pro... | Visual Search Engine | 0.776891 |
99,245 | Pinterest acquired startup company VisualGraph in 2014 and introduced visual search on its platform. In 2015, Pinterest published a paper at the ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining conference and disclosed the architecture of the system. The pipeline uses Apache Hadoop, the open-source Caffe convoluti... | Visual Search Engine | 0.776891 |
99,246 | The Alice is a very small "sugarcube" mobile robot (2x2x2cm) developed at the Autonomous Systems Lab (ASL) at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland between 1998 and 2004. It has been part of the Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS) at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology... | Alice mobile robot | 0.77689 |
99,247 | Local anomalies are used in applied geophysics. For example, a local positive anomaly may indicate a body of metallic ores. Salt domes are typically expressed in gravity maps as lows, because salt has a low density compared to the rocks the dome intrudes.At scales between entire mountain ranges and ore bodies, Bouguer ... | Gravity anomalies | 0.77689 |
99,248 | Mech. Anal. 97 :299-320, 1987 Andrea L Bertozzi, A. Munch, M. Shearer, Undercompressive Shocks in Thin Film Flow, Physica D, 134(4), 431-464, 1999 A. Munch. Shock transition in Marangoni and gravitation driven thin film flow 1999 A. Munch, A. L. Bertozzi, Rarefaction-Undercompressive Fronts in Driven Films, Physics of ... | Undercompressive shock wave | 0.77689 |
99,249 | J. David Logan. An introduction to nonlinear partial differential equations Wiley-Interscience 1994 G. B. Whitham. Linear and non-linear waves Wiley-Interscience 1974 Peter D. Lax. Hyperbolic systems of conservation laws and the mathematical theory of shock waves Society for industrial and applied mathematics Philadelp... | Undercompressive shock wave | 0.77689 |
99,250 | Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it was a fabless company, outsourcing semiconductor manufacturing to foundry companies. In 2011, ST announced the creation of a joint lab with Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies. The lab focuses on research and innovation in bio-robotics, smart systems and microelectronics. Past ... | ST micro | 0.776889 |
99,251 | 0- and 2-dimensional Bessel processes are related to local times of Brownian motion via the Ray–Knight theorems.The law of a Brownian motion near x-extrema is the law of a 3-dimensional Bessel process (theorem of Tanaka). | Bessel process | 0.776888 |
99,252 | In organic chemistry the Hoch-Campbell ethylenimine synthesis is a method for constructing ethyleneimines from oximes. The oxime is treated with Grignard reagents: == References == | Hoch-Campbell ethylenimine synthesis | 0.776887 |
99,253 | The vacuum-dynamic stand in Academician V.P.Makeyev State Rocket Centre NASA Glenn Research Center 2.2 Second Drop Tower NASA Glenn Research Center Zero-G Research Facility Micro-Gravity Laboratory of Japan (MGLAB) (Closed June 2010) HASTIC 50m Drop Tower, Sapporo Fallturm Bremen Applied Dynamics Laboratories drop towe... | Drop tube | 0.776886 |
99,254 | Fluid physics experiments and development and testing of space-based hardware can also be conducted using a drop tower. Sometimes, the ground-based research performed with a drop tower serves as a prelude to more ambitious, in-flight investigation; much longer periods of weightlessness can be achieved with parabolic-fl... | Drop tube | 0.776886 |
99,255 | For a typical materials science experiment, a sample of the material under study is loaded into the top of the drop tube, which is filled with inert gas or evacuated to create a low-pressure environment. Following any desired preprocessing (e.g. induction heating to melt a metal alloy), the sample is released to fall t... | Drop tube | 0.776886 |
99,256 | In physics and materials science, a drop tower or drop tube is a structure used to produce a controlled period of weightlessness for an object under study. Air bags, polystyrene pellets, and magnetic or mechanical brakes are sometimes used to arrest the fall of the experimental payload. In other cases, high-speed impac... | Drop tube | 0.776886 |
99,257 | There is a classification of the mapping classes on a surface, originally due to Nielsen and rediscovered by Thurston, which can be stated as follows. An element g ∈ Mod ( S ) {\displaystyle g\in \operatorname {Mod} (S)} is either: of finite order (i.e. there exists n > 0 {\displaystyle n>0} such that g n {\displayst... | Mapping class group of a surface | 0.776883 |
99,258 | Let S {\displaystyle S} be a connected, closed, orientable surface and Homeo + ( S ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Homeo} ^{+}(S)} the group of orientation-preserving, or positive, homeomorphisms of S {\displaystyle S} . This group has a natural topology, the compact-open topology. It can be defined easily by a dista... | Mapping class group of a surface | 0.776883 |
99,259 | Leibniz's rule (named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) may refer to one of the following: Product rule in differential calculus General Leibniz rule, a generalization of the product rule Leibniz integral rule The alternating series test, also called Leibniz's rule | Leibniz rule | 0.776883 |
99,260 | Metamaterials are artificial materials which exhibit unique properties which do not occur in nature. These are usually arrays of structures which are smaller than the wavelength they interact with. These structures have the capability to control electromagnetic radiation in unique ways that are not exhibited by convent... | Metamaterial absorber | 0.776882 |
99,261 | A metamaterial absorber is a type of metamaterial intended to efficiently absorb electromagnetic radiation such as light. Furthermore, metamaterials are an advance in materials science. Hence, those metamaterials that are designed to be absorbers offer benefits over conventional absorbers such as further miniaturizatio... | Metamaterial absorber | 0.776882 |
99,262 | The MK II Method is one of the software sizing methods in functional point group of measurements. This is a method for analysis and measurement of information processing applications based on end user functional view of the system. The MK II Method (ISO/IEC 20968 Software engineering—Mk II Function Point Analysis—Count... | MK II FPA | 0.776881 |
99,263 | That follows because the rings of algebraic geometry, in the classical sense, are Noetherian rings. This class of examples therefore also explains the name. If R is a commutative Noetherian ring, then Spec(R), the prime spectrum of R, is a Noetherian topological space. More generally, a Noetherian scheme is a Noetheria... | Locally noetherian topological space | 0.776879 |
99,264 | Many examples of Noetherian topological spaces come from algebraic geometry, where for the Zariski topology an irreducible set has the intuitive property that any closed proper subset has smaller dimension. Since dimension can only 'jump down' a finite number of times, and algebraic sets are made up of finite unions of... | Locally noetherian topological space | 0.776879 |
99,265 | The Plücker embedding is a natural embedding of the Grassmannian G r ( k , V ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {Gr} (k,V)} into the projectivization of the exterior algebra ΛkV: Suppose that W is a k-dimensional subspace of the n-dimensional vector space V. To define ι ( W ) {\displaystyle \iota (W)} , choose a basis {w1, ..., ... | Grassmannian variety | 0.776878 |
99,266 | In mathematics, the Grassmannian Gr(k, V ) is a space that parameterizes all k-dimensional linear subspaces of the n-dimensional vector space V. For example, the Grassmannian Gr(1, V ) is the space of lines through the origin in V, so it is the same as the projective space of one dimension lower than V.When V is a real... | Grassmannian variety | 0.776878 |
99,267 | Heterotopy can create new morphologies in the embryo and hence in the adult, helping to explain how evolution shapes bodies.In terms of evolutionary developmental biology, heterotopy means the positioning of a developmental process at any level in an embryo, whether at the level of the gene, a circuit of genes, a body ... | Heterotopy | 0.776877 |
99,268 | The concept of heterotopy, bringing evolution about by a change in the spatial arrangement of some process within the embryo, was introduced by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866. He gave as an example a change in the positioning of the germ layer which created the gonads. Since then, heterotopy has been studie... | Heterotopy | 0.776877 |
99,269 | The common human breeding cultures that breed the rabbits and cats tended to themselves favor the pattern, in a way closely mimicking the way that the underlying genetics that form flexible adaptations can be selected for based on the phenotype they typically produce in an assumed environment in natural selection. Anot... | Heterotopy | 0.776877 |
99,270 | One textbook example of heterotopy in animals, a classic in genetics and developmental biology, is the experimental induction of legs in place of antennae in fruit flies, Drosophila. The name for this specific induction is 'antennapedia'. Surprisingly and elegantly, the transfer takes place in the experiment with no ot... | Heterotopy | 0.776877 |
99,271 | A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also loosely known as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG), which can be compa... | Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator | 0.776875 |
99,272 | The EyeWriter is a low-cost eye tracking system originally designed for paralyzed graffiti artist Tempt1. The EyeWriter system uses inexpensive cameras and open-source computer vision software to track the wearer's eye movements.EyeWriter was conceived by Mick Ebeling and developed at Ebeling's home in Venice Beach by ... | EyeWriter | 0.776874 |
99,273 | When we predict where a ball is going to land based on its current trajectory, we are taking the physical stance. Another example of this stance comes when we look at a strip made up of two types of metal bonded together and predict how it will bend as the temperature changes, based on the physical properties of the tw... | Intentional stance | 0.776872 |
99,274 | The core idea is that, when understanding, explaining, and/or predicting the behavior of an object, we can choose to view it at varying levels of abstraction. The more concrete the level, the more accurate in principle our predictions are; the more abstract, the greater the computational power we gain by zooming out an... | Intentional stance | 0.776872 |
99,275 | Philip Robbins and Anthony I. Jack suggest that "Dennett's philosophical distinction between the physical and intentional stances has a lot going for it" from the perspective of psychology and neuroscience. They review studies on abilities to adopt an intentional stance (variously called "mindreading", "mentalizing", o... | Intentional stance | 0.776872 |
99,276 | The committee also includes one member appointed by each of the parent societies, to ensure adequate communication between themselves and the BGA. A school and industry representative may also be co-opted onto the committee, neither of whom needs to be a fellow of either society. The committee had in the past included ... | British Geophysical Association | 0.77687 |
99,277 | The British Geophysical Association (BGA) is a joint association of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Geological Society of London, which advances the interests of geophysics and geophysicists within the UK. It aims to promote the subject of geophysics and strengthen the ties between the geological and geophysical... | British Geophysical Association | 0.77687 |
99,278 | As such the review was undertaken with the aims of properly assessing the current state of geophysical education within the UK and consequently identifying problems and recommending further action to take. Ultimately the paper concluded that there is a need to increase awareness of geophysics in post-16 education envir... | British Geophysical Association | 0.77687 |
99,279 | In July 2006 BGA published a review of geophysics education in the UK. In the report it noted that: the growing demands of industry and government service are facing a severe shortage of trained UK graduates with geophysics skills. The paper predicted that, at current rates, there would be no undergraduates by 2030. | British Geophysical Association | 0.77687 |
99,280 | On the other hand, this arrangement can also lead to higher inventory holding costs because of the need for storage of the material, its tracking and handling, and the threat of inventory obsolescence.Another option can be for the vendor to deliver to the customer's central warehouse or alternatively, to a third party'... | Vendor-managed inventory | 0.776869 |
99,281 | The basic building block for the outpost would be cylindrical metal tanks, 10 feet (3.0 m) in diameter and 20 feet (6.1 m) in length. Two nuclear reactors would be located in pits for shielding, and would provide power for operation of the preliminary quarters and for the equipment used in the construction of the perma... | Project Horizon | 0.776868 |
99,282 | The deep model was first proposed by Busse in 1976. His model was based on another well-known feature of fluid mechanics, the Taylor–Proudman theorem. It holds that in any fast-rotating barotropic ideal liquid, the flows are organized in a series of cylinders parallel to the rotational axis. The conditions of the theor... | Oval BA | 0.776866 |
99,283 | While many substances can be used as the working fluid, water is usually chosen for its simple chemistry, relative abundance, low cost, and thermodynamic properties. By condensing the working steam vapor to a liquid, the pressure at the turbine outlet is lowered, and the energy required by the feed pump consumes only 1... | Steam reheat | 0.776865 |
99,284 | The greater the differential, the more mechanical power can be efficiently extracted out of heat energy, as per Carnot's theorem. The efficiency of the Rankine cycle is limited by the high heat of vaporization of the working fluid. Unless the pressure and temperature reach supercritical levels in the boiler, the temper... | Steam reheat | 0.776865 |
99,285 | In physics, a covariant transformation is a rule that specifies how certain entities, such as vectors or tensors, change under a change of basis. The transformation that describes the new basis vectors as a linear combination of the old basis vectors is defined as a covariant transformation. Conventionally, indices ide... | Covariant transformation | 0.776865 |
99,286 | In the probability theory field of mathematics , Talagrand's concentration inequality is an isoperimetric-type inequality for product probability spaces. It was first proved by the French mathematician Michel Talagrand. The inequality is one of the manifestations of the concentration of measure phenomenon. | Talagrand's concentration inequality | 0.776858 |
99,287 | Current schools and departments School of Liberal Arts (School of Literature, or College of Literature) Chinese Language and Linguistics; Literature; Philology; Drama Arts School of History Chinese History; World History; Archaeology Department of Philosophy; Religion School of Foreign Studies English; Russian; Japanes... | Nanjing University | 0.776857 |
99,288 | In the autumn of 1921, the Faculty of Business established in 1917 was moved to Shanghai to establish the first business school conferring degrees in China. The university consisted of five colleges (or schools) at the time: Liberal Arts (including departments of Chinese literature, foreign literature, history, philoso... | Nanjing University | 0.776857 |
99,289 | Nanjing University is the first in mainland China to award doctor's degrees in such fields as Chinese studies, world history, computer science. It is distinguished in many fields including Chinese Language and Literature, and natural sciences. Its faculty, including part-time faculty, includes more than twenty Nobel La... | Nanjing University | 0.776857 |
99,290 | The university founded China's first modern laboratories in physics, chemistry, etc.. In 1922, the university professors founded The Biology Research Institute of Science Society of China, the first modern scientific research institute in China, integrated with the university's biology department. With the aid of Rocke... | Nanjing University | 0.776857 |
99,291 | More than 1500 years ago, ancient University of Nanjing founded the earliest faculties of literature, history, etc.. In modern times, Nanjing University established Chinese first faculties of art, gymnastics, biology, psychology, business management, etc.. Its faculties, departments and schools have been changed and ev... | Nanjing University | 0.776857 |
99,292 | Many faculties have been reestablished or newly founded since the Reform after 1978, e.g., law reestablished in 1981, medical school in 1987, environmental department newly founded in 1984. Some departments were divided into two or more departments, e.g., the Chinese language and literature department divided into depa... | Nanjing University | 0.776857 |
99,293 | According to Thomas S. Ray and others, this may allow for more "open-ended" evolution, in which the dynamics of the feedback between evolutionary and ecological processes can itself change over time (see evolvability), although this claim has not been realized – like other digital evolution systems, it eventually reach... | Tierra (computer simulation) | 0.776855 |
99,294 | For Lie bialgebras (g,g*) there is the notion of Manin triples, i.e. c=g+g* can be endowed with the structure of a Lie algebra such that g and g* are subalgebras and c contains the representation of g on g*, vice versa. The sum structure is just = g + a d α Y − a d β X + ∗ + a d X ∗ β − a d Y ∗ α {\displaystyle =_{g... | Lie bialgebroid | 0.776855 |
99,295 | A Lie bialgebroid is a mathematical structure in the area of non-Riemannian differential geometry. In brief a Lie bialgebroid are two compatible Lie algebroids defined on dual vector bundles. They form the vector bundle version of a Lie bialgebra. | Lie bialgebroid | 0.776855 |
99,296 | 1. A Lie bialgebra are two Lie algebras (g,g) and (g*,*) on dual vector spaces g and g* such that the Chevalley–Eilenberg differential δ* is a derivation of the g-bracket. 2. A Poisson manifold (M,π) gives naturally rise to a Lie bialgebroid on TM (with the commutator bracket of tangent vector fields) and T*M with the ... | Lie bialgebroid | 0.776855 |
99,297 | Remember the construction of a Lie algebroid from a Lie groupoid. We take the t-tangent fibers (or equivalently the s-tangent fibers) and consider their vector bundle pulled back to the base manifold M. A section of this vector bundle can be identified with a G-invariant t-vector field on G which form a Lie algebra wit... | Lie bialgebroid | 0.776855 |
99,298 | It is well known that the infinitesimal version of a Lie groupoid is a Lie algebroid. (As a special case the infinitesimal version of a Lie group is a Lie algebra.) Therefore, one can ask which structures need to be differentiated in order to obtain a Lie bialgebroid. | Lie bialgebroid | 0.776855 |
99,299 | Related to the proton and heavy ion physics of the LHC, the physics program and a detector for the LHeC are under study also. For maximum use of the operation time and resources of the LHC complex at CERN it is envisaged that electron-proton and proton-proton data are taken simultaneously. The LHeC electron beam may be... | LHeC | 0.776854 |
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